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Yerekana karuseli ya sisitemu eshatu icyarimwe.Koresha Utubuto na Ibikurikira kugirango unyuze mumashusho atatu icyarimwe, cyangwa ukoreshe utubuto twa slide kumpera kugirango wimuke unyuze mubice bitatu icyarimwe.
Iterambere ryihuse rya nanotehnologiya no kwinjiza mubikorwa bya buri munsi birashobora guhungabanya ibidukikije.Nubwo uburyo bwatsi bwo kwangirika kwanduye kama bwashyizweho neza, kugarura imyanda ihumanya ya kristaline ihangayikishije cyane kubera kutumva neza ibinyabuzima no kutumva neza imikoranire yibintu n’ibinyabuzima.Hano, dukoresha icyitegererezo cya Nb gishingiye kuri 2D MXenes yerekana uburyo bwo gusesengura uburyo bworoshye bwo gusesengura uburyo bwa bioremediation ya 2D ceramic nanomateriali na microalgae icyatsi Raphidocelis subcapitata.Twasanze microalgae itesha agaciro Nb ishingiye kuri MXenes bitewe nubusabane bujyanye na fiziki-chimique.Mu ikubitiro, urwego rumwe na MXene nanoflakes rwometse ku buso bwa microalgae, ibyo bikaba byaragabanije gukura kwa algae.Nyamara, iyo imikoranire igihe kirekire nubuso, microalgae oxyde ya MXene nanoflakes hanyuma ikabora muri NbO na Nb2O5.Kubera ko iyi okiside idafite uburozi kuri selile ya microalgae, ikoresha nanoparticles ya Nb oxyde ikoresheje uburyo bwo kuyikuramo ikomeza kugarura microalgae nyuma yamasaha 72 yo gutunganya amazi.Ingaruka zintungamubiri zijyanye no gukurura zigaragarira no mu kwiyongera kwingirangingo, imiterere yazo neza no guhinduka kwiterambere.Dushingiye kuri ubwo bushakashatsi, twanzuye ko kuba MXenes ya Nb ishingiye ku gihe gito kandi kirekire mu bidukikije by’amazi meza bishobora gutera ingaruka nkeya ku bidukikije.Birashimishije ko, dukoresheje nanomateriali-ebyiri-nka sisitemu yicyitegererezo, twerekana uburyo bwo gukurikirana imiterere ihinduka ndetse no mubikoresho byiza.Muri rusange, ubu bushakashatsi busubiza ikibazo cyingenzi cyerekeranye nubusabane bujyanye nubusabane butwara uburyo bwa bioremediation ya 2D nanomaterial kandi butanga urufatiro rwo gukomeza ubushakashatsi bwigihe gito nigihe kirekire cy’ingaruka ku bidukikije ziterwa na kristaline kristaline.
Nanomaterial yabyaye inyungu nyinshi kuva bavumburwa, kandi nanotehnologiya zitandukanye zinjiye mubyiciro bigezweho1.Kubwamahirwe, kwinjiza nanomateriali mubikorwa bya buri munsi birashobora gutuma umuntu arekurwa kubwimpanuka kubera kujugunywa nabi, gufata neza, cyangwa ibikorwa remezo byumutekano bidahagije.Kubwibyo, birakwiriye gutekereza ko nanomateriali, harimo nanomateriali ebyiri (2D), zishobora kurekurwa mubidukikije, imyitwarire nibikorwa byibinyabuzima bitarasobanuka neza.Ntabwo rero bitangaje kuba impungenge z’ibidukikije zibanze ku bushobozi bwa 2D nanomateriali yo kwinjira muri sisitemu y’amazi2,3,4,5,6.Muri iyi ecosystems, nanomateriali 2D zirashobora gukorana nibinyabuzima bitandukanye kurwego rwa tropique zitandukanye, harimo na microalgae.
Microalgae ni ibinyabuzima byambere biboneka mubisanzwe mumazi meza hamwe nibinyabuzima byo mu nyanja bitanga umusaruro wimiti itandukanye ukoresheje fotosintezeza7.Nkibyo, ni ingenzi kubinyabuzima byo mu mazi8,9,10,11,12 ariko nanone birumva, bihendutse kandi bikoreshwa cyane byerekana ibidukikije 13,14.Kubera ko selile ya microalgae igwira vuba kandi igahita isubiza ko hariho ibice bitandukanye, barizeza ko hazashyirwaho uburyo bwangiza ibidukikije bwo kuvura amazi yanduye nibintu kama 15,16.
Utugingo ngengabuzima twa algae dushobora gukuraho ion organique mumazi binyuze muri biosorption no kwirundanya 17,18.Amoko amwe ya algal nka Chlorella, Anabaena invar, Westiellopsis prolifica, Stigeoclonium tenue na Synechococcus sp.Byagaragaye ko bitwara ndetse bikanagaburira ioni zifite uburozi nka Fe2 +, Cu2 +, Zn2 + na Mn2 + 19.Ubundi bushakashatsi bwerekanye ko Cu2 +, Cd2 +, Ni2 +, Zn2 + cyangwa Pb2 + ion zigabanya imikurire ya Scenedesmusi ihindura imitekerereze ya selile no gusenya chloroplasts 20,21.
Uburyo bubisi bwo kubora kwangiza imyanda no gukuraho ion ziremereye zashimishije abahanga naba injeniyeri kwisi yose.Ibi ahanini biterwa nuko ibyo bihumanya bitunganywa byoroshye mugice cyamazi.Nyamara, imyanda ihumanya ya kristalline irangwa no kutagira amazi make no kwanduzwa na biotransformations zitandukanye, bitera ingorane zikomeye mugukosora, kandi nta terambere ryigeze rikorwa muri kariya gace22,23,24,25,26.Kubwibyo, gushakisha ibisubizo byangiza ibidukikije byo gusana nanomateriali bikomeza kuba bigoye kandi bitarakorewe ubushakashatsi.Bitewe nurwego rwo hejuru rudashidikanywaho kubyerekeye ingaruka za biotransformation ya 2D nanomaterial, nta buryo bworoshye bwo kumenya inzira zishoboka zo kwangirika kwabo mugihe cyo kugabanuka.
Muri ubu bushakashatsi, twifashishije microalgae yicyatsi nkibikoresho bikora byamazi yo mu bwoko bwa bioremediation yibikoresho bya ceramic organique, hamwe no kugenzura aho ibikorwa byangirika bya MXene nkuhagarariye ibikoresho bya ceramic organique.Ijambo "MXene" ryerekana stoichiometrie yibikoresho bya Mn + 1XnTx, aho M ari icyuma cyinzibacyuho hakiri kare, X ni karubone na / cyangwa azote, Tx ni terminator yo hejuru (urugero, -OH, -F, -Cl), na n = 1, 2, 3 cyangwa 427.28.Kuva MXenes yavumburwa na Naguib n'abandi.Sensorics, kuvura kanseri no kuyungurura membrane 27,29,30.Byongeye kandi, MXenes irashobora gufatwa nkicyitegererezo cya 2D kubera uburyo bwiza bwo guhuza imiterere n’imikoranire y’ibinyabuzima 31,32,33,34,35,36.
Kubwibyo rero, uburyo bwateguwe muri iki kiganiro hamwe n’ibitekerezo by’ubushakashatsi byerekanwe ku gishushanyo cya 1. Dukurikije iyi hypothesis, microalgae itesha agaciro MXenes ishingiye kuri Nb mu bintu bidafite uburozi bitewe n’imikoranire y’imiterere n’imiterere y’imiti, ituma hakomeza gukira algae.Kugirango ugerageze iyi hypothesis, hatoranijwe abantu babiri bo mumuryango wa kare ya niobium ishingiye ku nzibacyuho ya karbide na / cyangwa nitride (MXenes), aribyo Nb2CTx na Nb4C3TX.
Uburyo bwubushakashatsi hamwe nibimenyetso bishingiye ku bimenyetso byo gukira MXene na microalgae icyatsi Raphidocelis subcapitata.Nyamuneka menya ko ibi ari igishushanyo mbonera cyerekana ibimenyetso bishingiye ku bitekerezo.Ibidukikije byikiyaga bitandukanye muburyo bwintungamubiri zikoreshwa nuburyo bimeze (urugero, ukwezi kwa buri munsi nimbogamizi zintungamubiri ziboneka).Byakozwe na BioRender.com.
Kubwibyo, dukoresheje MXene nka sisitemu yicyitegererezo, twafunguye umuryango wo kwiga ku ngaruka zinyuranye z’ibinyabuzima zidashobora kugaragara hamwe nizindi nanomaterial zisanzwe.By'umwihariko, turerekana uburyo bushoboka bwa bioremediation ya nanomateriali-ebyiri, nka MXenes ishingiye kuri niobium, na microalgae Raphidocelis subcapitata.Microalgae ibasha gutesha Nb-MXenes muri okiside idafite ubumara NbO na Nb2O5, nayo itanga intungamubiri binyuze muburyo bwo gufata niobium.Muri rusange, ubu bushakashatsi busubiza ikibazo cyingenzi cyerekeranye nuburyo bujyanye nubusabane bwa fiziki ya chimique igenga uburyo bwo guhuza ibinyabuzima bya nanomateriali-ebyiri.Mubyongeyeho, turimo gutegura uburyo bworoshye-ibipimo-bishingiye kuburyo bwo gukurikirana impinduka zoroshye muburyo bwa 2D nanomaterial.Ibi bitera ubushakashatsi bwigihe gito nigihe kirekire mubidukikije bitandukanye byangiza ibidukikije bya kristalline nanomaterial.Rero, ubushakashatsi bwacu bwongera gusobanukirwa imikoranire hagati yimiterere yibintu n'ibinyabuzima.Turimo gutanga kandi ishingiro ryagutse ryigihe gito nigihe kirekire cyubushakashatsi bwingaruka zishobora kubaho kubidukikije byamazi meza, ubu birashobora kugenzurwa byoroshye.
MXenes yerekana icyiciro gishimishije cyibikoresho bifite umwihariko kandi ushimishije kumubiri na chimique bityo rero nibishobora gukoreshwa.Iyi mitungo ahanini iterwa na stoichiometry hamwe na chimie yo hejuru.Kubwibyo, mu bushakashatsi bwacu, twakoze ubushakashatsi ku bwoko bubiri bwa Nb bushingiye ku nzego imwe (SL) MXenes, Nb2CTx na Nb4C3TX, kubera ko ingaruka zitandukanye z’ibinyabuzima zaba nanomaterial zishobora kugaragara.MXène ikorwa mubikoresho byabo byo gutangira hejuru-hasi guhitamo gutoranya atomike yoroheje MAX-icyiciro A-layer.Icyiciro cya MAX ni ceramic ya ternary igizwe na "bonded" bloks ya carbide yinzibacyuho hamwe nuduce duto twa "A" nka Al, Si, na Sn hamwe na MnAXn-1 stoichiometry.Imiterere ya icyiciro cya mbere cya MAX yagaragaye no gusikana microscopi ya electron (SEM) kandi yari ijyanye nubushakashatsi bwabanje (Reba amakuru yinyongera, SI, Ishusho S1).Multilayer (ML) Nb-MXene yabonetse nyuma yo gukuraho Al layer hamwe na 48% HF (aside hydrofluoric).Imiterere ya ML-Nb2CTx na ML-Nb4C3TX yasuzumwe na scanning electron microscopie (SEM) (Ishusho ya S1c na S1d) kandi hagaragaye morfologiya isanzwe ya MXene, isa na nanoflakes zifite ibice bibiri zinyura mu bice birebire bisa nkibinini.Nb-MXenes zombi zifite byinshi zihuriyeho nicyiciro cya MXene mbere cyashizwemo na acide 27,38.Nyuma yo kwemeza imiterere ya MXene, twarayishyizeho umurongo wa intercalation ya tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBAOH) ikurikirwa no gukaraba na sonic, nyuma yo kubona igipande kimwe cyangwa hasi (SL) 2D Nb-MXene nanoflakes.
Twifashishije imiyoboro ihanitse yohereza electron microscopi (HRTEM) na X-ray itandukanya (XRD) kugirango tugerageze gukora neza no gutobora.Ibisubizo bya HRTEM byatunganijwe hifashishijwe uburyo bwo Guhindura Byihuta Byihuta (IFFT) hamwe no Guhindura Byihuta (FFT) byerekanwe ku gishushanyo cya 2. Nb-MXene nanoflakes yerekezaga ku mpande zose kugirango igenzure imiterere y'urwego rwa atome no gupima intera ndende.HRTEM amashusho ya MXene Nb2CTx na Nb4C3TX nanoflakes yerekanaga imiterere yabyo ya atome yoroheje (reba Ishusho 2a1, a2), nkuko byavuzwe mbere na Naguib et al.27 na Jastrzębska et.38.Kubintu bibiri byegeranye Nb2CTx na Nb4C3Tx monolayers, twagennye intera ihuza intera ya 0,74 na 1.54 nm, (Ishusho 2b1, b2), nayo ihuje nibisubizo byacu byambere38.Ibi byashimangiwe kandi n’impinduka yihuse ya Fourier (Igishusho 2c1, c2) hamwe n’impinduka yihuse ya Fourier (Ishusho 2d1, d2) yerekana intera iri hagati ya Nb2CTx na Nb4C3Tx monolayers.Ishusho yerekana guhinduranya urumuri rwijimye nijimye bihuye na niobium na karubone, byemeza imiterere ya MXenes yize.Ni ngombwa kumenya ko amashanyarazi akwirakwiza X-ray yerekanwe (EDX) yerekanwe kuri Nb2CTx na Nb4C3Tx (Ishusho S2a na S2b) nta bisigisigi by'icyiciro cya mbere cya MAX, kubera ko nta mpinga ya Al yagaragaye.
Ibiranga SL Nb2CTx na Nb4C3Tx MXene nanoflakes, harimo (a) imiterere ya elegitoronike nini ya microscopi (HRTEM) kuruhande-kureba 2D nanoflake ishusho kandi ihuye nayo, (b) uburyo bwimbaraga, (c) ihinduka ryihuse rya Fourier (IFFT), (d) Ihinduka rya Fourier (FFT), (e) Nb-MX.Kuri SL 2D Nb2CTx, imibare igaragazwa nka (a1, b1, c1, d1, e1).Kuri SL 2D Nb4C3Tx, imibare igaragazwa nka (a2, b2, c2, d2, e1).
Ibipimo bya X-ray bitandukanya SL Nb2CTx na Nb4C3Tx MXenes byerekanwe mubishushanyo.2e1 na e2.Impinga (002) kuri 4.31 na 4.32 ihuye na MXenes Nb2CTx na Nb4C3TX38,39,40,41 byavuzwe haruguru.Ibisubizo bya XRD byerekana kandi ko hariho imiterere ya ML isigaye hamwe nicyiciro cya MAX, ariko ahanini XRD ishusho ifitanye isano na SL Nb4C3Tx (Ishusho 2e2).Kuba hari uduce duto duto twicyiciro cya MAX birashobora gusobanura impinga ya MAX ikomeye ugereranije nuburyo bwa Nb4C3Tx buteganijwe.
Ubundi bushakashatsi bwibanze kuri microalgae yicyatsi yubwoko R. subcapitata.Twahisemo microalgae kuko ninganda zingenzi zigira uruhare runini kurubuga rwibiryo42.Nibimwe mubimenyetso byiza byuburozi bitewe nubushobozi bwo gukuraho ibintu byuburozi bitwarwa murwego rwo hejuru rwurunigi rwibiryo43.Byongeye kandi, ubushakashatsi kuri R. subcapitata bushobora gutanga uburozi bwa SL Nb-MXenes buterwa na mikorobe isanzwe y’amazi meza.Kugira ngo tubyerekane neza, abashakashatsi bavuze ko buri mikorobe iba ifite imyumvire itandukanye y’ibintu by’ubumara biboneka mu bidukikije.Ku binyabuzima byinshi, kuba ibintu bike bitagira ingaruka ku mikurire yabyo, mu gihe kwibanda hejuru y’urugero runaka bishobora kubabuza cyangwa no guteza urupfu.Kubwibyo, kubushakashatsi bwacu kubyerekeye imikoranire yubuso hagati ya microalgae na MXenes hamwe no gukira bifitanye isano, twafashe umwanzuro wo kugerageza ubushakashatsi bwangiza kandi butagira ubumara bwa Nb-MXenes.Kugirango tubigereho, twagerageje kwibanda kuri 0 (nkibisobanuro), 0.01, 0.1 na 10 mg l-1 MXene kandi twongeyeho microalgae yanduye cyane hamwe na MXene (100 mg l-1 MXene), ishobora kuba ikabije kandi yica..kubidukikije byose.
Ingaruka za SL Nb-MXenes kuri microalgae zerekanwa ku gishushanyo cya 3, zigaragazwa nkijanisha ryo kuzamura iterambere (+) cyangwa kubuza (-) gupimwa kuri 0 mg l-1.Kugereranya, icyiciro cya Nb-MAX na ML Nb-MXenes nacyo cyarageragejwe kandi ibisubizo byerekanwe muri SI (reba Ishusho S3).Ibisubizo byabonetse byemeje ko SL Nb-MXenes hafi ya yose idafite uburozi mu ntera y’ubushyuhe buke kuva 0.01 kugeza 10 mg / l, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 3a, b.Kubireba Nb2CTx, twabonye ko bitarenze 5% ecotoxicity murwego rwagenwe.
Gukangura (+) cyangwa kubuza (-) gukura kwa microalgae imbere ya SL (a) Nb2CTx na (b) Nb4C3TX MXene.Hasesenguwe amasaha 24, 48 na 72 yimikoranire ya MXene-microalgae. Amakuru yingenzi (t-test, p <0.05) yaranzwe ninyenyeri (*). Amakuru yingenzi (t-test, p <0.05) yaranzwe ninyenyeri (*). Значимые kныные (t-критерий, p <0,05) отмечены звезооой (*). Amakuru yingenzi (t-ikizamini, p <0.05) arangwa ninyenyeri (*).重要 数据 （t 检验 ， p <0.05） 用 星 * (*) 标记。重要 数据 （t 检验 ， p <0.05） 用 星 * (*) 标记。 Важные конные (t-ikizamini, p <0,05) отмечены звезооойой (*). Amakuru yingenzi (t-ikizamini, p <0.05) arangwa ninyenyeri (*).Imyambi itukura yerekana ikurwaho ryikangura.
Ku rundi ruhande, ubushyuhe buke bwa Nb4C3TX bwagaragaye ko ari uburozi buke, ariko ntiburenze 7%.Nkuko byari byitezwe, twabonye ko MXenes yari ifite uburozi bukabije no gukura kwa microalgae kuri 100mg L-1.Igishimishije, ntanimwe mubikoresho byerekanaga icyerekezo kimwe nigihe cyo guterwa ningaruka za atoxic / toxic ugereranije na MAX cyangwa ML (reba SI kubisobanuro birambuye).Mugihe icyiciro cya MAX (reba Ishusho S3) uburozi bwageze kuri 15-25% kandi bwiyongera nigihe, icyerekezo cyagaragaye kuri SL Nb2CTx na Nb4C3TX MXene.Kubuza gukura kwa microalgae byagabanutse mugihe.Yageze kuri 17% nyuma yamasaha 24 hanyuma igabanuka kugera munsi ya 5% nyuma yamasaha 72 (Ishusho 3a, b).
Icy'ingenzi cyane, kuri SL Nb4C3TX, kubuza gukura kwa microalgae byageze kuri 27% nyuma yamasaha 24, ariko nyuma yamasaha 72 byagabanutse kugera kuri 1%.Kubwibyo, twashyizeho akamenyetso ko ingaruka zagaragaye nko kubuza gukanguka, kandi ingaruka zari zikomeye kuri SL Nb4C3TX MXene.Gutera imikurire ya microalgae byagaragaye mbere hamwe na Nb4C3TX (imikoranire kuri 10 mg L-1 kuri 24 h) ugereranije na SL Nb2CTx MXene.Ingaruka yo kubuza-gukangura ingaruka nayo yerekanwe neza muri biomass yikubye kabiri igipimo (reba Ishusho S4 kubirambuye).Kugeza ubu, gusa ecotoxicity ya Ti3C2TX MXene yizwe muburyo butandukanye.Ntabwo ari uburozi ku nsoro za zebrafish44 ahubwo ni ecotoxic iringaniye kuri microalgae Desmodesmus quadricauda hamwe nibihingwa bya saccharatum45.Izindi ngero zingaruka zihariye zirimo uburozi bukabije kumirongo ya kanseri kuruta imirongo isanzwe 46,47.Twakeka ko imiterere yikizamini izagira ingaruka kumihindagurikire ya mikorobe igaragara imbere ya Nb-MXenes.Kurugero, pH ya 8 muri chloroplast stroma nibyiza mugukora neza enzyme ya RuBisCO.Kubwibyo, impinduka za pH zigira ingaruka mbi ku gipimo cya fotosintezeza 48,49.Ariko, ntitwabonye impinduka zikomeye muri pH mugihe cyigeragezo (reba SI, Igicapo S5 kugirango ubone ibisobanuro).Muri rusange, imico ya microalgae hamwe na Nb-MXenes yagabanije gato pH yumuti mugihe.Ariko, uku kugabanuka kwasaga nimpinduka muri pH yuburyo bwiza.Byongeye kandi, intera itandukanye yabonetse isa niyapimwe kumico itanduye ya microalgae (sample sample).Rero, twanzuye ko fotosintezeza idatewe nimpinduka muri pH mugihe.
Mubyongeyeho, synthesize MXenes ifite impera yubuso (bisobanurwa nka Tx).Aya ni matsinda akora cyane -O, -F na -OH.Nyamara, chimie yo hejuru ifitanye isano nuburyo bwo guhuza.Aya matsinda azwiho gukwirakwizwa hejuru yubuso, bigatuma bigorana guhanura ingaruka zayo kumiterere ya MXene50.Turashobora kuvuga ko Tx ishobora kuba imbarutso ya okiside ya niobium n'umucyo.Amatsinda yimikorere yubuso rwose atanga imbuga nyinshi zifatika zifotora kugirango zifatire hamwe.Nyamara, imikurire yo hagati yo gukura ntabwo yatanze fotokateri ifatika (ibisobanuro birambuye birashobora kuboneka muri SI Imbonerahamwe S6).Byongeye kandi, guhindura isura iyo ari yo yose nayo ni ingenzi cyane, kuko ibikorwa byibinyabuzima bya MXenes bishobora guhinduka bitewe na layer nyuma yo gutunganywa, okiside, guhindura imiterere yimiti ihinduranya ibinyabuzima na organic organique 52,53,54,55,56 cyangwa ubwubatsi bwubwubatsi38.Kubwibyo, kugirango tumenye niba okiside ya niobium ifite aho ihuriye no guhungabana kw'ibintu hagati, twakoze ubushakashatsi ku bushobozi bwa zeta (ζ) mu mikurire ya microalgae ikura n'amazi ya deyoniya (kubigereranya).Ibisubizo byacu byerekana ko SL Nb-MXenes ihagaze neza (reba SI Igishushanyo S6 kubisubizo bya MAX na ML).Ubushobozi bwa zeta bwa SL MXenes ni -10 mV.Kubireba SR Nb2CTx, agaciro ka somewhat ni mubi cyane kurenza Nb4C3Tx.Ihinduka nkiryo ζ agaciro rishobora kwerekana ko ubuso bwa MXene nanoflakes zashizwemo nabi bikurura ion zashizwemo neza kuva mumico.Ibipimo by'agateganyo byerekana ubushobozi bwa zeta nubushobozi bwa Nb-MXenes muburyo bwumuco (reba Ishusho S7 na S8 muri SI kugirango ubone ibisobanuro birambuye) bisa nkibishyigikira hypothesis.
Nyamara, byombi Nb-MXene SLs yerekanye impinduka ntoya kuva kuri zeru.Ibi birerekana neza ko bihamye murwego rwo gukura kwa microalgae.Twongeyeho, twasuzumye niba kuba microalgae yacu yicyatsi byagira ingaruka kumitekerereze ya Nb-MXenes hagati.Ibisubizo byubushobozi bwa zeta nubushobozi bwa MXenes nyuma yo gukorana na microalgae mubitangazamakuru byintungamubiri numuco mugihe ushobora kubisanga muri SI (Ishusho S9 na S10).Igishimishije, twabonye ko kuba microalgae isa nkaho ihagarika ikwirakwizwa rya MXenes zombi.Kubijyanye na Nb2CTx SL, ubushobozi bwa zeta bwaragabanutseho gato mugihe cyagaciro keza (-15.8 na -19.1 mV nyuma ya 72 h ya incubation).Ubushobozi bwa zeta bwa SL Nb4C3TX bwiyongereyeho gato, ariko nyuma ya 72 h iracyerekana ituze rirenze nanoflakes idafite microalgae (-18.1 na -9.1 mV).
Twasanze kandi ubushobozi buke bwa Nb-MXene ibisubizo byashizwe imbere ya microalgae, byerekana umubare muto wa ion muburyo bwintungamubiri.Ikigaragara ni uko ihungabana rya MXene mu mazi riterwa ahanini na okiside yo hejuru57.Kubwibyo, turakeka ko microalgae yicyatsi runaka yakuyeho okiside ikozwe hejuru ya Nb-MXene ndetse ikanabuza kubaho (okiside ya MXene).Ibi birashobora kugaragara wiga ubwoko bwibintu byinjizwa na microalgae.
Mugihe ubushakashatsi bwibidukikije bwerekanaga ko microalgae yashoboye gutsinda uburozi bwa Nb-MXenes mugihe cyagenwe no kubuza bidasanzwe gukura gukura, intego yubushakashatsi bwacu kwari ugushakisha uburyo bushoboka bwibikorwa.Iyo ibinyabuzima nka algae bihuye nibintu cyangwa ibikoresho bitamenyereye urusobe rwibinyabuzima, birashobora kubyitwaramo muburyo butandukanye 58,59.Mugihe habuze okiside yubumara yubumara, microalgae irashobora kwigaburira, ikabasha gukura ubudahwema60.Nyuma yo gufata ibintu byuburozi, uburyo bwo kwirwanaho bushobora gukoreshwa, nko guhindura imiterere cyangwa imiterere.Ibishoboka byo kwinjizwa bigomba nanone gusuzumwa 58,59.Ikigaragara ni uko ikimenyetso icyo ari cyo cyose cyerekana uburyo bwo kwirwanaho ari ikimenyetso cyerekana uburozi bw’ikigo.Kubwibyo, mubikorwa byacu byakurikiyeho, twasesenguye imikoranire ishobora kuba hagati ya SL Nb-MXene nanoflakes na microalgae na SEM hamwe no kwinjiza MXene ishingiye kuri Nb na X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF).Menya ko isesengura rya SEM na XRF ryakozwe gusa murwego rwo hejuru rwa MXene kugirango bakemure ibibazo byuburozi bwibikorwa.
Ibisubizo bya SEM bigaragara mu gishushanyo.4.Utugingo ngengabuzima tutavuwe neza (reba Ishusho ya 4a, urugero rw'icyitegererezo) werekanye neza imiterere ya R. subcapitata morphologie hamwe na croissant imeze nka selile.Ingirabuzimafatizo zigaragara neza kandi zitunganijwe neza.Uturemangingo tumwe na tumwe twa microalgae twuzuzanya kandi twuzuzanya, ariko birashoboka ko byatewe nuburyo bwo gutegura icyitegererezo.Muri rusange, selile nziza ya microalgae yari ifite ubuso bunoze kandi ntabwo yerekanye impinduka zijyanye na morphologie.
SEM amashusho yerekana imikoranire yubuso hagati ya microalgae yicyatsi na nanosheets ya MXene nyuma yamasaha 72 yimikoranire yibitekerezo bikabije (100 mg L-1).(a) Microalgae itavuwe nyuma yo gukorana na SL (b) Nb2CTx na (c) Nb4C3TX MXenes.Menya ko Nb-MXene nanoflakes irangwa nimyambi itukura.Kugereranya, amafoto yo muri microscope optique nayo yongeyeho.
Ibinyuranye, selile ya microalgae yamamajwe na SL Nb-MXene nanoflakes yangiritse (reba Ishusho 4b, c, imyambi itukura).Kubijyanye na Nb2CTx MXene (Igishusho 4b), microalgae ikunda gukura hamwe na nanoskale ebyiri zifatanije, zishobora guhindura morphologie.Ikigaragara, twabonye kandi izi mpinduka munsi ya microscopi yoroheje (reba SI Igicapo S11 kugirango ubone ibisobanuro).Iyi nzibacyuho ya morfologiya ifite ishingiro ryumvikana muri physiologiya ya microalgae nubushobozi bwabo bwo kwirwanaho bahindura morphologie selile, nko kongera ingano ya selile61.Kubwibyo, ni ngombwa kugenzura umubare wa selile ya microalgae mubyukuri ihura na Nb-MXenes.Ubushakashatsi bwa SEM bwerekanye ko hafi 52% by'utugingo ngengabuzima twa microalgae twahuye na Nb-MXenes, mu gihe 48% by'utugingo ngengabuzima twirinda guhura.Kuri SL Nb4C3Tx MXene, microalgae gerageza kwirinda guhura na MXene, bityo igere kandi ikure kuva kuri nanoskale ebyiri (Ishusho 4c).Ariko, ntitwabonye ko nanoskale yinjira muri selile ya microalgae no kwangirika kwayo.
Kwirinda kandi ni imyitwarire ishingiye ku gihe cyo guhagarika guhagarika fotosintezeza bitewe na adsorption yibice hejuru yutugari hamwe nicyo bita igicucu (igicucu )62.Biragaragara ko buri kintu (urugero, Nb-MXene nanoflakes) kiri hagati ya microalgae nisoko yumucyo igabanya urugero rwumucyo wakiriwe na chloroplasts.Ariko, ntidushidikanya ko ibyo bifite ingaruka zikomeye kubisubizo byabonetse.Nkuko bigaragazwa nubushakashatsi bwakozwe na microscopique, nanoflak ya 2D ntabwo yari yapfunyitse neza cyangwa ngo ifatanye hejuru ya microalgae, kabone niyo selile ya microalgae yahuraga na Nb-MXenes.Ahubwo, nanoflakes yahindutse yerekeza kuri selile ya microalgae idapfutse hejuru.Urutonde nk'urwo rwa nanoflakes / microalgae ntishobora kugabanya cyane urumuri rwakiriwe na selile ya microalgae.Byongeye kandi, ubushakashatsi bumwe bwerekanye ko bwateye imbere mu kwinjiza urumuri n’ibinyabuzima bifotora bya fotosintezitike imbere ya nanomateriali ebyiri-63,64,65,66.
Kubera ko amashusho ya SEM adashobora kwemeza mu buryo butaziguye gufata niobium na selile ya microalgae, ubushakashatsi bwacu bwibanze kuri X-ray fluorescence (XRF) na X-ray fotoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) kugirango isobanure neza iki kibazo.Twagereranije rero ubukana bwimpinga ya Nb yerekana urugero rwa microalgae ntangarugero zidakorana na MXenes, nanoflakes ya MXene yitandukanije na selile ya microalgae, na selile ya microalgal nyuma yo gukuraho MXenes ifatanye.Birakwiye ko tumenya ko niba nta Nb ifata, agaciro ka Nb kabonetse na selile ya microalgae kagomba kuba zeru nyuma yo gukuraho nanoskale ifatanye.Kubwibyo, niba Nb ifata ibaye, ibisubizo byombi XRF na XPS bigomba kwerekana impinga ya Nb isobanutse.
Ku bijyanye na XRF yerekanwe, urugero rwa microalgae rwerekanye impinga ya Nb kuri SL Nb2CTx na Nb4C3Tx MXene nyuma yo gukorana na SL Nb2CTx na Nb4C3Tx MXene (reba Ishusho ya 5a, menya kandi ko ibisubizo bya MAX na ML MXenes bigaragara muri SI, Isanamu S12 - C17).Igishimishije, ubukana bwimpinga ya Nb burasa muribintu byombi (utubari dutukura ku gishushanyo 5a).Ibi byerekanaga ko algae idashobora gukurura Nb nyinshi, kandi ubushobozi ntarengwa bwo kwegeranya Nb bwagezweho mu ngirabuzimafatizo, nubwo inshuro ebyiri Nb4C3Tx MXene yometse kuri selile ya microalgae (utubari twubururu ku ishusho 5a).Ikigaragara ni uko ubushobozi bwa microalgae yo gukuramo ibyuma biterwa nubunini bwa okiside yicyuma mubidukikije67,68.Shamshada et.67 yasanze ubushobozi bwo kwinjiza amazi meza ya algae bugabanuka hamwe no kwiyongera kwa pH.Raize et al.68 yavuze ko ubushobozi bwibiti byo mu nyanja byo gufata ibyuma byari hejuru ya 25% kuri Pb2 + kuruta Ni2 +.
.Ibisubizo byerekana ko hariho α muri selile nziza ya microalgae (kugenzura icyitegererezo, inkingi zijimye), 2D nanoflakes zitandukanijwe na selile ya microalgae (inkingi z'ubururu), na selile ya microalgae nyuma yo gutandukanya 2D nanoflakes hejuru (inkingi zitukura).Ingano ya Nb yibanze, (b) ijanisha ryibigize imiti ya microalgae yibigize (C = O na CHx / C - O) na Nb oxyde igaragara muri selile ya microalgae nyuma yubushakashatsi hamwe na SL Nb-MXenes, (c - e) Bikwiranye nimpinga yibice ya XPS SL Nb2CTx spectra na (fh) SL Nb4C3Tx.
Kubwibyo, twari twizeye ko Nb ishobora kwinjizwa na selile ya algal muburyo bwa oxyde.Kugirango tugerageze ibi, twakoze ubushakashatsi bwa XPS kuri MXenes Nb2CTx na Nb4C3TX na selile ya algae.Ibisubizo byimikoranire ya microalgae na Nb-MXenes na MXenes bitandukanijwe na selile ya algae byerekanwe mubishusho.5b.Nkuko byari byitezwe, twabonye impinga ya Nb 3d murugero rwa microalgae nyuma yo kuvana MXene hejuru ya microalgae.Kugena ingano ya C = O, CHx / CO, na Nb oxyde yabazwe hashingiwe kuri Nb 3d, O 1s, na C 1s yerekanwe hamwe na Nb2CTx SL (Ishusho 5c - e) na Nb4C3Tx SL (Ishusho 5c - e).) byabonetse muri microalgae.Igicapo 5f - h) MXene.Imbonerahamwe S1-3 yerekana ibisobanuro birambuye byimiterere yimiterere na chimie muri rusange biva muburyo bwiza.Birashimishije kubona uturere twa Nb 3d twa Nb2CTx SL na Nb4C3Tx SL (Igicapo 5c, f) gihuye nikintu kimwe cya Nb2O5.Hano, twasanze nta mpinga ijyanye na MXene muri spekure, byerekana ko selile microalgae ikurura gusa okiside ya Nb.Mubyongeyeho, twagereranije C 1 s igizwe na C - C, CHx / C - O, C = O, na –COOH.Twashizeho impinga ya CHx / C - O na C = O kumusanzu kama wa selile ya microalgae.Ibigize ibinyabuzima bingana na 36% na 41% byimpinga ya C 1s muri Nb2CTx SL na Nb4C3TX SL.Twahise dushyira O 1s ya spekure ya SL Nb2CTx na SL Nb4C3TX hamwe na Nb2O5, ibinyabuzima bigize microalgae (CHx / CO), hamwe n’amazi yamamajwe hejuru.
Hanyuma, ibisubizo bya XPS byerekanaga neza imiterere ya Nb, ntabwo ihari gusa.Dukurikije umwanya wikimenyetso cya Nb 3d nibisubizo bya deconvolution, turemeza ko Nb yakiriwe gusa muburyo bwa oxyde ntabwo ari ion cyangwa MXene ubwayo.Byongeye kandi, ibisubizo bya XPS byerekanaga ko selile ya microalgae ifite ubushobozi bunini bwo gufata Nb oxyde ya SL Nb2CTx ugereranije na SL Nb4C3TX MXene.
Mugihe ibisubizo byacu bya Nb bitangaje kandi bikadufasha kumenya iyangirika rya MXene, ntaburyo bwaboneka bwo gukurikirana impinduka zijyanye na morphologie muri 2D nanoflakes.Kubwibyo, twahisemo kandi gukora uburyo bukwiye bushobora gusubiza byimazeyo impinduka zose zibaho muri 2D Nb-MXene nanoflakes na selile ya microalgae.Ni ngombwa kumenya ko twibwira ko niba ubwoko bwimikoranire ihuye nimpinduka iyo ari yo yose, kubora cyangwa gutandukana, ibi bigomba kwigaragaza byihuse nkimpinduka zerekana imiterere, nka diametre yuburinganire buringaniye, kuzenguruka, ubugari bwa Feret, cyangwa uburebure bwa Feret.Kubera ko ibyo bipimo bikwiranye no gusobanura ibice birebire cyangwa nanoflakes-ebyiri, gukurikiranwa kwingingo zingirakamaro zisesengura bizaduha amakuru yingirakamaro kubyerekeye ihinduka ryimiterere ya SL Nb-MXene nanoflakes mugihe cyo kugabanuka.
Ibisubizo byabonetse byerekanwe ku gishushanyo cya 6. Kugereranya, twagerageje kandi icyiciro cya mbere cya MAX na ML-MXenes (reba SI Ishusho S18 na S19).Isesengura rinini ryimiterere yibice byerekanaga ko ibipimo byose byuburyo bwa Nb-MXene SLs ebyiri zahindutse cyane nyuma yo gukorana na microalgae.Nkuko bigaragazwa nuburinganire buringaniye bwa diametre (Igishusho 6a, b), kugabanuka kwimpinga zingana nigice cya nanoflak nini byerekana ko bikunda kubora mo uduce duto.Ku mutini.6c, d yerekana igabanuka ryimisozi ijyanye nubunini bwikurikiranya bwa flake (kurambura nanoflakes), byerekana ihinduka rya 2D nanoflakes muburyo bumeze nkibice.Igishushanyo cya 6e-h yerekana ubugari n'uburebure bwa Feret.Ubugari bwa Feret n'uburebure ni ibipimo byuzuzanya bityo bigomba kurebwa hamwe.Nyuma yubushuhe bwa 2D Nb-MXene nanoflakes imbere ya microalgae, impinga zabo zifitanye isano na Feret zarahindutse kandi ubukana bwaragabanutse.Dufatiye kuri ibyo bisubizo bifatanije na morphologie, XRF na XPS, twanzuye ko impinduka zagaragaye zifitanye isano cyane na okiside kuko MXenes ya okiside ihindagurika cyane igacikamo ibice hamwe nuduce duto twa oxyde oxyde 69,70.
Isesengura rya MXene ihinduka nyuma yo gukorana na microalgae icyatsi.Isesengura ryimiterere yingirakamaro yitaye kubipimo nka (a, b) diameter yuburinganire buringaniye, (c, d) kuzenguruka, (e, f) Ubugari bwa Feret na (g, h) Uburebure bwa Feret.Kugira ngo ibyo bishoboke, ingero ebyiri za microalgae zasesenguwe hamwe na SL Nb2CTx na SL Nb4C3Tx MXenes, SL Nb2CTx na SL Nb4C3Tx MXenes, microalgae yangiritse, kandi ivura microalgae SL Nb2CTx na SL Nb4C3Tx MXenes.Imyambi itukura yerekana inzibacyuho yimiterere yibipimo byizwe na nanoflakes ebyiri.
Kubera ko isesengura ryimiterere yizewe cyane, rirashobora kandi kwerekana ihinduka ryimiterere ya selile ya microalgae.Kubwibyo, twasesenguye ibipimo bingana byumurambararo wa diametre, kuzenguruka, hamwe nubugari bwa Feret / uburebure bwa microalgae selile na selile nyuma yo gukorana na 2D Nb nanoflakes.Ku mutini.6a - h yerekana impinduka mumiterere yimiterere ya selile ya algae, nkuko bigaragazwa no kugabanuka kwimbaraga zo hejuru no guhinduranya maxima yerekeza kumurongo wo hejuru.By'umwihariko, ibipimo byerekana uruziga rwerekanaga igabanuka ryingirabuzimafatizo ndende no kwiyongera kwingirabuzimafatizo (Ishusho 6a, b).Mubyongeyeho, ubugari bwakagari ka Feret bwiyongereye kuri micrometero nyinshi nyuma yo gukorana na SL Nb2CTx MXene (Ishusho 6e) ugereranije na SL Nb4C3TX MXene (Ishusho 6f).Turakeka ko ibyo bishobora guterwa no gufata cyane okiside ya Nb na microalgae nyuma yo gukorana na Nb2CTx SR.Gufatanya gukomeye kwa Nb flake kubuso bwabo bishobora kuvamo gukura kwingirabuzimafatizo ntoya.
Ibyo tureba ku mpinduka zerekana imiterere nubunini bwa microalgae byuzuza ubundi bushakashatsi.Microalgae yicyatsi irashobora guhindura morphologie mugusubiza ibibazo by ibidukikije ihindura ingano yimiterere, imiterere cyangwa metabolism61.Kurugero, guhindura ingano ya selile byorohereza kwinjiza intungamubiri71.Utugingo ngengabuzima duto twa algae twerekana intungamubiri nkeya kandi bikabangamira umuvuduko wo gukura.Ibinyuranye, selile nini zikunda kurya intungamubiri nyinshi, hanyuma zigashyirwa muburyo budasanzwe 72,73.Machado na Soares basanze triclosan ya fungiside ishobora kongera ubunini bwa selile.Basanze kandi impinduka zimbitse mumiterere ya algae74.Byongeye kandi, Yin et al.9 yanagaragaje impinduka zijyanye na morfologiya muri algae nyuma yo guhura na graphene oxyde ya nanocomposite.Kubwibyo, biragaragara ko ibipimo byahinduwe / imiterere ya microalgae iterwa no kuba MXene ihari.Kubera ko iyi mpinduka mubunini no mumiterere yerekana impinduka mugutunga intungamubiri, twizera ko isesengura ryubunini nuburinganire bwibihe bishobora kwerekana igihe cyo gufata okiside ya niobium na microalgae imbere ya Nb-MXenes.
Byongeye kandi, MXène irashobora kuba okiside imbere ya algae.Dalai et al.75 yabonye ko morphologie ya algae yicyatsi ihura na nano-TiO2 na Al2O376 itari imwe.Nubwo ibyo twabonye bisa nubushakashatsi bwubu, birakenewe gusa no kwiga ku ngaruka ziterwa na bioremediation ukurikije ibicuruzwa byangirika bya MXene imbere ya 2D nanoflakes ntabwo ari nanoparticles.Kubera ko MXène ishobora kwangirika mu byuma bya okiside, 31,32,77,78 birakwiye gutekereza ko Nb nanoflakes yacu ishobora no gukora Nb oxyde nyuma yo gukorana na selile microalgae.
Kugirango dusobanure igabanuka rya 2D-Nb nanoflakes dukoresheje uburyo bwo kubora bushingiye kuri okiside, twakoze ubushakashatsi dukoresheje microscopi ya elegitoronike ikwirakwiza cyane (HRTEM) (Ishusho 7a, b) na X-ray ifoto ya elegitoroniki (XPS) (Ishusho 7).7c-i n'imbonerahamwe S4-5).Ubwo buryo bwombi burakwiriye kwiga okiside yibikoresho 2D kandi byuzuzanya.HRTEM ishoboye gusesengura iyangirika ryimiterere-yuburyo bubiri nuburyo bugaragara nyuma yicyuma cya oxyde oxyde nanoparticles, mugihe XPS yunvikana kumurongo.Kubwiyi ntego, twagerageje 2D Nb-MXene nanoflakes yakuwe mu gukwirakwiza selile ya microalgae, ni ukuvuga imiterere yabyo nyuma yo gukorana na selile ya microalgae (reba Ishusho 7).
Amashusho ya HRTEM yerekana morphologie ya okiside (a) SL Nb2CTx na (b) SL Nb4C3Tx MXenes, ibisubizo byisesengura rya XPS byerekana (c) ibigize ibicuruzwa bya okiside nyuma yo kugabanuka, (d - f) impinga ihuza ibice bigize XPS ya SL Nb2CTx na (g– i) Nb4C3Tx SL yasanwe nicyatsi kibisi.
Ubushakashatsi bwa HRTEM bwemeje okiside yubwoko bubiri bwa Nb-MXene nanoflakes.Nubwo nanoflak yagumanye imiterere-yimiterere-yuburyo bubiri, okiside yatumye habaho kugaragara kwa nanoparticles nyinshi itwikiriye ubuso bwa MXene nanoflakes (reba Ishusho 7a, b).Isesengura rya XPS ryerekana ibimenyetso bya N Nb 3d na O 1s byerekanaga ko Nb oxyde yakozwe muri ibyo bihe byombi.Nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 7c, 2D MXene Nb2CTx na Nb4C3TX bifite ibimenyetso bya Nb 3d byerekana ko hariho okiside ya NbO na Nb2O5, mu gihe ibimenyetso bya O 1s byerekana umubare w’imigozi ya O - Nb ijyanye no gukora ku buso bwa 2D nanoflake.Twabonye ko umusanzu wa Nb oxyde wiganje ugereranije na Nb-C na Nb3 + -O.
Ku mutini.Igishushanyo 7g - i cyerekana XPS yerekanwe ya Nb 3d, C 1s, na O 1s SL Nb2CTx (reba Ishusho 7d - f) na SL Nb4C3TX MXene yitandukanije na selile microalgae.Ibisobanuro birambuye bya Nb-MXenes bitangwa muri Imbonerahamwe S4–5.Twabanje gusesengura ibigize Nb 3d.Bitandukanye na Nb yakiriwe na selile ya microalgae, muri MXene yitandukanije na selile ya microalgae, usibye Nb2O5, habonetse ibindi bice.Muri Nb2CTx SL, twarebye uruhare rwa Nb3 + -O mu kigero cya 15%, mugihe ahasigaye Nb 3d yiganjemo Nb2O5 (85%).Mubyongeyeho, icyitegererezo cya SL Nb4C3TX kirimo Nb-C (9%) na Nb2O5 (91%).Hano Nb-C iva mubice bibiri byimbere bya atome ya karbide yicyuma muri Nb4C3Tx SR.Hanyuma dushushanya ikarita ya C 1s mubice bine bitandukanye, nkuko twabikoze mubyitegererezo byimbere.Nkuko byari byitezwe, C 1s igizwe na karubone ishushanyije, ikurikirwa nintererano ziva mubice kama (CHx / CO na C = O) biva muri selile ya microalgae.Mubyongeyeho, murwego rwa O 1s, twarebye uruhare rwimiterere ya selile ya microalgae, oxyde niobium, namazi yamamaza.
Twongeyeho, twasesenguye niba clavage ya Nb-MXenes ifitanye isano no kuba hari ubwoko bwa ogisijeni ikora (ROS) mu ntungamubiri zintungamubiri na / cyangwa microalgae.Kugira ngo ibyo bishoboke, twasuzumye urugero rwa ogisijeni imwe (1O2) mu muco wo hagati ndetse na glutathione internacellular, thiol ikora nka antioxydeant muri microalgae.Ibisubizo byerekanwe muri SI (Ishusho S20 na S21).Imico ifite SL Nb2CTx na Nb4C3TX MXenes yaranzwe no kugabanuka kwa 1O2 (reba Ishusho S20).Ku bijyanye na SL Nb2CTx, MXene 1O2 yagabanutse kugera kuri 83%.Ku mico ya microalgae ukoresheje SL, Nb4C3TX 1O2 yagabanutse cyane, kugeza kuri 73%.Igishimishije, impinduka muri 1O2 zerekanye icyerekezo kimwe ningaruka zagaragaye mbere yo guhagarika-gukangura (reba Ishusho 3).Turashobora kuvuga ko incubation mumucyo mwinshi ishobora guhindura fotooxidation.Nyamara, ibisubizo byisesengura ryigenzura byerekanaga hafi urwego rwa 1O2 mugihe cyibigeragezo (Ishusho S22).Kubireba urwego ROS rudasanzwe, twabonye kandi icyerekezo kimwe cyo hasi (reba Ishusho S21).Ku ikubitiro, urwego rwa ROS muri selile ya microalgae yateye imbere ya Nb2CTx na Nb4C3Tx SLs yarenze urwego ruboneka mumico yera ya microalgae.Amaherezo ariko, byagaragaye ko microalgae yahujwe no kuba Nb-MXenes zombi, kuko urwego rwa ROS rwaragabanutse kugera kuri 85% na 91% byurwego rwapimwe mumico yera ya microalgae yandujwe na SL Nb2CTx na Nb4C3TX.Ibi birashobora kwerekana ko microalgae yumva yorohewe mugihe imbere ya Nb-MXene kuruta intungamubiri zonyine.
Microalgae nitsinda ritandukanye ryibinyabuzima bya fotosintetike.Mugihe cya fotosintezeza, bahindura imyuka ya karuboni yo mu kirere (CO2) ikabamo karubone kama.Ibicuruzwa bya fotosintezeza ni glucose na ogisijeni79.Turakeka ko ogisijeni yakozwe rero igira uruhare runini muri okiside ya Nb-MXenes.Igisobanuro kimwe gishoboka kuri ibi nuko ibipimo bitandukanya aeration bikozwe kumuvuduko muke kandi muremure wigice cya ogisijeni hanze no imbere muri nanoflakes ya Nb-MXene.Ibi bivuze ko ahantu hose hari uduce twinshi twumuvuduko ukabije wa ogisijeni, agace gafite urwego rwo hasi kazakora anode 80, 81, 82. Hano, microalgae igira uruhare mukurema ingirabuzimafatizo zitandukanye muburyo bwa flake ya MXene, itanga ogisijeni kubera imiterere ya fotosintetike.Nkigisubizo, ibicuruzwa biocorrosion (muriki gihe, okiside niobium).Ikindi kintu ni uko microalgae ishobora kubyara aside irike isohoka mumazi 83,84.Kubwibyo, ibidukikije bikaze birashirwaho, bityo bigahindura Nb-MXenes.Byongeye kandi, microalgae irashobora guhindura pH yibidukikije kuri alkaline bitewe no kwinjiza dioxyde de carbone, nayo ishobora gutera ruswa79.
Icyingenzi cyane, umwijima / urumuri fotoperiod ikoreshwa mubushakashatsi bwacu ni ngombwa kugirango dusobanukirwe ibisubizo byabonetse.Iyi ngingo yasobanuwe mu buryo burambuye muri Djemai-Zoghlache n'abandi.85 Bakoresheje nkana Photoperiod yamasaha 12/12 kugirango berekane biocorrosion ijyanye na biofouling na microalgae itukura Porphyridium purpureum.Berekana ko Photoperiod ifitanye isano nihindagurika ryubushobozi butarimo biocorrosion, bikigaragaza nkibinyeganyega bya pseudoperiodic ahagana 24h00.Ibyo byagaragaye byemejwe na Dowling n'abandi.86 Berekanye biofilm ya fotosintetike ya cyanobacteria Anabaena.Umwuka wa ogisijeni ushonga ukorwa munsi yumucyo, ujyanye nimpinduka cyangwa ihindagurika mubushobozi bwa biocorrosion yubusa.Akamaro ka Photoperiod ishimangirwa nuko ubushobozi bwubusa bwa biocorrosion bwiyongera mugice cyumucyo kandi bikagabanuka mugice cyijimye.Ibi biterwa na ogisijeni ikorwa na microalgae ya fotosintezitike, igira ingaruka kuri reaction ya cathodic binyuze kumuvuduko wigice cyakozwe hafi ya electrode87.
Byongeye kandi, Fourier ihindura infrarafurike ya spekitroscopi (FTIR) yakozwe kugirango hamenyekane niba hari impinduka zabaye mubigize imiti ya selile ya microalgae nyuma yo gukorana na Nb-MXenes.Ibisubizo byabonetse biragoye kandi turabigaragaza muri SI (Ishusho S23-S25, harimo ibisubizo byicyiciro cya MAX na ML MXenes).Muri make, ibyerekanwe byerekanwe kuri microalgae biduha amakuru yingenzi kubiranga imiti yibinyabuzima.Ihindagurika rishoboka cyane riri kuri frequence ya cm 1060-1 (CO), 1540 cm-1, 1640 cm-1 (C = C), 1730 cm-1 (C = O), cm 2850-1, 2920 cm-1.imwe.1 1 (C - H) na cm 3280 - 1 (O - H).Kuri SL Nb-MXenes, twasanze umukono wa CH-bond urambuye bihuye nubushakashatsi bwatubanjirije38.Ariko, twabonye ko impinga zinyongera zijyanye na C = C na CH zacitse.Ibi byerekana ko imiti ya microalgae ishobora guhinduka bito kubera imikoranire na SL Nb-MXenes.
Iyo usuzumye impinduka zishoboka muri biohimiki ya microalgae, kwirundanya kwa okiside kama, nka niobium oxyde, bigomba gusubirwamo 59.Ifite uruhare mu gufata ibyuma hejuru yubugingo, ubwikorezi bwayo muri cytoplazme, guhuza kwabo mumatsinda ya carboxyl yo mu nda, no kwegeranya muri microalgae polyphosphosomes20,88,89,90.Mubyongeyeho, isano iri hagati ya microalgae nicyuma ikomezwa nitsinda ryimikorere ya selile.Kubera iyo mpamvu, kwinjiza biterwa na chimie ya microalgae yo hejuru, bigoye cyane 9,91.Muri rusange, nkuko byari byitezwe, imiti ya microalgae yicyatsi yahindutse gato kubera kwinjiza okiside ya Nb.
Igishimishije, uburyo bwambere bwo kubuza microalgae bwahinduwe mugihe runaka.Nkuko twabibonye, ​​microalgae yatsinze ihinduka ryambere ryibidukikije hanyuma amaherezo igaruka ku gipimo gisanzwe cy’iterambere ndetse cyiyongera.Ubushakashatsi bwa zeta bushobora kwerekana ituze iyo bwinjijwe mubitangazamakuru byintungamubiri.Rero, imikoranire yubuso hagati ya selile ya microalgae na Nb-MXene nanoflakes yagumishijwe mubushakashatsi bwo kugabanya.Mu isesengura ryacu, turavuga muri make uburyo nyamukuru bwibikorwa bushingiye kuri iyi myitwarire idasanzwe ya microalgae.
Ubushakashatsi bwa SEM bwerekanye ko microalgae ikunda kwizirika kuri Nb-MXenes.Twifashishije isesengura ryamashusho, twemeza ko izi ngaruka ziganisha ku guhindura ibice bibiri bya Nb-MXene nanoflakes mubice byinshi bya serefegitire, bityo bikerekana ko kubora kwa nanoflak bifitanye isano na okiside.Kugirango dusuzume hypothesis, twakoze urukurikirane rwibintu na biohimiki.Nyuma yo kwipimisha, nanoflakes yagiye ihinduka buhoro buhoro hanyuma ibora mu bicuruzwa bya NbO na Nb2O5, bitigeze bibangamira microalgae y'icyatsi.Twifashishije indorerezi ya FTIR, twasanze nta mpinduka nini zigaragara mubigize imiti ya microalgae yatewe imbere ya 2D Nb-MXene nanoflakes.Twihweje uburyo bwo kwinjiza okiside ya niobium na microalgae, twakoze isesengura rya X-ray fluorescence.Ibisubizo byerekana neza ko microalgae yize igaburira kuri oxyde ya niobium (NbO na Nb2O5), idafite uburozi kuri microalgae yize.