Zvakanyatso nyorwa kuti kuwedzera kwekuvandudza mumitambo yemitambo kunogona kuunganidzwa kugadzira timu inokunda. Oilfield Operations hazvisi izvo uye zvakakosha kuti titore mukana weichi mukana kubvisa mari isingaite yekupindira. Pasinei nemitengo yemafuta, seindasitiri tinotarisana nedzvinyiriro dzehupfumi nemagariro kuti tive nehunyanzvi sezvinobvira.
Mumamiriro ezvinhu epanguva ino, kubvisa dhiramu rekupedzisira remafuta kubva kune zvinhu zviripo kuburikidza nekudzorerazve uye kuchera matavi mumatsime aripo inyanzvi uye inodhura - kunze kwekuti inogona kuitwa inodhura. Coiled tubing drilling (CT) tekinoroji isingasashandiswe inovandudza mashandiro munzvimbo dzakawanda zvichienzaniswa nekuchera kwakajairika. Ichi chinyorwa chinotsanangura kuti vashandisi vanogona sei kutora mukana wekubudirira kunowanikwa izvo CTD inogona kupa kuderedza mutengo.
kubudirira kupinda. Parizvino, coiled tubing (CTD) yekuchera tekinoroji yakawana maviri akabudirira asi akasiyana niches muAlaska neMiddle East, fig. 1. MuNorth America, teknolojia iyi haisati yashandiswa zvakanyanya. Iyo inozivikanwawo sekuti drillless drilling, inotsanangura kuti tekinoroji yeCTD inogona kushandiswa sei kuburitsa chengetedzo kuseri kwepombi nemutengo wakaderera; mune zvimwe zviitiko, nguva yekubhadhara yebazi idzva inogona kuyerwa mumwedzi. Haisi chete inogona kushandiswa CTD mumashandisirwo emutengo wakaderera, asi mukana wekuzvarwa weCT wekuita zvisina tsarukano unogona kupa shanduko yekushanda iyo inogona kuwedzera zvakanyanya mwero wekubudirira kune yega yega tsime mumunda wakapera.
CTD yakashandiswa mukuchera zvisina tsarukano kuti iwedzere kugadzirwa muminda yemafuta uye gasi yakapera. Kushandiswa kwetekinoroji uku kwakashandiswa zvakabudirira kune yakaderera permeability kudzikira matangi kuMiddle East, uko huwandu hweCTD rigs hwakawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma mumakore mashoma apfuura. Kana CTD isina kuenzanisa ikashandiswa, inogona kudzoserwa kuburikidza nematsime matsva kana matsime aripo. Imwe yakabudirira yakawanda-yakawanda-yakawanda yekushandiswa kweCTD iri kuNorth Slope yeAlaska, uko CTD inopa yakaderera-mutengo nzira yekumisikidza zvakare matsime ekare uye kuwedzera kugadzirwa. Tekinoroji iri mukushandisa iyi inowedzera zvakanyanya huwandu hwemadhiramu emuganho anowanikwa kune vanogadzira North Slope.
Kuwedzera kushanda zvakanaka kunotungamirira kuderedza mari. CTD inogona kudhura zvakanyanya kupfuura kuchera kwakajairika nekuda kwezvikonzero zviviri. Chekutanga, tinoona izvi mumutengo wakakwana padhiramu, kushoma kupinda zvakare kuburikidza neCTD pane kuburikidza nematsime matsva. Chechipiri, tinozviona mukudzikisira kwekusiyana kwemutengo nekuda kwekusungirirwa kwetubhing. Heano maitiro akasiyana-siyana uye mabhenefiti:
kutevedzana kwemashandiro. Kuboora pasina rig, CTD yezvese mashandiro, kana musanganiswa weworkover rigs uye coiled tubing zvinogoneka. Sarudzo yekuvaka purojekiti zvinoenderana nekuwanikwa uye hupfumi hwevanopa masevhisi munzvimbo. Zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu, kushandiswa kweiyo workover rigs, wireline rigs uye coiled tubing kunogona kupa akawanda mabhenefiti maererano neuptime uye mutengo. General matanho anosanganisira:
Matanho 3, 4 uye 5 anogona kuitwa uchishandisa iyo CTD package. Matanho asara anofanira kuitwa neboka rekugadzirisa. Muzviitiko apo workover rigs isingadhure, casing kubuda inogona kuitwa CTD package isati yaiswa. Izvi zvinovimbisa kuti iyo CTD package inobhadharwa chete kana iyo yakanyanya kukosha yakapihwa.
Mhinduro yakanakisa muNorth America kazhinji kuita nhanho 1, 2 uye 3 pamatsime akati wandei ane workover rigs isati yaita CTD package. Mabasa eCTD anogona kutora mazuva maviri kusvika mana, zvichienderana nekuumbwa kwechinangwa. Nekudaro, iyo overhaul block inogona kutevedzera CTD mashandiro, uyezve iyo CTD package uye iyo overhaul package inoitwa yakazara tandem.
Kugadzirisa michina inoshandiswa uye kutevedzana kwekushanda kunogona kuve nekukanganisa kukuru pamutengo wese wekushanda. Kwaunowana mari yekuchengetedza zvinoenderana nenzvimbo yekushanda. Kumwe kunenge kusinga dhiri basa nemaworkover units inokurudzirwa, mune dzimwe nguva kushandiswa kweakamoneredzwa tubing units kuita basa rese kungave kwakanakisa mhinduro.
Mune dzimwe nzvimbo, zvinodhura kuve nemagadzirirwo maviri ekudzoka kwemvura uye kuisa yechipiri kana tsime rekutanga racherwa. Iyo fluid package kubva patsime rekutanga inozoendeswa kune yechipiri tsime, i. nekuchera pasuru. Izvi zvinoderedza nguva yekuchera patsime uye zvinoderedza mari. Iko kuchinjika kwepombi inoshanduka inobvumira kuronga kwakagadziridzwa kuwedzera nguva yekukwira uye kuderedza mitengo.
Zvisingaenzaniswi kudzora kudzvinyirira masimba. Iyo yakanyanya kujeka kugona kweCTD ndiko kunyatso kudzora kwekumanikidzwa kwetsime. Coiled tubing mauniti akagadzirirwa kushanda zvisina mwero, uye zvese zviri zviviri zvakadzikama uye zvisina mwero kuchera zvinogona kushandisa BHP chokes seyakajairwa.
Sezvambotaurwa, zvinogonekawo kukurumidza kushandura kubva kumabasa ekuchera kuenda kune inodzorwa kudzvinyirira overbalance mashandiro kune underbalanced mashandiro. Munguva yakapfuura, maCTD aionekwa seashoma muhurefu hwepashure hwaigona kudhonzwa. Parizvino, zvirambidzo zvakawedzera zvakanyanya, sezvinoratidzwa neprojekti ichangoburwa paNorth Slope yeAlaska, iyo inopfuura 7,000 tsoka munzira yakachinjika. Izvi zvinogona kuwanikwa kuburikidza nekushandisa anoramba achitenderera madhairekitori, akakura dhayamita coils uye kureba kusvika maturusi muBHA.
Equipment inodiwa kune CTD kurongedza. Midziyo inodiwa pakiti yeCTD inoenderana nereservoir uye kana kudhirowa kusarudzwa kunodiwa. Shanduko dzinoitika zvakanyanya parutivi rwekudzoka kwemvura. Iyo yakapusa nitrogen jekiseni yekubatanidza inogona kuiswa nyore mukati mepombi, yakagadzirira kuchinjika kune maviri-nhanho yekuchera kana zvichidikanwa, fig. 3. Mapombi eNitrogen ari nyore kuunganidza munzvimbo zhinji muUnited States. Kana paine kudikanwa kwekuchinja kune underbalanced drilling mashandiro, huinjiniya hunofunga hunodiwa kudivi rekuseri kuti hupe kushanduka kwekushanda uye kuderedza mari.
Chinhu chekutanga chakadzika pasi peiyo blowout preventer stack ndiyo throttle manifold. Iyi ndiyo chiyero chezvese CT yekuchera mashandiro anoshandiswa kudzora pasi pegomba kudzvanywa. Iyo inotevera mudziyo ndeye splitter. Paunenge uchishanda pane zvakawandisa, kana kudhirowa kusingatarisirwe, saka iyi inogona kunge iri nyore yekuchera gasi separator, iyo inogona kunzvenga kana mamiriro ekudzora matsime asina kugadziriswa. Kana kudhirowa kunotarisirwa, ingave 3-phase kana 4-phase separators inogona kuvakwa kubva pakutanga, kana kuchera kunogona kumiswa uye yakazara separator yakaiswa. Iyo divider inofanirwa kuve yakabatana kune masaini mafiritsi ari panzvimbo yakachengeteka.
Mushure mekuparadzanisa pachava nematangi anoshandiswa semakomba. Kana zvichibvira, aya anogona kunge ari nyore akavhurika-pamusoro fracturing matangi kana mapurazi ekugadzira matangi. Nekuda kwehudiki hudiki kana uchiisa zvakare iyo CTD, hapana chikonzero chekuzunza. Iyo sludge inogadzika mune yekuparadzanisa kana mune imwe ye hydraulic fracturing matangi. Kana chinoparadzanisa chisiri kushandiswa, isa mabhaffles mutangi kubatsira kupatsanura weir grooves. Nhanho inotevera ndeyekubatidza centrifuge yakabatana kune yekupedzisira nhanho kuti ubvise zvakasara zvakaonda usati wadzokororwa. Kana zvichidiwa, tangi yekusanganisa inogona kuverengerwa mutangi / gomba system yekusanganisa yakapusa-isina yekuchera mvura system, kana mune dzimwe nguva, pre-yakasanganiswa yekuchera mvura inogona kutengwa. Mushure metsime rekutanga, zvinofanirwa kunge zvichikwanisika kutamisa dhaka rakasanganiswa pakati pematsime uye kushandisa dhaka system kuchera matsime akawanda, saka tangi yekusanganisa inongoda kuiswa kamwe chete.
Chengetedzo yekuchera zvinwiwa. Pane zvakawanda zvingasarudzwa zvekuchera zvinwiwa zvakakodzera CTD. Chinonyanya kukosha ndechekushandisa zvinwiwa zviri nyore izvo zvisina zvimedu zvakasimba. Inhibited brines ane mapolymers ndiwo akajairwa kune yakanaka kana inodzorwa kumanikidza kushandiswa. Mvura yekuchera iyi inofanirwa kudhura zvakanyanya kudarika mvura yekuchera inoshandiswa pamichina yekuchera yakajairika. Izvi hazvingodzikisi mari yekushandisa, asiwo inoderedza chero mari yakawedzerwa-inoenderana nekurasikirwa kana paine kurasikirwa.
Pakuchera pasi pekuenzanisa, izvi zvinogona kunge zviri zviviri-chikamu chekuchera mvura kana imwe-chikamu chekuchera mvura. Izvi zvinogadziriswa ne reservoir pressure uye kugadzirwa kwematsime. Iyo imwechete yechikamu fluid inoshandiswa pakuchera zvisina mwero inowanzova mvura, brine, mafuta kana dhiziri. Mumwe nomumwe wavo anogona kuwedzera kuderedzwa muhuremu kuburikidza nekupinza nitrogen panguva imwe chete.
Kudhirowa kwakadzikama kunogona kuvandudza zvakanyanya hupfumi hwehurongwa nekudzikisa kukuvara kwepasi / kusvibisa. Kuchera ne-single-phase-drilling fluids kunowanzoita kunge kusingadhure pakutanga, asi vashandisi vanogona kuvandudza zvakanyanya hupfumi hwavo nekudzikisira kukuvadzwa kwepasi uye kubvisa zvinodhura zvinokurudzira, izvo zvinozopedzisira zvawedzera kugadzirwa.
Zvinyorwa paBHA. Pakusarudza musangano wepasi gomba (BHA) weCTD, pane zvinhu zviviri zvakakosha zvekufunga nezvazvo. Sezvambotaurwa, nguva yekuvaka uye yekuendesa inonyanya kukosha. Naizvozvo, chinhu chekutanga chekufunga nezvehurefu hwese hweBHA, fig. 4. BHA inofanira kuva shoma zvakakwana kuti ikwanise kusvetuka zvakakwana pamusoro pevhavha huru uye ichiri kuchengetedza ejector kubva muvhavha.
Deployment sequence ndeyekuisa BHA mugomba, kuisa jekiseni nerubricator pamusoro pegomba, kuunganidza BHA pamusoro pemusoro wetambo, kudzorera BHA murubricator, kufambisa jekiseni uye lubricator mugomba, uye kuvaka chinongedzo. ku BOP. Iyi nzira inoreva kuti hapana turret kana kumanikidza kutumirwa kunodiwa, zvichiita kuti kutumirwa kuve nekukurumidza uye kwakachengeteka.
Chechipiri chekutarisa imhando yekuumbwa kuri kucherwa. MuCTD, kutaridzika kwechiso kwechigadziro chekudhiraivha chinotarirwa neiyo guiding module, iyo iri chikamu chekuchera BHA. Anoenda kumberi anofanira kukwanisa kufamba achienderera, kureva kutenderera newachi kana kutarisana newachi pasina kumira, kunze kwekunge zvichidiwa negwara rekuchera. Izvi zvinokutendera kuti uboora gomba rakati twasu uku uchiwedzera WOB uye lateral kusvika. Yakawedzera WOB inoita kuti zvive nyore kuboora mativi marefu kana mapfupi pakakwirira ROP.
South Texas muenzaniso. Matsime anopfuura 20 000 akachinjika akacherwa muminda yeEagle Ford shale. Mutambo uyu wanga uchishanda kweanopfuura makore gumi, uye huwandu hwematsime emvura anozoda P&A huri kuwedzera. Mutambo uyu wanga uchishanda kweanopfuura makore gumi, uye huwandu hwematsime emvura anozoda P&A huri kuwedzera. Месторождение активно действует уже более десяти лет, и количество малорентабельных скважин, требущих P&A, увеличивается. Munda wanga uchishanda kweanopfuura makore gumi uye huwandu hwematsime emvura anoda P&A huri kuwedzera.该戏剧已经活跃了十多年，需要P&A 的边缘井数量正在增加. P&A 的边缘井数量正在增加. Месторождение активно действует уже более десяти лет, и количество краевых скважин, требующих P&A, увеличивается. Munda wanga uchishanda kweanopfuura makore gumi uye huwandu hwematsime ekupedzisira anoda P&A huri kuwedzera.Matsime ese akafanirwa kuburitsa Eagle Ford Shale achapfuura nemuAustin Chalk, dhamu rinozivikanwa iro rakagadzira huwandu hwekutengesa hwemahydrocarbons kwemakore mazhinji. Chivakwa chakaiswa kuti chitore mukana kune chero mamwe madhiramu anogona kuiswa pamusika.
Kuchera chaki muAustin kune zvakawanda zvekuita nekurasa. Maumbirwo eCarboniferous akatyoka, uye kurasikirwa kukuru kunogoneka pakuyambuka mafractures makuru. Madhaka ane mafuta anowanzo shandiswa pakuchera, saka mutengo wemabhakiti akarasika ematope ane mafuta anogona kuve chikamu chakakosha chemutengo wetsime. Dambudziko harisi chete mari yekurasikirwa kwekuchera mvura, asiwo kuchinja mumari yetsime, iyo inodawo kuverengwa pakugadzirira bhajeti yegore negore; nekuderedza kusiyanisa mukuchera mari yemvura, vashandi vanogona kushandisa mari yavo zvakanyanya.
Mvura yekuchera iyo inogona kushandiswa ndeye yakapfava yakasimba-isina brine inogona kudzora kudzika kwepasi nekudzipwa. Semuyenzaniso, 4% KCL brine solution ine xanthan chingamu se tackifier uye starch yekudzora kusefa ingave yakakodzera. Huremu hwemvura inenge 8.6-9.0 pounds per galoni uye chero humwe hupi hupi hunodiwa hunodiwa kuti huwedzere kuumbwa huchashandiswa kune valve yakachinga.
Kana kurasikirwa kukaitika, kuchera kunogona kuenderera mberi, kana kurasikirwa kuchigamuchirwa, kuvhuvhuta kunogona kuvhurwa kuti kuunza kutenderera kunotenderera pedyo nekumanikidzwa kwemvura, kana kuvhuvhuta kunogona kuvharwa kwenguva yakati kusvikira kurasikirwa kwagadziriswa. Panyaya yekudzora dzvinyiriro, kuchinjika uye kuchinjika kweiyo yakavharidzirwa tubing iri nani pane yakajairwa yekuchera rigs.
Imwe nzira inogona zvakare kutariswa kana kuchera neakamoneredzwa tubing ndeyekuchinjira kune underbalanced drilling nekukurumidza kutsemuka kwepamusoro-permeability kwakayambuka, izvo zvinogadzirisa dambudziko rekudonha uye kuchengetedza kutsemuka kubereka. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kana kuputsika kukasapindirana, tsime rinogona kupedzwa kazhinji pamutengo wakaderera. Nekudaro, kana mafracture akayambuka, kuumbwa kunodzivirirwa kubva mukukuvadzwa uye kugadzirwa kunogona kukwidziridzwa nekudhirowa kwakadzikama. Nemidziyo yakakodzera uye trajectory dhizaini, pamusoro pe7,000 tsoka dzinogona kufamba paAustin Chalka.
generalize. Chinyorwa ichi chinotsanangura pfungwa uye kufunga paunenge uchironga mutengo wakaderera wekuchera zvakare mishandirapamwe uchishandisa CT kuchera. Chikumbiro chega chega chichave chakasiyana zvishoma, uye chinyorwa ichi chinovhara pfungwa huru. CTD tekinoroji yakura, asi zvikumbiro zvakachengeterwa nzvimbo mbiri dzakatsigira tekinoroji mumakore ayo ekutanga. CTD tekinoroji ikozvino inogona kushandiswa pasina kuzvipira kwemari kwekuita kwenguva refu.
kukosha kunogona. Kune mazana ezviuru zvematsime anogadzira anozopedzisira avharwa, asi pachine huwandu hwekutengeserana hwemafuta negasi kuseri kwepombi. CTD inopa nzira yekumisa kuburitswa uye yakachengeteka bypass reserves ine shoma capital outlay. Ngoma dzinogonawo kuunzwa kumusika nenguva pfupi pfupi, zvichibvumira vashandisi kutora mukana wemitengo yakakwira mumavhiki kwete mwedzi, uye pasina kudiwa kwezvibvumirano zvenguva refu.
Kuvandudzwa kwehunyanzvi kunobatsira iyo indasitiri yese, ingave iri digitalisation, kuvandudzwa kwezvakatipoteredza kana kuvandudzwa kwemashandiro. Coiled tubing yakaita chikamu chayo mukudzikisira mitengo mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzepasi, uye ikozvino iyo indasitiri iri kuchinja, inogona kuunza mabhenefiti akafanana pamwero mukuru.