Inyungu zirashobora kuboneka mugushaka ubushishozi murwego rumwe rwimiterere yintete igenzura imyitwarire yubukorikori bwibyuma bitagira umwanda. Amashusho meza
Guhitamo ibyuma bitagira umwanda na aluminiyumu muri rusange byibanda ku mbaraga, guhindagurika, kuramba, no gukomera.Iyi mitungo yerekana uburyo inyubako zicyuma zisubiza imitwaro ikoreshwa.Ni ikimenyetso cyerekana gucunga neza ibikoresho bibisi;ni ukuvuga, uko bizunama mbere yo kumeneka.Ibikoresho fatizo bigomba kuba bishobora kwihanganira uburyo bwo kubumba bitavunitse.
Kwipimisha kwangirika no gukomera nuburyo bwizewe, buhendutse bwo kumenya imiterere yubukanishi.Nyamara, ibyo bizamini ntabwo buri gihe byizewe mugihe umubyimba wibikoresho fatizo utangiye kugabanya ingano yikigereranyo cyibizamini. Kwipimisha inshuro nyinshi kubicuruzwa byibyuma biringaniye birumvikana ko bigifite akamaro, ariko inyungu zirashobora kugerwaho nukureba cyane murwego rumwe rwimiterere yintete igenzura imyitwarire yubukanishi.
Ibyuma bigizwe nuruhererekane rwa kristu ya microscopique bita ibinyampeke.Bikwirakwizwa ku buryo butunguranye mu cyuma cyose. Ibintu bigize ibintu bivangavanze, nk'icyuma, chromium, nikel, manganese, silikoni, karubone, azote, fosifore na sulfure mu byuma bya austenitike biciye mu byuma bya elegitoronike.
Imiterere yimiti ya aliyumu igena itunganywa rya termodinamike ya atome mubinyampeke, izwi kwizina rya kristu.Ibice bimwe byicyuma kirimo imiterere ya kristu isubiramo igizwe nintete imwe cyangwa nyinshi zitwa ibyiciro. Imiterere yubukanishi bwimvange ni imikorere yimiterere ya kristu muri alloy.
Abantu benshi bamenyereye ibyiciro byamazi.Iyo amazi yamazi akonje, ahinduka urubura rukomeye.Nyamara, iyo bigeze kumyuma, nticyiciro kimwe gusa. Imiryango imwe ya alloy yitiriwe amazina yicyiciro cyayo.Mu byuma bitagira umuyonga, austenitike 300 serie alloy igizwe ahanini na austenite mugihe cya 4.
Ni nako bigenda kuri titanium.
Iyo ibyuma byamazi bimaze gukomera, ibice bikomeye byicyiciro cya termodinamike byatoranijwe bizagusha aho umuvuduko, ubushyuhe hamwe nibigize imiti byemerera.Ibisanzwe bibera mumasura, nka kirisiti ya barafu hejuru yicyuzi gishyushye kumunsi wubukonje.Iyo ibinyampeke nucleate, imiterere ya kristu ikura mubyerekezo kimwe kugeza igihe ingano ihuye nuburinganire butandukanye bwibice bya kristu. agasanduku. Buri cube ifite gahunda ya kare ya gride itunganijwe, ariko byose bizatondekwa mubyerekezo bitandukanye. Igikoresho cyicyuma cyuzuye cyuzuye kigizwe nurukurikirane rw'ibinyampeke bisa nkibyerekanwe.
Igihe icyo ari cyo cyose ingano zimaze gushingwa, haribishoboka ko habaho inenge zumurongo. Izi nenge zabuze ibice byimiterere ya kristu yitwa dislocations.Iyi dislocations hamwe nogukurikira kwayo kwinshi mubinyampeke no kumupaka wintete nibyingenzi muburyo bwo guhindagurika kwicyuma.
Igice cyambukiranya igice cyakazi gishyirwaho, hasi, kogosha no gutondekwa kugirango harebwe imiterere yingano.Iyo imyenda imwe kandi ihwanye, microstructures yagaragaye kuri microscope optique isa nkaho ari puzzle ya jigsaw.Mu byukuri, ibinyampeke bifite ibipimo bitatu, kandi ibice byambukiranya buri ntete bizatandukana bitewe nicyerekezo cyibikorwa byambukiranya igice.
Iyo kristu yubatswe yuzuye atome zayo zose, ntahantu ho kugenda uretse kurambura imigozi ya atome.
Iyo ukuyeho kimwe cya kabiri cyumurongo wa atome, uba uhaye amahirwe kurundi murongo wa atome kunyerera kuri uwo mwanya, ukimura neza dislokisiyo.Iyo imbaraga zashyizwe kumurongo wakazi, icyerekezo rusange cyo gutandukana muri microstructure ituma yunama, kurambura cyangwa kwikuramo bitavunitse cyangwa kumeneka.
Iyo imbaraga zikora ku cyuma kivanze, sisitemu yongerera ingufu.Niba hiyongereyeho ingufu zihagije zo gutera ihindagurika rya plastike, lattice ihindagurika nuburyo bushya bwo gutandukana.Birasa nkaho byumvikana ko ibyo bigomba kongera guhindagurika, kuko birekura umwanya munini bityo bigatuma habaho imbaraga zo kwimuka kwinshi.Nyamara, iyo dislokisiyo zihuye, zirashobora gukosora.
Mugihe umubare hamwe nubusabane bwa dislokasiyo byiyongera, dislokisiyo nyinshi nizindi zifatanijwe hamwe, bikagabanya guhindagurika.Birangiye rero dislocations nyinshi zigaragara ko gushiraho imbeho bitagishoboka.Kubera ko kwimura pinning zihari bitagishoboye kwimuka, imigozi ya atome iri muri latike irambuye kugeza ivunitse cyangwa ivunitse.Iyi niyo mpamvu ibyuma bivangwa nicyuma bishobora gukomera mbere, kandi ni ukubera ko hariho imipaka igabanya ubukana bwa plastike.
Ibinyampeke kandi bigira uruhare runini muguhuza.Gushyira ibikoresho bikomye kumurimo ahanini bigarura microstructure bityo bikagarura guhindagurika.Mu gihe cya annealing, ibinyampeke bihinduka mubyiciro bitatu:
Tekereza umuntu ugenda mu modoka ya gari ya moshi yuzuye. Imbaga y'abantu irashobora gukanda gusa mugusiga icyuho kiri hagati yumurongo, nka dislokasiyo mu kazu. Nkuko bagenda batera imbere, abantu bari inyuma yabo buzuye icyuho basize, mugihe baremye umwanya mushya imbere. Iyo bageze ku rundi ruhande rwimodoka, gahunda yabagenzi irahinduka kugirango abagenzi bahindure icyarimwe bagerageze kunyura mucyumba kimwe hamwe nabagenzi bagerageza kunyura mucyumba kimwe hamwe nabagenzi kugirango bagerageze kunyura mucyumba kimwe, abagenzi bazagerageza kunyura mucyumba kimwe hamwe nabagenzi bagerageza kunyura mucyumba kimwe, abagenzi bagerageza kunyura mucyumba kimwe, abagenzi bagerageza kunyura mucyumba kimwe, abagenzi bagerageza kunyura mucyumba kimwe, abagenzi bakagerageza kunyura mucyumba kimwe, abagenzi bazagerageza kunyura mucyumba kimwe, abagenzi bazagerageza kunyura mucyumba kimwe. mu mwanya.Ibindi dislocations zigaragara, biragoye ko bimuka icyarimwe.
Ni ngombwa gusobanukirwa urwego ruto rwo guhindura ibintu rusabwa kugirango habeho kongera gukora.Nyamara, niba icyuma kidafite ingufu zihagije zo guhindura ibintu mbere yo gushyuha, rerystallisation ntizabaho kandi ibinyampeke bizakomeza gukura birenze ubunini bwabyo.
Ibikoresho bya mashini birashobora guhuzwa no kugenzura imikurire yintete.Urubibi rwingano ni urukuta rwa dislokasiyo.Bibuza kugenda.
Niba gukura kw'ingano kugabanijwe, umubare munini w'ingano ntoya uzabyara.Iyi ntete ntoya ifatwa nk'iyiza mu bijyanye n'imiterere y'ibinyampeke. Imipaka myinshi y'ibinyampeke isobanura kugabanuka kwa dislokisiyo n'imbaraga nyinshi.
Niba gukura kw'intete kutabujijwe, imiterere y'ibinyampeke iba mike, ingano nini, imbibi ni nke, n'imbaraga ziri hasi.
Ingano y'ibinyampeke ikunze kuvugwa nkumubare utagira ubumwe, ahantu hagati ya 5 na 15.Iyi ni igereranyo ugereranije kandi ifitanye isano nimpuzandengo ya diameter. Umubare munini, niko granularite ari nziza.
ASTM E. Guhindura ingano ingano kugeza kumanota abiri cyangwa atatu kugirango yizere imikorere ihamye kumurimo.
Kubijyanye no gukomera kumurimo, imbaraga no guhindagurika bifitanye isano itandukanye.Isano iri hagati yubunini bwimbuto za ASTM nimbaraga ikunda kuba nziza kandi ikomeye, muri rusange kurambura bifitanye isano rinini nubunini bwa ASTM.Nyamara, gukura kwinshi kwimbuto birashobora gutuma ibikoresho "byoroheje byapfuye" bitagikora neza.
Ingano y'ibinyampeke ikunze kuvugwa nk'umubare utagira ubumwe, ahantu hagati ya 5 na 15.Iyi ni igereranyo ugereranije kandi ifitanye isano na diametre igereranijwe.
Ingano yingano yibikoresho bifatanye iratandukanye nigihe, ubushyuhe nubushyuhe bwo gukonjesha.Ubusanzwe ubusanzwe bukorwa hagati yubushyuhe bwa rerystallisation hamwe n’ahantu ho gushonga kwa alloy.Icyifuzo cyateganijwe cyo gushyushya ubushyuhe bwa austenitis icyuma kitagira ibyuma 301 kiri hagati ya dogere 1.900 na dogere 2,050 Fahrenheit. Bizatangira gushonga hafi ya dogere 2,550 shyushya kandi ushonga hafi dogere 3.000 Fahrenheit.
Mugihe cya annealing, inzira yo kugarura no kongera kuyisubiramo irahatana kugeza igihe ibinyampeke byongeye gushyirwaho bitwara ibinyampeke byose byahinduwe. Igipimo cyo kongera kwisubiramo kiratandukana nubushyuhe.Igihe cyo kongera gutunganya ibintu birangiye, gukura kwimbuto bifata.Icyuma 301 cyuma kitagira umuyonga cyometse kuri 1.900 ° F kumasaha imwe kizaba gifite icyiciro cyiza cya 2000 ° icyarimwe.
Niba ibikoresho bidafashwe muburyo bukwiye bwa annealing bihagije, imiterere yavuyemo irashobora kuba ihuriro ryibinyampeke bishaje kandi bishya.Niba imitungo imwe ishakishwa mubyuma byose, inzira ya annealing igomba kuba igamije kugera kumiterere yintete ihwanye.Uniform bivuze ko ibinyampeke byose bingana ubunini, kandi bingana bivuze ko bisa nkuburyo bumwe.
Kugirango ubone microstructure imwe kandi iringaniye, buri gihangano kigomba guhura nubushyuhe buke mugihe kingana kandi kigomba gukonja ku kigero kimwe.Ibi ntabwo buri gihe byoroshye cyangwa bishoboka hamwe na annealing, bityo rero ni ngombwa gutegereza byibuze kugeza igihe igihangano cyose cyuzuyemo ubushyuhe bukwiye mbere yo kubara igihe cyinshi hamwe nubushyuhe bwo hejuru bizavamo ibihe byinshi.
Niba ingano n'imbaraga bifitanye isano, kandi imbaraga zirazwi, kuki ubara ibinyampeke, sibyo? Ibizamini byose byangiza bifite impinduka.Igeragezwa ryinshi, cyane cyane mubyimbye byo hasi, ahanini biterwa no gutegura icyitegererezo. Ibisubizo byimbaraga zitagaragaza ibintu bifatika bishobora kunanirwa hakiri kare.
Niba imitungo idahuye mugikorwa cyose, gufata ikigereranyo cyikigereranyo cyangwa icyitegererezo kuva kuruhande rumwe ntigishobora kuvuga inkuru yose.Urugero rwo gutegura no kwipimisha nabyo birashobora kuba igihe-bisuzuma. Ni kangahe ibizamini bishoboka kubicyuma runaka, kandi mubyerekezo bingahe bishoboka? Gusuzuma imiterere yingano ni ubwishingizi bwinyongera kubitunguranye.
Anisotropic, isotropic.Anisotropy bivuga icyerekezo cyimiterere yubukanishi. Usibye imbaraga, anisotropy irashobora kumvikana neza mugusuzuma imiterere yingano.
Imiterere yintete ihwanye kandi iringaniye igomba kuba isotropique, bivuze ko ifite imitungo imwe mubyerekezo byose.Isotropy ni ingenzi cyane muburyo bwo gushushanya byimbitse aho kwibanda cyane ari ngombwa.Iyo ikinyuranyo gikururwa mubibumbano, ibikoresho bya anisotropique ntibizatemba kimwe, bishobora gutuma habaho inenge yitwa gutwi. fasha gusuzuma intandaro.
Annealing ikwiye ningirakamaro kugirango umuntu agere kuri isotropy, ariko kandi ni ngombwa kumva urugero rwa deformasiyo mbere yo kwishyiriraho.Nkuko ibikoresho byahinduwe muburyo bwa plastiki, ibinyampeke bitangira guhinduka. Mugihe cyo gukonjesha gukonje, guhindura umubyimba muburebure, ibinyampeke bizaramba mubyerekezo bizunguruka.Nkuko ibintu bigenda byerekanwa hamwe na tekinike ya tekinike. ni ibisubizo muri anisotropy. Kubikoresho byashushanyije byimbitse, rimwe na rimwe birakenerwa kugabanya ingano ya deformasiyo mbere yo kwishyiriraho bwa nyuma kugirango wirinde kwambara.
igishishwa cya orange. Gutora ntabwo aribwo buryo bwonyine bwo gushushanya bwimbitse bujyanye no gupfa. Igishishwa cya orange kibaho mugihe hagaragaye ibikoresho fatizo bifite uduce duto duto cyane. Buri mbuto ihindagurika yigenga kandi nkigikorwa cyerekezo cyayo cya kirisiti. Itandukaniro ryimiterere hagati yintete zegeranye bivamo isura yimiterere isa nigishishwa cya orange.Imiterere ni imiterere ya granulaire igaragara hejuru yurukuta rwigikombe.
Kimwe na pigiseli kuri ecran ya TV, hamwe nuburyo bwiza bwuzuye, itandukaniro riri hagati ya buri ngano ntirizagaragara cyane, ryongera neza imyanzuro. Kugaragaza imiterere yubukanishi bwonyine ntibishobora kuba bihagije kugirango habeho ingano nziza yimbuto zihagije kugirango wirinde ingaruka zumucunga wa orange.Iyo itandukaniro ryibipimo byakazi riba munsi yikubye inshuro 10 ingano yubunini. uhereye kumashanyarazi ya orange ingaruka kurukuta rwibikombe byashushanijwe.
Ku bunini bwa ASTM ingano ya 8, impuzandengo ya diameter ni 885 µin.Ibyo bivuze ko kugabanya umubyimba wose wa santimetero 0.00885 cyangwa munsi yayo bishobora guterwa niyi ngaruka ya microforming.
Nubwo ibinyampeke bito bishobora gutera ibibazo byimbitse, rimwe na rimwe birasabwa kubisohora. Gushiraho ikimenyetso ni uburyo bwo guhindura ibintu aho hagaragaramo igifuniko kugira ngo gitange imiterere y’ubutaka bwifuzwa, nka kimwe cya kane cy’imiterere yo mu maso ya George Washington. Ntabwo ari ugushushanya insinga, kashe ntisanzwe irimo ibintu byinshi bitemba, ariko bisaba imbaraga nyinshi, zishobora guhindura gusa ubuso bwuzuye.
Kubera iyo mpamvu, kugabanya imihangayiko yo hejuru yubutaka ukoresheje imiterere yimbuto nini irashobora gufasha kugabanya imbaraga zisabwa kugirango zuzuzwe neza.Ibyo ni ukuri cyane cyane kubicapira ubusa-buntu, aho gutandukana kumasaka yubutaka bishobora gutemba mubwisanzure, aho kwirundanyiriza kumupaka wingano.
Inzira zaganiriweho hano ni rusange muburyo budashobora gukoreshwa mubice byihariye.Nyamara, bagaragaje ibyiza byo gupima no gupima ingano y'ibinyampeke mbuto mugihe bategura ibice bishya kugirango birinde inenge zisanzwe no guhuza ibipimo.
Abakora imashini zometseho ibyuma neza hamwe nibikorwa byo gushushanya byimbitse kubyuma kugirango bagire ibice byabo bazakorana neza na metallurgiste kumurongo wa tekiniki yujuje ibyangombwa bya tekinike ishobora kubafasha guhuza ibikoresho kugeza kurwego rwingano.Iyo inzobere mubyuma bya metallurgji na injeniyeri kumpande zombi zishyize hamwe mumatsinda imwe, birashobora kugira ingaruka zihinduka kandi bigatanga umusaruro ushimishije.
Ikinyamakuru STAMPING nicyo kinyamakuru cyinganda cyonyine cyahariwe gukenera ibikenerwa ku isoko ry’icyuma. Kuva mu 1989, iki gitabo cyibanze ku ikoranabuhanga rigezweho, imigendekere y’inganda, imikorere myiza n’amakuru kugira ngo bifashe kashe abanyamwuga gukora ubucuruzi bwabo neza.
Noneho hamwe no kubona uburyo bwuzuye bwa digitale ya FABRICATOR, byoroshye kubona umutungo winganda zingirakamaro.
Igitabo cya Digitale y'Ikinyamakuru Tube & Pipe ubu kiragerwaho rwose, gitanga uburyo bworoshye bwo kubona ibikoresho by'inganda bifite agaciro.
Ishimire byuzuye kubisobanuro bya digitale yikinyamakuru STAMPING, gitanga iterambere rigezweho ryikoranabuhanga, imikorere myiza namakuru yinganda kumasoko ya kashe.
Noneho hamwe no kubona byuzuye kuri digitale ya The Fabricator en Español, byoroshye kubona umutungo winganda zingirakamaro.