Kuwana kudya kunovaka muviri uye kugovera kunobatanidza kutsvaga kwezvipembenene uye hunhu hwenhoroondo yehupenyu.Kubhadhara kushomeka kwekudya kwakasiyana pamatanho ehupenyu akasiyana, zvipembenene zvinogona kuwana izvi zvinovaka muviri kuburikidza nekuwedzera kudya, semuenzaniso, nekudyisa kune vertebrate secretions mune nzira inozivikanwa se puddles.Mosquito Anopheles arabiani inoratidzika kuva uye nekuda kwekudya kwekudya. chidzidzo ichi chaive chekuongorora kana An. arabiensis agitation paweti yemombe yekutora zvinovaka muviri inovandudza hunhu hwenhoroondo yehupenyu.
Ita shuwa kuti yakachengeteka.arabiensis yakakwezvwa nekunhuhwirira kutsva, 24-awa, 72-awa, uye 168-hour-hour yekare weti, uye kutsvaga-hosti uye kudyiswa ropa (48-awa mushure mekudya kweropa) vakadzi vakayerwa muY-tube olfactometer, uye vakadzi vane pamuviri vakaongororwa kuongororwa kwemagetsi uye kuongororwa kwemagetsi kwakaongororwa. bioactive compounds muweti yemombe pamakirasi mana ezera.Synthetic misanganiswa yebioactive compounds yakaongororwa muY-tube uye mumiyedzo yemumunda.Kuongorora weti yemombe uye yayo huru ine nitrogen yekomboni urea sezvingangove zvekudya zvekuwedzera kune mavector emalaria, zviyero zvekudyisa uye hunhu hwenhoroondo yehupenyu hwakayerwa.Chikamu chemosquito yechikadzi yakawana uye mutsinga wemosquito yakatorwa. kudya, vakadzi vakaongororwa kuti vararame, kubhururuka nendege, uye kubereka.
Tsvaka ropa remugamuchiri uye kudya.Murabhoritari uye zvidzidzo zvemumunda, maArabu akakweverwa kumunhuwi wechisikigo uye wekugadzira weti yemombe itsva uye yachembera. Madzimai ane pamuviri akanga asina hanya nemhinduro dzeweti yemombe panzvimbo dzinoberekera. kurarama, kana kubereka.
Anopheles arabinis kutora uye kugovera weti yemombe yekuvandudza mararamiro ehupenyu.Kuwedzera kudya kwemhou weti kunokanganisa hutachiona hwehutachiona zvakananga nekuwedzera hupenyu hwezuva nezuva uye huwandu hwevector, uye nenzira isina kunanga nekuchinja mafambiro endege uye zvinofanirwa kutariswa mune ramangwana mhando.
Kuwana kwekudya uye kugovera kunobatanidza kudya kwezvipembenene uye mararamiro ehupenyu hwehupenyu [1,2,3].Zvipembenene zvinokwanisa kusarudza nekuwana zvokudya uye kuita kudya kwekubhadhara zvichienderana nekuwanikwa kwezvokudya uye zvinodiwa zvekudya zvinovaka muviri [1, 3]. kushayikwa mune zvakaringana zvinovaka muviri, zvipembenene zvinogona kuwana izvi zvinovaka muviri kuburikidza nekuwedzera kwekudya, senge pamatope, tsvina yakasiyana-siyana uye kuvharwa kwemhuka dzine vertebrates, uye carrion, chirongwa chinonzi puddles [2] .Kunyange zvazvo marudzi akasiyana-siyana e butterfly uye moth anonyanya kurondedzerwa, maburi ekudiridza anoitikawo mune mamwe mirairo yezvipembenene, uye kudyisa mamwe marudzi ezvipembenene zvinogona kuva nemigumisiro yehupenyu uye kukwezva kune mamwe marudzi ehupenyu. maitiro [2, 4, 5, 6] ,7] .Mosquito yemarariya Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (sl) inobuda semunhu mukuru 'asina kudya' [8], saka kudiridza kunogona kuita basa rinokosha mumararamiro ehupenyu hwayo, asi maitiro aya akaregeredzwa kusvika ikozvino .Kushandiswa kwekuvhiringidza senzira yekuwedzera migumisiro inokosha mumotokari iyi inogona kuva nemigumisiro inokosha mumotokari.
Kunwa nitrogen muhumhutu hweAnopheles hushoma nekuda kwekuderera kwekoriori inotakurwa kubva pakukura uye kusashandiswa zvakanaka kwekudya kweropa. Zvimwewo, umhutu hunogona kushandisa kuwedzera kudya kwe vertebrate excreta kuwana nitrogenous makomisheni ayo anowedzera kuchinjika uye kubhururuka kwekufamba, sezvakaratidzwa nezvimwe zvipembenene [2].Panyaya iyi, kukwezva kwakasimba uye kwakasiyana kweimwe yerudzi rwehama mukati meAn.The Gambian sl marudzi complex, Anow, 14, freshe, 34, 12 inonakidza.Anopheles arabinis ine mukana mukufarira kwayo uye inozivikanwa kushamwaridzana nekudya mombe.Weti yemombe ishoo yakapfuma munitrogenous compounds, uye urea inotora 50-95% yenitrogen yese muweti nyowani [15, 16]. [15] .Nekuwedzera kwekukurumidza kweammonia, inobatanidza nekuderera kwe nitrogen organic, alkalophilic microorganisms (mazhinji ayo anogadzira mishonga inotyisa kune umhutu) inobudirira [15], iyo inogona kunge iri yevakadzi Ann.arabiensis inonyanya kukwezvwa weti ane makore 24 maawa kana pasi [13, 14].
Muchidzidzo ichi, maAns anogamuchira uye anodyiswa ropa akatariswa.Pakati pekutanga kwegonadotropin cycle, arabiensis yakaongororwa kuti iwane nitrogenous compounds, kusanganisira urea, nekusanganiswa kweweti.Zvinotevera, tsvakurudzo dzakatevedzana dzakaitwa kuongorora kuti mosquito dzechikadzi dzinogovera sei izvi zvingava zvinovaka muviri kuti zviwedzere kubereka, kuwedzera kubereka uye kubereka. Weti yemhou itsva uye yakwegura yakaongororwa kuti ione kana idzi dzakapa mazano akavimbika kune anotambira uye akadyiswa ropa An. Mukutsvaga kwavo kweiyi inogona kuve inovaka muviri, arabiensis yakawana kemikari correlations kuseri kwekuonekwa kwekunaka. mhedzisiro yekunhuhwirira kwe bovine weti pane dzakasiyana physiological states. Mosquito attraction.Zvawanikwa zvinosimbisa kuti An. arabiensis inowana uye inogovera nitrogenous compounds inowanikwa mu vertebrate urine kuti iite mararamiro ehupenyu hwehupenyu.Izvi zvigumisiro zvinokurukurwa mumamiriro ezvinhu emigumisiro yechirwere chechirwere uye kuti ingashandiswa sei pakuongorora uye kutonga kwevector.
Anopheles arabicans (Dongola strain) yakachengetedzwa pa 25 ± 2 °C, 65 ± 5% RH uye 12:12 h chiedza: rima kutenderera.Magonye akarererwa mumatireyi epurasitiki (20 masendimita × 18 masendimita × 7 masendimita) akazadzwa nemvura yakanyungudutswa uye akadyiswa zvokudya zveTetramin, DE ® neTetramin. mu 30 ml makapu (Nolato Hertila, Åstorp, SE) uye akazoendeswa kuBugdorm matanga (30 cm × 30 cm × 30 cm; MegaView Science, Taichung, Taiwan) kubvumira kubuda kwevakuru. kuedza, kana kuti vakanzwa nzara usiku hwose nemvura yakasvibiswa isati yaedzwa, sezvinotsanangurwa pasi apa.Vakadzi vakashandiswa pakuedza tube tube vakaziya nenzara kwemaawa 4-6 chete nemvura ad libitum.Kugadzirira utsi hunosveta ropa kune zvinotevera bioassays, 4 dpe vakadzi vakapiwa defibrotic ropa remakwai (Håtunalab vachishandisa Workshopy feedy, SEKORD) Accrington, UK) Vakadzi vakanyatsozara vakabva vaendeswa kumakeji ega uye vakapa kudya zvakananga, sezvinotsanangurwa pasi apa, kana 10% sucrose ad libitum kwemazuva 3 vasati vaedzwa zvinotsanangurwa pasi apa.Vakadzi vekupedzisira vakashandiswa kubhururuka tube bioassays uye vakaendeswa ku laboratori, uye ipapo vakanga vapedza mvura yakasvibiswa ad libitum kwemaawa 4-6 vasati vaedza.
Kudyisa miedzo yakashandiswa kuyera weti uye urea kushandiswa mumunhu mukuru An.Arab female.Vakadzi vanotsvaga uye vakadyiswa ropa vakapiwa chikafu chine 1% diluted fresh and achemcow weti, maconcentrations akasiyana eurea, uye ma controls maviri (10% sucrose nemvura) kwe48 h.Pakuwedzera, food coloring (1 mgne CASani de CAS; 2650-17-1; Sigma-Aldrich, Stockholm, SE) yakawedzerwa pakudya uye yakapihwa mune 4 × 4 matrix mu250 µl microcentrifuge tubes (Axygen Scientific, Union City, CA, US; Mufananidzo 1A) Zadza kumucheto µes uye 300 dhayi mhedzisiro. isa 10 mosquito muhombe Petri ndiro (12 masendimita dhayamita uye 6 masendimita pakureba; Semadeni, Ostermundigen, CH; Figure 1A) murima rakazara pa 25 ± 2 cm °C uye 65 ± 5% hama humidity.Izvi kuedza akadzokororwa 5 kusvika 10 nguva.After kudya kwakazoiswa 0 ongororo - 25 ° C.
Tarisa weti yemombe uye urea zvakatorwa nemuenzi uye anoyamwa ropa Anopheles arabianus. Muchiedzo chekudyisa (A), umhutu hadzi dzakapihwa kudya kunosanganisira weti yemombe nyowani uye yachembera, huwandu hwakasiyana hweurea, sucrose (10%), uye distilled mvura (H2O) .Host-seeking (B) uye imwe yevakadzi inotorwa neropa. kuti vakadzi vanotsvaga mauto vanotora 72-awa mhou weti isingasviki 168-awa yemombe weti (B) .Iyo inoreva nitrogen yakazara yemukati (± chiyero kutsauka) yeweti inomiririrwa mune inset.Host-kutsvaga (D, F) uye kusveta ropa (E, G) vakadzi vanotora urea mune imwe dosi-inotsamira vhoriyamu ine mabhii akasiyana-siyana (Dzina rimwe nerimwe rakaputirwa zvakasiyana). (nzira imwe chete ANOVA uchishandisa Tukey's post hoc analysis; p <0.05) .Mabhawa ezvikanganiso anomiririra kukanganisa kwakajairwa kwezvinoreva (BE).Mutsetse wakatwasuka unomiririra mutsara welog-linear regression (F, G)
Kuti asunungure chikafu chakanyura, umhutu hwakaiswa ega mu 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tubes ine 230 µl yemvura yakanyungudutswa uye matishu akavhiringika uchishandisa yaraswa pestle uye cordless mota (VWR International, Lund, SE), ichiteverwa necentrifugation pa10 krpm kwe10 min . microplate (Sigma-Aldrich) uye absorbance (λ620) yakatemerwa kushandisa spectrophotometer-based microplate reader (SPECTROStar® Nano, BMG Labtech, Ortenberg, DE) nm). Nerumwewo, umhutu hwakagayiwa mu 1 ml yemvura yakasvibiswa, 900 µl μl yeometric tospected 60 µl yekuongorora yakaitwa 60 µl yekutamisa nm; UV 1800, Shimadzu, Kista, SE) .Kuenzanisa kudya kwekudya, chiyero chepamusoro chakagadzirirwa ne serial dilution kuti ibudise 0.2 µl kusvika 2.4 µl ye 1 mg ml-1 xylene cyanide.
Volume data yakaongororwa pachishandiswa nzira imwe chete yekuongorora musiyano (ANOVA) ichiteverwa neTukey's post hoc pairwise kuenzanisa (JMP Pro, v14.0.0, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, US, 1989–2007). (GraphPad Prism v8.0.0 yeMac, GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, US).
Inenge 20 µl yemasampuli eweti kubva muzera rega rega yakasungwa paChromosorb® W/AW (10 mg 80/100 mesh, Sigma Aldrich) uye yakavharirwa mumatin capsules (8 mm × 5 mm) .Capsules akaiswa mukamuri rinopisa re20mosh yefisher CHNS / O (CHNS) CHNS / O. Scientific, Waltham, MA, US) kuti ione nitrogen zviri muweti itsva uye yasakara maererano neprotocol yemugadziri.Total nitrogen (g N l-1) yakaverengerwa zvichibva pane inozivikanwa urea concentrations inoshandiswa sechiyero.
Kuongorora mhedzisiro yekudya pakupona kwevakadzi vanotsvaga uye vanoyamwisa ropa, umhutu hwakaiswa mune hombe Petri ndiro (12 cm dhayamita uye 6 cm kureba; Semadeni) ine mesh-yakavharwa gomba muvharo (3 cm mudhayamita) neKufemesa uye kupa chikafu. Zvokudya zvakapihwa zvakananga mushure me4 1% dhizaini uye 4% diki diw diw uye yakavharwa weti. urea, uye zvidzoro zviviri, 10% sucrose nemvura.Chikafu chega chega chakaiswa pombi pa dental tampon (DAB Dental AB, Upplands Väsby, SE) yakaiswa mu5 ml sirinji (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gothenburg, SE), plunger yakabviswa, uye yakaiswa pamusoro pepetri yekudya kwekudya kwezuva nezuva. pamusoro.Umhutu hunorarama hwaiverengwa kaviri pazuva, nepo mosquito dzakafa dzakaraswa kusvikira mosquito yekupedzisira yafa (n = 40 per kurapwa) Kupona kweumhutu kunodyiswa pazvokudya zvakasiyana-siyana kwakaongororwa nenhamba uchishandisa Kaplan-Meyer kupona curves uye log-rank tests kuenzanisa kugoverwa kweStatisticsMSS kuenzanisa kuparara 24.0.0.0).
A tsika mosquito kubhururuka chigayo kwakavakirwa Attisano et al.[17], yakagadzirwa 5 mm gobvu yakajeka acrylic panels (10 masendimita yakafara x 10 masendimita kureba x 10 masendimita yakakwirira) pasina pamberi uye shure mapaneru (Fig. 3: kumusoro). tsono yakaturikwa pakati pemagineti eneodymium akaparadzana masendimita 9. Chubhu yakachinjika yakagadzirwa nechinhu chimwe chete (6.5 cm L) yakatsemura chubhu yakatwasuka kuti iite ruoko rwakasungirirwa neruoko rwaitakura kachidimbu kefoiri yealuminium sechiratidzo chinomisa chiedza.
Madzimai ane nzara yemaawa makumi maviri nemana akapihwa kudya kuri pamusoro kwemaminetsi makumi matatu asati adzorwa. Umhutu hwechikadzi hwakadyiswa zvakazara hwakabva hwaiswa ega ega paaizi kwema 2-3 min uye hwakanamirwa pamapini ezvipembenene newakisi (Joel Svenssons Vaxfabrik AB, Munka Ljungby, SE) ndokuzosungirirwa machubhu emawoko. Mill.Revolutions nendege imwe neimwe yakanyorwa neyakagadzirirwa-yakagadzirwa data logger, ndokuzochengetwa uye kuratidzwa uchishandisa PC-Lab 2000™ software (v4.01; Velleman, Gavere, BE) .Chigayo chendege chakaiswa mukamuri inogadziriswa nemamiriro ekunze (12 h: 12 h, chiedza: rima, 25 ± 2 ° C, 5% R ± 65).
Kuti uone maitiro ekuita kwekufamba nendege, kureba kwese kubhururuka (m) uye nhamba yose yezviitiko zvekufamba nendege zvakaverengerwa paawa pamusoro penguva yeawa 24. Mukuwedzera, mavhareji emakiromita anofambiswa nemadzimai ega ega akafananidzwa nemishonga uye akaongororwa achishandisa nzira imwe chete ANOVA uye Tukey's post hoc analysis (JMP Pro, v14.0.0.) factor.Kuwedzera, avhareji yenhamba yekutenderera inoverengerwa mumaminitsi gumi ekuwedzera.
Kuongorora mhedzisiro yekudya pakuita kwekubereka kweAn.arabiensis, vakadzi vatanhatu (4 dpe) vakatamirwa zvakananga kuBugdorm cages (30 cm × 30 cm × 30 cm) mushure mekuunganidzwa kweropa uye ndokupa chikafu chekuyedza kwe48 h sezvakatsanangurwa pamusoro.Kudya kwakabviswa uye kubereka makapu (30 ml) yakazadzwa nezuva rechitatu Hertila; Maawa 48, kushandura maawa ega e24. Dzokorora chirongwa chekudya chega chega 20-50 nguva.Mazai akaverengwa uye akanyorwa kune imwe neimwe keji yekuedza.Subsamples yemazai yakashandiswa kuongorora hukuru hunoreva uye kureba kwekusiyana kwemazai ega (n ≥ 200 pakudya) uchishandisa Dialux-20 microscope (DM1000) neEtzlarst, Wequitzlar eEtzlarst, Wequitzlar Etzlar; Leica Kamera (DFC) 320 R2; Leica Microsystems Ltd., DE) Mazai akasara akachengetwa muimba inodzorwa nemamiriro ekunze pasi pemamiriro ekurera kwe24 h, uye subsample yechangobva kubuda 1st instar larvae (n ≥ 200 per diet) yakayerwa, sezvakatsanangurwa pamusoro apa. Nhamba yemazai uye ukuru hwemazai nemhou zvakaenzaniswa pakati pekurapa uye kushandisa hockey yeTukey (MP) v14.0.0, SAS Institute Inc.).
Headspace volatiles kubva kutsva (1 hr post-sampling), 24 hr, 72 hr uye 168 hr weti yechembere yakatorwa kubva mumienzaniso yakatorwa kubva kumombe Zebu, Arsi races. Kuti zvive nyore, weti dzakatorwa mangwanani-ngwanani apo mombe dzichiri mudanga. mabhegi ekubheka e polyamide (Toppits Cofresco, Frischhalteprodukte GmbH and Co., Minden, DE) mu3 l polyamide ine chivharo Muvinyl chloride plastiki drums. Headspace volatiles kubva kune imwe neimwe yebovine weti samples yakaunganidzwa zvakananga (itsva) kana mushure mekukura pakamuri tembiricha uye 172h sampuli yeweti, 262h imwe neimwe sampuli uye 264 h. aimiririra zera rega rega.
Pakuunganidza headspace volatiles, yakavharwa-loop system yakashandiswa kutenderedza activated carbon-filtered gas stream (100 ml min-1) kuburikidza ne polyamide bag kusvika adsorption column ye 2.5 h nekushandisa diaphragm vacuum pump (KNF Neuberger, Freiburg, DE) . yakagadzirwa neTeflon tubing (5.5 cm x 3 mm id) ine 35 mg yePorapak Q (50/80 mesh; Waters Associates, Milford, MA, US) pakati pemagirazi ewool plugs. Isati yashandiswa, iyo column yaiputirwa ne 1 ml redistilled n-hexane (Merck, Darmstadt 9 ml , GC 9 ml , peni 9 ml , DE grade 9 , DE grade 9 , DE 9 ml Sigma Aldrich).Iyo adsorbed volatiles yakabviswa ne 400 μl ye pentane. Headspace collections dzakabatanidzwa uye dzakachengetwa pa -20 ° C kusvikira dzashandiswa pakuwedzera kuongororwa.
Maitiro ekupindura ekutsvaga uye kudya ropa An.Headspace volatile extracts yakaunganidzwa kubva kutsva, 24-h, 72-h, uye 168-h-yakwegura weti yakaongororwa nokuda kwezvinyorwa zvinoputika kubva kuArabidopsis mosquito uchishandisa girazi rakajeka tube olfactometer [18]. basa rekutsvaga musha.Arab [19].A glass chubhu olfactometer (80 cm × 9.5 cm id) yakavhenekerwa ne 3 ± 1 lx yechiedza chitsvuku kubva kumusoro.Marasha akacheneswa uye akanyoroveswa mhepo inoyerera (25 ± 2 °C, 65 ± 2% hunyoro hunyoro) yakapfuura 30cm yesimbi yakatevedzana. mesh screens, kugadzira laminar kuyerera uye yunifomu plume chimiro.Dental tampon dispenser (4 cm × 1 cm; L:D; DAB Dental AB), yakamiswa kubva pa5 cm coil pamhepo inopera ye olfactometer, ine stimulator inoshandura maminetsi ega e5.Kuongorora, 10 μl yeimwe neimwe yakaenzana stimulus mari yakashandiswa seyemwe 10 μl yakashandiswa semushonga wemusoro. yepentane yakashandiswa sekutonga.Individual host-kutsvaga kana kusveta ropa-mosquitoes yakaiswa mumatare ega ega ekusununguka 2-3 maawa asati atanga kuedza.Kusununguka kwekasi kwakaiswa padivi remhepo ye olfactometer, uye utsi hwakabvumirwa kuti hugadzirire 1 min, uye ipapo butterfly valve kuti isunungure kurapa kana kusunungurwa kwekageti yakazarurwa. yeumhutu yakasangana nechitubu mukati memaminitsi e5 kubva pakusunungurwa.Musoro wega wega wepamusoro unoputika uye kudzora wakadzokororwa kanenge ka30, uye kudzivirira migumisiro yezuva rimwe chete, nhamba imwechete yekurapa uye kutonga kwakaedzwa pazuva rimwe nerimwe rekuedza.Tsvaka mhinduro kubva kune muiti uye akadyiswa ropa Ans.Arabic versus headspace sets yakatevedzwa nekugadzirisa logistics regiyoriyo yekuongorora nekuongorora. (JMP Pro, v14.0.0, SAS Institute Inc.).
An's spawning response.Zvikamu zvemusoro kubva muweti yemombe itsva uye yachembera zvakaongororwa mumakeji eBugdorm (30 cm × 30 cm × 30 cm; MegaView Science) .Makapu epurasitiki (30 mL; Nolato Hertila) akazadzwa ne20 mL yemvura yakasvibiswa akapa nzvimbo yekuberekesa, 4 cm pakona yekabati yakatarisana uye yakaiswa pakona yeT 4 cm yakatarisana. makapu akagadziridzwa ne 10 μl yega yega headspace yakabudiswa pa1: 10 dilution. Nhamba yakaenzana yepentane yakashandiswa kugadzirisa kapu yekudzora. Mikombe yekurapa uye yekudzora yakatsinhaniswa pakati pekuedza kwega kwega kudzora mamiriro emigumisiro.Madzimai gumi akadyiswa ropa akasunungurwa mumakeji ekuedza paZT 9-11 uye mazai mumikombe yemaawa akaverengwa. mazai akakandwa mukapu yekurapa - nhamba yemazai akaiswa mukapu yekudzora)/(huwandu hwemazai akakandwa).Kurapa kwega kwega kwakadzokororwa ka8.
Gas chromatographic uye elekitironi antenna pateni yekuongorora (GC-EAD) wongororo yemukadzi An.arabiensis yakaitwa sezvakambotsanangurwa [20].Muchidimbu, nyowani headspace volatile zvinyorwa zvakapatsanurwa pachishandiswa Agilent Technologies 6890 GC (Santa Clara, CA, US) ine HP-5 column 5 μd 5 μd 5 μd 5 μd firimu 30 × 5 mm ukobvu, Agilent Technologies). uye weti yachembera.Hydrogen yakashandiswa sechikamu chekufambisa chine avhareji yekuyerera mwero we45 cm s-1.Sample imwe neimwe (2 μl) yakabaiwa kwemasekonzi makumi matatu muspeedless mode ine inlet tembiricha ye225 °C.The GC tembiricha yehovhoni yakarongwa kubva pa35 °C (3 maminetsi kubata) kusvika ku1000 min. effluent splitter, 4 psi yenitrogen yakawedzerwa uye yakatsemurwa 1: 1 muGerstel 3D / 2 yakaderera vhoriyamu yakafa (Gerstel, Mülheim, DE) pakati pemoto ionization detector uye EAD. Iyo GC effluent capillary yeEAD yakapfuura neGerstel ODP-2 mutsara wekutamisa mutsara, iyo inoteedzera mugirazi 5 × 8 oven ° C, iyo inoteedzera mugirazi ye5 × 8 oven kwayaisanganiswa necarbon-filtered, humidified air (1.5 l min-1) .Antenna yakaiswa 0.5 cm kubva pakubuda kwechubhu. Umhutu wega wega wega wega waiverenga replicate imwe, uye kune humhutu hunotsvaka mauto, zvinyorwa zvinenge zvitatu zvakaitwa pane weti samples dzezera rimwe nerimwe.
Kucherechedzwa kwemakomisheni ebioactive mumusoro wekuunganidza weti nyowani uye yachembera yebovine uchishandisa yakasanganiswa GC uye mass spectrometer (GC-MS; 6890 GC uye 5975 MS; Agilent Technologies) kuunza mhinduro dzeantenna muGC-EAD ongororo, ichishanda mu electron impact ionization mode pa 70 EMS-equipped. yakasanganiswa silica capillary column (60 m × 0.25 mm dhayamita yemukati, 0.25 μm firimu ukobvu) vachishandisa helium sechikamu chinotakurika chine avhareji yekuyerera kweyero ye35 cm s-1.A 2 μl sampuro yakabaiwa pachishandiswa majekiseni akafanana uye tembiricha yeovheni seyeGC-EAD yekuongorora misari kune raibhurari yetsika uye raibhurari yeNIST14 (Agilent) .Makomisheni akazivikanwa akasimbiswa nekujoinha mazinga echokwadi (Yakawedzerwa File 1: Tafura S2) .Nokuda kwehuwandu, heptyl acetate (10 ng, 99.8% kuchena kwemakemikari, Aldrich) akaiswa jekiseni senzira yekunze.
Kuongorora kushanda kwemusanganiswa wekunhuhwirira unosanganisira bioactive makomisheni anoonekwa muweti nyowani uye yachembera kukwezva ari kutsvaga uye anoyamwa ropa Ans.arabiensis, uchishandisa olfactometer imwe chete neprotocol sezviri pamusoro.Synthetic misanganiswa yakateedzera kuumbwa uye kuenzana kwemakomisheni mune yakasanganiswa headspace volatile extracts of freshur, 42ho-hour, 24ho-hours Weti yakwegura yemaawa 168 (Mufananidzo 5D-G; Yekuwedzera Faira 1: Tafura S2) .Kuongorora, shandisa 10 μl ye1: 100 dilution yemusanganiswa wakagadzirwa zvakakwana, nehuwandu hwekusunungurwa hunobva paanenge 140-2400 ng h-1, yekuongorora kukwezva kune mutevedzeri wemosquis mushure mekuongorora kweropa, uye kusvetwa kweropa. subtractive misanganiswa yemusanganiswa mumwe chete wemusanganiswa wakakwana inobviswa.Tsvaga mhinduro kubva kune anotambira uye akadyiswa ropa Ans.Arab vs synthetic uye subtractive misanganiswa yakaongororwa pachishandiswa zita registic regression ichiteverwa nekuenzanisa paviri kune odd ratios (JMP Pro, v14.0.0, SAS Institute Inc.).
Kuongorora kana weti yemombe ingave nzvimbo yekugara mosikito yemarariya, weti yemombe nyowani uye yachembera, yakaunganidzwa sezvatsanangurwa pamusoro, uye mvura yakaiswa mumabhaketi ane meshed 3 l (100 ml) uye yakaiswa mumateyi echirauro. (BG-HDT shanduro; BioGents, Regensburg, DE) Miteyo gumi yakaparadzana mamita makumi mashanu mumafuro, 400 m kubva munharaunda yemusha (Silay, Ethiopia, 5°53′24′′N, 37°29′24′′'E) uye pasina mombe, panzvimbo dzokuberekesa zvachose nemisha. Miteyo mishanu yakateyiwa miteyo mishanu yakasiiwa kuti iite mucherechedzo. inotenderedzwa husiku hwehusiku hushanu.Nhamba dzeumhutu dzakabatwa mumisungo yakabatwa weti yemazera akasiyana dzakafananidzwa pachishandiswa kudzoreredzwa kwemaitiro nebeta binomial kugovera (JMP Pro, v14.0.0, SAS Institute Inc.).
Mumusha unemarariya uri pedyo neguta reMaki, Oromia mudunhu, Ethiopia (8° 11′ 08″ N, 38° 81′ 70″ E; Mufananidzo 6A).Chidzidzo ichi chakaitwa pakati paNyamavhuvhu nepakati paGunyana kusati kwasvika mwaka wegore negore wekunaya kwemvura, pamwe chete nekunaya kwemvura kwenguva refu. vakasarudzwa nokuda kwechidzidzo (Fig. 6A) .Nyedzo dzakashandiswa pakusarudza dzimba dzaiva: hapana mhuka dzinobvumirwa mumba, hapana kubika mukati (kuchera huni kana marasha) kwakabvumirwa (zvichida munguva yekuedza), uye dzimba dzine huwandu hwevanhu vaviri, dzinorara muuninsecticides. pasi pemambure ekudzivirira mosquito.Mvumo yetsika yakapihwa neInstitutional Research Ethics Review Board (IRB/022/2016) yeFaculty of Natural Sciences (CNS-IRB), University of Addis Ababa, maererano nemirayiridzo yakagadzwa neWorld Medical Association Declaration yeHelsinki.Kubvumirana kwakawanikwa kubva kune mumwe nemumwe wevashandi vezveutano. manejimendi padunhu newadhi ('kebele') level.The experimental design yakatevera 2 × 2 Latin square design, umo masanganiswa ekugadzira uye zvidzoreso zvakagoverwa kudzimba dzakapetwa pahusiku hwekutanga uye kuchinjana pakati pedzimba pahusiku hunotevera hwekuedza.Iyi nzira yakadzokororwa kagumi.Kuwedzera, kuenzanisa basa reumhutu mudzimba dzakasarudzwa, CDC kuguma kwemunda pamisungo yepakati pekutanga kwekutanga, CDC kuguma kwerima rakaiswa pamisungo yepakati pekutanga. nguva imwe chete yezuva.
A synthetic musanganiswa ane matanhatu bioactive compounds yakanyungudutswa muheptane (97.0% solvent GC grade, Sigma Aldrich) uye yakabudiswa pa 140 ng h-1 uchishandisa cotton wick dispenser [20] .Wick dispenser yakabvumira kuti mishonga yose isunungurwe muhuwandu hwenguva dzose munguva yose ye12 hour experimental.Heptane. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) chiedza chemusungo (John W. Hock Company, Gainesville, FL, US; Mufananidzo 6A) .Misungo yacho yakasungirirwa 0.8 - 1 m pamusoro pevhu, pedyo netsoka yemubhedha, uye muzvipiri akarara pasi pemumbure usina kubatwa uye akashanda pakati pe 106to 000 ne moquis: 00. physiological status (isina kudyiswa, kudyiswa, semi-pamuviri, uye pamuviri [21] vakazoongororwa vachishandisa polymerase chain reaction (PCR) kuongorora kuti vaone rudzi rwemhando yemorphologically inonzi A. gambiae sl. Nhengo dzezvakaoma [23]. control) yaive iyo yakagadziriswa mhedzisiro (JMP® 14.0. 0. SAS Institute Inc.).
Ongorora kana yakachengeteka.arabiensis yakakwanisa kuwana weti, nitrogen yayo huru, urea, nekudya zvakananga, mukati me48 h yehutungamiri kwemazuva 4 post (dpe) kutsvaga-kutsvaka uye kudyiswa kwechikadzi miedzo yekudya kwevakadzi (Fig. 1A) .Zvose vakadzi vanotsvaga uye vanosveta ropa vakanyura zvakanyanya sucrose kupfuura chero ipi zvayo, F6 = 2, 5, p5 = 2, 5, p. 0.0001 uye F (5,299) = 56.00, p <0.0001, maererano Fig. 1B, C) . Uyezve, vakadzi vanotsvaga vakadya vakadya zvishoma muweti paawa 72 zvichienzaniswa newaini pamaawa 168 (Fig. 1B) .Paakapiwa kudya kune 2 M urea yakawanda. zvichienzaniswa nezvimwe zvose zvakaiswa uye mvura, asi zvisingatauriki kubva ku10% sucrose (F (10,813) = 15.72, p <0.0001; Mufananidzo 1D) .Izvi zvakanga zvakasiyana nemhinduro yevakadzi vanodyiswa ropa, avo vaiwanzotora zvakanyanya urea-ine kudya kupfuura mvura, 10 (5% sucrose = 5% zvishoma, 5% = 10% zvishoma, zvishoma kudarika 5% = 0. 78.35, p <0.0001; Mufananidzo 1) .1E) Uyezve, kana tichienzanisa pakati penyika mbiri dzepanyama, phlebotomized vakadzi vanotora urea yakawanda kupfuura vakadzi vanotsvaka mauto pazvikamu zvakaderera, uye vakadzi ava vakatora zviyero zvakafanana zve urea pamatunhu akakwirira (F (1,980; 0.8)= 1F, G) .Kunyange zvazvo kunwa kubva mukudya kuine urea kwairatidzika kuva nekwakanaka (Fig. 1D, E), vanhukadzi vari mumatunhu ese emuviri vakakwanisa kuenzanisa huwandu hweurea hwakanyudzwa pamusoro pehuwandu hwese hwehuwandu hweurea mune yelogi-linear fashoni (Fig. 1F, G). .Saizvozvo, umhutu hunoita sehunodzora kutora kwavo nitrogen nekugadzirisa huwandu hweweti inobatwa, sezvo huwandu hwenitrogen muweti hunoratidzwa muhuwandu hwakabatwa (Mufananidzo 1B, C uye B insets).
Kuti uongorore migumisiro yeweti uye urea pakutsvaga-kutsvaka uye kusveta ropa-kupona mosquito, vakadzi vakadyiswa weti yemakore mana ose (itsva, 24 h, 72 h, uye 168 h post-deposition) uye huwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwe urea, pamwe nemvura yakasvibiswa uye 10 % yekudya yakaratidza kuti 2% yekudya yakashanda sekutonga sucrose. chinhu chakakosha pakupona kwese muvakadzi vanotsvaga mauto (weti: χ2 = 108.5, df = 5, p <0.0001; urea: χ2 = 122.8, df = 5, p <0.0001; Fig. 2B, C) uye weri-inodyiswa = χd vakadzi 0 = 9 vakadzi. 5. yakaratidza mararamiro akasiyana-siyana, neavo vakadyiswa 72-h stale urine (p = 0.016) vane mikana yakaderera yekurarama (Fig. 2B) . Uyezve, madzimai anotsvaga mauto akadyisa 135 mM urea akararama kwenguva refu kupfuura kutonga kwemvura (p <0.04) (Kufananidzwa ne 2C yemvura yakachena uye mvura yakachena). weti yakaramba ichirarama kwenguva yakareba (p = 0.001 uye p = 0.012, zvichiteerana; Mufananidzo 2D), nepo vakadzi vakadyiswa newati yeawa 72 vakararama kwenguva yakareba kupfuura avo vaidyiswa Weti pfupi pfupi yemukadzi uye weti yemaawa makumi maviri nemana (p <0.0001 uye p = 0.013, kana fed 2, 3 M 1 D) zvichiteerana. Vakadzi vakadyiswa ropa vakararama kwenguva yakareba kupfuura mamwe ose akaiswa urea nemvura (p <0.013; Mufananidzo 2E).
Kupona kwemukadzi anoyamwa ropa Anopheles arabhini achidya weti yemombe uye urea.Muchidzidzo chebioassay (A), umhutu hadzi dzakapihwa kudya kunosanganisira weti yemombe itsva uye yachembera, huwandu hwakasiyana hweurea, sucrose (10%) uye mvura yakasvibiswa (H2O) .Kurarama kwekutsvaga mauto, C-D uye kutsvaga ropa (B). inorekodha maawa gumi nemaviri kusvika vakadzi vese vakadyiswa weti (B, D) uye urea (C, E), uye zvidzoreso, Sucrose nemvura, zvafa.
Iyo yese kureba uye nhamba yekutenderera yakatemerwa muyedzo yeguyo rendege pamusoro penguva ye24-awa yakasiyana pakati pekutsvaga-kutsvaka uye kunwa ropa mosquitos, iyo yakaratidza basa shoma rekubhururuka rose (Fig. 3) .Kutsvaga-kutsvaka mosquitos iyo yakapa mutsva uye yakwegura weti kana sucrose nemvura yakaratidza maitiro akasiyana-siyana ekubhururuka (Fig. 3), nevakadzi vemazuva ano vachidyisa patsva 2, nevakadzi 4 vachidya patsva. uye 168-awa yakwegura Mosquitos yaidya paweti yakaratidza maitiro akasiyana-siyana ekubhururuka uye ainyanya kuita diurnal.Umhutu hwechikadzi hwakapa sucrose kana 72-awa weti yakaratidza basa munguva yose ye24-awa, nepo vakadzi vaipa mvura vainyanya kushanda munguva yepakati penguva.Mosquitoes yaidyiswa panguva yeusiku uye mangwanani-ngwanani muhuwandu hwe sucrose. 72-awa-yakwegura weti yakawana kuderera kwakadzikama mukuita kwemaawa makumi maviri nemana (Mufananidzo 3).
Mundege kuita kwemuvhimi-anoyamwa ropa muvhimi Anopheles arabinis achidya weti yemombe uye urea. Muongororo yeguyo, mosikito hadzi dzaidyiswa weti yemhou nyoro uye yachembera, huwandu hwakasiyana-siyana hweurea, sucrose (10%), uye mvura yakasvibiswa (H2O) yakasungirirwa kune yakachinjika, ichitsvaga-kutenderedza-kutenderedza ropa. (kurudyi) vakadzi, chinhambwe chose uye nhamba yendege paawa imwe neimwe yekudya kwemaawa makumi maviri nemana yakanyorwa (yakasviba: grey; chiedza: machena).Avhareji yenhambwe uye avhareji yenhamba yemabhoti inoratidzwa kurudyi rwegirafu yebasa recircadian.Mabhawa ekukanganisa anomiririra kukanganisa kwakajairwa kwezvinoreva.Ongororo yenhamba
Kazhinji, basa rose rendege revakadzi vanotsvaga mauto rakatevera muenzaniso wakafanana neyekufamba kwekufamba kwemaawa 24. Kureba kwekufamba kwendege kwakakanganiswa zvakanyanya nekudya kwakaiswa (F (5, 138) = 28.27, p <0.0001), uye vakadzi vanotsvaga mauto vakapinza maawa 72 eweti akabhururuka zvakanyanya mamwe marefu marefu uye 0 (p 0) achienzaniswa ne0. Sucrose-fed mosquitoes yakabhururuka kwenguva yakareba kupfuura itsva (p = 0.022) uye 24-h-yakwegura urine (p = 0.022) -fed mosquitos. Kusiyana nemaitiro ekufambisa ndege anotsanangurwa nekudya weti, urea-fed host-kutsvaga vakadzi vakaratidza basa rinoramba richibhururuka pamusoro pechikamu chechipiri che24. 3) .Kunyange zvazvo maitiro emabasa akafanana, vakadzi vanotsvaga mauto vakadyisa urea zvakanyanya kuwedzera kureba kureba kwendege zvichienderana nekunyungudutswa kwakanyanyisa (F (5, 138) = 1310.91, p <0.0001) .Madzimai aitsvaga mauto akadyisa chero huwandu hweurea hwakabhururuka kwenguva refu kupfuura vakadzi vakadyiswa mvura kana sucrose (p <0.0).
Kubhururuka kwese kubhururuka kweumhutu kunosveta ropa kwakagadzikana uye kwakachengetwa kwemaawa e24 pazvokudya zvose, nekuwedzera kwekuita weti mukati mehafu yechipiri yenguva yerima yevakadzi vanodyiswa pamvura pamwe chete nevakadzi vanodyiswa mutsva uye maawa 24 (mufananidzo 3) .Kunyange zvazvo kudya kweweti zvakanyanya kukanganisa kureba kwekufamba muropa revakadzi vanodyiswa ropa (F.38, 0 = 4, 4 = 0 = 1). urea kudya haina (F (5, 138) = 1.36, p = 0.24) .neimwe weti uye kudzora kudya (mutsva, p = 0.0091; 72 maawa, p = 0.0022; 168 maawa, p = 0.001; sucrose, p = 0.H017; d 6;
Migumisiro yekudyisa weti uye urea pamiganhu yekubereka yakaongororwa mumazai-kuisa bioassays (Mufananidzo 4A) uye yakaongororwa maererano nehuwandu hwemazai akaiswa nemunhukadzi wega wega, saizi yezai, uye achangobva kuchochonywa ekutanga instar larvae.Kuwanda kwemazai akaiswa.Urine-inodyiswa vakadzi vechiArab vakasiyana-siyana nekudya (F8,0 = 0 = 2; Fig. 4B) Vakadzi vaidyisa weti yeawa 24, kudya kweropa kwakaisa mazai akawanda kupfuura vakadzi vakadyisa mamwe mazamu uye akafanana neaya akadyiswa sucrose (Fig. 4B) .Saizvozvowo, ukuru hwemazai akaiswa nevakadzi vakadyiswa urine zvakasiyana-siyana nekudya (F (5, 209) = 11.4, p. Sucrose-fed females inoisa mazai makuru zvikuru kupfuura emvura yakadyiswa, nepo mazai emadzimai akadyiswa ne168 h weti akanga ari maduku zvikuru (Fig. 4C) .Kuwedzera, kudya kwemutinhi kwakakanganisa zvakanyanya kukura kwembeu (F (5, 187) = 7.86, p <0.0001), ine mazai makuru-2 kubva ku4 larva yakakura zvikuru. Madzimai ane maawa 72 ekura anodyiswa weti pane kubva kumazai akakandwa kubva kumakonye. Makadzi anodyiswa mvura uye 168-h anodyiswa weti (Mufananidzo 4D).
Kubereka kwemukadzi Anopheles arabinis achidya weti yemombe uye urea.Umhutu hwechikadzi hwakadyiswa ropa hwakadyiswa zvokudya zvinosanganisira weti yemombe itsva uye yakwegura, urea yakasiyana-siyana, sucrose (10%), uye distilled water (H2O) kwemaawa makumi mana nemasere isati yaiswa mu bioassays uye kutora mazai (Egg, 4 hours) saizi yezai (C, F) uye ukuru hwemakonye (D, G) zvakakanganiswa zvakanyanya nekudya kwakapihwa (mhou weti: BD; urea: EG) Zvinoreva kune imwe neimwe parameter yakayerwa uchishandisa mabhii mazita akasiyana zvakasiyana kubva kune imwe neimwe (imwe-nzira ANOVA uchishandisa Tukey's post hoc analysis; p <0.05) .
Sezvo chikamu chikuru che nitrogenous cheti, urea, kana yakapiwa sechikafu kune vakadzi vanodyiswa ropa, zvakanyanya kukanganisa maitiro ekubereka mune zvidzidzo zvose.Kuwanda kwemazai akaiswa nemadzimai akadyiswa urea, mushure mekudya kweropa, zvichienderana neurea concentration (F (11, 360) = 4.69; p <0.0001), vakadzi 4M 3M uye 4M µ µ µ µ µµmµ µµµµ akaisa mazai akawanda (Mufananidzo 4E) . Vakadzi vanodyiswa pa urea concentrations ye 134 µM kana pamusoro vanokandira mazai makuru kupfuura vakadzi vanodyiswa pamvura (F (10, 4245) = 36.7; p <0.0001; Mufananidzo 4F), uye saizi yemarval, kunyange zvazvo yakakanganiswa nemafungiro akafanana, 3F = 3F = 19 = 3F (3F. p <0.0001) yakanga yakawanda yakasiyana (Fig. 4G).
Kukwezva kwese kune mauto-anotsvaga bovine weti headspace volatile extracts.I arabiensis yakaongororwa mugirazi chubhu olfactometer (Fig. 5A) yakakanganiswa zvakanyanya nezera reweti (χ2 = 15.9, df = 4, p = 0.0032; Fig. 5B) .Post 2 weti yekuongorora yakaratidza mazinga epamusoro e4 akaenzanisa mazinga epamusoro-soro akafananidzwa nepamusoro weti ye4 odor yakaratidza zvakanyanya kune mamwe marapirwo ose (72 maawa: p = 0.0060, 168 maawa: p = 0.012, pentane: p = 0.00070), Kunze kwekunhuhwirira kwewaini itsva (p = 0.13; Mufananidzo 5B) .Kunyange zvazvo kukwezva kweropa-kusveta mosquitoes kune weti 8, 8 = kunhuhwirira kwakasiyana-siyana, χ2 = kunhuhwirira kwakasiyana-siyana. p = 0.067; Fig. 5C), vakadzi ava vakaonekwa kuti vanonyanya kukwezva kune headspace volatile extracts kana ichienzaniswa neawa 72-yakwegura weti kana ichienzaniswa nekutonga (p = 0.0066; Mufananidzo 5C).
Tsika mhinduro kune dzinongoitika uye dzekugadzira weti yemombe inonhuhwirira mukutsvaga mugadziri uye anodyiswa ropa Anopheles arabianus.Schematic of the glass tube olfactometer (A).Kukwezva headspace volatile extracts kubva fresh and achembera mhou weti kuti agamuchire (B) uye ropa-kusveta (C) mosquitoes.Wana tsvakiridzo yeDzinai yeTentaspace yaShe. 24-awa (E), 72-awa (F), uye 168-awa (G) yemhou weti yakwegura inoratidzwa.Electron antenna yekuona (EAD) inotsvaga inoratidza kuchinja kwemagetsi mukupindura bioactive compounds mumusoro wemusoro wakabviswa kubva kugasi chromatograph uye yakaonekwa nemoto ionization detector (FID) inomiririra dhigirii repiritsi (FID) nguva yekupindura. (s) .Zvinhu uye mazinga ekusunungurwa (µg h-1) ezvinyorwa zvebiologically active zvinoratidzwa.Nyeredzi imwe chete (*) inoratidza mhinduro inopindirana yakaderera-amplitude.Manyota maviri (**) anoratidza mhinduro dzisingagadzirike.Tsvaga muiti (H) uye inoyamwa ropa (I) An.arabiensis yevatsva uye synthesis yemusanganiswa wakasiyana. zvinoreva kuti huwandu hweumhutu hunokwezvwa nemazita emavara akasiyana hwakanga hwakasiyana zvakanyanya kubva kune mumwe nemumwe (nzira imwe chete ANOVA uchishandisa Tukey's post hoc analysis; p <0.05).
Mukadzi Ann.arabiensis, 72 h uye 120 h mushure mekudya kweropa, panguva yekubereka, hapana kusarudzwa kwakaratidzwa kune headspace volatile extracts kubva kune mutsva uye yakwegura weti yemhou kana ichienzaniswa nekutonga kwepentane (χ2 = 3.07, p> 0.05; Imwe faira 1: Fig. S1).
Kumukadzi Ann.arabiensis, GC-EAD uye GC-MS inoongorora yakaonekwa masere, matanhatu, matatu uye matatu bioactive compounds (Mufananidzo 5D-G) .Kunyange zvazvo kusiyana kwenhamba yemishonga yakakonzera mhinduro dze electrophysiological yakaonekwa, zvizhinji zvezvisanganiswa izvi zvaivepo mune imwe neimwe headspace inoputika yakasvibiswa yakaunganidzwa kubva kune itsva uye yakwegura yemishonga inogadzirwa kubva kune imwe yeroji yemunhukadzi, saka, iyo yega yega yega mhinduro yeweti yakabudiswa. antennae pamusoro pechikumbaridzo akaverengerwa mune kumwe kuongorora.
Zvose zvinokonzerwa nekusunungurwa kwehuwandu hwemagetsi e-bioactive mumusoro wekuunganidza wakawedzera kubva ku29 µg h-1 mumuguta mutsva kusvika ku242 µg h-1 muhuta yeawa ye168, kunyanya nekuda kwep-cresol uye m-formaldehyde Phenol inowedzera pamwe ne phenol. decanal, yakaderera nekuwedzera weti zera, iyo yakabatana neinocherechedzwa kuderera kwechiratidzo chesimba (kuwanda) muchromatogram (Fig. 5D) -G kuruboshwe panel) uye mhinduro dzehupenyu kune izvi zvinosanganiswa (Fig. 5D-G right panel).
Pakazara, musanganiswa wekugadzira waive neyakafanana yakasikwa reshiyo yebioactive komisheni inotaridzwa mune inovhuvhuta yezvinyorwa zvitsva uye yakwegura weti headspaces (Fig. 5D-G) uye haina kuratidzika kuunza kukwidza kwakakosha mukutsvaga kwemugamuchiri (χ2 = 8.15, df = 4, p = 0.083; Fig. 4. skusveta ropa = 5H, 2 H) df = 4, p = 0.30; Fig. 5I) .Zvisinei, post hoc pairwise kuenzanisa pakati pemishonga yakaratidza kuti utsi hutsva-hutsva hwakanga huchikwezva zvikuru kumusanganiswa wekugadzirwa kwe24-h weti yekare kana ichienzaniswa nekutonga kwepentane (p = 0.0086; Mufananidzo 5H).
Kuongorora basa rezvikamu zvega zvega mumisanganiswa yekugadzirwa kwe24-h-yakwegura weti, misanganiswa mitanhatu inobvisa yakaongororwa pamusoro pemisanganiswa yakakwana muY-tube assay, umo mishonga yega yega yakabviswa.Kune umhutu hunotsvaka mauto, kubvisa makemikari ega kubva mumusanganiswa wakakwana kwaiva nemigumisiro inokosha pamhinduro dzehutano (χ63 = 1 = 1 = p. 0.0032; Yakawedzerwa faira 1: Mufananidzo S2A), misanganiswa yose inobvisa yaiyevedza kudarika Diki pane yakasanganiswa zvakakwana.Mukupesana, kubviswa kwemishonga yega yega kubva mumusanganiswa wakakwana wakagadzirwa hauna kukanganisa maitiro ehutsika hweumhutu hunosveta ropa (χ2 = 11.38, df = 6, p = 0.07 musanganiswa wakakwana), iyo yakaderedzwa kusvika kumazinga e-0.07. Kukwezva (p = 0.022; Yekuwedzera Faira 1: Mufananidzo S2B).
Mumusha wemarariya muEthiopia, kushanda kwemusanganiswa wekugadzira weti yemhou yemaawa makumi maviri nemana mukukwezva umhutu pasi pemamiriro emumunda wakaongororwa kweusiku gumi (Fig. 6A) . Zvose zve4,861 mosquitos dzakatorwa uye dzakaonekwa, iyo 45.7% yaiva Anthropus.gambias . 35.4% vaiva Culex spp.(Kuwedzera faira 1: Tafura S1) .Anopheles arabinis ndiye chete nhengo An.Gambian marudzi yakaoma kuzivikanwa PCR analysis.Paavhareji, 320 umhutu akabatwa usiku humwe, panguva iyo misungo pamwe synthetic musanganiswa chirauro akabatwa umhutu dzakawanda kupfuura paired = χ312 misquito. 170.0, p <0.0001) Misungo isina-baited yakaiswa pane imwe neimwe yehusiku hushanu hwekutonga pakutanga, pakati, uye kupera kwekutongwa.Nhamba dzakafanana dzeumhutu dzakabatwa mumusungo mumwe nomumwe, zvichiratidza kuti hapana kusarura pakati pedzimba (χ2 (0, 1665) > 0 0-0 × 1665 = 0-0 9 × 0 0 × 9 × 0 0 - 9 × nguva yekudzidza.Kuenzaniswa nemisungo yekudzora, nhamba yeumhutu yakabatwa mumisungo ine musanganiswa wekugadzira yakawedzera zvakanyanya: kutsvaga kutsvaga (χ2 (0, 2107) = 138.7, p <0.0001), kudya kweropa munguva ichangopfuura (χ2 (0, 650) = 32.2, p <0 20,0 = χ20, 0 = χ20, 0, p <20. 6.27, p = 0.0123; Kuwedzera faira 1: Tafura S1) .Izvi zvinoratidzwawo muhuwandu hweumhutu hwakabatwa: muenzi ari kutsvaga > kuyamwa ropa > ane pamuviri > semi-mimba > murume.
Munda wekuongorora kushanda kwemaawa makumi maviri nemana ekugadzira weti yemusanganiswa weti yemombe. Miedzo yemumunda yakaitwa kumaodzanyemba-pakati peEthiopia (mepu), pedyo neguta reMaki (isa), uchishandisa Centers for Disease Control (CDC) light trap (kurudyi) mudzimba dzakapetwa, neLatin sikweya dhizaini (aerial image CDC inokwezva yevakadzi) (Ador-bapheleips yevakadzi) (Ador-baphelei). arabesques (B), asi kwete Anopheles farroes (C), neimwe nzira, physiological nyika-inotsamira effect.Pamusoro peizvi, misungo iyi yakatora zvakanyanya kuwedzera nhamba dzemumhanyi Culex mosquito.(D) Zvichienzaniswa nekudzora.Mazariro ari kuruboshwe anomiririra avhareji yekusarudzwa indekisi yeumhutu yakabatwa mune pairs of anonhuwirira chiredzo (Nzvimbo yegirinhi) uye kudzora chirauro (Nzvimbo 1) kurudyi inomiririra avhareji yesarudzo indekisi mumaviri ekudzora misungo (yakavhurika; N = 5). ) .Nyeredzi dzinoratidza nhanho dzekukosha kwenhamba (*p = 0.01 uye ***p <0.0001)
Mhando nhatu idzi dzakatorwa zvakasiyana mumisungo ine masanganiswa ekugadzira.Kutsvaga muenzi (χ2 (1, 1345) = 71.7, p <0.0001), kudya kweropa (χ2 (1, 517) = 16.7, p <0.0001) uye pamuviri (χ2 (1, 1, 1, 6 = 180) uye pamuviri (χ2 (1, 1, 6 = 180) = 18.0. .arabiensis akabatwa mumusungo achibudisa musanganiswa wekugadzira (Fig. 6B), nepo huwandu hweAn hwakanga husina kusiyana.Pharoensis mune zvakasiyana-siyana zvepanyama zvakawanikwa (Fig. 6C) .KuCulex, kuwedzera kukuru kwehuwandu hweumhutu hunotsvaka mauto hwakawanikwa mumisungo yakabatwa ne χ26 musanganiswa χ26 (1 = 1, p = 1, 1, = 1, χ26 musanganiswa). 0.0004; Fig. 6D), zvichienzaniswa nemisungo yekudzora.
Host bait misungo iri kunze kweanogona mauto pakati penzvimbo dzekuberekesa uye nharaunda dzekumaruwa muEthiopiya dzakashandiswa kuongorora kana umhutu hwemalaria hunoshandisa kunhuhwirira kweweti yemombe senzvimbo yekugara.Mukushayikwa kwekunzwa kwekugamuchira, kupisa, uye nekuvapo kana pasina kunhuhwirira kweweti yemombe, hapana mosquito dzakabatwa (Kuwedzera faira 1: Figure, mufananidzo, uye kunhuhwirira kwehukadzi hwemarariya). mosquito dzakakwezvwa uye dzakatorwa, zvisinei nenhamba shoma, yakasununguka yezera reti (χ2 (5, 25) = 2.29, p = 0.13; Yakawedzerwa faira 1: Mufananidzo S3) . Kusiyana neizvi, kutonga kwemvura hakuna kutora mosquito dzemalaria pakupisa kwakanyanya (Kuwedzera File 1: Mufananidzo S3).
Umhutu hweMalaria hunotora uye kugovera mishonga ine nitrogen kuburikidza nekubhadhara kudya paweti yemombe (kureva, madhiri) kuwedzera hunhu hwenhoroondo yehupenyu, hwakafanana nezvimwe zvipembenene [2, 4, 24, 25, 26]. kumisha yekumaruwa uye nzvimbo dzekuberekesa.Umhutu hwechikadzi hunoona chitubu ichi nekunhuhwirira uye vanokwanisa kugadzirisa kutora kwenitrogenous compounds muweti, kusanganisira urea, iyo huru nitrogenous chikamu muweti [15, 16]. umhutu, pamwe chete nehupenyu uye maitiro ekubereka evanhu vanodyiswa ropa panguva yekutanga gonadotropic cycle.Naizvozvo, kusanganiswa kweweti kunobata basa rinokosha rekudya kune marariya vectors iyo yakavharwa sevanhu vakuru vasina kudya [8], sezvo ichipa humhutu hwechikadzi nekukwanisa kuwana zvakakosha nitrogenous compounds kuburikidza nekuita muhuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehutsi hunoita basa rinokosha rekudya kune marariya vectors iyo yakavharwa sevanhu vakuru vasina kudya [8], sezvo ichipa humhutu hwechikadzi nekukwanisa kuwana nitrogenous makomisheni anokosha kuburikidza nekuita. tarisiro, basa uye kubereka kubereka, izvo zvose zvinokanganisa vector capacity.Uyezve, hunhu uhwu hunogona kunge huri chinangwa chemangwana vector management zvirongwa.