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Turatanga ibimenyetso byerekana kuzamuka kwinyanja hamwe n’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere mu birometero byinshi uvuye ku cyambu cya Naples (mu Butaliyani) .Ibimenyetso, ibirunga hamwe n’imyobo ni ibintu biranga inyanja.Iyi miterere igaragaza hejuru y’imiterere y’imisozi miremire, harimo pagoda, amakosa hamwe n’ububiko bigira ingaruka ku nyanja ya karuboni. n'amabuye y'urutare.Iyi myuka ishobora kuba isa n'iyigaburira sisitemu ya hydrothermal ya Ischia, Campi Flegre na Soma-Vesuvius, byerekana isoko ya mantant ivanze n'amazi yo mu nsi y'ikigobe cya Naples. Kwaguka kwamazi no guturika biterwa no guterura gaze hamwe na progaramu ya pression birasaba ko hajyaho imyuka ya gazi hamwe na moteri ya misa. imvururu zishobora gutangaza ibyuka byo mu nyanja hamwe na / cyangwa guturika kwa hydrothermal.
Amazi maremare yo mu nyanja (amazi ashyushye na gaze) ni ibintu bisanzwe biranga imisozi yo hagati yinyanja rwagati hamwe n’imisozi ihurira hamwe (harimo ibice byarohamye mu birwa bya arcs), mu gihe imyuka ikonje ya hydrata ya hydrata (chlatrate) ikunze kuranga ibigega byo ku mugabane wa Afurika hamwe na pasitoro ya pasiporo1, 2,3,4,5.Ibishobora kuba bituruka ku nyanja ya hydrothermal isohoka mu turere two ku nkombe za magma. mantle.Iyi myanda irashobora kubanziriza kuzamuka kwa magma ikanyura mu gice cyo hejuru cy’ubutaka bw’isi kandi ikazarangirira no guturika no gushyira ahantu h’ibirunga 6. Kubera iyo mpamvu, kumenyekanisha (a) morphologie ijyanye no guhindura imikorere y’inyanja hamwe na (b) imyuka ihumanya ikirere hafi y’abatuye mu karere ka Naples mu karere k’ibirunga. kuruka.Ikindi kandi, mugihe ibiranga morphologique bifitanye isano n’amazi yo mu nyanja ya hydrothermal cyangwa hydrata yangiza cyane bizwi cyane kubera imiterere ya geologiya na biologiya, ibitemewe ni ibintu bya morfologiya bifitanye isano n’amazi maremare, usibye ibibera mu kiyaga cya 12, hano hari inyandiko nkeya. Hano, twerekana amakuru mashya y’ubwiherero bw’amazi, mu majyepfo y’Ubutaliyani. 5 km uvuye ku cyambu cya Naples. Aya makuru yakusanyirijwe mugihe cya SAFE_2014 (Kanama 2014) mu bwato bwa R / V Urania. Turasobanura kandi tugasobanura inyubako zo mu nyanja n’ubutaka aho imyuka ihumanya ikirere, tugakora iperereza ku nkomoko y’amazi ava mu kirere, tukamenya kandi tukaranga uburyo bugenga izamuka rya gaze hamwe n’ihindagurika ry’ibirunga, kandi tuganira ku ngaruka z’ibirunga.
Ikigobe cya Naples kigizwe na Plio-Quaternary y’iburengerazuba, NW-SE yongerewe igihe cyo kwiheba kwa tectonic ya Campania13,14,15.EW ya Ischia (nko mu 150-1302 nyuma ya Yesu), ikibaya cya Campi Flegre (nko mu 300-1538) na Soma-Vesuvius (kuva <360-1944) Gahunda ihana imbibi na Soro mu majyaruguru ya AD. . nyamugigima) .Ubushakashatsi buherutse 19,20 bwerekana ko hashobora kubaho isano iri hagati yingufu za Soma-Vesuvius n’iya Campi Flegre, bishoboka ko yaba ifitanye isano n’ibigega bya magma 'byimbitse'. gusubira inyuma kwa sisitemu yo mu nyanja-idakabije, yaje kuzuzwa nyuma y’ibintu byarenze igihe cya Late Pleistocene-Holocene. Ibyuka bihumanya ikirere byagaragaye ku kirwa cya Ischia no ku nkombe za Campi Flegre no hafi y’umusozi wa Soma-Vesuvius (Ishusho 1b).
. Imirongo itukura igereranya amakosa akomeye. imyirondoro, hamwe na frame ya CTD-EMBlank, CTD-EM50 na ROV ivugwa ku gishushanyo cya 5.Uruziga rwumuhondo rugaragaza aho gazi isohoka, kandi ibiyigize byerekanwe mu mbonerahamwe ya S1.Golden Software (http://www.goldensoftware.com/products/surfer) ikoresha ibishushanyo byakozwe na Surfer® 13.
Hashingiwe ku makuru yabonetse mu gihe cya SAFE_2014 (Kanama 2014) (reba Methods), hubatswe Moderi nshya ya Digital Terrain (DTM) yo mu kigobe cya Naples ifite imyanzuro ya m 1. (BdM) .Fig. 1a, b) .BdM ikura ku bujyakuzimu bwa metero 100 kugeza kuri 170, metero 15 kugeza kuri 20 hejuru y’inyanja ikikije.Uruzitiro rwa BdM rwerekanye imiterere y’imiterere y’imisozi bitewe n’imisozi 280 izengurutswe n’imisozi ya ova (Igishusho 2a), 665, hamwe n’ibyobo 30 (Ishusho ya 3 na 4) .Umusozi ufite uburebure bwa metero 22. 4π. Umuyoboro umwe cyangwa uhujwe ubaho mu ndege ya BdM no hejuru y’umusozi (Igishusho 3a, b) .Itegeko rya conique rikurikiza gahunda y’imisozi iherereyemo. Ibimenyetso bikunze kuba biri ku nyanja iringaniye (Igishusho 3c) kandi rimwe na rimwe ku birunga. (Ishusho 4a, b); inzira yagutse ya NW-SE iherereye mukarere ka BdM rwagati.
. amakosa asanzwe ya perimetero no kuzenguruka ni 4.83 m na 0.01, hamwe namakosa asanzwe yikigereranyo cya axial na angle ni 0.04 na 3.34 °.
Ibisobanuro birambuye bya cones, crater, ibirunga hamwe nibyobo mukarere ka BdM byakuwe muri DTM mubishusho 2.
(a) Guhuza imiyoboro hejuru yinyanja; (b) imishitsi hamwe na crater ku birunga bya NW-SE; (c) ibimenyetso byerekana hejuru yoroheje.
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Twabonye imyuka ihumanya 37 mu karere ka BdM duhereye ku nkingi y’amazi ya ROV yerekana amashusho yumvikana neza no kureba mu buryo butaziguye inyanja yabonetse mu gihe cy’urugendo rwa SAFE_2014 muri Kanama 2014 (Ishusho ya 4 n'iya 5) .Ibintu bidasanzwe bya acoustic by’ibyo byuka byerekana ishusho ndende irambuye izamuka iva mu nyanja, hafi ya metero imwe na metero 70. ibibyimba byinshi biratandukanye cyane: uhereye kumurongo uhoraho, wuzuye wibibyimba bitemba mugihe gito (Filime yinyongera) inkingi y'amazi hejuru y’ahantu hasohokera yerekanaga igabanuka rikomeye, byerekana aside irike mu karere (Igicapo 5c, d). By'umwihariko, pH hejuru y’isohoka rya gaze ya BdM ku burebure bwa metero 75 yagabanutse kuva kuri 8.4 (kuri metero 70 z'uburebure) igera kuri 7.8 (kuri metero 75 z'uburebure) (Igicapo 5c), mu gihe izindi mbuga zo mu kigobe cya Naples zari zifite agaciro ka pH hagati ya 0 na 160 mu burebure buri hagati ya 8.3 na 8.5. kubura ahantu habiri imbere no hanze yakarere ka BdM yikigobe cya Naples. Ku bujyakuzimu bwa m 70, ubushyuhe ni 15 ° C naho umunyu ni nka PSU 38 (Igishusho 5c, d) .Ibipimo bya pH, ubushyuhe, nubunyu byerekanwe: a) uruhare rwamazi ya acide ajyanye no gutembera kwa BdM hamwe na b) gusohora cyangwa gutemba cyane.
. ibimenyetso byo hepfo hamwe ninyanja bigaragazwa kandi (b) byegeranijwe hamwe n’imodoka igenzurwa na kure mu karere ka BdM Ifoto imwe yerekana ikiriba gito (umuzenguruko wumukara) kizengurutswe nubutayu butukura bwa orange. Umwanya wo gusohora Bdm (d).
Twakusanyije ibyitegererezo bitatu bya gaze mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe hagati yitariki ya 22 na 28 Kanama 2014. Izi ngero zerekanaga ibihimbano bisa, byiganjemo CO2 (934-945 mmol / mol), bikurikirwa n’ubushakashatsi bwa N2 (37-43 mmol / mol), CH4 (16-24 mmol / mol) na H2S (0,10 mmol / mol) -0.44 mmol / mol). mmol / mol, kimwe) . 4He / 20Ne ratio) yari hagati ya 1.66 na 1.94, byerekana ko hari igice kinini cya mantant He.Mu guhuza isotope ya helium na CO2 hamwe na isotope ihamye 22, inkomoko y’ibyuka bihumanya muri BdM irashobora gusobanurwa neza.Mu ikarita ya CO2 ya CO2 / 3He na δ13C (Igicapo cya 6), BdM ya gazi ya Isch. Somma-Vesuvius fumaroles. Igicapo cya 6 kivuga kandi ku murongo wo kuvanga imirongo iri hagati y’amasoko atatu atandukanye ya karubone ashobora kugira uruhare mu gutanga gaze ya BdM: gushonga kwa mantle ikomoka ku mitsi, imyanda ikungahaye ku binyabuzima, na karubone. yo guhuza amakuru) hamwe nibisubizo biterwa na decarbonisation ya crustal.
Imirongo ya Hybrid hagati yimiterere ya mantle hamwe nabanyamuryango ba nyuma ba hekeste nubutaka bwa organic bivugwa ko igereranijwe.Boxes igereranya uduce twa fumarole ya Ischia, Campi Flegrei na Somma-Vesvius 59, 60, 61.Urugero rwa BdM ruri mu ruvangitirane rw’ibirunga bya Campania.
Ibice bya Seisimike L1 na L2 (Igishusho 1b na 7) byerekana inzibacyuho hagati ya BdM hamwe na stratigraphe intera ikurikirana ya Somma-Vesuvius (L1, Igishusho 7a) na Campi Flegrei (L2, Igishushanyo 7b) uturere tw’ibirunga.BdM irangwa no kuba hari ibice bibiri by'ingenzi by’ibiza (MS) na PST. amplitude iringaniye hamwe no gukomeza kuruhande (Igicapo 7b, c) .Iki gipimo kirimo imyanda yo mu nyanja ikururwa na sisitemu ya nyuma ya Glacial Maximum (LGM) kandi igizwe n'umucanga n'ibumba23.Icyiciro cya PS kiri munsi (Igicapo 7b - d) kirangwa n'akajagari kugeza mu mucyo mu buryo bw'inkingi cyangwa amadirishya y'amasaha. kwinjirira mubintu bisobanutse bya PS mububiko bwa MS bwo hejuru cyane. Kwiyongera bifite inshingano zo gushiraho imigozi namakosa bigira ingaruka kumurongo wa MS no hejuru yimyanda yo muri iki gihe yinyanja ya BdM (Igicapo 7b - d) .Intera ya stratigraphe ya MS isezererwa mubice bya ENE igice cya L1, mugihe gazi yuzuye kuri BDM. y'uruhererekane rwa MS (Igicapo 7a) .Ibintu bikurura imbaraga byakusanyirijwe hejuru ya BdM bihuye na seisimike igaragara mu mucyo byerekana ko cm 40 zo hejuru zigizwe n'umucanga wabitswe vuba aha kugeza ubu; . ibice by'imitingito kimwe no kugaragara hejuru yinyanja ya PS (Ishusho 7d) byerekana izamuka rya gaze gasanzwe.
. ibirunga, marine (MS), hamwe nububiko bwumucanga wa pumice (PS).
Ibiranga morphologique nuburyo biranga BdM bisa nandi mashyamba ya hydrothermal na gaze ya hydrata yisi yose ku isi2,12,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34 kandi akenshi bifitanye isano no kuzamuka (vaults na mound) hamwe no gusohora gaze (cones, ibinogo). ibyobo hamwe n’imyanda ikora byerekana ko ikwirakwizwa ryabo rigenzurwa igice kimwe n’imvune z’ingaruka za NW-SE na NE-SW (Igicapo 4b) .Ibi ni byo bitero byibasiwe na sisitemu y’amakosa yibasiye uduce tw’ibirunga bya Campi Flegrei na Somma-Vesuvius hamwe n’ikigobe cya Naples. By'umwihariko, imiterere y’icyahoze igenzura aho amazi y’amazi ava muri Campi Fleg. ya Naples yerekana inzira yatoranijwe yo kwimuka gazi hejuru yubutaka, ikintu gisangiwe nubundi buryo bwa hydrothermal sisitemu igenzurwa nuburyo 36,37.Ntibisanzwe, imiyoboro ya BdM hamwe nu byobo ntabwo byahoraga bifitanye isano n’imisozi (Igishusho 3a, c) .Ibi byerekana ko ibyo birunga bitagomba kwerekana byanze bikunze bibanziriza ishyirwaho ry’imyuka idahwitse ya diyosezi. ibyobo.
Ibyuka bitatu byakusanyirijwe hamwe byerekana imikono ya chimique isanzwe ya hydrothermal fluid, cyane cyane CO2 ifite ingufu nyinshi zo kugabanya imyuka (H2S, CH4 na H2) hamwe na hydrocarbone yoroheje (cyane cyane benzene na propylene) 38,39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45 (Imbonerahamwe S1) .Kuba hari imyuka ihumanya ikirere (nka S2). umwuka ushonga mumazi yinyanja uhura na gaze zibitswe mumasanduku ya pulasitike ikoreshwa mugupima icyitegererezo, kuko ROV zivanwa mumyanyanja ikajya mu nyanja kwigomeka. Ku rundi ruhande, indangagaciro nziza δ15N hamwe na N2 / Ar ndende (zigera kuri 480) zisumba cyane ASW (amazi yuzuyemo umwuka) byerekana ko igice kinini cya N2 gikomoka kumasoko y’amazi adasanzwe y’amazi. hydrothermal-volcanic inkomoko ya gaze ya BdM yemezwa na CO2 na We ibirimo hamwe nimikono yabyo ya isotopi. Isotopi ya karubone (δ13C-CO2 kuva -0.93% kugeza + 0.4%) hamwe na CO2 / 3He agaciro (kuva 1.7 × 1010 kugeza 4.1 × 1010) byerekana ko ingero za BdM zigizwe na Naples ya Mantle. isano iri hagati ya gaze zatewe nigisubizo (Igicapo 6) .Birenzeho, urugero rwa gazi ya BdM iherereye mugihe cyo kuvanga hafi yikibanza kimwe n’amazi ava mu birunga bya Campi Flegrei hamwe n’ibirunga bya Somma-Veusivus.Bikomeye cyane kuruta fumaroles ya Ischia, hafi ya iherezo rya mantle.Somma-Ves. .
Dushingiye ku makuru yavuzwe haruguru hamwe n'ibisubizo byatanzwe mu buryo bw'igeragezwa bw'imiterere isa na dome ifitanye isano n'uturere dukungahaye kuri gaze yo mu nyanja, igitutu cyinshi cya gaze gishobora kuba nyirabayazana yo gushinga amadirishya ya BdM ifite uburebure bwa kilometero. Kugira ngo tugereranye igitutu gikabije Pdef iganisha ku bubiko bwa BdM, twashyizeho uburyo bwo gukanika amasahani mato mato mato mato mato mato mato mato mato mato mato mato mato mato mato mato mato mato mato mato mato mato mato mato mato mato mato mato mato mato mato mato mato man kubitsa byoroshye viscous Kubitsa kwinshi kwimura w nubugari h h ((Umugereka winyongera. S1) .Pdef ni itandukaniro riri hagati yumuvuduko mwinshi hamwe nigitutu gihamye cyumuvuduko wongeyeho umuvuduko winkingi yamazi. Kuri BdM, radiyo igera kuri m 2500, w ni m 20, kandi h ntarengwa igereranijwe uhereye kumurongo wa seisimike ni m 100.Tubara Pdef 46Pdef = w 64 D; D itangwa na (E h3) / 350.000 kPa) 33,34 kubera ko ububiko bwa BDM bugizwe ahanini numusenyi, ntabwo ari ibumba cyangwa ibumba ryubutaka24.Tubona Pdef = 0.3 Pa, ibyo bikaba bihuye nibigereranyo byerekana uburyo bwo kuzamuka kwinyanja mukarere ka baside ya hydratide, aho Pdef itandukana kuva 10-2 kugeza 103 Pa, hamwe nagaciro kari munsi yerekana imyuka ya w / a na / cyangwa niki. kuvunika bishobora no kugira uruhare mu kunanirwa no gusohora gaze, bigatuma hashyirwaho imiterere y’imyuka ihumeka.Ikusanyirizo ryerekanaga imiterere y’imitingito (Isanamu 7) ryerekanaga ko imyanda ya PS yazamuwe muri GSL, igatera hejuru y’imyanda yo mu nyanja ya MS, bikavamo ibirindiro, imizinga, amakosa, ndetse n’igabanywa ry’imyuka ikabije (p. inzira.Imiterere ya morphologique yimiterere ya BdM irashobora kugaragara nkigisubizo cyumuvuduko ukabije watewe no gusohora amazi yakozwe na GSL.Gutanga ko gusohora gukomeye bishobora kugaragara kuva ku nyanja kugera kuri metero zirenga 170 bsl48, twibwira ko umuvuduko ukabije wamazi muri GSL urenga 1,700 kPa. Kwimuka kwimyuka ya gaze mubutaka bwa MS. imbaraga za rukuruzi zerekanwe kuri BdM25.Ikindi kandi, gukabya gukabije kwa GSL bitera sisitemu igoye yo kuvunika (ikosa rya polygonal ku gishushanyo 7b) .Kuri hamwe, iyi morphologie, imiterere, hamwe na stratigraphic settlement, bita "pagoda" 49,50, yabanje guterwa ningaruka za kabiri ziterwa nubuso bwa glaciya 31, Campania, imyuka ihumeka ni mbarwa, byibuze muri kilometero 3 zirenga hejuru yubutaka.Niyo mpamvu, uburyo bwo gukura kwa pagoda ya BdM bushobora kugenzurwa n’izamuka rya gaze mu myanda. Uyu mwanzuro ushyigikiwe n’ibice by’imitingito bibonerana bya pagoda (Ishusho 7), hamwe namakuru y’ibanze ya P2, hamwe n’amakuru ya P2. T. b) imvange ya gaze-imyuka irazamuka, aribwo bugaragara, kuzenguruka, kuvunika no kuvunika Bitera ububiko bwa MS (Igicapo 7) .Uburyo bumwe bwo gushiraho bwashyizweho kuri pagoda ifitanye isano na hydrata ya gaze mu nyanja ya Scotiya yepfo (Antaragitika) .Pagoda ya BdM yagaragaye mumatsinda yo mumisozi miremire, kandi uburebure bwacyo buringaniye bwa metero 70T (TW). urebye stratigraphy yimikorere ya BdM yingirakamaro, dusuzumye imyaka yo gushiraho imiterere ya pagoda kuba munsi ya 14-12 ka.Ikindi kandi, imikurire yizi nyubako iracyakora (Igicapo 7d) kuko abapagasi bamwe bateye kandi bahindura umusenyi wa BdM uyumunsi (Ishusho 7d).
Kunanirwa kwa pagoda kurenga inyanja yiki gihe byerekana ko (a) izamuka rya gaze hamwe na / cyangwa guhagarika aho kuvanga imyanda ya gazi, hamwe na / cyangwa (b) gutembera kwuruvange rwimvange ya gaz-imyanda ntibishobora gutuma habaho umuvuduko ukabije waho. Ukurikije icyerekezo cya diapir cyerekana urugero rwikigereranyo cyo kugabanuka kwa gazi gahoro gahoro gahoro gahoro gahoro gahoro gahoro gahoro. igipimo cyo gutanga gishobora kuba gifitanye isano no kwiyongera k'ubucucike bw'uruvange bitewe no kubura kwa gaze.Ibisubizo byavuzwe haruguru hamwe no kuzamuka kwa buoyancy kugenzurwa na pagoda bidufasha kugereranya uburebure bw'inkingi y’ikirere hg.Ubwiyance butangwa na ΔP = hgg (ρw - ρg), aho g ari uburemere (9.8 m / s2) hamwe na ρw hamwe na ρw hamwe na ρw. kubara Pdef hamwe nigitutu cya lithostatike Plith yicyapa cyibimera, ni ukuvuga ρsg h, aho ρs nubucucike bwimitsi.Muri iki gihe, agaciro ka hg gasabwa kuri buoyancy yifuzwa gutangwa na hg = (Pdef + Plith) / [g (ρw - ρg)]. Muri BdM, twashyizeho Pdef = 0.3 Pa =
Ibigize gaze ya BdM bihuye ninkomoko ya mantle yahinduwe hiyongereyeho amazi ajyanye na decarbonisiyasi yibitare byamabuye (Igicapo 6) .Ihuza rya EW rihuza amadirishya ya BdM hamwe nibirunga bikora nka Ischia, Campi Flegre, na Soma-Vesuvius, hamwe nibice bya gaze ziva mu karere ka Naple nyinshi ziva mu turere twa Napine. Amazi yo mu bwoko bwa crustal ava mu burengerazuba (Ischia) yerekeza iburasirazuba (Somma-Vesuivus) (Ishusho 1b na 6).
Twanzuye ko mu kigobe cya Naples, ku birometero bike uvuye ku cyambu cya Naples, hari imiterere ya kilometero 25 z'ubugari bumeze nk'ububiko bwa dome bugira ingaruka ku buryo bwo gutesha agaciro kandi buterwa no gushyira pagoda n'imisozi. Muri iki gihe, imikono ya BdM yerekana ko imivurungano idashingiye ku magara 53 ishobora guteganya ibikorwa by’uburumbuke bwa virusi. ibintu no kumenya ibimenyetso bya geochemiki na geofiziki byerekana imvururu zishobora kubaho.
Umwirondoro w’amazi ya Acoustic (2D) wabonetse mugihe cya SAFE_2014 (Kanama 2014) ku rugendo rwa R / V Urania (CNR) n’ikigo cy’igihugu cy’ubushakashatsi cy’ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi ku bidukikije byo ku nyanja (IAMC) .Icyitegererezo cy’ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na siyansi yacitsemo ibice byerekana amajwi Simrad EK60 yakoreshaga ku gipimo cya kilometero enye. ahantu mu cyegeranyo (hagati ya 74 na 180 m bsl) .Gupima ibipimo byumubiri nubumashini mumurongo wamazi ukoresheje ibipimo byinshi (conducitivite, ubushyuhe nuburebure, CTD) .Data yakusanyirijwe hamwe hakoreshejwe iperereza rya CTD 911 (SeaBird, Electronics Inc.) hanyuma ritunganywa hakoreshejwe software ya SBED-Win32 (Seasave, verisiyo 7.23.2). (ikinyabiziga gikorerwa kure) hamwe na kamera ebyiri (hasi kandi ndende).
Kwishakira amakuru ya Multibeam byakozwe hifashishijwe sisitemu ya 100 KHz Simrad EM710 ya sisitemu ya multibeam sonar (Kongsberg) .Iyi sisitemu ihujwe na sisitemu yo gutandukanya isi itandukanye kugirango harebwe amakosa ya sub-metric mu mwanya w’ibiti. Impanuka ya acoustic ifite inshuro 100 KHz, impanuka yo kurasa ya dogere 150 ° hamwe no gufungura amashanyarazi mu gihe cya 2000D. . kandi ikoresha umwirondoro wamajwi nyayo mumurongo wamazi buri masaha 6-8 kugirango itange umuvuduko wijwi ryukuri kugirango uyobore neza ibiti. Dataset yose igizwe na kilometero zigera kuri 440 (0-1200 m) Ikigo cya Gisirikare.
Umwirondoro wa kilometero 55 z'uburebure bw’umuyoboro umwe w’imiterere y’imitingito, wakusanyirijwe mu gihe cy’ingendo z’inyanja zifite umutekano mu 2007 na 2014, wagize ubuso bungana na kilometero kare 113, haba kuri R / V Urania. Umwirondoro wa marisike (urugero, umwirondoro wa L1, ishusho ya 1b) wabonetse ukoresheje sisitemu yo mu bwoko bwa IKB-Seistec. irangwa mumurongo wa 1-10 kHz kandi ituma ikemura ibyuma bitandukanya bitandukanijwe na cm 25. Umwirondoro w’imitingito wizewe wabonetse ukoresheje 1.4 Kj nyinshi-tip ya Geospark seisimike y’isoko ryahujwe na software ya Geotrace (Geo Marine Survey System). Sisitemu igizwe na catamaran irimo isoko ya 1-6.02 KHz yinjira muri santimetero 30 za santimetero ziri munsi ya santimetero 30. Ibikoresho bya Marsik byabonetse ku gipimo cya 0.33 / amasegonda hamwe n’umuvuduko wubwato <3 Kn.Data yatunganijwe kandi itangwa hifashishijwe porogaramu ya Geosuite Allworks hamwe nakazi gakurikira: gukosora kwaguka, guhinduranya inkingi y’amazi, gushungura 2-6 KHz ya bande ya IIR, na AGC.
Gazi yavuye muri fumarole yo mu mazi yakusanyirijwe ku nyanja ikoresheje agasanduku ka pulasitike karimo diaphragm ya reberi ku ruhande rwayo rwo hejuru, igashyirwa hejuru na ROV hejuru y’umuyaga. Igihe umuyaga mwinshi winjiye mu gasanduku wasimbuye burundu amazi y’inyanja, ROV isubira mu burebure bwa m 1, hanyuma uyitwara ahererekanya gaze yakusanyirijwe muri robine septum yashyizwemo na feri ya feri. hamwe na mL 20 yumuti wa 5N NaOH (flask yo mu bwoko bwa Gegenbach) .Ibinyabuzima nyamukuru bya gaze ya aside (CO2 na H2S) bishonga mumuti wa alkaline, mugihe amoko ya gaze ya gaze ya elegitoronike (N2, Ar + O2, CO, H2, He, Ar, CH4 na hydrocarbone yoroheje) yabitswe mumashanyarazi icupa ryitwa chromat. hamwe na metero 10 z'uburebure bwa 5A ya molekile ya elegitoronike hamwe nubushakashatsi bwerekana ubushyuhe bwumuriro (TCD) 54. Argon na O2 byasesenguwe hifashishijwe chromatografi ya gaz ya Thermo Focus ifite ibikoresho bya metero 30 z'uburebure bwa capillary na TCD. na flake ionisiyoneri ya flame (FID) .Icyiciro cyamazi cyakoreshejwe mugusesengura 1) CO2, nkuko, byitiriwe igisubizo cya 0.5 N HCl (Metrohm Basic Titrino) na 2) H2S, nkuko, nyuma ya okiside hamwe na 5 mL H2O2 (33%), hamwe na ion chromatografiya (IC) (IC) (Isuzuma rya GC na ICT). uburyo bwo kweza imvange ya gaze, 13C / 12C CO2 (byagaragajwe nka δ13C-CO2% na V-PDB) byasesenguwe hifashishijwe icyerekezo rusange cya Finningan Delta S55.56.Ibipimo byakoreshwaga mu kugereranya neza neza ni Carrara na San Vincenzo marble (imbere), NBS18 na NBS19 (mpuzamahanga), naho ikosa ryisesengura hamwe na 0.1%.
δ15N (byagaragajwe nka% na Air) indangagaciro na 40Ar / 36Ar byemejwe hakoreshejwe Agilent 6890 N ya chromatografi ya gazi (GC) ihujwe na Delta ya Finnigan plusXP ikomeza umuvuduko wa mass spectrometer.Ikosa ryisesengura ni: δ15N ± 0.1%, 36Ar <1%, 40Ar <3% .Igipimo cya RH ni R / Rae. mu kirere: 1.39 × 10−6) 57 byagenwe muri laboratoire ya INGV-Palermo (mu Butaliyani) 3He, 4He na 20Ne biyemeje gukoresha imashini ikusanya ibyuma bibiri (Helix SFT-GVI) 58 nyuma yo gutandukana na He na Ne.Ikosa ryisesengura ≤ 0.3% .Ubusa busanzwe kuri We na Ne ni <10-14 na <10-16 m.
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