Wemeje ko ibice byakozwe muburyo bwihariye.Ubu, menya neza ko wafashe ingamba zo kurinda ibyo bice mubihe abakiriya bawe bategereje. # Shingiro
Passivation ikomeje kuba intambwe yingenzi mugukwirakwiza kwangirika kwibanze kwangirika kwimashini ziteye kandi ziteranijwe.Bishobora gukora itandukaniro riri hagati yimikorere ishimishije no gutsindwa imburagihe.Birakozwe nabi, passivation irashobora gutera ruswa.
Passivation nuburyo bwanyuma bwo guhimba bugabanya cyane kwangirika kwangirika kwangirika kwibyuma bitagira umwanda bitanga igihangano.Ntabwo ari uburyo bwo kumanuka, nta nubwo ari irangi.
Nta bwumvikane rusange buhari kuburyo busobanutse bwuburyo passivation ikora.Ariko birashidikanywaho ko hariho firime ya oxyde ikingira hejuru yicyuma cya pasitoro itagira umwanda.Iyi firime itagaragara ikekwa kuba inanutse cyane, munsi ya 0.0000001 z'ubugari, hafi ya 1/100.000 z'ubugari bwimisatsi yumuntu!
Igice cyicyuma gisukuye, gishya cyakozwe, gisizwe cyangwa cyashizwemo icyuma kizahita kibona iyi firime ya okiside kubera guhura na ogisijeni yo mu kirere.Mu bihe byiza, iki gice cya oxyde ikingira gikingira rwose igice cyose cyigice.
Mu myitozo ariko, umwanda nkumwanda wamaduka cyangwa ibice byicyuma biva mubikoresho byo gutema birashobora kwimukira hejuru yibice byibyuma bitagira umwanda mugihe cyo gutunganya.Niba bidakuweho, iyi mibiri yamahanga irashobora kugabanya imikorere ya firime yumwimerere irinda.
Mugihe cyo gutunganya, gushakisha ibyuma byinshi byubusa birashobora kwambura igikoresho hanyuma bikimurirwa hejuru yumurimo wibyuma bidafite ingese.Mu bihe bimwe na bimwe, hashobora kugaragara igice cyoroshye cy ingese.Ibi mubyukuri ni kwangirika kwicyuma ukoresheje igikoresho, ntabwo ari icyuma fatizo. Rimwe na rimwe, ibice byibyuma byinjizwamo ibikoresho biva mu bikoresho cyangwa ibintu byangirika bishobora gutera isuri igice.
Mu buryo nk'ubwo, uduce duto twumwanda wububiko bwa ferrous dushobora kwizirika hejuru yikigice.Nubwo icyuma gishobora kugaragara nkicyiza muburyo bwimashini, nyuma yo guhura numwuka, ibice bitagaragara byicyuma byubusa birashobora gutera ingese.
Sulfide yashyizwe ahagaragara nayo irashobora kuba ikibazo.Baturuka kongeramo sulfure mubyuma bidafite ingese kugirango bongere imikorere.Sulfide yongerera imbaraga za alloy ubushobozi bwo gukora chip mugihe cyo kuyitunganya, irashobora gufungwa burundu mugikoresho cyo gutema. Keretse niba ibice bitambutse neza, sulfide irashobora kuba intangiriro yo kwangirika kwubutaka ku bicuruzwa byakozwe.
Muri ubwo buryo bwombi, passivation irasabwa kugirango hongerwe imbaraga zo kurwanya ruswa yangiza ibyuma bitagira umwanda.Bikuraho umwanda wanduye, nkibintu byanduye byamaduka ya ferrous nuduce duto twibyuma mubikoresho byo gutema, bishobora gukora ingese cyangwa bigahinduka intangiriro yo kwangirika.Pasivisation nayo ikuraho sulfide igaragara hejuru yubutaka bwo gukata ibyuma bidafite umuyonga.
Inzira zibiri zitanga uburyo bwiza bwo kurwanya ruswa: 1. Isuku, uburyo bwibanze ariko rimwe na rimwe bwirengagizwa;2. Kwiyuhagira aside cyangwa kuvura passivation.
Isuku igomba guhora yibanze. Ahantu hagomba guhanagurwa neza mumavuta, gukonjesha cyangwa ibindi bisigazwa byamaduka kugirango birwanye neza ruswa. Gukora imyanda cyangwa indi myanda yo mu iduka birashobora guhanagurwa neza mubice. Ibicuruzwa byangiza ibicuruzwa cyangwa isuku birashobora gukoreshwa kugirango bikureho amavuta yatunganijwe cyangwa ibishishwa.
Rimwe na rimwe, umukoresha wa mashini arashobora gusiba isuku yibanze, yibeshya yibwira ko gukora isuku na passivation bizaba icyarimwe mugushira gusa igice cyuzuye amavuta mumazi yogeramo aside.Ibyo ntibizabaho. Ibinyuranye, amavuta yanduye akora na acide kugirango bibe ibyuka bihumeka.Ibibyimba byegeranya hejuru yumurimo kandi bikabangamira passivasi.
Kugira ngo ibintu birusheho kuba bibi, kwanduza ibisubizo bya passivation, rimwe na rimwe bikubiyemo ibintu byinshi bya chloride, birashobora gutera “flashing.” Bitandukanye no kubona firime ya oxyde yifuzwa ifite ubuso bwuzuye, busukuye, butarwanya ruswa, flash flash irashobora kuvamo ubuso bunini cyane cyangwa bwijimye - kwangirika kwubutaka kwagenewe gukora neza.
Ibice bikozwe mu byuma bya martensitike [magnetique, birwanya kwihanganira ruswa, bitanga imbaraga zigera kuri 280 ksi (1930 MPa)] bikomera ku bushyuhe bwo hejuru hanyuma bigashyirwa mu bikorwa kugira ngo hamenyekane ubukana bwifuzwa hamwe n’imashini zikoreshwa mu mashini.
Muri iki gihe, igice kigomba guhanagurwa neza hamwe na degreaser cyangwa isuku kugirango ikureho ibimenyetso byose byo gutema amazi mbere yo kuvura ubushyuhe. Ubundi, amazi yo gukata asigaye kuruhande arashobora gutera okiside ikabije.Iyi miterere irashobora gutuma ibice bitarondoreka byangirika nyuma yikigereranyo kimaze gukurwaho na acide cyangwa uburyo bwo kwangiza, nkikibazo cyo gukingira kwangiza, kwangirika kwikirere, nko guturika kwangirika, kwangirika kwikirere.
Nyuma yo gukora isuku neza, ibice byicyuma birashobora kwibizwa mubwogero bwa acide pasitifike.Bumwe muburyo butatu burashobora gukoreshwa - pasitoro ya acide nitricike, aside nitricike hamwe na passivasi ya acide ya citricike. Ni ubuhe buryo bwo gukoresha buterwa nicyiciro cyibyuma bitagira umwanda hamwe nibisabwa byemewe.
Indwara ya chrome-nikel irwanya ruswa irashobora gutwarwa na 20% (v / v) ya acide ya nitricike (Igicapo 1) .Nkuko bigaragara ku mbonerahamwe, ibyuma bitagira umwanda bidafite imbaraga birashobora kwanduzwa no kongeramo sodium dichromate mu bwogero bwa acide ya nitric, bigatuma igisubizo cyongera okiside kandi kigashobora gukora firime ya nitrike ya aside nitricike ya aside nitricike hamwe na sodium ya aside nitricike hamwe na sodium ya aside nitricike ya nitrike ya acide. dichromate hamwe nubunini bwinshi bwa acide nitricike bigabanya amahirwe ya flash itifuzwa.
Uburyo bwo gutambutsa ibyuma byubusa bidafite ibyuma (byerekanwa no ku gishushanyo cya 1) biratandukanye nuburyo bwo kubitsa ibyuma byubusa bidafite ibyuma.
Ndetse muri rusange amazi meza yoza arashobora gusiga aside isigaye muri uku guhagarara nyuma ya passivation.Iyi aside noneho izatera hejuru yikigice keretse iyo itabogamye cyangwa ikuweho.
Kugirango uhindure neza ibyuma bitagira ibyuma byoroshye, Umubaji yateje imbere inzira ya AAA (Alkali-Acide-Alkali), itesha aside aside isigaye. Ubu buryo bwa passivation burashobora kurangira mumasaha atarenze 2. Dore inzira yintambwe ku yindi:
Nyuma yo kwangirika, shyira ibice mumashanyarazi ya sodium ya 5% kuri 160 ° F kugeza 180 ° F (71 ° C kugeza 82 ° C) muminota 30. Noneho kwoza ibice neza mumazi. NonehoNyuma yo kuvana igice mu bwogero, kwoza n'amazi hanyuma ubijugunye mu gisubizo cya sodium hydroxide mu minota 30. Wongeye kwoza igice n'amazi hanyuma wumuke, urangize uburyo bwa AAA.
Passivation ya Citricike irakundwa cyane nababikora bifuza kwirinda ikoreshwa rya acide minerval cyangwa ibisubizo birimo sodium dichromate, hamwe nibibazo byo kujugunya hamwe n’umutekano muke ujyanye no kuyikoresha. Acide ya citricike ifatwa nkibidukikije ku buryo bwose.
Mugihe pasitoro ya citricike itanga inyungu zidukikije zidukikije, amaduka yagize amahirwe yo guterwa na aside ya organique kandi nta mpungenge z'umutekano ashobora kwifuza gukomeza amasomo.Niba aba bakoresha bakoresha iduka rifite isuku, ibikoresho byabitswe neza kandi bifite isuku, gukonjesha kutagira amaduka mabi, hamwe nuburyo butanga umusaruro mwiza, ntihashobora gukenerwa impinduka.
Passivation mu bwogero bwa aside ya citricike byagaragaye ko ari ingirakamaro ku ntera nini y’ibyuma bitagira umwanda, harimo n’ibyiciro byinshi by’icyuma bitagira umuyonga, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 2.Ku buryo bworoshye, uburyo bwa pasitike ya nitricike ya nitricike ku gishushanyo cya 1 burimo. Menya ko aside irike ya nitricike igaragazwa nubunini bwijana, mugihe gushyira mu gaciro byerekana ko gushyira mu gaciro ari ngombwa, kugira ngo ushire mu gaciro kugira ngo ushire mu gaciro. ”Byasobanuwe mbere.
Ubuvuzi bwa Passivation buratandukanye ukurikije ibikubiye muri chromium nibiranga imashini ya buri cyiciro. Andika inkingi zerekana inzira ya 1 cyangwa inzira 2.Nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 3, Inzira ya 1 ikubiyemo intambwe nke ugereranije na 2.
Ibizamini bya laboratoire byerekanye ko inzira ya pasitike ya citricike ikunda “gucana” kuruta uburyo bwa aside nitricike.Abagize uruhare muri iki gitero harimo ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwo kwiyuhagira, igihe kinini cyo kumara, hamwe no kwanduza ubwogero.
Guhitamo kwanyuma uburyo bwa passivation bizaterwa nibipimo byemewe byashyizweho n'umukiriya. Reba ASTM A967 kugirango ubone ibisobanuro birambuye.Bishobora kuboneka kuri www.astm.org.
Ibizamini bikunze gukorwa kugirango harebwe ubuso bwibice byashize.Ikibazo cyo gusubiza ni iki: “Ese passivation ikuraho ibyuma byubusa kandi igahindura uburyo bwo kurwanya ruswa yo kugabanya amanota?”
Ni ngombwa ko uburyo bwikizamini buhuye n amanota asuzumwa.Ibizamini bikaze cyane bizananirwa ibikoresho byiza rwose, mugihe ibizamini bidakabije bizatsinda ibice bidashimishije.
Imvura 400 yikurikiranya ikomera hamwe nogukora imashini yubusa idafite isuzumabumenyi isuzumwa neza muri guverenema ishoboye kugumana ubuhehere 100% (ingero zitose) mu masaha 24 kuri 95 ° F (35 ° C) .Icyiciro cyambukiranya ni ubuso bukomeye cyane, cyane cyane ku manota yo guca ubusa. Impamvu imwe yabyo nuko sulfide irambuye mu cyerekezo cyimashini, igahuza iyi sura.
Ubuso bukomeye bugomba gushyirwa hejuru, ariko kuri dogere 15 kugeza kuri 20 uhereye kuri vertical kugirango habeho gutakaza ubushuhe.Ibikoresho bya pasitoro neza ntibishobora kubora, nubwo bishobora kwerekana irangi rito.
Icyiciro cya Austenitike idafite ibyuma nacyo gishobora gusuzumwa no gupima ubushuhe.Iyo bigeragejwe, ibitonyanga byamazi bigomba kuba hejuru yicyitegererezo, byerekana ibyuma byubusa haba hari ingese.
Uburyo bwo gutambutsa ubusanzwe bukoreshwa-gukata kubusa no kudatema-ibyuma bidafite ibyuma muri citric cyangwa nitric acide bisaba inzira zitandukanye. Ishusho ya 3 ikurikira iratanga ibisobanuro birambuye kubijyanye no guhitamo inzira.
(a) Hindura pH hamwe na hydroxide ya sodiumi.
Uburyo bwihuse ni ugukoresha igisubizo muri ASTM A380, "Imyitozo isanzwe yo kweza, kumanura, no gutambutsa ibyuma bitagira umwanda, ibikoresho, na sisitemu." Ikizamini kigizwe no guhanagura igice hamwe n'umuti wa sulfate y'umuringa wa sulfate / sulfurike, kugumya gutose muminota 6 no kwitegereza icyuma gishobora gushonga.Igice gishobora kuba cyashizwemo. ikoreshwa hejuru yibice bitunganya ibiryo.Ikindi kandi, ntigomba gukoreshwa kumurongo 400 ya martensitike cyangwa ibyuma bya chromium ferritic nkeya nkibisubizo byiza bishobora kubaho.
Amateka, ikizamini cya spray 5% kuri 95 ° F (35 ° C) nacyo cyakoreshejwe mugusuzuma ingero za pasiporo.Iki kizamini kirakomeye cyane kumanota amwe kandi muri rusange ntabwo gisabwa kwemeza ko passivasi ari nziza.
Irinde gukoresha chloride irenze, ishobora gutera flash yangiza.Niba bishoboka, koresha amazi meza gusa afite ibice bitarenze 50 kuri miriyoni (ppm) chloride. Amazi meza arahagije kandi ashobora kwihanganira chloride igera kuri magana ppm.
Ni ngombwa gusimbuza ubwogero buri gihe kugirango wirinde gutakaza ubushobozi bwa passivation bushobora kuganisha kuri flashover no kwangirika.Ubwogero bugomba kubikwa kubushyuhe bukwiye, kuko ubushyuhe bwahunze bushobora gutera ruswa.
Ni ngombwa gukomeza gahunda yihariye yo guhindura igisubizo mugihe cyumusaruro mwinshi kugirango ugabanye ubushobozi bwo kwanduza.Urugero rwo kugenzura rwakoreshejwe mugupima imikorere yo kwiyuhagira.Niba icyitegererezo cyibasiwe, igihe kirageze cyo gusimbuza ubwogero.
Nyamuneka sobanura neza ko imashini zimwe zikora ibyuma bidafite ingese gusa;koresha icyuma gikonjesha kimwe kugirango ukate ibyuma bidafite ingese, ukuyemo ibindi byuma byose.
KORA ibice bya rack bivurwa kugiti cye kugirango birinde guhura nicyuma.Ibi nibyingenzi cyane mugutunganya ibyuma byubusa bitarimo ibyuma, kuko pasivisiyo itemba yubusa hamwe nibisubizo bisabwa bisabwa kugirango ikwirakwize ibicuruzwa byangirika muri sulfide kandi wirinde ko habaho imifuka ya aside.
Ntugahinyure ibice bya karubisi cyangwa nitride idafite ibyuma. Kurwanya ruswa yibice bivuwe neza birashobora kugabanuka kugeza aho byibasirwa mubwogero bwa passivation.
Ntugakoreshe ibikoresho bya ferrous mumahugurwa adafite isuku cyane.Sitel grit irashobora kwirindwa ukoresheje ibikoresho bya karbide cyangwa ceramic.
Ntiwibagirwe ko ruswa ishobora kugaragara mubwogero bwa passivation mugihe igice kidashyutswe neza.Icyiciro kinini cya karubone, chromium martensitike yo hejuru igomba gukomera kugirango irwanye ruswa.
Passivation ikorwa nyuma yubushyuhe bukurikira hakoreshejwe ubushyuhe bugumya kurwanya ruswa.
Ntukirengagize kwibanda kuri acide ya nitric mu bwogero bwa passivation. Kugenzura ibihe bigomba gukorwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bworoshye bwo gutanga titre bwatanzwe na Carpenter.Ntukarenganye ibyuma birenga kimwe bitarimo icyuma icyarimwe.Ibi birinda urujijo ruhenze kandi birinda reaction ya galvanic.
Kubyerekeye abanditsi: Terry A. DeBold ni inzobere mu bushakashatsi n’iterambere ry’ibyuma kandi James W. Martin ni metallurgiste mu kabari muri Carpenter Technology Corp. (Gusoma, PA).
Mwisi yisi igenda irushaho gukomera kurangiza, ibipimo byoroheje "roughness" biracyafite akamaro. Reka turebe impamvu gupima ubuso ari ngombwa nuburyo bishobora kugenzurwa hasi yububiko hamwe nu bipimo byoroshye byoroshye.
Uzi neza ko ufite insert nziza kuriyi mikorere yo guhindura? Reba chip, cyane cyane iyo itagenzuwe. Ibiranga ubwato birashobora kukubwira byinshi.