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Harasabwa uburyo bushya bushingiye ku gutoranya lazeri yatoranijwe kugirango igenzure microstructure yibicuruzwa mugikorwa cyo gukora. Ubu buryo bushingiye ku kubyara ingufu za ultrasonic nini cyane muri pisine yashongeshejwe nimbaraga zikomeye-zahinduwe na lazeri ya lazeri.
Gukora inyongeramusaruro (AM) yibice bimeze nkibintu byiyongereye cyane mumyaka mirongo ishize.Nyamara, nubwo uburyo butandukanye bwo gukora inyongeramusaruro, harimo gushiramo lazeri yatoranijwe (SLM) 1,2,3, ibyuma bya lazeri byashizwemo 4.5,6, ibyuma bya elegitoronike bishonga 7,8 nibindi 9,10, Ibice bishobora kuba bifite inenge.Ibyo ahanini biterwa nibintu byihariye biranga ubukonje bukabije hamwe nubushyuhe bukabije, biganisha ku gukura kw'intete no gukomera cyane12,13.Ibisubizo byerekana ko, ari ngombwa kugenzura ubushyuhe bwumuriro, igipimo cyo gukonjesha, hamwe nudusimba twa alloy, cyangwa ugashyiraho izindi mpanuka zumubiri zinyuze mumirima yo hanze yimitungo itandukanye (urugero, ultrasound) kugirango tugere ku ngano nziza zingana.
Ibisohokayandikiro byinshi bihangayikishijwe n'ingaruka zo kuvura kunyeganyega ku buryo bwo gukomera mu buryo busanzwe bwo guterana 14,15.Nyamara, gukoresha umurima wo hanze gushonga kwinshi ntibitanga microstructure yibikoresho byifuzwa.Niba ingano yicyiciro cyamazi ari gito, ibintu birahinduka kuburyo bugaragara.Muri iki gihe, umurima wo hanze ugira ingaruka zikomeye mubikorwa byo gukomera.Ingaruka za elegitoroniki 21,22,22,22 28 na oscillation29, plasma arcs 30,31 nubundi buryo32 .Kwihuza na substrate ukoresheje isoko ya ultrasound yo hanze cyane (kuri 20 kHz) .Itunganywa ryimbuto ziterwa na ultrasound ryatewe no kwiyongera kwagace ka subcooling bitewe no kugabanuka kwubushyuhe bukabije hamwe na ultrasound kugirango habeho kristu nshya.
Muri iki gikorwa, twasesenguye uburyo bwo guhindura imiterere yintete za austenitis ibyuma bitagira umuyonga twifashishije sonicatike ya pisine yashongeshejwe hamwe numuhengeri wamajwi watanzwe na lazeri ubwayo. Guhindura ubukana bwikibazo cyimirasire ya lazeri kubisubizo bituruka kumirasire yumuriro wa ultrasonic, byahinduye microstructure yibikoresho bya tekinike. kumirasire ya lazeri yimbaraga.None rero, tekiniki, kuvura hejuru ya laser birakorwa.Nyamara, niba ubwo buryo bwo kuvura lazeri bukorerwa hejuru ya buri gice, mugihe cyo kwiyubaka, ingaruka kumubare wose cyangwa kubice byatoranijwe byijwi bigerwaho.Muyandi magambo, niba igice cyubatswe kumurongo, kuvura lazeri kuri buri cyiciro bihwanye n "ubuvuzi bwa laser".
Mugihe muri ultrasonic ivura amahembe ashingiye ku buvuzi bwa ultrasonic, ingufu za ultrasonic zumuvuduko wijwi uhagaze zikwirakwizwa mubice byose, mugihe ubukana bwa ultrasonic buterwa na laser bwibanda cyane hafi y’aho imirasire ya lazeri yinjirira. umuvuduko wibice ufite amplitude ntarengwa hejuru yubuso bwose bwigice. Umuvuduko wijwi imbere muri pisine yose yashongeshejwe ntushobora kurenga 0.1% yumuvuduko mwinshi watewe numutwe wo gusudira, kubera ko uburebure bwumuraba wumuraba wa ultrasonic ufite inshuro 20 kHz mubyuma bidafite ingese ni \ (\ sim 0.3 ~ \ inyandiko {m} \), kandi ubujyakuzimu busanzwe buri munsi ya \ (\ sim.
Twabibutsa ko gukoresha imishwarara ya lazeri yimbaraga zashizwe mumashanyarazi ya laser ni agace gakomeye k'ubushakashatsi 35,36,37,38.
Ingaruka ziterwa nubushyuhe bwimirasire ya laser kurwego ni ishingiro ryubuhanga bwa lazeri hafi ya 39, 40 mugutunganya ibikoresho, nko gukata41, gusudira, gukomera, gucukura 42, gusukura hejuru, kuvanga hejuru, gusya hejuru43, nibindi. Ivumburwa rya lazeri ryashishikarije iterambere rishya muburyo bwo gutunganya ibikoresho, kandi ibisubizo byibanze byakusanyirijwe mubisobanuro byinshi hamwe na monografiya 44,45,46.
Twabibutsa ko igikorwa icyo aricyo cyose kidahagaze murwego rwo hagati, harimo nigikorwa cyo gukubita uburyo bwo gukurura ibintu, bivamo gushimisha imivumba ya acoustic muri yo hamwe nubushobozi buke cyangwa buke.Mu ntangiriro, icyibanze cyibanze ku gushimisha lazeri yimivumba mumazi hamwe nuburyo butandukanye bwo gushimisha ubushyuhe bwamajwi (kwagura ubushyuhe, guhumeka, guhinduka kwijwi mugihe cyinzibacyuho, kugabanuka, n'ibindi) 47, 48, 450.
Ibyo bibazo byaje kuganirwaho mu nama zitandukanye, kandi gushimisha lazeri ya ultrasound bifite ibyifuzo mubikorwa byombi byinganda zikoreshwa na tekinoroji ya laser53 nubuvuzi54.Nuko rero, hashobora gutekerezwa ko hashyizweho igitekerezo cyibanze cyerekana uburyo urumuri rwa lazeri rukoreshwa mu buryo bukurura.
Ingaruka ziterwa na lazeri zatewe na lazeri kubikoresho nizo shingiro rya laser shock peening57.58,59, nayo ikoreshwa mugutunganya hejuru yibice byakozwe byongeweho60.Nyamara, gushimangira lazeri bigira akamaro cyane kuri nanosekond ya laser puls hamwe nubuso bwuzuye imashini (urugero, hamwe nigice cyamazi) 59 kuko gupakira imashini byongera umuvuduko mwinshi.
Hakozwe ubushakashatsi kugirango hamenyekane ingaruka zishobora guterwa nimirima itandukanye yumubiri kuri microstructure yibikoresho bihamye.Igishushanyo mbonera cyibikorwa byubushakashatsi cyerekanwe ku gishushanyo cya 1.A pulsed Nd: YAG ikomeye-ya laser ikora muburyo bwo gukora ku buntu (igihe cya pulse igihe \ (\ tau _L \ sim 150 ~ \ upmu \ inyandiko {s} \)) yakoreshejwe. imbaraga ku ntego ziratandukanye kuva \ (E_L \ sim 20 ~ \ inyandiko {mJ} \) kugeza kuri \ (E_L \ sim 100 ~ \ umwandiko {mJ} \) .Ibikoresho bya laser bigaragarira mubice bitandukanya ibiti bigaburirwa na fotodiode yo kubona amakuru icyarimwe, kandi kalorimetero ebyiri (fotodiode hamwe nigihe kirekire cyo gusubiza hamwe na metero zigera kuri metero ebyiri) \. ) n'ikibuno cy'igiti hejuru yintego 60– \ (100 ~ \ upmu \ inyandiko {m} \).
Igishushanyo mbonera cyibishushanyo mbonera byubushakashatsi: 1 - laser;2 - urumuri rwa laser;3 - muyunguruzi idafite aho ibogamiye;4 - gufotora hamwe;5 - gutandukanya ibiti;6 - diafragm;7 - calorimeter yibyabaye;8 - calorimeter yumurambararo ugaragara;9 - icyuma gipima amashanyarazi;10 - kwerekana metero y'amashanyarazi;11 - kwibanda ku ntego;12 - indorerwamo;13 - icyitegererezo;14 - umuyoboro mugari piezoelectric transducer;15 - 2D ihindura;16 - gushyira microcontroller;17 - igice cyo guhuza;18 - sisitemu yo kugura imiyoboro myinshi igizwe nibiciro bitandukanye by'icyitegererezo;19 - mudasobwa bwite.
Ubuvuzi bwa Ultrasonic bukorwa nkibi bikurikira. Lazeri ikora muburyo bwubusa;igihe rero cya pulse ya laser ni \ (\ tau _L \ sim 150 ~ \ upmu \ inyandiko {s} \), igizwe nigihe kinini cyikigereranyo cya \ (1.5 ~ \ upmu \ inyandiko {s} \) buriwese. Imiterere yigihe gito yimpanuka ya laser hamwe na spécran yayo igizwe n ibahasha yumurongo muke hamwe na moderi ikurikirana cyane, guhindagurika no guhumeka kubintu, mugihe igice kinini cyumuvuduko utanga ihindagurika rya ultrasonic bitewe ningaruka ya fotoacoustic. Imiterere yumuraba wa ultrasonic pulse iterwa na laser igenwa cyane cyane nuburyo bwigihe cyimbaraga za laser.Ni kuva kuri ((7 ~ \ inyandiko {kHz} \) kugeza kuri \ (2 ~ \ inyandiko {MHz} \), kandi inshuro yo hagati ni \ (~ 0.7 ~ \ inyandiko {MHz} \). Impiswi ya Acoustic kubera ingaruka zifotora zafashwe amajwi ikoresheje insimburangingo ya Broadband piezoelectric transducers ikozwe muburyo bwa lazeri yerekana ko ari feri ya fluoride. laser.
Gukwirakwiza by'agateganyo ubukana bwa laser pulse (a) n'umuvuduko w'ijwi hejuru yinyuma yicyitegererezo (b), spekure ya laser pulse (c) na ultrasonic pulse (d) wagereranije impiswi zirenga 300 (umurongo utukura) kumurongo umwe wa lazeri (umurongo wubururu).
Turashobora gutandukanya neza ibice bike-byinshyi hamwe nubuvanganzo bwinshi bwo kuvura acoustique ihuye n ibahasha yo hasi ya enseveri ya laser pulse hamwe na modulisiyo yo hejuru cyane.kubwibyo, ingaruka nyamukuru yumurongo mugari wibice byinshi bya signal ya acoustic kuri microstructure iteganijwe.
Inzira zifatika muri SLM ziragoye kandi zibera icyarimwe kumunzani zitandukanye zigihe gito nigihe gito.Nuko rero, uburyo bunini burakwiriye cyane kubisesengura rya tewolojiya ya SLM.Imibare yimibare igomba kubanza kuba iyumubiri-mwinshi.
Igipimo cyo gushyushya no gukonjesha kugeza kuri \ (10 ​​^ 6 ~ \ inyandiko {K} / \ inyandiko {s} \) / \ umwandiko {kubera imirasire ya laser yaho ifite ingufu zingana kugeza \ (10 ​​^ {13} ~ \ inyandiko {W} cm} ^ 2 \).
Gushonga-gukomera kuzenguruka kumara hagati ya 1 na \ (10 ​​~ \ inyandiko {ms} \), bigira uruhare mugukomera byihuse kwakarere gushonga mugihe cyo gukonja.
Ubushyuhe bwihuse bwubuso bwikitegererezo butera gushiraho imbaraga za termo-elastike murwego rwo hejuru.Igice gihagije (kigera kuri 20%) cyifu yifu ihumeka cyane63, ibyo bikaba bivamo umutwaro winyongera hejuru yubutaka bitewe no gukuraho lazeri. Kubwibyo rero, imbaraga zatewe no kugoreka ibice bya geometrike. shakisha imibare nyayo kumpamvu zaho no gukwirakwiza ibibazo, mesoskopique yigana ikibazo cya elastique deformasiyo ihujwe nubushyuhe no kwimura abantu birakorwa.
Ikigereranyo kiyobora cyicyitegererezo kirimo (1) ikigereranyo cyo guhererekanya ubushyuhe butajegajega aho ubushyuhe bwumuriro bushingiye kumiterere yicyiciro (ifu, gushonga, polycrystalline) nubushyuhe, (2) ihindagurika ryimiterere ya elastique nyuma yo gukomeza kwangirika no kugereranya kwaguka kwa termoelastique. Ikibazo cyagaciro kimbibi kigenwa nubushuhe bwa flux flux isobanurwa nubushuhe bwa flux. yumuvuduko wumwuka wumuyaga wibikoresho bigenda byuka. Umubano wa elastoplastique uhangayikishijwe nuburyo bukoreshwa aho guhangayikishwa nubushyuhe buringaniye nubushyuhe bwubushyuhe.Kububasha bwizina \ (300 ~ \ inyandiko {W} \), inshuro \
Igishushanyo cya 3 cyerekana ibisubizo byigero cyumubare wa zone yashongeshejwe ukoresheje urugero rwimibare ya macroscopique. Diameter ya zone ya fusion ni \ (200 ~ \ upmu \ inyandiko {m} \) (\ se modulation. Igipimo cyo gushyushya \ (V_h \) no gukonjesha \ (V_c \) biri kuri gahunda ya \ (10 ​​^ 7 \) na \ (10 ​​^ 6 ~ \ inyandiko {K} / \ inyandiko {s} \), uko bikurikirana. Izi ndangagaciro zihuye neza nisesengura ryacu ryabanje 64. Kubwibyo, kuri \ (t = 26 ~ \ upmu \ inyandiko {s} \) ubushyuhe bwubuso buri hejuru cyane nka \ (4800 ~ \ umwandiko {K} \).
Ibigereranyo byo kwigana ibisubizo bya zone ya laser pulse annealing kuri plaque y'icyitegererezo ya 316L.Igihe kuva itangira rya pulse kugeza ubujyakuzimu bwa pisine yashongeshejwe igera ku giciro kinini ni \ (180 ~ \ upmu \ inyandiko {s} \). kubwibyo, muri domaine iri hagati yizoline ebyiri (isotherms \ (T = T_L \) na isobars \ (\ sigma = \ sigma _V (T) \)), icyiciro gikomeye gikorerwa imitwaro ikomeye, ishobora gutera impinduka muri microstructure.
Izi ngaruka zongeye gusobanurwa mu gishushanyo cya 4a, aho urwego rwumuvuduko muri zone yashongeshejwe ruteganijwe nkigikorwa cyigihe nintera iri hejuru yubuso.Bwa mbere, imyitwarire yumuvuduko ifitanye isano no guhindura ubukana bwa laser pulse yasobanuwe ku gishushanyo cya 2 hejuru. inshuro ya \ (500 ~ \ inyandiko {kHz} \). Ibi bivuze ko umuvuduko ukabije wa ultrasonic ukorerwa hejuru hanyuma ugakwirakwizwa muri substrate.
Ibarura ryabazwe muri zone deformasiyo hafi ya zone yashonga irerekanwa ku gishushanyo cya 4b. Gukuraho lazeri hamwe na stress ya thermoelastique bitanga imivumba ya elastique ikwirakwira muri substrate.Nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo, hari ibyiciro bibiri byo kubyara ibibazo. Mugihe cyicyiciro cya mbere cya \ gukuraho lazeri, kandi nta guhangayikishwa na termoelastique byagaragaye ahantu hagenzurwa kuko agace kambere katewe nubushyuhe kari gake cyane.Iyo ubushyuhe bwakwirakwijwe muri substrate, aho igenzura itanga imbaraga nyinshi za termoelastique hejuru \ (40 ~ \ inyandiko {MPa} \).
Inzego zahinduwe zahinduwe zigira ingaruka zikomeye kumurongo ukomeye-wamazi kandi birashobora kuba uburyo bwo kugenzura kugenga inzira yo gukomera. Ingano ya zone deformasiyo irikubye inshuro 2 kugeza kuri 3 kurenza iy'ahantu ho gushonga. Nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 3, aho isotherm ishonga hamwe nurwego rwo guhangayika bingana na \ \ imirasire ya mitiweli \ ukurikije igihe ako kanya.
Kubwibyo, modulisiyo igoye ya pulsed laser annealing iganisha ku ngaruka za ultrasonic. Inzira yo gutoranya microstructure iratandukanye iyo ugereranije na SLM idafite imizigo ya ultrasonic. Uturere duhindagurika duhindagurika tuganisha ku bihe byigihe cyo kwikuramo no kurambura mugice gikomeye.Nuko rero, gushiraho imipaka mishya yimbibi hamwe nimbibi za subgrain birashoboka ko bishoboka. -yatewe na ultrasound itwarwa na SLM prototype.Muri iki gihe, inductor ya piezoelectric 26 ikoreshwa ahandi irashobora gukurwaho.
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Ubushakashatsi bwakorewe kuri AISI 321H ibyuma bitagira umuyonga bifite ibipimo \ (20 \ inshuro 20 \ inshuro 5 ~ \ umwandiko {mm} \). Nyuma ya buri pulse ya laser, isahani yimuka \ (50 ~ \ upmu \ inyandiko {m} \), kandi ikibuno cya lazeri ku kibanza cyagenewe ni hafi ((100 ~ \ upmu \ inyandiko {m} \). zone yahinduwe ya sonic, bitewe nigice cya oscillatory yimirasire ya lazeri.Ibyo bituma habaho kugabanuka inshuro zirenga 5 mukarere kangana nimbuto.Figure 5 yerekana uburyo microstructure yakarere gashongeshejwe na laser ihinduka numubare wikurikiranya (passes).
Subplots (a, d, g, j) na (b, e, h, k) - microstructure yuturere twa elegitoronike yashonze, insimburangingo (c, f, i, l) - gukwirakwiza agace k’ibara ryamabara.Igicucu cyerekana ibice bikoreshwa mukubara histogramu.Amabara ahuye n'uturere twinshi (reba ibara ryamabara hejuru ya histogram. Subplots (ac) ihuye nicyuma kitavuwe neza, naho subplots (df), (gi), (jl) ihuye na 1, 3 na 5 remelts.
Kubera ko ingufu za laser pulse zidahinduka hagati yinzira zakurikiyeho, ubujyakuzimu bwa zone yashongeshejwe ni kimwe.Nuko rero, umuyoboro wakurikiyeho "utwikiriye" rwose uwabanje.Nyamara, histogramu yerekana ko ingano yintete yo hagati na mediani igabanuka hamwe numubare winyongera.Ibi birashobora kwerekana ko lazeri ikora kuri substrate aho gushonga.
Gutunganya ingano birashobora guterwa no gukonjesha byihuse pool65.andi gushiraho ubushakashatsi bwakozwe muburyo bwa plasiste yamashanyarazi (FIG. 66) ND: Yag Laser muburyo bwubusa .Iyi, imiterere isanzwe yinkingi yubatswe.
Microstructure yakarere ka laser yashongeshejwe ya lazeri ikomeza (300 W imbaraga zihoraho, umuvuduko wa mm 200 / s, umuvuduko wa AISI 321H).
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Kubwibyo, byerekanwe neza ko modulisiyo ihindagurika yuburemere bwa laser pulse igira ingaruka zikomeye kuri microstructure yavuyemo.Twemera ko iyi ngaruka ari mikoranike muri kamere kandi ibaho bitewe no kubyara ibinyeganyega bya ultrasonic bikwirakwira hejuru yumuriro wa elegitoronike byinjira mubyitegererezo.Ibisubizo bisa byabonetse muri 13, 26, 34, 66, 67 hakoreshejwe transducers zo mu bwoko bwa Plozoelectric hamwe na sonotrode. ainless ibyuma 34 ibisubizo bya.Uburyo bushoboka buteganijwe nkibi bikurikira. Ultrasound ikomeye irashobora gutera cavité acoustic, nkuko bigaragara muri ultrafast muri situ synchrotron X-ray imashusho. Isenyuka ryibibyimba bya cavitation naryo ritanga imivurungano yibintu byashongeshejwe, umuvuduko wimbere ugera kumutwe wimbaraga zikomeye zitera imbaraga zikomeye zitera imbaraga zikomeye zitera imbaraga zikomeye. ar ingano yimiterere yinganda-ku-byongera inganda.
Hano, turasaba ubundi buryo bushinzwe guhindura imiterere na sonication ikomeye. Ako kanya nyuma yo gukomera, ibikoresho biri mubushyuhe bwo hejuru hafi yo gushonga kandi bifite impungenge nke cyane.Imiraba ya ultrasonic irashobora gutuma imigezi ya plastike ihindura imiterere yintete yibintu bishyushye, gusa bikomye.Nyamara, amakuru yizewe yubushakashatsi kubushuhe bushingiye ku bushyuhe bwumusaruro uraboneka kuri \ (T \ hato) yakoze ingirabuzimafatizo (MD) yerekana amashusho ya Fe-Cr-Ni isa na AISI 316 L ibyuma kugirango dusuzume imyitwarire yumusaruro utangwa hafi yo gushonga.Kubara impungenge zumusaruro, twakoresheje tekinike ya MD yo kugabanya impagarara za MD zirambuye muri 70, 71, 72, 73.Kubara imikoranire ya interatomique ya EMS yashizwemo na 72.MD. we MD kubara ibisubizo byumusaruro nkibikorwa byubushyuhe bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 8 hamwe namakuru yubushakashatsi ahari hamwe nandi masuzuma77,78,79,80,81,82.
Gutanga umusaruro kuri AISI icyiciro cya 316 austenitis ibyuma bitagira umuyonga hamwe nuburinganire bwikigereranyo hamwe nubushyuhe bwo kwigana MD.Ibipimo by'ubushakashatsi bivuye kuri: (a) 77, (b) 78, (c) 79, (d) 80, (e) 81. Reba kuri. ibumoso)
Birashobora kugaragara ko kuri \ (T> 1500 ~ \ inyandiko {K} \) guhangayikishwa numusaruro bigabanuka munsi ya \ (40 ~ \ inyandiko {MPa} \). Ku rundi ruhande, ibigereranyo byerekana ko amplitude yakozwe na lazeri irenze urugero ((40 ~ \ inyandiko {MPa} \) (reba Ishusho ya 4b), ibyo bikaba bihagije kugira ngo utere amashanyarazi mu bikoresho bishyushye gusa.
Imiterere ya microstructure ya 12Cr18Ni10Ti (AISI 321H) ibyuma bya austenitis ibyuma bitagira umuyonga mugihe cya SLM byakorewe ubushakashatsi hakoreshejwe uburyo bukomeye bwifashishijwe na pulsed laser.
Kugabanya ingano yintete muri zone ya laser yashonze byabonetse kubera guhora kwa lazeri nyuma ya 1, 3 cyangwa 5.
Icyitegererezo cya Macroscopique cyerekana ko ingano yagereranijwe yakarere aho ihindagurika rya ultrasonic rishobora kugira ingaruka nziza imbere yo gukomera kugeza kuri \ (1 ~ \ inyandiko {mm} \).
Moderi ya microscopique MD yerekana ko imbaraga zumusaruro wa AISI 316 austenitis ibyuma bitagira umuyonga bigabanuka cyane kugeza kuri \ (40 ~ \ inyandiko {MPa} \) hafi yo gushonga.
Ibisubizo byabonetse byerekana uburyo bwo kugenzura microstructure yibikoresho ukoresheje lazeri itunganijwe neza kandi ishobora kuba ishingiro ryo gushiraho uburyo bushya bwo guhindura tekinike ya SLM.
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