Porotokole zitandukanye zipimisha (Brinell, Rockwell, Vickers) zifite uburyo bwihariye bwumushinga uri kugeragezwa. Ikizamini cya Rockwell T kirakwiriye kugenzura imiyoboro yurukuta rworoheje ukata umuyoboro muremure kandi ukagerageza urukuta ruva kumurambararo w'imbere aho kuba diameter yo hanze.
Gutegeka igituba ni nko kujya mu iduka ryimodoka no gutumiza imodoka cyangwa ikamyo.Uyu munsi, inzira nyinshi zihari zituma abaguzi bashobora guhitamo imodoka muburyo butandukanye - imbere imbere ninyuma, amabara yimbere yimbere, uburyo bwo gutunganya imiterere yimbere, guhitamo powertrain, hamwe na sisitemu y'amajwi hafi yo guhangana na sisitemu yimyidagaduro yo murugo. Tanga ibyo byose, ntushobora kunyurwa nibisanzwe, ntushobora guhazwa nibinyabiziga, nta-byuzuye.
Imiyoboro y'ibyuma nibyo gusa. Ifite amahitamo ibihumbi cyangwa ibisobanuro. Usibye ibipimo, ibisobanuro byerekana urutonde rwimiti nubukanishi bwinshi nkimbaraga nkeya yumusaruro (MYS), imbaraga zidasanzwe (UTS), hamwe no kurambura byibuze mbere yo gutsindwa.Nyamara, benshi muruganda-injeniyeri, abakozi bagura, nababikora-bakoresha imikoreshereze yinganda zemewe zisaba gukoresha "bisanzwe" gusudira gusa.
Gerageza gutumiza imodoka kubintu bimwe biranga (“Nkeneye imodoka ifite moteri ikomatanya”) kandi ntuzagera kure numugurisha. Agomba kuzuza urupapuro rwabigenewe hamwe namahitamo menshi. Umuyoboro nibyo gusa - kugirango ubone umuyoboro ukwiye kubisabwa, uwukora imiyoboro akenera amakuru menshi kuruta gukomera.
Nigute gukomera bihinduka umusimbura uzwi mubindi bikoresho byubukanishi? Birashoboka ko byatangiranye numusemburo wumuyoboro.Kuberako igeragezwa ryikibazo ryihuta, ryoroshye, kandi risaba ibikoresho bidahenze cyane, abadandaza ba tube bakunze gukoresha igeragezwa rikomeye kugirango bagereranye imiyoboro ibiri. Kugirango bakore ikizamini gikomeye, icyo bakeneye ni uburebure bworoshye bwumuringoti hamwe nigeragezwa ryikizamini.
Gukomera kwa Tube bifitanye isano neza na UTS, kandi nkitegeko ryikiganza, ijanisha cyangwa ijanisha ryingirakamaro bifasha mukugereranya MYS, biroroshye rero kubona uburyo kwipimisha gukomera bishobora kuba proksi ikwiye kubindi bintu.
Na none, ibindi bizamini biragoye.Mu gihe kwipimisha gukomera bifata umunota umwe cyangwa urenga kuri mashini imwe, MYS, UTS hamwe no kwipimisha bisaba gutegurwa byintangarugero no gushora imari mubikoresho binini bya laboratoire.Nkugereranya, bisaba amasegonda kugirango umukozi ukora uruganda rukora ibizamini kugirango akore ikizamini gikomeye kandi amasaha yumutekinisiye wabigize umwuga akora ikizamini gikomeye. Ntabwo bigoye gukora igenzura rikomeye.
Ntabwo bivuze ko abakora imiyoboro ya injeniyeri badakoresha ibizamini byo gukomera. Ni byiza kuvuga ko abantu benshi babikora, ariko kubera ko bakora isuzuma rya gage no gusubiramo imyororokere kubikoresho byabo byose bipimisha, bazi neza aho bigarukira. Ikoreshwa ryinshi risuzuma ubukana bwa tube nkigice cyo gukora, ariko ntibabikoresha kugirango bagereranye imitungo ya tube.Ibi ni ikizamini gusa.
Kuki ukeneye kumenya ibijyanye na MYS, UTS no kuramba byibuze? Berekana uburyo umuyoboro uzitwara mugiterane.
MYS nimbaraga ntoya itera guhindura ibintu burundu kubintu.Niba ugerageje kunama umugozi ugororotse (nkuwimanika ikoti) gato hanyuma ukarekura igitutu, kimwe mubintu bibiri bizabaho: kizasubira muburyo bwacyo (kigororotse) cyangwa kizaguma cyunamye.Niba bikigororotse, ntabwo wigeze urenga MYS.Niba bikiri hejuru, wabirenze.
Noneho, koresha pliers kugirango ushiremo impande zombi pt yerekana uts.
Icyitegererezo cya Photomicrograph cyicyitegererezo kigomba gutemwa, gusukwa, no gushishwa hifashishijwe umuti wa acide yoroheje (ubusanzwe aside nitric na alcool (nitroethanol)) kugirango ibinyampeke bigaragare.Gukuza 100x bikunze gukoreshwa mugusuzuma ingano zicyuma no kumenya ingano yingano.
Gukomera ni ikizamini cyukuntu ibintu byitabira ingaruka. Tekereza gushyira igice gito cyumuyoboro muri vise hamwe na jasse ya seriveri hanyuma ugahindura vise gufunga. Usibye gusibanganya umuyoboro, urwasaya rwa vise narwo rusiga ibyerekezo hejuru yigituba.
Nuburyo ikizamini cyo gukomera gikora, ariko ntabwo aricyo gikabije.Iki kizamini gifite ingano yingaruka zagenzuwe nigitutu cyagenzuwe.Izo mbaraga zihindura ubuso, zikora indentation cyangwa indentation. Ingano cyangwa ubujyakuzimu bwa indentation bigena ubukana bwicyuma.
Kugirango usuzume ibyuma, ibizamini bikomereye ni Brinell, Vickers, na Rockwell.Buriwese afite igipimo cyacyo, kandi bamwe bafite uburyo bwikizamini bwinshi, nka Rockwell A, B, na C.Ku miyoboro yicyuma, ASTM Ibisobanuro A513 bivuga ikizamini cya Rockwell B (mu magambo ahinnye ya HRB cyangwa RB). ibyuma byoroheje ni HRB 60.
Abahanga mu bumenyi bazi ko gukomera bifitanye isano na UTS.Nuko rero, ubukana bwatanzwe bushobora guhanura UTS.Nkuko, abakora imiyoboro bazi ko MYS na UTS bifitanye isano.Ku muyoboro usudira, MYS ubusanzwe ni 70% kugeza 85% bya UTS. Umubare nyawo uterwa nuburyo bwo gukora umuyoboro.
Imiyoboro ikunze kugaragara mubikorwa rusange nubukomezi ntarengwa. Usibye ubunini, injeniyeri yari ashishikajwe no kwerekana umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi weld welded (ERW) mu buryo bwiza bwo gukora, ibyo bikaba byavamo ubukana ntarengwa bwa HRB 60 kubona inzira ku gishushanyo mbonera. Iki cyemezo cyonyine kiganisha ku bintu bitandukanye bya mashini, harimo no gukomera ubwabyo.
Ubwa mbere, ubukana bwa HRB 60 ntabwo butubwira byinshi.Gusoma HRB 60 numubare utagira urugero.Ibikoresho byasuzumwe na HRB 59 biroroshye kuruta ibikoresho byageragejwe na HRB 60, kandi HRB 61 biragoye kurenza HRB 60, ariko bingana iki? Ntibishobora kubarwa nkubunini (bupimirwa muri décibel), umuvuduko (gupimwa na pound) kuri santimetero). Uyu ni umutungo wibikoresho, ariko ntabwo ari umutungo wumubiri. Icya kabiri, kwipimisha gukomera ntibikwiye gusubirwamo cyangwa kubyara.Gusuzuma ahantu habiri kurugero rwikizamini, kabone niyo ibizamini byakorewe byegeranye, akenshi bivamo itandukaniro rinini mubisomwa bigoye.Kugereranya iki kibazo ni imiterere yikizamini.
Ibi ntibisobanura ko kwipimisha gukomera bitoroshye.Mu byukuri, itanga ubuyobozi bwiza kuri UTS yibikoresho, kandi ni ikizamini cyihuse kandi cyoroshye gukora.Nyamara, abantu bose bagize uruhare mukugaragaza, kugura no gukora imiyoboro igomba kuba izi aho igarukira nkibipimo byikizamini.
Kuberako umuyoboro "usanzwe" udasobanuwe neza, mugihe bikenewe, abakora imiyoboro bakunze kuyigabanya kugeza kubintu bibiri bikoreshwa cyane mubyuma byicyuma nubwoko bwimiyoboro isobanurwa muri ASTM A513: 1008 na 1010.Nubwo nyuma yo gukuraho ubundi bwoko bwimiyoboro yose, ibishoboka mubijyanye nubukanishi bwubwoko bwubwoko bubiri burakinguye.Mu byukuri, ubu bwoko bwigituba bufite intera nini yimiterere yubwoko bwose.
Kurugero, umuyoboro usobanurwa nkuworoshye niba MYS ari muke kandi kuramba ni muremure, bivuze ko ikora neza muguhagarika umutima, gutandukana no gushiraho kuruta umuyoboro wasobanuwe nkuwakomeye, ufite MYS ugereranije cyane kandi urambuye ugereranije.Ibi bisa nibitandukaniro riri hagati yinsinga zoroshye kandi zikomeye, nkimanika amakoti hamwe na myitozo.
Kurambura ubwabyo ni ikindi kintu kigira ingaruka zikomeye kumiyoboro ikomeye ikoreshwa.Imiyoboro ifite uburebure burambuye irashobora kwihanganira imbaraga zikomeye;ibikoresho bifite uburebure buke biracika intege bityo rero bikunze kwibasirwa numunaniro wubwoko bwananiwe.Nyamara, kuramba ntabwo bifitanye isano itaziguye na UTS, akaba aribwo mutungo wonyine wubukanishi ujyanye no gukomera.
Ni ukubera iki imiterere ya mashini ya tebes itandukana cyane? Icya mbere, imiterere yimiti iratandukanye.Steel nigisubizo gikomeye cyicyuma na karubone hamwe nandi mavuta akomeye. Kubworoshye, tuzahangana gusa nijanisha rya karubone hano. Atome ya karubone isimbuza amwe muma atome yicyuma, ikora imiterere ya kristu yibyuma bya karubone idasanzwe ya 0% kugeza kuri 0%. ASTM 1010 yerekana ibintu bya karubone hagati ya 0.08% na 0.13% .Ibinyuranyo ntabwo bisa nkibinini, ariko ni binini bihagije kugirango bihindure byinshi ahandi.
Icya kabiri, umuyoboro wibyuma urashobora guhimbwa cyangwa guhimbwa hanyuma bigatunganyirizwa mubikorwa birindwi bitandukanye byo gukora.ASTM A513 ijyanye numusaruro wa ERW urutonde rwubwoko burindwi:
Niba imiterere yimiti yibyuma hamwe nintambwe yo gukora itiyo nta ngaruka bigira ku gukomera kwicyuma, niki? Gusubiza iki kibazo bisobanura gutondeka amakuru arambuye. Iki kibazo kibaza ibindi bibazo bibiri: Ni ubuhe buryo burambuye, kandi buri hafi?
Ibisobanuro birambuye ku binyampeke bigize ibyuma nicyo gisubizo cya mbere.Iyo ibyuma bikozwe mu ruganda rwibanze rwicyuma, ntirukonja mukibanza kinini gifite ikintu kimwe.Nkuko icyuma gikonjesha, molekile yicyuma itondekanya muburyo bwo gusubiramo (kristu), bisa nuburyo ibibarafu byurubura bikora. ins.Ibyo byose bibaho kurwego rwa microscopique kuko impuzandengo yubunini bwicyuma kingana na santimetero 64 µ cyangwa 0.0025 z'ubugari.Mu gihe ingano zose zisa nizikurikira, ntabwo zisa. Ziratandukanye gato mubunini, icyerekezo hamwe nibirimo karubone. Imigaragarire hagati yintete yitwa imbibi zintete. Iyo ibyuma binaniwe, urugero kubera gucika umunaniro, bikunda kunanirwa kumupaka wingano.
Ni kangahe ugomba kureba kugirango ubone ibinyampeke bitagaragara? Gukuza 100x, cyangwa 100x iyerekwa ryabantu, birahagije.Nyamara, gusa urebye ibyuma bitavuwe inshuro 100 imbaraga ntizigaragaza byinshi.Urugero rwateguwe mugukonjesha icyitegererezo no gutobora hejuru hamwe na aside (ubusanzwe acide nitric na alcool) bita nitroethanol etchant.
Nibinyampeke na lattike yimbere nibyo byerekana imbaraga zingaruka, MYS, UTS no kurambura ibyuma birashobora kwihanganira mbere yo gutsindwa.
Intambwe zo gukora ibyuma, nk'ubushyuhe n'ubukonje buzunguruka, shyira imbaraga muburyo bw'ingano;niba bahinduye burundu imiterere, ibi bivuze ko guhangayika bihindura ingano. Izindi ntambwe zo gutunganya, nko gutekesha ibyuma mumashanyarazi, kubitekesha, no guhindura ibinyampeke byicyuma ukoresheje urusyo (kugirango bibe binini kandi binini)
Izi ntambwe zavuzwe haruguru zigabanya guhindagurika kwicyuma, nubushobozi bwacyo bwo kwihanganira imihangayiko (gukurura-gufungura ).Steel ihinduka gucika intege, bivuze ko bishoboka cyane ko ucika niba ukomeje kuyikora. Kurambura nikintu kimwe kigize guhindagurika (compressibilité nubundi) .Ni ngombwa kumva ko gutsindwa akenshi bibaho mugihe cyo guhangayika cyane, ntabwo ari ugukomera kwinshi. guhagarika umutima - ni ductile - ninyungu.
Beto ifite imbaraga zo gukomeretsa cyane ariko ihindagurika cyane ugereranije na beto.Iyi mitungo ihabanye niy'ibyuma.Niyo mpamvu beto ikoreshwa mumihanda, inyubako ninzira nyabagendwa ikunze gushyirwaho rebar.Ibisubizo nibicuruzwa bifite imbaraga zibikoresho bibiri: munsi yuburakari, ibyuma birakomeye, kandi munsi yigitutu, beto.
Mugihe cyo gukora gikonje, uko ihindagurika ryibyuma rigabanuka, ubukana bwayo bwiyongera. Muyandi magambo, bizakomera. Ukurikije uko ibintu bimeze, ibi birashobora kuba inyungu;icyakora, birashobora kuba imbogamizi kuva ubukana bugereranywa nubugome.Ni ko, nkuko ibyuma bigenda bikomera, biba bitoroshye;kubwibyo, birashoboka cyane kunanirwa.
Muyandi magambo, buri ntambwe yintambwe itwara bimwe mubihindagurika.Birakomera nkuko igice gikora, kandi niba bigoye cyane usanga ntacyo bimaze. Ububabare ni ubugome, kandi umuyoboro ucika intege ushobora kunanirwa mugihe ukoresheje.
Ese uwabikoze afite amahitamo muriki kibazo? Muri make, yego.Ubwo buryo ni annealing, kandi mugihe atari amarozi, ni hafi yubumaji nkuko ushobora kubibona.
Mu magambo y’abalayiki, annealing ikuraho ingaruka zose ziterwa numubiri wicyuma.Iyi nzira ishyushya icyuma kubushyuhe bwo kugabanya ibibazo cyangwa kugabanya ubushyuhe, bityo bikuraho dislokasiyo. Ukurikije ubushyuhe bwihariye nigihe cyakoreshejwe mugikorwa cya annealing, inzira rero igarura bimwe cyangwa byose byangiritse.
Gukonjesha no kugenzura gukonjesha biteza imbere gukura kwimbuto.Ibi nibyiza niba intego ari ukugabanya ubukana bwibintu, ariko gukura kwimbuto zitagenzuwe bishobora koroshya ibyuma cyane, bigatuma bidakoreshwa kubikoresha. Guhagarika inzira ya annealing nikindi kintu cyegereye amarozi.Kuzimya ubushyuhe bukwiye hamwe nuburyo bukwiye bwo kuzimya kugirango ubone uburyo bwo gukira vuba.
Tugomba guhagarika ibipimo byerekana ubukana? Oya.Ibiranga ubumara bifite agaciro cyane cyane nk'ahantu ho kwerekanwa mugihe hagaragajwe imiyoboro y'ibyuma. Igipimo cyingirakamaro, ubukana nimwe mubintu byinshi bigomba gutondekwa mugihe cyo gutumiza ibikoresho bya tubular hanyuma bikagenzurwa nyuma yo kwakirwa (kandi bigomba kwandikwa na buri byoherejwe) .Iyo kugenzura ubukana aribwo buryo bukwiye bwo kugenzura no kugenzura.
Ariko, ntabwo arikizamini nyacyo cyo kwuzuza (kwemera cyangwa kwanga) ibikoresho. Usibye gukomera, ababikora bagomba rimwe na rimwe kugerageza kohereza ibicuruzwa kugirango bamenye indi mitungo ifitanye isano, nka MYS, UTS, cyangwa kuramba byibuze, bitewe nogukoresha umuyoboro.
Wynn H. Kearns is responsible for regional sales for Indiana Tube Corp., 2100 Lexington Road, Evansville, IN 47720, 812-424-9028, wkearns@indianatube.com, www.indianatube.com.
Ikinyamakuru Tube & Pipe cyabaye ikinyamakuru cya mbere cyahariwe gukorera inganda zikora ibyuma mu 1990. Uyu munsi, iracyari igitabo cyonyine muri Amerika ya Ruguru cyeguriwe inganda kandi kikaba isoko yizewe y’amakuru y’inzobere mu miyoboro.
Noneho hamwe no kubona uburyo bwuzuye bwa digitale ya FABRICATOR, byoroshye kubona umutungo winganda zingirakamaro.
Igitabo cya Digitale y'Ikinyamakuru Tube & Pipe ubu kiragerwaho rwose, gitanga uburyo bworoshye bwo kubona ibikoresho by'inganda bifite agaciro.
Ishimire byuzuye kubisobanuro bya digitale yikinyamakuru STAMPING, gitanga iterambere rigezweho ryikoranabuhanga, imikorere myiza namakuru yinganda kumasoko ya kashe.
Ishimire kubona uburyo bwuzuye bwa digitale ya Raporo yinyongera kugirango umenye uburyo inganda ziyongera zishobora gukoreshwa mugutezimbere imikorere no kongera inyungu.
Noneho hamwe no kubona byuzuye kuri digitale ya The Fabricator en Español, byoroshye kubona umutungo winganda zingirakamaro.