Ko sei kwete00e0mm0?Chokwadi, kunopisa, asi kunokunda kutonhora uye unoita nguva yakawanda yo00ur.PaInjini Inovaka, timu yedu yanga iri mushishi kushanyira zviitiko zvemujaho, mashoo, kushanyira vagadziri veinjini uye zvitoro, uye basa redu remazuva ese.
Kana pasina pini yekuwana muvhavha yenguva kana kesi yenguva, kana kana gomba repini rekutsvaga risingakwane papini.Tora damper yekare uye jecha pakati kuitira kuti iko zvino kutsvedza pamusoro pemhino ye crank.Shandisa iyo kuchengetedza chivharo nekusimbisa mabhoti.
Kunyangwe iwe uri nyanzvi yekuvaka injini, makanika kana mugadziri, kana anofarira mota anoda injini, mota dzemujaho uye mota dzinomhanya, Injini Inovaka ine chimwe chinhu kwauri.Mamagazini edu anodhinda anopa ruzivo rwehunyanzvi pane zvese zvaunoda kuziva nezve indasitiri yeinjini nemisika yayo yakasiyana, ukuwo sarudzo dzedu dzetsamba dzinokuchengetedza uchiziva nezvenhau dzichangoburwa uye zvigadzirwa, ruzivo rwehunyanzvi uye vemukati meindasitiri.Nekudaro, iwe unogona kuwana zvese izvi chete nekunyorera.Nyorera izvozvi kuti ugamuchire kudhindwa kwepamwedzi uye/kana edhijitari yeEngine Builders Magazine, pamwe chete nevhiki nevhiki Engine Builders Newsletter, Weekly Engine Newsletter kana Weekly Diesel Newsletter zvakananga mubhokisi rako rekutumira.Iwe uchave wakafukidzwa nesimba rebhiza pasina nguva!
Kunyangwe iwe uri nyanzvi yekuvaka injini, makanika kana mugadziri, kana anofarira mota anoda injini, mota dzemujaho uye mota dzinomhanya, Injini Inovaka ine chimwe chinhu kwauri.Mamagazini edu anodhinda anopa ruzivo rwehunyanzvi pane zvese zvaunoda kuziva nezve indasitiri yeinjini nemisika yayo yakasiyana, ukuwo sarudzo dzedu dzetsamba dzinokuchengetedza uchiziva nezvenhau dzichangoburwa uye zvigadzirwa, ruzivo rwehunyanzvi uye vemukati meindasitiri.Nekudaro, iwe unogona kuwana zvese izvi chete nekunyorera.Nyorera izvozvi kuti ugamuchire kudhindwa kwepamwedzi uye/kana edhijitari yeEngine Builders Magazine, pamwe chete nevhiki nevhiki Engine Builders Newsletter, Weekly Engine Newsletter kana Weekly Diesel Newsletter zvakananga mubhokisi rako rekutumira.Iwe uchave wakafukidzwa nesimba rebhiza pasina nguva!
Nemarudzi ese akasiyana emafuta ari pamusika emhando dzese dzinofungidzirwa uye kumisikidzwa kweinjini, ungaronga sei zvese izvi uye sarudza iyo inopa mhedzisiro yaunoda?
Sezvo nyanzvi yedu yemafuta yekugara John Martin (aimbova Lubrizol Scientist) akaipfupisa: Mu60s uye 70s, oiri yaive nyore chinangwa.Mamiriro ezvinhu zvino akaoma.
Passenger mota mota oiri (PCMO) yakaita shanduko dzakawanda mumakore apfuura.Nekudaro, iyo yakanyanya kukanganisa kuita kwevagadziri veinjini kudzikiswa kusvika pa800 ppm yeanti-kupfeka yekuwedzera inozivikanwa seZDDP (zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate), nekuda kwekukanganisa kwayo kune catalytic converters.Magadzirirwo emafuta apfuura anga aine anosvika 1200-1500 ppm ZDDP.
Iwo achangoburwa PCMO maumbirwo akagadzirirwa kudzikisa kubuda kwemhepo uye kunatsiridza kushanda kwemafuta.Ivo zvakare vaifanira kuwedzera hupenyu hweiyo catalytic converter, iro risiri dambudziko kune injini yemujaho.Kuma 1996, maOEM mazhinji akaunza injini dzeOHV nevateveri ve roller kuderedza kudiwa kwemazinga epamusoro e-anti-wear additives.Kusvika panguva iyoyo, injini dzekushanda kwepamusoro kubva kumavambo 90s dzaigona kushandisa mafuta akafanana seinjini dzemasheya pasina mhedzisiro.Nhasi, kana ukashandisa oiri yemumugwagwa (API yakatenderwa) mune akawanda epamusoro maitiro ekushandisa, haizokwanise kubata mutoro, kunyanya kana flat tappet camshafts ikatadza.
Nekuda kweiyo yakaderera ZDDP muPCMO, vamwe vavaki veinjini uye hobbyists vakachinjira kudhiziri ine yakakwira yekuwedzera.Zvisinei, nyanzvi dzinonyevera kuti 1,200 ppm (inowanikwa mumafuta edhiziri) inogona kunge iri pedyo nezvinodiwa nevagadziri veinjini.Mazhinji emakwikwi emujaho anogona kushandisa mafuta edhiziri mumashini akaderera ekuita.Asi kana iwe uchida kusvina simba rega rega, kubheja kwako kwakanyanya kushandisa mafuta akagadzirirwa chinangwa ichocho (ndipo panouya mafuta emujaho).
Mamwe emafuta edhiziri anowedzera anobatsira kuchengetedza soot mukumiswa anogona kunge asina kukodzera mota dzemujaho uye anogona kusiya rimwe simba zvichienzaniswa nemafuta emijaho.Nyanzvi dzemafuta emujaho dzinoti maoiri avo anopa kudzivirirwa kuri nani kudarika mafuta akagadzirwa neAPI uye anobatsira kuwedzera simba nekuti anoderedzawo kupikisa kwemukati (kukwesha).
Gasoline Direct Jekiseni (GDI) neTurbocharged Direct Injection (TGDI) injini dziri kukonzera kuti vagadziri vatambure kuwana yakaderera pre-ignition (LSPI) mhinduro.MaOEM ari kushanda nevagadziri vemafuta (API uye ILSAC) kugadzira mazinga matsva ekugadzirisa nyaya iyi.Iyo itsva API/ILSAC classification, inonzi GF-6, ichatangwa muna Chivabvu gore rino, asi ichiri kure.Matatu matsva einjini bvunzo aifanira kugadzirwa uye ese ekare bvunzo akagadziridzwa.Injini yekuyedza inoshandiswa pabvunzo dzechinyakare yakagadziridzwa kumiririra zvimwe zviri kuitika nhasi.
Mune zvese, kune mitsva minomwe bvunzo yakanangana neGF-6.Pane ina dzimwe nzira kune yazvino ASTM Series III, IV, V, uye VI bvunzo.Miedzo mitsva mitatu inosanganisira yakadzokororwa Sequence VI bvunzo yeakakodzera yakaderera viscosity oiri uye Sequence IX cheni kupfeka bvunzo yeLSPI uye X.
Maererano neAPI, bvunzo dzakawanda dzeGF-5 dzasvika pakupera.Kune akati wandei maspare parts einjini yekare.Naizvozvo, iyo API inodawo kuyedzwa nemimwe mitsva mitsva.Iyo IIIH sequence yakatsiva iyo IIIG kutevedzana uye ndeye oxidation uye kunaya kwemvura bvunzo.Muedzo uyu wakagadziridzwa kushandisa 2012 FCA 3.6L port fuel injection (PFI) injini.Muedzo weIIIG wakashandisa injini yeGM 3800 V6 iyo yakamiswa muna 1996.
Muedzo weVH unotsiva VG uye ndeimwe yebvunzo dzekare uchishandisa 1994 Ford 4.6L V8 pasi peGF-5.Kutsiva kuyedzwa iko zvino kuri kushandisa Ford 4.6L ya2013 kuongorora kugona kwayo kuchengetedza zvikamu zveinjini kubva kumatope uye varnish.Sequence IVB ndeye cam uye kupfeka bvunzo paToyota's 1.6L 4-cylinder injini.Muedzo uyu ndeimwe nzira kune yazvino IVA bvunzo.
Muedzo mutsva weLSPI uchishandisa iyo Ford 2.0L GDI EcoBoost injini, inova bvunzo nyowani yekupfeka cheni.Iyo cheni yekupfeka bvunzo inotaridza kuti kuvhuvhuta-nekuda kwemafuta dilution uye kusvibiswa kwemafuta kunogona kukonzera kuwedzera kwecheni kupfeka.Iyo 2.0-litre Ford injini ichashandiswawo pakuyedza.
Iyo Sequence VIE yemafuta ehupfumi bvunzo inoshandisa 2012 GM 3.6L injini pane 2008 2.6L Cadillac.Muedzo uyu unoyera kuti hupfumi hwemafuta hunogona kuvandudzwa sei.Imwe vhezheni yebvunzo iyi (Sequence VIF) inoyera hupfumi hwemafuta kana uchishandisa yakaderera viscosity oiri.
Kuwedzera kunyonganiso, API/ILSAC yakakamura GF-6 kuita zvirevo zviviri: GF-6A uye GF-6B.Iyo GF-6A inoenderana nemotokari parizvino dziri kushandisa SN PLUS kana Resource Conserving SN.Iyo viscosity yemafuta akadaro ndeye 0W-20 chete.Ichatarisa pakubvisa cheni uye LSPI kupfeka, pamwe neazvino GDI uye GTDI injini.
Injini ichangoburwa ichaenda zvakatopfuura, inoda 0W-16 (kureva Toyota yazvino neHonda).Reenactors vanozofanira kunyatsoteerera sezvo kushandisa mafuta asiri iwo kunogona kukonzera matambudziko mukufamba kwenguva.Chiratidzo chitsva cheAPI chichashandiswa kuratidza GF-6B.Mucherechedzo, unotaridzika kunge nhovo kupfuura yechinyakare Starburst API, ichave iri pamberi pebhodhoro remafuta.
Imwe yematambudziko nemafambisirwo emafuta emujaho anotengeswa nhasi nderekuti vagadziri veinjini nevatambi vanofanirwa kusarudza kuti ndeapi makambani emafuta ekuvimba nekuti hapana anofananidzwa.Izvi zvinogona kusachinja chero nguva munguva pfupi sezvo mafuta emujaho ari musika weniche kana uchienzaniswa nehukuru hwemusika wemotokari dzinotakura vanhu.Kuongororwa kwemaLabhoratori kunodiwa kuti itsanangure sechikamu.Izvi pachazvo hazvigoneke kumakambani mazhinji emafuta emarudzi.Kana vakashanda pamwechete seAPI/ILSAC pamwe vanogona kuzviita?Anofunga.
Nyanzvi dzinoyambira pamusoro pekudzingirira yakakwira ppm oiri sekunge ndiyo inoyera grail, nekuti zvinoreva zvakanyanya.Huwandu hwe detergent hunoshandiswa uye chiyero chezvekuwedzera antiwear mumwe mutsauko mukuru pakati pemujaho nemafuta emumugwagwa.Detergents inochenesa injini yekabhoni deposits uye madhipoziti, ayo akakosha kwazvo kumainjini emumugwagwa anoshanda nemajekiseni mapfupi uye tembiricha yakaderera yekushandisa.Asi injini dzemujaho hadzidi dzakachena zvakanyanya nekuti dzinoputika kazhinji.
Inenge 85% yemafuta einjini inogadzirwa kubva kune imwe kana musanganiswa wemapoka mashanu emafuta epasi.Boka I base oiri ndiwo akacheneswa zvishoma uye anoshandiswa muhuremu hwenguva dzose.Boka rechipiri rine tsvina shoma uye rinonyanya kucheneswa.Inoshandiswa mune yakajairika multigrade oiri.Boka III base oiri inoiswa seyakagadzirwa nekuti inowedzerwa kunatswa.Boka IV base oiri iPAO (polyalphaolefin) makomisheni, nepo boka V chiri chero chinhu chisingawire mumapoka mana ekutanga.
Mazhinji maoiri emujaho ane ekugadzira base oiri kana masanganiswa, asi mamwe emhando yepamusoro emamineral oiri anoshandiswawo nhasi.Kushandisa maoiri ekugadzira hakuzonyatso kuvandudza mashandiro, asi haanyanyi kunzwa kupisa.Nekudaro, maoiri ekugadzira mabhesi achinja kune yakaderera viscosity oiri kuderedza kurasikirwa kwesimba reparasitic, iro rinonyanya kubatsira mukumhanya.
Mushonga wemakemikari wezvinowedzera uye kuumbwa kwese kunonyanya kukosha kudarika ega ega ega emafuta.Iwe haugone kutonga zvine musoro mafuta zvichienderana nechinhu chimwe chete kana zviviri.Synthetic zvinhu zvinobvumira injini kuti imhanye patembiricha yepamusoro uye kuwedzera nguva yekuchinja mafuta, asi maoiri emamineral anogona kushandiswawo mujaho.Mineral base oiri vakaona kubudirira kwakanyanya mumakore mashoma apfuura.Synthetic oiri inodarika mamineral oils mukupisa kwakanyanya uye kutonhora kwemamiriro ezvinhu, asi haisi nguva dzose sarudzo yakanaka.Mineral oiri ndiyo inowanzoita sarudzo inokwanisika, kunyanya kana iwe uchiidhonza kazhinji.
Sevatasvi nevagadziri veinjini, isu tinogara tichitsvaga nzira dzekuwedzera simba uye revs.Nekudaro, kuwedzera simba uye rpm kunowedzerawo mutoro pafirimu rekuzora iro mafuta anofanira kubata pakati pezvikamu zvesimbi.Makambani emafuta emijaho ari kugadzira mafuta ekuzora anogona kubata mitoro yepamusoro pamafirimu emafuta matete kupfuura nakare kose.Izvo zvakagadzirirwa kubata mitoro yakakwirira pasina kuwedzera kupfeka, iro ndiro dambudziko guru.Hatisi kutsigira mhando imwe kana imwe pano, asi mhando dzinoita zvakanyanya dzine ruzivo uye bvunzo kuratidza kuti dzinoita izvo zvavanofanira kuita.
Maindasitiri emujaho uye emotokari achiri kure kure kubva kuma60s uye 70s (ayo akawanda anodana mazuva ekubwinya kwavo).Sezvo zvese kubva kumabhurasho emazino kusvika kumafoni zvichiwedzera kuomarara, kanenge mafuta emota haasati auya neapp.EB