Chiziviso cheMupepeti: Gore negore.Mining Engineering inoratidzira Ongororo yeIndustrial Minerals.Kune vanhu vakati wandei vakadyara nguva yakawanda vachigadzira zvinyorwa zvechinyorwa chino, uku vachiitawo basa ravo.Tinotenda Vapepeti veOngororo yeGore yeIndustrial Minerals, Sachigaro neMutevedzeri waSachigaro weTechnical Committee yeIndustrial Minerals and Aggregates Division, uye vanyori venhoroondo yezvigadzirwa zvemunhu.
Rajesh Raitani inhengo yeSME yeCytec Industries Inc. uye anotungamira Technical Committee yeIndustrial Minerals uye Aggregates Division.
Rubatsiro rwavo rwakaita kuti nyaya yeIndustrial Minerals yaChikunguru ibudirire. Pamusoro pevaverengi vangu, vapepeti vanovatenda.
Makambani mana - HC Spinks Clay Co., Inc., Imerys.Old Hickory Clay Co. uye Unimin Corp. - Yakacherwa bhora revhu mumatunhu mana muna 2013. Maererano nekutanga data, kugadzirwa ndeye 1 metric toni (1.1 mamiriyoni mapfupi matani) ine mari inofungidzirwa ye $ 47 mamiriyoni. Kugadzirwa kwakawedzera 3 mamiriyoni emadhora kusvika ku 3 madhora mapfupi 1 madhora makumi maviri 45.1 miriyoni.Tennessee ndiyo inotungamira mugadziri, inoverengera 64% yezvigadzirwa zvemumba, ichiteverwa neTexas.Mississippi neKentucky.About 67% yehuwandu hwebhora revhu kugadzirwa imhepo inoyerera, 22% ivhu rakaoma kana rakapwanyika, uye 11% imvura inotsvedza.
Muna 2013, vagadziri vevhu bhora repamba vakatengesa ivhu kumisika inotevera: ceramic pasi uye madziro mataira (44%);zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika (21%);midziyo yehutsanana (18%);zvakasiyana-siyana zveceramic (9%);nekuguma kushandiswa muna 2012 Mode uye misika yazvino, fillers, extenders uye binders uye kushandiswa kusina kutaurwa (4% imwe neimwe) .Mimwe misika inotora isingasviki 1% yevhu rakasara rebhora rinotengeswa kana kushandiswa.Kutengeswa kwakashumwa pakugadzirwa kwefiberglass kana yakawanda yekuzadza, filler uye binder applications inogona kunge iri kunyanya clay clay inocherwa kana vanotenga.
Zvinoenderana neongororo yekutanga yevagadziri vevhu bhora remumba, mutengo wepakati wedongo remumba waive US$47/t ($43/t) muna 2013, zvichienzaniswa neUS$46/t ($42/t) muna 2012. Mitengo yemayuniti eivhu rekunze nekunze kwenyika yaive $126/t ($1331/t/st) zvichienzaniswa ne$1331/st kusvika ku $ 62 / t ($ 56 / st) uye $ 314 / t ($ 285 / st) muna 2013) mu2012, maererano.Mutengo wekutengesa wehuwandu hwekutengesa kunze kwenyika wakawedzera muna 2013, uye kutakura kwe-low-tonnage, kutengeswa kwepamusoro-soro kwakapetwa kaviri muna 2013 zvichienzaniswa ne-2013 yakaderera-yakaderera mutengo wekutengesa kunze kwenyika. kutakura mu2013 kwakakonzera kuwedzera kwemutengo wekutengesa.
Sekureva kweUS Census Bureau, matani 4,681 (516 matani) evhu rebhora akatengeswa kunze kwenyika muna 2013, aikosha $174,000, zvichienzaniswa ne436 matani (481 matani) anokosha $137,000 mu2012.The US Census Bureau yakashuma kuti kunze kwenyika muna 2013 aiva 52.2 carats (57,500 mapfupi matani) inokosha $6.6 miriyoni, zvichienzaniswa 74 carats (81.600 matani) muna 2012, Vaikosha $4.58 mamiriyoni.The main destinations nokuda kunze bhora bhora ivhu vari kuburuka.The Europe 57,500 nzvimbo Nigua, Belgium nzvimbo huru yekutakura Nigua. US ball clay exports.Vagadziri veUS vanowanzotaura zvakapetwa kaviri kana katatu zvakapetwa kaviri kana katatu zvakapetwa kaviri kana katatu zvakapetwa seUS Census Bureau.Maererano nenhamba dzekutengeserana kubva kunze dzakaburitswa neMexico Ministry of Economy, kutengeswa kunze kwenyika kwevhu revhu rematani akawanda rakatumirwa kubva kuUnited States kuenda kuMexico rinogona kuverengerwa se kaolin.
Maonero eindasitiri yevhu bhora kukura kwekutengesa sezvo hupfumi hweUS hunoramba huchidzoreka kubva mukuderera.Muna 2013, kuvaka kwekutengesa uye mabasa ekuvaka ekugara aive akakosha kune bhora revhu kutengesa nekuda kwekushandisa kwavo mukugadzira mataira edongo uye utsanana ware.The US Census Bureau yakashuma 923,000 private imba unit inotanga muna 2013, 2018 yakawedzera muna 2018, 2012 muzana. kukosha kwezvivako zvekugara uye zvisiri zvekugara zvakapedzwa muna 2013 zvakawedzera 5 muzana kusvika ku $ 898 bhiriyoni kubva pamadhora 857 bhiriyoni muna 2012. Mukuwedzera, nyaya dzekuvharirwa dziri kugadziriswa munzvimbo dzakawanda dzeUnited States, kuderedza nhamba yemisha isina vanhu pamusika.Pasinei nekuvandudzwa uku, kutanga kwedzimba kuchiri pasi pemazinga asati aderera.
Kutengeswa mudzimba kwevhu revhu kunokanganiswawo nekutengeswa kunze kwenyika kwezvigadzirwa zvevhu zvakaita sematiles uye sanitary ware. Muna 2013, huwandu hwematairi akatengwa kunze kwenyika hwakadzikira kubva pamadhora 62.1 miriyoni mu5.86 square metres (63.1 miriyoni masikweya mafiti) muna 2012 kusvika pa5.58 square metres edule code 6907.10.00, 6908.10.10, 6908.10.20, 6908.10.50 Mukudzika kwevhoriyamu, China (22%);Mexico (21%);Italy neTurkey (10% imwe neimwe);Brazil (7%);Colombia, Peru neSpain (5% imwe neimwe) .Imports of sanitary ware yakawedzera kubva pamamiriyoni 25.2 muna 2012 kusvika pamamiriyoni 29,7 muna 2013.China yakaverengera mamiriyoni 14,7 (49%) eUS sanitaryware imports in 2013, uye Mexico 11.6 miriyoni (39%). vagadziri vevhu pane avo vanobva kuChina, sezvo vagadziri veUS ndivo vatengesi vevhu bhora kuMexico indasitiri yedongo.Kuwedzera kwebasa rekuvaka kunoratidza kuti kukura kwekutengesa kwevhu bhora revhu muna 2014 kunogona kunge kwakangofanana ne2013.
Inenge yose bauxite inodyiwa muUnited States inotengeswa kunze kwenyika.Alabama, Arkansas, neGeorgia inogadzira zvishoma zvebauxite nevhu rebauxite kuitira kushandiswa kusina simbi.
Metallurgical giredhi bauxite (yakaoma yakaoma) zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika zvakasvika 9.8 metric tonnes (10.1 miriyoni standard tonnes) muna 2013, a 5% kuderera kubva 2012 imports.Jamaica (48%).Guinea (26%) neBrazil (25%) ndivo vaiva vatengesi vepamusoro kuU. ) refractory giredhi calcined bauxite yakaunzwa kunze kwenyika, kuwedzera kwe58% gore negore.
Kutengeswa kunze kwegiredhi refractory calcined bauxite kwakawedzera zvichienzaniswa ne2012, zvichikonzera kudzokororwa kwezvinhu sezvo kutengeswa kunze kwenyika kwebauxite-based refractory zvigadzirwa kwakadzikira zvichienzaniswa ne2012. Domestic simbi kugadzirwa, ndiko kunyanya kushandiswa kwebauxite-based refractory zvigadzirwa, zvakadonha neinenge 2% mu20204 2013, China main source (492014202020142020142013 kugadzirwa uye 492020142020142013 main source. s yeUS refractory-giredhi calcined bauxite kunze kwenyika.
Kunotengeswa kunze kwegiredhi isiri-refractory calcined bauxite yakazara 455 carats (501,500 matani mapfupi) muna 2013, kuwedzera kwe40% kupfuura kunze kwenyika 2012. Kukura kwainzi kunowedzera kushandiswa kwebauxite musimende, indasitiri yemafuta senge proppant ye hydraulic Guta fracturing (2%) neAustralia Guyana (200%) uye Australia fracturing. manyuko makuru.
Muna 2013, United States yakatumira kunze 9-carat (9,900 st) refractory giredhi calcined bauxite, kuwedzera kwe40% pane 2012 kunze kwenyika, neCanada (72%) neMexico (7%) nzvimbo huru. 0 matani mapfupi) muna 2012.Coarse dry bauxite inotengeswa kunze kwenyika inosvika matani 4,000 (4,400 matani mapfupi), kuderera kwe59% kubva ku2012 kunze kwenyika, neCanada (82%) ndiyo nzvimbo huru yekuenda.
Domestic alumina production yaifungidzirwa pa 4.1 metric tons (4.6 miriyoni mapfupi matani) muna 2013, pasi ne7% kubva 2012. Kuderera kwacho kwakakonzerwa nekugadzirwa kwakaderera paOrmet Corp.'s 540 t/y (595,000 st) Burnside, Los Angeles refinery. Zvikamu zviviri kubva muzvitatu zveAlfine yakasara yakavharwa muAlfine yaAugust. s GmbH uye yakatangazve pakati paZvita.
Total aluminium imports muna 2013 vaiva 2.05 metric matani (2.26 miriyoni mureza matani), mumwe 8% kuwedzera pamusoro 2012 alumina imports.Australia (37%), Suriname (35%) uye Brazil (12%) vaiva main sources.Total alumina kunze kwenyika muna 2013 vaiva 2.25 metric matani pamusoro 8 miriyoni 20% kuwedzera 20% 2. , Canada (35%), Egypt (17%) neIceland (13%) ndiyo nzvimbo huru dzekuenda.
Yese yekushandisa mudzimba bauxite kushandiswa (pane crude yakaoma yakaenzana hwaro) muna 2013 yaifungidzirwa pa 9.8 mt (10.1 miriyoni standard matani), 2% yakakwirira kupfuura muna 2012. Pane izvi, anenge 8.8 metric tons (9.1 miriyoni standard matani) yakashandiswa kugadzira alumina.6% yakaderera kupfuura gore rapfuura. uyewo muindasitiri yemafuta, kugadzirwa kwesimbi uye kurapwa kwemvura.
Kushandiswa kwealuminamu mudzimba muna 2013 kwaive 3.89 metric tons (4.29 miriyoni matani matani), kuderera kwe6% kubva muna 2012. Muna 2013, mamwe maindasitiri muUnited States akadya makirogiramu mazana mana nemakumi mapfumbamwe (540,000 matani akajairwa) ealuminium anodzikira kubva pamakumi maviri negumi nemazana maviri emakumi maviri negumi nemazana maviri emakumi maviri nemazana emakumi maviri nemazana maviri emakumi maviri nemazana emakumi maviri emadhora. simende, ceramics uye makemikari.
Mitengo yebauxite inotengeswa kunze kwenyika inosiyana zvichienderana nenzvimbo, kwainosvika uye giredhi. Mitengo yeyuniti yeyakatengwa kunze kwenyika refractory grade calcined bauxite kubva kunzvimbo huru muna 2013 yaive $813/t ($737/st) kubva kuBrazil (kukwira 5%) uye $480/t ($435/st) kubva kuChina ($401/st) kubva kuChina ($40 zvishoma)
Mitengo yeasiri-refractory giredhi calcined bauxite yakaunzwa kubva kune makuru masosi kubva ku $56/t ($51/st) muAustralia (pasi 20%) kusvika $65/t ($59/st) muGreece (kukwira 12%) muna 2013 .Mutengo wepakati wekutengwa kunze kwenyika yakaoma yakaoma bauxite muna 2013 / 2013 mutengo wakakwira mu2013 $ 2% yakakwirira kupfuura 2 % 2% mutengo we 2 % 2% yakakwira. yealumina inotengeswa kunze kwenyika muna 2013 yaiva $ 396 / t ($ 359 / st), 3% yakaderera pane muna 2012 2012. Avhareji mutengo wealuminium aitengeswa kunze kwenyika kubva kuU.
Mitengo yeAluminium yakaenderera mberi muna 2013 kusvika pachikamu chekutanga che 2014. Mitengo yakaderera yealuminium uye mari yepamusoro yemagetsi inotaurwa sezvikonzero zvekuvharwa kweimwe yeimba yekutanga aluminium smelter muna 2013 uye chiziviso chekuvharwa kweimwe primary aluminium smelter muchikamu chekutanga che2014. ma melters uye vatengesi vemagetsi vakawana zvibvumirano zvekugovera magetsi.Zvisinei, varidzi vezvimwe zvinyungudutsa zviviri zviri kuedza kutaurirana zvibvumirano zvemagetsi kuti mitengo yemagetsi ideredzwe.
Kunyange zvazvo mitengo yealuminium yakagadzikana muchikamu chekutanga chegore ra2014, kudiwa kwealuminium kuchaenderana nezvibvumirano zvemagetsi matsva nemamwe smelters.Kunyange zvazvo mitengo yegasi yeUnited States yakaramba ichikwira mugore rapfuura, mitengo yakaderera inotarisirwa kuenderera mberi ichipa zvakanakira mari kune vagadziri vealuminium mudzimba muna 2014.
Kutengeswa kunze kwenyika kwerefractory-giredhi calcined bauxite kunotarisirwa kuenderana nekugadzirwa kwesimbi, asi kutsiva simbi nealuminium nevagadziri vemotokari vari kutsvaga kuvandudza kushanda kwemafuta kungangoita kuderedza kudiwa kwesimbi uye refractory zvigadzirwa zvekugadzira simbi.Kushandiswa kwenon-refractory giredhi calcined bauxite kunotarisirwa kuwedzera muna 2014 sezvo indasitiri yepetroleum uye hydrrings ichishandisazve petroleum.
Muna 2013, indasitiri yebentonite yakaramba isina kuchinjwa kubva ku2012.Total US kugadzirwa uye kutengesa kwaiva 4.95 metric tons (5.4 mamiriyoni emakoroni), zvichienzaniswa ne 4.98 metric tons (5.5 mamiriyoni emakoroni) mu 2012.Kugadzirwa kwebentonite yakawedzerwa inotungamirirwa neWyoming, inoteverwa neUtah neOregon.1B. , kupora kubva kuUS uye kuderera kwenyika (2007-2009) kwakaratidzika kunge kwakazara.Zvisinei, kugadzirwa kwedzimba uye kunoenderana nekuvaka bentonite kushandiswa kuri kutanga kupora.MuNorth America (US neCanada), yakazvimba sodium bentonite inotonga iyo isiri-kuzvimba karusiyamu bentonite, accounting inopfuura 97% yehuwandu hwebentonite musika weAntonite, California, Arizona kushandiswa kwebentonite isina kuwedzera ndeye foundry jecha binders, kurapwa kwemvura uye filtration.
Munyika yose, mugadziri mukuru we sodium activated bentonite iGreece.China, Egypt neIndia.AMCOL (yaimbova American Colloid Co.) inoramba iri iyo inotungamira sodium bentonite mugadziri ane inenge 40% yemugove wemusika, nepo BPM Minerals LLC (aHalliburton subsidiary) ine inenge 30% US market share.Mamwe makuru makuru e-sodium bentonite anotanga kuvakwa kweHill-Bennite anotanga MI-BenLLC itsva. 2013.Wyo-Ben Inc. yakavhura mugodhi mutsva pedyo neThermopolis, Wyoming.Matura edhipoziti anotarisirwa kuti agare makore gumi kusvika makumi maviri.Mari yemidziyo yakaramba yakagadzikana, asi mitengo yerori haina kuchinjwa mu2013.
Kuchera-giredhi bentonite yemafuta uye gasi kuchera uye kupora kwaive kushandiswa kukuru kwebentonite yakawedzera mu2013, ichigadzira anenge 1.15 metric tons (1.26 miriyoni mapfupi matani) .Nhamba yemagetsi anoshanda yakaramba ichiwedzera mu2013, ichisimbisa kudzoka kwemafuta uye gasi kuchera.Kunyanya, horizontal application yekugadzira shantoni drilling.
Musika wekeked pet unonwa tsvina ndiyo musika wechipiri pakukura wegranular yakawedzerwa bentonite.Kunyangwe mhomho yemarara ezvipfuyo yakasvika 1.24 metric tons (1.36 miriyoni metric toni) muna 2005, yakachinja pakati pe1.05 uye 1.08 metric matani (1.15 miriyoni uye 1.19 musika wemakore matani 1.19) ne1. (1.15 mamiriyoni metric toni) muna 2013 mt).
Iron ore pellets yekuwedzera bentonite yaive musika wechitatu pakukura, uchikura kusvika 550 kilotons (606.000 matani mapfupi) muna 2013 sezvo kudiwa kwesimbi kwakawedzera kuUS auto uye inorema michina kugadzirwa.
Kubva 2011, avhareji uwandu yakawedzerwa bentonite rinoshandiswa bhainda mune foundry jecha resimbi uye dzimwe simbi dzinopfuura 500 carats (550,000 matani mapfupi) .Kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvitsva hazvina kunyanya kukanganisa aya mana makuru granular uye poda akawedzera bentonite misika.
Musika we bentonite wezvikumbiro zveinjiniya zvehurumende, wakarongedzerwa zvakaparadzana kubva muna 2005, waive 175 carats (192,000 matani mapfupi), zvichiratidza kuti musika wakatanga kupora kubva mukuderera kwe2008.Iyo yekudzivirira mvura nekuisa chisimbiso bentonite musika yakaramba ichikura pamwe neindasitiri yekuvaka ichitevera kuderera kweUS, ichisvika pamusika 1600 diki diki diki kuwedzera 12500 carats. ed bentonites yekunamatira, chikafu chemhuka, mafirita uye mafirita, uye mamwe maapplication haasati adzoka kubva mukuderera kwe2008.
Chikamu chidiki chemusika webentonite chakanyanya kujekesa chinwiwa uye waini uye zvigadzirwa zve organoclay.AMCOL, Southern Clay Products, Sud Chemie uye Elementis Specialties Inc. vari kutsvaga bentonite nanocomposite musika. ganoclay zvigadzirwa zvakadai seBentone 910, Bentone 920 uye Bentone 990 yemafuta-based drilling fluids.
Kubva pakudzikira kwepasi rose muna 2008, chiyero chekuchinjana chedhora rekuAmerica chakabatsira kuzvimba kutengesa kunze kwenyika.Muna 2013, vagadziri vepamba bentonite vakashuma kunze kwenyika kwe950 carats (1.05 miriyoni mapfupi matani) ye bentonite yekuchera dhaka, foundry sand binder uye mamwe misika yakasiyana.
Bismuth chinhu chinorema chine makemikari ane chekuita neantimony.Ichigadzirwa chemutobvu uye tungsten kutorwa, uye kusvika padiki mhangura netin.Antimony chinhu chakareruka chemakemikari.Ichigadzirwa chekubviswa kwesimbi dzakaita se lead, sirivheri negoridhe.Kushandiswa kukuru kwebismuth neantimony kwakafanana nekomboni.
Bismuth uye antimony compounds uye inoenderana isiri-metallic inoshandisa iyo yakawanda yekudyiwa kwezvinhu izvi zvemakemikari.Kashoma kushandiswa sesimbi kana alloy.
Boka guru rekupedzisira-rekushandisa bismuth iboka remakemikari, rinosanganisira mishonga yakadai sePepto Bismol (bismuth subsalicylate), maziso ekuzora ane pearlescent effect (bismuth oxychloride), catalysts, uye kumwe kushandiswa kwemakemikari sependi (Bismuth Vanadate Yellow).
Boka rinotevera rinonyanya kukosha rekupedzisira-kushandiswa kwebismuth iboka remetallurgical additive, iro rakaumbwa rinodzivirira crystallization ye graphite kubva ku carbon supersaturated yakanyungudutswa simbi, inosimudzira mahara machining esimbi, mhangura nealuminium, uye inosimudzira yunifomu yekuputira mu galvanizing.Kune zvese zvinoshandiswa zveboka iri rekuwedzera, bismuth haishande sechinhu chinokonzeresa, asi inokurudzira kuita sechinhu chinokonzeresa, asi inokurudzira kuita sechinhu chinokonzeresa. maitiro kana zvivako.Simbi inoda chete 0.1% bismuth kana selenium kuitira machinability yakanaka.Ichienzanisa nemapoka aya ekupedzisira-kushandiswa, boka rebismuth alloy rinotora chikamu chiduku che bismuth uye chinoshandiswa mu fusible alloys, mamwe alloys akaderera, uye zvombo.
Kunyanya kushandiswa kweantimony sechinhu chinopisa moto, kunyanya mukurapa mapurasitiki, adhesives uye textiles.Antimony oxide ine basa rinokosha segasi-phase free radical quencher mumurazvo wemoto, mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzehalogenated dzinoshandiswa semoto retardants.
Imwe kirasi yezvigadzirwa zvisiri zvesimbi inonyanya kushandiswa mu pigment uye girazi (kusanganisira ceramics) .Antimony oxide mumagirazi akawanda uye ceramics inoshanda se opacifier, asi antimony mune magirazi anokosha anogona kujekesa iwo.Iyo antimony lead uye alloy boka rinosanganisira zvakanyanya antimony lead inoshandiswa mupeturu-powered mabhatiri emotokari.
Kudzokororwa kunobva pazvinenge zvisingagoneki (bismuth mumishonga yemudumbu uye zvizoro nekuti yakapararira zvachose) kusvika pakuomerwa kwakadzikira, senge antimony mumurazvo retardants, metallurgical additives uye bismuth mukuvheneka, antimony mugirazi Bismuth mune Additives uye Catalysts.Iyo iri nyore, iri nyore uye yakachipa nzira yekudzokorodza bismuth mune fusible alloys uye mamwe alloys uye antimony mubhatiri antimony lead plate.
US inotorwa kunze kwebismuth simbi yakaramba isina kuchinjwa muna 2012 uye 2013 pa1,699 matani (1,872 matani mapfupi) uye 1,708 matani (1,882 matani mapfupi).Antimony oxide, yakanyanya kutengwa nevhoriyamu, yaive 20.7 carats (22,800tal 2012 tani 21 uye 22 tons 21) 0 tons) muna 2013, kuwedzera kudiki.Mwedzi miviri ye2014 data inoratidza kuti chimiro ichi chiri kuenderera mberi.United States Geological Survey (USGS) haichabudisi ongororo yayo yekota yebismuth.
The 2011 (yazvino yakadhindwa) gore negore kupera-kushandiswa kwese kudyiwa kwebismuth muUnited States yaive matani 222 (245 matani) yeboka remetallurgical additive uye 54 matani (59 matani) yebismuth alloys.Chiyero chinonyanya kukosha chemakemikari, 6681 (736 st).
USGS 'inooneka antimony inoshandiswa muUnited States yaive 21.7 carats (23,900 matani mapfupi) muna 2012 uye 24 carats (26,500 mapfupi matani) muna 2013.
Mukushaikwa kwedata rakawanda, mhedzisiro ye2013 yebismuth haina kushandurwa zvishoma.Kune antimony, kuongorora data shoma, kushandiswa muna 2013 kunofanira kunge kwakatenderedza 10% kumusoro kupfuura muna 2012.Muna 2014, bismuth inoratidzika kunge icharamba isingachinji uye antimony inoderera zvishoma.
Zvicherwa zvina zvinoita 90 muzana yemabhorati anoshandiswa neindasitiri pasi rose—sodium borate, calcium tin, uye potassium;calcium borate, calcium stearate;uye calcium sodium borate, colemanite.Borax is a white crystalline substancely known as sodium tetraborate decahydrate, iyo inowanzoitika mumineral tin.Boric acid is a colorless, crystalline solid is a colorless, crystalline solid sold in technical, state prescription and special quality grades in granular or powder form, most often as anhydrous boric acid.Borate deposits are associated with the arid economy of the volcanic, the Mojart deposits are associated with the arid economy ron.CA, Alpine Belt yekuSouth Asia, Andes Belt yekuSouth America. Hunhu hwechipo kana kuti chengetedzo inowanzoyerwa maererano ne boron trioxide (B,0,) yayo yakaenzana.
2013 US kugadzirwa kwemaminerari eboron uye makomisheni akawedzera zvishoma kubva ku2012;Makambani maviri ekuSouthern California anogadzira zvicherwa zveboron, kunyanya sodium borate.Rio Tinto Borax, kambani inova pasi peUK-based Rio Tinto Minerals pic, inobvisa core rock netin-calcium kuburikidza nemigodhi yegomba rakavhurika pakushanda kwayo muBoteries boric acid. yangu uye inotumirwa nechitima kana rori kuvatengi vekuNorth America kana kutengeswa kunze kwenyika kuburikidza nePort of Los Angeles.Specialty borates, sekurima, huni inochengetedza uye zvigadzirwa zvinodzoreredza moto, inogadzirwa muWilmington, CA, muBorax.plant.Searles Valley Minerals, Inc. (SVM) inogadzira borax uye boric acid kubva potassium uye sodium boraarles brines Lake California paTôarles SVône Lake California. na uye Westend zvinomera, aya mabrines anonatswa kuita anhydrous, decahydrate uye borax pentahydrate.
Boron minerals uye makemikari anonyanya kudyiwa kuchamhembe nechepakati uye kumabvazuva kweUnited States.Inofungidzirwa kugovera maitiro emakemikari eboron akadyiwa muUnited States mu2013 aiva girazi uye ceramics, 80%;sipo, mishonga yekugezesa, uye mableaches, 4%;kurima, 4%;enamels uye glazes, 3% uye mamwe mashandisirwo, 9%.Boron inoshandiswa mugirazi sechinhu chinowedzera kuderedza kuwedzera kwekushisa;kunatsiridza simba, makemikari kuramba, uye kusimba;uye kupa kuramba kuzununguka, tembiricha yakakwira, uye kudziya kwekushisa.Insulation uye textile fiberglass ndiyo yakanyanya kushandiswa imwechete yeborates pasi rose.
Boron ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa mukurima, kunyanya kusimudzira kugadzirwa kwembeu.Mafetereza eBoron anonyanya kubva muborax nemonetite, anogona kuendeswa nespray kana kudiridza mvura nekuda kwekunyungudika kwawo kwemvura.
US sodium borate yakatengeswa kunze kwenyika yaiva 650 kt (716,000 st) mu2013, kuwedzera kuduku kubva ku646 kt (712,000 st) muna 2012.Boric acid inotengeswa kunze kwenyika yakaramba isina kuchinjwa pa 190 kt (209,000 st) .Iyo unit value yakawedzera / kubva ku2 $ 7 92 yeboric acids yakawedzera / kubva ku $ 8 92 $ . 10 / t ($ 740 / st) mu 2013. Mutori mukuru we boric acid kunze kwenyika muna 2013 aiva South Korea, achiverengera 20 muzana. Boric acid inotengeswa muna 2013 yaiva 53 kilotons (59,000 tonnes), inenge 4% yakaderera kupfuura muna 2012.About ye20ric acid yeTurkey yakauya kubva ku20. muna 2013 yaiva $687/t ($623/st), kubva pa$782/1 ($709/st) muna 2012.
Turkey neUnited States vakatungamira pasi rose mukugadzirwa kweborate muna 2013.Kusingabatanidzi kugadzirwa kweUS, huremu hwepasi rose hweborate hwakafungidzirwa pa4.9 metric tons (5.4 miriyoni mapfupi matani) mu2013, 11 muzana kuwedzera kubva 2012.
Argentina inyanzvi yekugadzira boron ore muSouth America.Kuwedzera kwekupedzisira kwekugadzirwa kweborate muArgentina, kunyanya boric acid, kunonyanya kukonzerwa nekuwedzera kudiwa kwema borates kubva kumaindasitiri e ceramic uye magirazi muAsia neNorth America.