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Biofilm nigice cyingenzi mugutezimbere indwara zidakira, cyane cyane mubijyanye nubuvuzi.Iki kibazo cyerekana ikibazo gikomeye kubaganga, kuko antibiyotike zisanzwe zishobora gusenya ibinyabuzima gusa ku rugero ruto.Kurinda ibinyabuzima bya biofilm byatumye habaho uburyo butandukanye bwo gutwikira hamwe nibikoresho bishya.Ubu buhanga bugamije gutwikira hejuru yuburyo bubuza ibinyabuzima.Vitreous metal alloys, cyane cyane irimo umuringa na titanium, byahindutse imiti igabanya ubukana.Muri icyo gihe, ikoreshwa rya tekinoroji ya spray ikonje ryiyongereye kuko nuburyo bukwiye bwo gutunganya ibikoresho byoroshye ubushyuhe.Bimwe mubyari bigamijwe muri ubu bushakashatsi kwari ugutegura firime nshya ya antibacterial metallic ikirahuri igizwe na Cu-Zr-Ni ternary ikoresheje tekinike yo gukanika imashini.Ifu ya spherical igizwe nibicuruzwa byanyuma ikoreshwa nkibikoresho fatizo byo gutera imbeho hejuru yicyuma kitagira umwanda mubushyuhe buke.Ibirahuri byometseho ibyuma byashoboye kugabanya cyane ibinyabuzima bya biofilm byibuze byibuze 1 ugereranije nicyuma.
Mu mateka y’umuntu, umuryango uwo ariwo wose washoboye kwiteza imbere no guteza imbere iyinjizwa ry’ibikoresho bishya kugira ngo byuzuze ibisabwa byihariye, bigatuma umusaruro wiyongera ndetse n’umwanya mu bukungu bw’isi1.Buri gihe cyitirirwa ubushobozi bwabantu bwo gukora ibikoresho nibikoresho byo gukora, hamwe nigishushanyo cyo gukora no kuranga ibikoresho kugirango tugere kubuzima, uburezi, inganda, ubukungu, umuco nizindi nzego kuva mugihugu cyangwa mukarere kindi.Iterambere ripimwa hatitawe ku gihugu cyangwa akarere2.Kumyaka 60, ibikoresho abahanga batanze umwanya munini kumurimo umwe wingenzi: gushakisha ibikoresho bishya kandi bigezweho.Ubushakashatsi buherutse kwibanda ku kuzamura ireme n’imikorere yibikoresho bihari, kimwe no guhuza no guhimba ubwoko bushya bwibikoresho.
Kwiyongera kubintu bivangavanze, guhindura microstructure yibikoresho no gukoresha uburyo bwo kuvura amashyuza, ubukanishi cyangwa ibikoresho bya mitiweli byatumye habaho iterambere ryinshi mubintu bya mashini, imiti nubumubiri byibikoresho bitandukanye.Mubyongeyeho, kugeza ubu ibice bitazwi byahinduwe neza.Izi mbaraga zidatezuka zabyaye umuryango mushya wibikoresho bishya hamwe bizwi nka Advanced Materials2.Nanocrystal, nanoparticles, nanotubes, utudomo twa kwant, zero-zipima, amorphous metallic ibirahuri, hamwe na allopy alloys ni ingero zimwe gusa z'ibikoresho byateye imbere byagaragaye ku isi kuva hagati mu kinyejana gishize.Mu gukora no guteza imbere ibivangwa bishya bifite imitungo inoze, haba mu bicuruzwa byanyuma ndetse no mu cyiciro cyo hagati cy’umusaruro wabyo, ikibazo cyo kutaringaniza gikunze kongerwaho.Bitewe no gutangiza uburyo bushya bwo gukora butuma habaho gutandukana cyane kuringaniza, havumbuwe icyiciro gishya cy’imyunyu ngugu, kizwi ku izina ry’ibirahure.
Ibikorwa bye muri Caltech mu 1960 byahinduye igitekerezo cyo kuvanga ibyuma igihe yashizaga Au-25 kuri.4 Ubuvumbuzi bwa Porofeseri Paul Duves ntabwo bwerekanye gusa intangiriro y’ibirahuri by’icyuma (MS), ahubwo byanatumye habaho ihinduka ry’imiterere y’uko abantu batekereza ku byuma bivangwa n’ibyuma.Kuva ubushakashatsi bwambere bwambere mubushakashatsi bwa synthesis ya MS alloys, ibirahuri byuma hafi ya byose byabonetse byuzuye hakoreshejwe bumwe muburyo bukurikira: (i) gukomera byihuse gushonga cyangwa imyuka, (ii) ihungabana rya atome ya latike, (iii) reaction ya amorphisation ikomeye hagati yibintu byuma byera kandi (iv) ihinduka ryicyiciro gikomeye.
MGs itandukanijwe no kubura intera ndende ya atome itondekanya ifitanye isano na kristu, ikaba isobanura ibiranga kristu.Mw'isi ya none, intambwe nini imaze guterwa mubijyanye nikirahure cyuma.Ibi nibikoresho bishya bifite imitungo ishimishije ntabwo ishishikajwe gusa na fiziki ya leta ikomeye, ahubwo inareba metallurgie, chimie yubutaka, ikoranabuhanga, ibinyabuzima, nibindi bice byinshi.Ubu bwoko bushya bwibikoresho bufite imitungo itandukanye nicyuma gikomeye, bigatuma iba umukandida ushimishije mubikorwa byikoranabuhanga mubice bitandukanye.Bafite ibintu bimwe na bimwe byingenzi: (i) guhindagurika gukomeye no gutanga imbaraga, (ii) imbaraga za magneti nyinshi, (iii) imbaraga nke, (iv) kurwanya ruswa idasanzwe, (v) kwigenga k'ubushyuhe.Imyitwarire 6.7.
Gukoresha imashini (MA) 1,8 ni uburyo bushya ugereranije, bwatangijwe bwa mbere mu 19839 na Prof. KK Kok na bagenzi be.Bakoze ifu ya amorphous Ni60Nb40 mu gusya uruvange rwibintu byera kubushyuhe bwibidukikije hafi yubushyuhe bwicyumba.Mubisanzwe, reaction ya MA ikorwa hagati yo gukwirakwiza ifu ya reaction mu reaction, ubusanzwe ikozwe mubyuma bidafite ingese, mumashini yumupira.10 (Ishusho 1a, b).Kuva icyo gihe, ubu buryo bwakoreshejwe muburyo bwa tekinike bwakoreshejwe mugutegura ifu nshya ya amorphous / metallic ibirahuri bivanze hakoreshejwe ifu yo hasi (Igicapo 1c) hamwe ninganda zumupira mwinshi hamwe ninganda zinkoni11,12,13,14,15,16.By'umwihariko, ubu buryo bwakoreshejwe mugutegura sisitemu idasobanutse nka Cu-Ta17 kimwe no gushonga ingingo ndende nka Al-inzibacyuho (TM, Zr, Hf, Nb na Ta) 18,19 na Fe-W20., idashobora kuboneka ukoresheje uburyo busanzwe bwo guteka.Byongeye kandi, MA ifatwa nkimwe mubikoresho bikomeye bya nanotehnologiya yo gukora inganda zingana ninganda za nanocrystalline na nanocomposite yifu ya piside ya oxyde yicyuma, karbide, nitride, hydride, carbone nanotubes, nanodiamond, ndetse no gutuza kwinshi hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo hejuru-hasi.Icyiciro 1.
Igishushanyo cyerekana uburyo bwo guhimba bwakoreshejwe mugutegura Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) / SUS 304 icyuma cyikirahure cyanditse muri ubu bushakashatsi...(c) Icyitegererezo kiboneye cyogusya cyerekana kugenda kwumupira mugihe cyo gusya.Igicuruzwa cya nyuma cyifu yabonetse nyuma yamasaha 50 yakoreshejwe mugukonjesha ikonje ya SUS 304 substrate (d).
Iyo bigeze kubintu byinshi (substrates), ubwubatsi bwubuso burimo gushushanya no guhindura isura (substrate) kugirango itange ibintu bimwe na bimwe bifatika, imiti, na tekiniki bitagaragara mubintu byumwimerere.Bimwe mubintu bishobora kunozwa neza hifashishijwe uburyo bwo kuvura hejuru harimo gukuramo, okiside no kurwanya ruswa, coefficient de friction, bioinertness, ibikoresho byamashanyarazi hamwe nubushyuhe bwumuriro, nkavuga amazina make.Ubwiza bwubuso bushobora kunozwa nuburyo bwa metallurgiki, ubukanishi cyangwa imiti.Nkibikorwa bizwi, gutwikira bisobanurwa gusa nkurwego rumwe cyangwa byinshi byibikoresho byakoreshejwe muburyo bwubukorikori hejuru yikintu kinini (substrate) gikozwe mubindi bikoresho.Gutyo, impuzu zikoreshwa mugice kugirango ugere kubintu bya tekiniki cyangwa imitako byifuzwa, kimwe no kurinda ibikoresho biteganijwe guhuza imiti n’ibidukikije 23.
Uburyo butandukanye nubuhanga birashobora gukoreshwa mugukoresha ibice bikingira birinda micrometero nkeya (munsi ya micrometero 10-20) kugeza kuri micrometero zirenga 30 cyangwa na milimetero nyinshi mubyimbye.Muri rusange, uburyo bwo gutwikira bushobora kugabanywamo ibyiciro bibiri: (i) uburyo bwo gutwika amazi, harimo amashanyarazi, amashanyarazi, hamwe no gushiramo ubushyuhe, hamwe na (ii) uburyo bwo gutwika bwumye, harimo kugurisha, gukomera, kubika imyuka yumubiri (PVD).).
Biofilm isobanurwa nkumuryango wa mikorobe ifatanye ku buryo budasubirwaho ku buso kandi ikikijwe na polimeri zidasanzwe (EPS).Ishirwaho rya biofilm ikuze cyane birashobora gutera igihombo kinini mu nganda nyinshi, harimo gutunganya ibiribwa, sisitemu y’amazi, n’ubuvuzi.Mu bantu, hamwe no gukora biofilm, abantu barenga 80% banduye mikorobe (harimo Enterobacteriaceae na Staphylococci) biragoye kuvura.Byongeye kandi, ibinyabuzima bikuze byavuzwe ko birwanya inshuro 1000 kurwanya antibiyotike ugereranije na selile ya bacteri ya planktonique, ifatwa nkikibazo gikomeye cyo kuvura.Amateka, ibikoresho byo gutwikira mikorobe bikomoka ku bimera bisanzwe byakoreshejwe.Nubwo ibikoresho nkibi bikubiyemo ibintu byuburozi bishobora kugirira nabi abantu, 25.26 ibi birashobora gufasha kwirinda kwanduza bagiteri no kwangirika kwibintu.
Indwara ya bagiteri ikwirakwizwa na antibiyotike bitewe na biofilm yatumye hakenerwa uburyo bunoze bwo kurwanya mikorobe ya mikorobe ishobora gukoreshwa neza27.Iterambere ryumubiri cyangwa imiti irwanya-gufatira ingirabuzimafatizo za bagiteri zidashobora guhambira no gukora biofilm bitewe no gufatira hamwe nuburyo bwa mbere muriki gikorwa27.Ikoranabuhanga rya kabiri ni ugutezimbere imyenda itanga imiti igabanya ubukana neza aho ikenewe, muburyo bwinshi kandi bwihariye.Ibi bigerwaho hifashishijwe iterambere ryibikoresho bidasanzwe nka graphene / germanium28, diyama yumukara29 na ZnO30-yuzuye diyama isa na karubone irwanya bagiteri, ikoranabuhanga ryongera iterambere ryuburozi no kurwanya bitewe na biofilm.Byongeye kandi, impuzu zirimo imiti ya mikorobe itanga uburinzi bwigihe kirekire kwirinda kwandura bagiteri iragenda ikundwa cyane.Mugihe ubwo buryo uko ari butatu bushobora gukora ibikorwa bya mikorobe hejuru yububiko, buri kimwe gifite aho kigarukira kigomba kwitabwaho mugutegura ingamba zo gusaba.
Ibicuruzwa biri ku isoko bibangamiwe no kubura umwanya wo gusesengura no kugerageza ibifuniko bikingira ibinyabuzima bikora.Isosiyete ivuga ko ibicuruzwa byabo bizaha abakoresha ibintu bifuza gukora, nyamara, ibi byabaye inzitizi yo gutsinda kw'ibicuruzwa biri ku isoko.Ibicuruzwa biva muri feza bikoreshwa mugice kinini cya mikorobe iboneka kubakoresha.Ibicuruzwa byakozwe kugirango birinde abakoresha ingaruka mbi ziterwa na mikorobe.Gutinda kwa mikorobe itinze hamwe nuburozi bujyanye nibintu bya feza byongera igitutu kubashakashatsi kugirango bakore ubundi buryo bwangiza 36,37.Gukora imiti igabanya ubukana ku isi ikora imbere no hanze biracyari ikibazo.Ibi bizana ingaruka zubuzima hamwe n’umutekano.Kuvumbura imiti igabanya ubukana idafite ingaruka mbi kubantu no kumenya uburyo bwo kuyishyira mu gutwikira insimburangingo hamwe nigihe kirekire cyo kubaho ni intego ishakishwa cyane intego38.Ibikoresho bya mikorobe biheruka na antibiofilm bigenewe kwica bagiteri hafi ya hafi haba muburyo butaziguye cyangwa nyuma yo kurekura umukozi ukora.Bashobora kubikora babuza kwifata kwa bagiteri kwambere (harimo no kwirinda ko habaho poroteyine hejuru) cyangwa bakica bagiteri babangamira urukuta rw'akagari.
Byibanze, gutwikira hejuru nuburyo bwo gukoresha urundi rwego hejuru yikintu kugirango tunoze ibiranga ubuso.Intego yo gutwikira hejuru ni uguhindura microstructure hamwe na / cyangwa ibice bigize hafi yubuso bwakarere 39.Uburyo bwo gutwikira hejuru bushobora kugabanywa muburyo butandukanye, bukubiye mu gishushanyo cya 2a.Ipitingi irashobora kugabanywamo ibyiciro byubushyuhe, imiti, umubiri nu mashanyarazi bitewe nuburyo bwakoreshejwe mugukora igifuniko.
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Ubukonje bwa spray bukonje bufite byinshi buhuriyeho nubuhanga gakondo bwo gutera amashyuza.Nyamara, hari nibintu byingenzi byingenzi bituma inzira ya spray ikonje hamwe nibikoresho bya spray bikonje bidasanzwe.Ubuhanga bwa spray bukonje buracyari mu ntangiriro, ariko bufite ejo hazaza heza.Rimwe na rimwe, imiterere yihariye yo gutera imbeho itanga inyungu nyinshi, gutsinda imbogamizi zubuhanga busanzwe bwo gutera amashyuza.Iratsinda imbogamizi zikomeye zubuhanga bwa spray yumuriro gakondo, aho ifu igomba gushonga kugirango ishyirwe kuri substrate.Ikigaragara ni uko ubu buryo bwo gutwikira gakondo budakwiriye kubikoresho byubushyuhe bukabije nka nanocristal, nanoparticles, amorphous na metallic ibirahure40, 41, 42. Byongeye kandi, ibikoresho byo gutwika amashyuza yumuriro buri gihe bifite urwego rwinshi rwa poritike na oxyde.Ikoranabuhanga rya spray y'ubukonje rifite ibyiza byinshi kurenza tekinoroji ya spray yumuriro, nka (i) ubushyuhe buke bwinjiza muri substrate, (ii) guhinduka muguhitamo igifuniko cya substrate, (iii) nta guhinduka kwicyiciro no gukura kwimbuto, (iv) imbaraga zifatika1 .39 (Ishusho 2b).Byongeye kandi, ibikoresho byo gutera spray bikonje bifite imbaraga zo kurwanya ruswa, imbaraga nyinshi nubukomere, amashanyarazi menshi hamwe nubucucike bwinshi41.Nubwo ibyiza byuburyo bwa spray bikonje, ubu buryo buracyafite ibibi, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo 2b.Iyo utwikiriye ifu yubutaka bwiza nka Al2O3, TiO2, ZrO2, WC, nibindi, uburyo bwo gutera imbeho ntibushobora gukoreshwa.Kurundi ruhande, ifu ya ceramic / icyuma ikora ifu irashobora gukoreshwa nkibikoresho fatizo byo gutwikira.Ni nako bigenda kubundi buryo bwo gutera amashyuza.Ubuso bugoye hamwe nu miyoboro imbere biracyagoye gutera.
Urebye ko imirimo iriho iganisha ku gukoresha ifu ya vitreous metallic nkibikoresho byo gutangiza ibishishwa, biragaragara ko gutera amashyuza bisanzwe bidashobora gukoreshwa kubwiyi ntego.Ibi biterwa nuko ifu ya vitreous metallic ifata kristu mubushyuhe bwinshi1.
Ibyinshi mu bikoresho bikoreshwa mu nganda z’ubuvuzi n’ibiribwa bikozwe mu byuma bya austenitis bitagira ibyuma (SUS316 na SUS304) bifite chromium iri hagati ya 12 na 20 wt.% Mu gukora ibikoresho byo kubaga.Muri rusange biremewe ko gukoresha ibyuma bya chromium nkibintu bivangavanze mu byuma byuma bishobora kunoza cyane kwangirika kwangirika kwibyuma bisanzwe.Ibyuma bidafite ingese, nubwo birwanya ruswa nyinshi, ntabwo bifite imiti igabanya ubukana 38,39.Ibi bitandukanye no kwihanganira kwangirika kwabo.Nyuma yibyo, birashoboka guhanura iterambere ryubwandu no gutwika, biterwa ahanini no gufatira kwa bagiteri no gukoronizwa hejuru y’ibinyabuzima bidafite ibyuma.Ingorane zikomeye zishobora kuvuka kubera ingorane zikomeye zijyanye no gufatira kwa bagiteri hamwe ninzira ya biofilm, bishobora gutera ubuzima bubi, bushobora kugira ingaruka nyinshi zishobora kugira ingaruka zitaziguye cyangwa zitaziguye mubuzima bwabantu.
Ubu bushakashatsi nicyiciro cya mbere cyumushinga uterwa inkunga na Fondasiyo ya Koweti ishinzwe guteza imbere ubumenyi (KFAS), amasezerano no.2010-550401, gukora iperereza ku buryo bwo gukora ifu y’ibirahure Cu-Zr-Ni ifu ya ternary ikoresheje ikoranabuhanga rya MA (imbonerahamwe).1) Kugirango habeho gukora SUS304 antibacterial surface kurinda firime / gutwikira.Icyiciro cya kabiri cyumushinga, ugomba gutangira muri Mutarama 2023, uziga ku buryo burambuye ibiranga ruswa ya galvanic hamwe nubukanishi bwa sisitemu.Ikizamini kirambuye cya mikorobe yubwoko butandukanye bwa bagiteri kizakorwa.
Iyi ngingo ivuga ku ngaruka za Zr alloy ku bushobozi bwo gukora ibirahure (GFA) bishingiye ku miterere n’imiterere.Hiyongereyeho kandi imiterere ya antibacterial ya poro yometseho ikirahuri / SUS304 yibigize.Byongeye kandi, imirimo ikomeje gukorwa kugira ngo hakorwe iperereza ku bishoboka ko hahindurwa imiterere y’ifu y’ibirahure iba mu gihe cyo gutera imbeho mu karere k’amazi gakonje cyane y’ibirahuri byahimbwe.Cu50Zr30Ni20 na Cu50Zr20Ni30 ibyuma byerekana ibirahuri byifashishijwe nkurugero ruhagarariye muri ubu bushakashatsi.
Iki gice cyerekana impinduka zijyanye na porojeri ya Cu, Zr na Ni mugihe cyo gusya ingufu nke.Sisitemu ebyiri zitandukanye zigizwe na Cu50Zr20Ni30 na Cu50Zr40Ni10 zizakoreshwa nkurugero rwerekana.Inzira ya MA irashobora kugabanywamo ibyiciro bitatu bitandukanye, nkuko bigaragazwa nicyuma kiranga ifu yabonetse murwego rwo gusya (Ishusho 3).
Ibiranga ibyuma byerekana ifu yimashini (MA) yabonetse nyuma yibyiciro bitandukanye byo gusya umupira.Imyuka yoherezwa mu kirere isikana electron microscopi (FE-SEM) amashusho ya MA na Cu50Zr40Ni10 ifu yabonetse nyuma yo gusya ingufu nke zumupira wamasaha 3, 12 na 50 zerekanwa muri (a), (c) na (e) kuri sisitemu ya Cu50Zr20Ni30, mugihe kuri MA imwe.Amashusho ajyanye na sisitemu ya Cu50Zr40Ni10 yafashwe nyuma yigihe yerekanwe muri (b), (d), na (f).
Mugihe cyo gusya umupira, ingufu za kinetic zishobora kwimurwa kubifu yicyuma ziterwa no guhuza ibipimo, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo 1a.Ibi birimo kugongana hagati yimipira nifu, kwikuramo ifu yometse hagati cyangwa hagati yo gusya itangazamakuru, ingaruka ziva kumipira yaguye, kogosha no kwambara biterwa no gukurura ifu hagati yimibiri yimuka yumupira wumupira, hamwe numuhengeri uhungabana unyura mumipira yaguye ikwirakwizwa mumico yuzuye (Ishusho 1a). Элементарные порошки Cu, Zr и Ni были сильно деформирован из-за холодной сварки на ранней мдидии МА (3 ч), что привело к ковованию крупных частиц порошка (> 1 m в вамаметре). Ifu yibanze ya Cu, Zr, na Ni yarahinduwe cyane kubera gusudira gukonje hakiri kare ya MA (3 h), bituma habaho uduce twinshi twa poro (> mm 1 ya diameter).Ibi bice binini bigize ibice birangwa no gushiraho ibice byimbitse byibintu bivanga (Cu, Zr, Ni), nkuko bigaragara mumitini.3a, b.Ubwiyongere bwigihe cya MA bugera kuri 12 h (icyiciro giciriritse) bwatumye kwiyongera kwingufu za kinetic yinganda zumupira, byatumye habaho kubora ifu yibigize ifu ntoya (munsi ya 200 mm), nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 3c, umujyi.Kuri iki cyiciro, imbaraga zikoreshwa zogosha ziganisha ku gushiraho icyuma gishya gifite Cu, Zr, Ni hint ibice, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 3c, d.Nkigisubizo cyo gusya ibice kuri interineti ya flake, reaction-fonction reaction ibaho hamwe no gushiraho ibice bishya.
Ku ndunduro yimikorere ya MA (nyuma ya 50 h), metallografiya ya flake ntiyagaragaye cyane (Ishusho 3e, f), kandi ibyuma byerekana indorerwamo byagaragaye hejuru yubutaka bwa poro.Ibi bivuze ko inzira ya MA yarangiye kandi hashyizweho icyiciro kimwe cya reaction.Ibigize ibice bigize uturere byerekanwe mubishushanyo.3e (I.(IV).
Imbonerahamwe.Ibintu 2 byibanze byibintu bivangwa byerekanwe nkijanisha ryubunini rusange bwa buri karere katoranijwe mumitini.3e, f.Ugereranije ibisubizo hamwe nintangiriro yizina rya Cu50Zr20Ni30 na Cu50Zr40Ni10 yatanzwe mu mbonerahamwe ya 1 yerekana ko ibihimbano byibicuruzwa byombi byanyuma byegeranye cyane nibihimbano.Byongeye kandi, agaciro kagereranijwe k'ibice bigize uturere twerekanwe ku gishushanyo cya 3e, f ntibisobanura kwangirika cyangwa gutandukana muburyo bwa buri cyitegererezo kuva mukarere kamwe.Ibi bigaragazwa nuko nta gihinduka mubigize kuva mukarere kamwe.Ibi byerekana umusaruro wifu yifu imwe nkuko bigaragara mumbonerahamwe 2.
FE-SEM micrografi ya Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) ifu yanyuma yibicuruzwa yabonetse nyuma yinshuro 50 MA, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 4a-d, aho x ari 10, 20, 30 na 40 kuri.%.Nyuma yiyi ntambwe yo gusya, ifu yegeranya bitewe ningaruka ya van der Waals, iganisha ku gushiraho ibintu byinshi bigizwe nuduce duto twa ultrafine dufite diameter ya 73 kugeza 126 nm, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 4.
Imiterere ya morfologiya ya Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) ifu yabonetse nyuma yamasaha 50 MA.Kuri Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30, Cu50Zr10Ni40, amashusho ya FE-SEM y'ifu yabonetse nyuma ya 50 MA yerekanwe muri (a), (b), (c), na (d).
Mbere yo gupakira ifu mumashanyarazi akonje, babanje kubyazwa umusaruro murwego rwo gusesengura etanol muminota 15 hanyuma bakama kuri 150 ° C. mumasaha 2.Iyi ntambwe igomba guterwa kugirango irwanye neza agglomeration, akenshi itera ibibazo byinshi bikomeye murwego rwo gutwikira.Nyuma yo kurangiza inzira ya MA, hakozwe ubundi bushakashatsi kugira ngo hakorwe ubushakashatsi ku butumburuke bw'ifu ya pome.Ku mutini.5a - d yerekana micrografi ya FE-SEM hamwe nishusho ya EDS ihuye nibintu bya Cu, Zr na Ni bivanga ibintu bya Cu50Zr30Ni20 byafashwe nyuma yisaha 50 h M bikurikiranye.Twabibutsa ko ifu yivanze yabonetse nyuma yiyi ntambwe ari imwe, kuko itagaragaza ihindagurika ryibintu byose birenze urwego rwa sub-nanometero, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 5.
Morphologiya no gukwirakwiza ibice muri MG Cu50Zr30Ni20 ifu yabonetse nyuma ya 50 MA na FE-SEM / Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS).(a) SEM na X-ray EDS ishusho ya (b) Cu-Kα, (c) Zr-Lα, na (d) Ni-Kα.
Imiterere ya X-ray itandukanya imashini ya Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30, na Cu50Zr20Ni30 ifu yabonetse nyuma yamasaha 50 MA yerekanwe mumashusho.6a - d.Nyuma yiki cyiciro cyo gusya, ibyitegererezo byose hamwe na Zr zitandukanye zifite imiterere ya amorphous ifite imiterere ya halo ikwirakwizwa igaragara ku gishushanyo cya 6.
Imiterere ya X-ray itandukanya Cu50Zr40Ni10 (a), Cu50Zr30Ni20 (b), Cu50Zr20Ni30 (c), na Cu50Zr20Ni30 (d) ifu nyuma ya MA kuri 50 h.Uburyo bwa halo-diffuzione bwagaragaye mubitegererezo byose nta kurobanura, byerekana ishyirwaho ryicyiciro cya amorphous.
Ikwirakwizwa ryinshi ryimyuka yoherejwe na microscopi electronique (FE-HRTEM) yakoreshejwe kugirango harebwe impinduka zubatswe no gusobanukirwa imiterere yifu yifu ituruka kumasya yumupira mubihe bitandukanye bya MA.Amashusho yifu yabonetse muburyo bwa FE-HRTEM nyuma yicyiciro cya mbere (6 h) nicyiciro (18 h) cyo gusya Cu50Zr30Ni20 na Cu50Zr40Ni10 ifu irerekanwa mumashusho.7a.Ukurikije ishusho nziza-yumurima (BFI) yifu yabonetse nyuma ya 6 h ya MA, ifu igizwe nintete nini zifite imipaka isobanutse neza yibintu bya fcc-Cu, hcp-Zr, na fcc-Ni, kandi nta kimenyetso cyerekana ishyirwaho ryicyiciro, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo 7a.Byongeye kandi, ihuriro ryatoranijwe rifitanye isano (SADP) ryakuwe mu karere ko hagati (a) ryerekanye uburyo bwo gutandukanya ibintu (Ishusho 7b) byerekana ko hariho kristu nini kandi nta cyiciro kiboneka.
Imiterere yimiterere yimiterere ya poro ya MA yabonetse nyuma yicyiciro cya mbere (6 h) nicyiciro hagati (18 h)..Ishusho ya FE-HRTEM ya Cu50Zr40Ni10 yabonetse nyuma yamasaha 18 MA yerekanwe muri (c).
Nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo.7c, kwiyongera mugihe cya MA kugeza 18 h byatumye habaho inenge zikomeye zifatanije no guhindura plastike.Kuri iki cyiciro giciriritse cyibikorwa bya MA, inenge zitandukanye zigaragara muri poro, harimo gutondeka amakosa, inenge ya lattice, nudusembwa twa point (Ishusho 7).Izi nenge zitera gucamo ibinyampeke binini ku mbibi z’ibinyampeke munsi ya nm 20 z'ubunini (Ishusho 7c).
Imiterere yaho yifu ya Cu50Z30Ni20 yasya kuri 36 h MA irangwa no gushiraho nanograine ultrafine yashyizwe muri matrike yoroheje ya amorphous, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 8a.Isesengura ryaho rya EMF ryerekanye ko nanoclusters yerekanwe kumashusho.8a ifitanye isano na Cu, Zr na Ni ifu ivanze.Ibiri muri Cu muri matrix byari bitandukanye kuva ~ 32 kuri.% (Agace gakennye) kugeza ~ 74 kuri.% (Agace gakize), byerekana ishingwa ryibicuruzwa bitandukanye.Byongeye kandi, SADPs ijyanye nifu yifu yabonetse nyuma yo gusya muriyi ntambwe yerekana primaire na kabiri ya halo-diffuzion amorphous icyiciro impeta zuzuzanya hamwe ningingo zikarishye zijyanye nibintu bitavuwe neza, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 8b.
Nanoscale imiterere yimiterere yibirenze 36 h-Cu50Zr30Ni20 ifu.(a) Ishusho nziza yumurima (BFI) hamwe na (b) SADP ya Cu50Zr30Ni20 ifu yabonetse nyuma yo gusya kuri 36 h MA.
Kugeza ku iherezo rya gahunda ya MA (50 h), Cu50 (Zr50-xNix), X, 10, 20, 30, na 40 kuri.Ntabwo ingingo itandukanijwe cyangwa ishusho ityaye irashobora kugaragara muri SADS ihuye na buri gihimbano.Ibi byerekana ko nta cyuma cya kristaline kitavuwe, ahubwo ni ifu yifu ya amorphous.Izi SADP zifitanye isano zerekana uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza halo nazo zakoreshejwe nkibimenyetso byiterambere ryicyiciro cya amorphous mubicuruzwa byanyuma.
Imiterere yibanze yibicuruzwa byanyuma bya sisitemu ya Cu50 MS (Zr50-xNix).FE-HRTEM hamwe nuburyo bwo gutandukanya nanobeam (NBDP) ya (a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30, na (d) Cu50Zr10Ni40 yabonetse nyuma ya 50 h ya MA.
Hifashishijwe itandukaniro rya scanning calorimetry, ituze ryubushyuhe bwubushyuhe bwikirahure (Tg), akarere gakonje cyane (ΔTx) hamwe nubushyuhe bwa kristu (Tx) byakozwe bitewe nibiri muri Ni (x) muri sisitemu ya Cu50 (Zr50-xNix).(DSC) imitungo ya gazi ya He.Imirongo ya DSC yifu ya Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, na Cu50Zr10Ni40 amorphous alloys yabonetse nyuma ya MA kuri 50 h irerekanwa mumashusho.10a, b, e.Mugihe umurongo wa DSC wa amorphous Cu50Zr20Ni30 werekanwa ukundi ku gishushanyo cya 10 Hagati aho, icyitegererezo cya Cu50Zr30Ni20 cyashyutswe kugeza kuri 700 ° C muri DSC cyerekanwe ku gishushanyo cya 10g.
Ubushyuhe bwumuriro wa Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) Ifu ya MG yabonetse nyuma ya MA mumasaha 50 igenwa nubushyuhe bwikirahure (Tg), ubushyuhe bwa kristu (Tx) hamwe nakarere k’amazi adasanzwe (ΔTx).Thermogrammes zinyuranye za scanning calorimeter (DSC) ifu ya Cu50Zr40Ni10 (a), Cu50Zr30Ni20 (b), Cu50Zr20Ni30 (c), na (e) Cu50Zr10Ni40 MG ifu yifu ya MA nyuma yamasaha 50.Imiterere ya X-ray itandukanya (XRD) yicyitegererezo cya Cu50Zr30Ni20 yashyizwe kuri ~ 700 ° C muri DSC irerekanwa muri (d).
Nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 10, umurongo wa DSC kumurongo wose hamwe nibintu bitandukanye bya nikel (x) byerekana imanza ebyiri zitandukanye, imwe ya endothermic nindi exothermic.Icyambere endothermic ibyabaye bihuye na Tg, naho icya kabiri gifitanye isano na Tx.Umwanya utambitse utambitse uri hagati ya Tg na Tx witwa agace ka subcooled (ΔTx = Tx - Tg).Ibisubizo byerekana ko Tg na Tx ya sample ya Cu50Zr40Ni10 (Igicapo 10a) yashyizwe kuri 526 ° C na 612 ° C ihindura ibirimo (x) kugeza kuri 20 kuri% yerekeza ku bushyuhe buke bwa 482 ° C na 563 ° C.° C hamwe no kongera Ni ibirimo (x), nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 10b.Kubera iyo mpamvu, ΔTx Cu50Zr40Ni10 igabanuka kuva kuri 86 ° С (Ishusho 10a) ikagera kuri 81 ° С kuri Cu50Zr30Ni20 (Ishusho 10b).Kuri MC Cu50Zr40Ni10 ivanze, hagaragaye igabanuka ryagaciro ka Tg, Tx, na ΔTx kugeza kurwego rwa 447 ° С, 526 ° С, na 79 ° С (Ishusho 10b).Ibi byerekana ko kwiyongera mubirimo Ni biganisha ku kugabanuka kwubushyuhe bwumuriro wa MS alloy.Ibinyuranye na byo, agaciro ka Tg (507 ° C) ka MC Cu50Zr20Ni30 kavanze kari munsi y’icya MC Cu50Zr40Ni10;nonese, Tx yayo yerekana agaciro kagereranywa nayo (612 ° C).Kubwibyo, ΔTx ifite agaciro kari hejuru (87 ° C) nkuko bigaragara mumitini.Ikinyejana cya 10
Sisitemu ya Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) MC, ikoresheje Cu50Zr20Ni30 MC ivanze nkurugero, itondekanya binyuze mumasonga akomeye ya fother-ZrCu5, orthorhombic-Zr7Cu10, na orthorhombic-ZrNi ibyiciro bya kristaline (Ishusho 10c).Iki cyiciro cyo kuva muri amorphous kugera kuri kristalline byemejwe nisesengura rya X-ray ryerekana urugero rwa MG (Ishusho 10d) yashyutswe kugeza kuri 700 ° C muri DSC.
Ku mutini.11 yerekana amafoto yafashwe mugihe cyimvura ikonje ikorwa mubikorwa byubu.Muri ubu bushakashatsi, ibice by'ibirahuri by'ibirahure byahujwe nyuma ya MA mu masaha 50 (ukoresheje Cu50Zr20Ni30 nk'urugero) byakoreshejwe nk'ibikoresho fatizo bya antibacterial, kandi isahani y'icyuma idafite ingese (SUS304) yari yatewe spray ikonje.Uburyo bwa spray bukonje bwatoranijwe kugirango bushyire mubikorwa bya tekinoroji ya spray yumuriro kuko nuburyo bwiza cyane muburyo bwa tekinoroji ya spray yumuriro aho ishobora gukoreshwa mubikoresho byangiza ubushyuhe bwumuriro nka amorphous na nanocrystalline.Ntabwo bigengwa nicyiciro.inzibacyuho.Iki nikintu nyamukuru muguhitamo ubu buryo.Uburyo bwo kubika ubukonje bukorwa hifashishijwe umuvuduko mwinshi uhindura imbaraga za kinetic zingingo zihindagurika rya plastike, guhindagurika nubushyuhe ku ngaruka hamwe na substrate cyangwa ibice byabitswe mbere.
Amafoto yo mu murima yerekana uburyo bukonje bwo gutera bwakoreshejwe muburyo butanu bukurikirana bwa MG / SUS 304 kuri 550 ° C.
Ingufu za kinetic zingingo, kimwe nimbaraga za buri kintu mugihe cyo gushiraho igifuniko, bigomba guhindurwa mubundi buryo bwingufu binyuze muburyo bwa deformasique ya plastike (ibice byambere hamwe n’imikoranire hagati ya matrike no guhuza ibice), ipfundo ryimyanya ndangagitsina, kuzunguruka hagati yuduce, guhindagurika no guhinduranya ubushyuhe bikavamo imbaraga zumuriro wa kinetic bizahinduka imbaraga zumuriro. nyuma yingaruka.Byagaragaye ko 90% yingaruka zingufu zikoreshwa mubice / substrate bihinduka ubushyuhe bwaho 40.Mubyongeyeho, iyo impagarara zingaruka zashyizwe mubikorwa, igipimo kinini cya plastike igerwaho mugice cya / substrate mukarere gahuza mugihe gito cyane 41,42.
Guhindura plastike mubisanzwe bifatwa nkigikorwa cyo gukwirakwiza ingufu, cyangwa, nkisoko yubushyuhe mukarere gahuza.Nyamara, kwiyongera kwubushyuhe mukarere gahuza ubusanzwe ntibihagije kugirango habeho gushonga hagati cyangwa gutera imbaraga zikomeye zo gukwirakwiza atome.Nta gitabo kizwi n'abanditsi cyakoze ubushakashatsi ku ngaruka z'imiterere y'ifu ya vitreous vitreous ifata ifu no gutuza bibaho mugihe ukoresheje tekinoroji ikonje.
BFI ya MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 ifu yifu irashobora kuboneka ku gishushanyo cya 12a, yashyizwe kuri substrate ya SUS 304 (Ishusho 11, 12b).Nkuko bigaragara kuri iki gishushanyo, ifu yometseho igumana imiterere yambere ya amorphous kuko ifite imiterere ya labyrint yoroheje idafite ibimenyetso bya kristaline cyangwa inenge ya lattice.Ku rundi ruhande, ishusho yerekana ko hari icyiciro cy'amahanga, nk'uko bigaragazwa na nanoparticles yashyizwe muri materi ya MG ikozweho ifu (Ishusho 12a).Igicapo 12c cerekana ishusho ya nanobeam itandukanya (NBDP) ifitanye isano nakarere ka I (Ishusho 12a).Nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo.12c, NBDP yerekana intege nke za halo-diffuzion yuburyo bwa amorphous kandi ikabana hamwe nuduce twinshi duhuye na kristaline nini ya cubic metastable Zr2Ni icyiciro wongeyeho icyiciro cya CuO.Imiterere ya CuO irashobora gusobanurwa na okiside ya poro mugihe wimutse uva mumutwe wimbunda ya spray ukajya kuri SUS 304 mumuyaga ufunguye mumazi adasanzwe.Ku rundi ruhande, devisifisation yifu y ibirahuri byikirahure byatumye habaho ibyiciro binini bya cubic nyuma yo kuvura imiti ikonje kuri 550 ° C muminota 30.
.Indangantego ya NBDP yikimenyetso kizengurutse yerekanwe muri (a) irerekanwa muri (c).
Kugerageza ubu buryo bushoboka bwo gushiraho cubic Zr2Ni nanoparticles, hakozwe ubushakashatsi bwigenga.Muri ubu bushakashatsi, ifu yatewe muri atomizer kuri 550 ° C mu cyerekezo cya SUS 304;icyakora, kugirango umenye ingaruka za annealing, ifu yakuwe kumurongo wa SUS304 byihuse (hafi 60 s).).Ubundi bushakashatsi bwakorewe aho ifu yakuwe muri substrate hafi amasegonda 180 nyuma yo kuyisaba.
Igishushanyo cya 13a, b herekana Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) umurima wijimye (DFI) amashusho yibikoresho bibiri byavunitse byashyizwe kuri SUS 304 substrate kuri 60 s na 180 s.Ishusho yifu yabitswe mumasegonda 60 ibura ibisobanuro bya morfologiya, byerekana kutagira umumaro (Ishusho 13a).Ibi kandi byashimangiwe na XRD, yerekanaga ko imiterere rusange yiyi poro yari amorphous, nkuko bigaragazwa nimpinga nini nini yo gutandukanya ibice byambere nayisumbuye byerekanwe ku gishushanyo cya 14a.Ibi byerekana ko hatabaho imvura igwa / mesophase, aho ifu igumana imiterere yambere ya amorphous.Ibinyuranye na byo, ifu yashyizwe ku bushyuhe bumwe (550 ° C) ariko igasigara kuri substrate kuri 180 s yerekanaga ko hashyizweho ibinyampeke bya nanosize, nkuko bigaragazwa n'imyambi ku gishushanyo cya 13b.