Mabhenefiti anogona kuwanikwa nekuwana nzwisiso mune imwe nhanga yezviyo chimiro chinodzora mashandiro emakanika esimbi isina tsvina.Getty Images
Kusarudzwa kwesimbi isina tsvina uye aruminiyamu alloys kazhinji inotarisana nesimba, ductility, elongation, uye kuoma.Zvinhu izvi zvinoratidza kuti zvivako zvesimbi zvinopindura sei kune mitoro inoshandiswa.Ivo chiratidzo chinoshanda chekugadzirisa zvipingamupinyi zvezvinhu zvakasvibiswa;kureva kuti ichakotama yakawanda sei isati yaputsika.Iyo mbishi inofanira kunge ichikwanisa kushingirira pakuumbwa kwayo pasina kutyora.
Kuparadza kusimba uye kuomarara kuyedzwa inzira yakavimbika, inodhura-inoshanda yekuona ma mechanic properties.Zvisinei, iyi bvunzo hadzisi dzakavimbika kana ukobvu hwechigadzirwa chatanga kudzikamisa saizi yeyeyedzo saizi.Tensile yekuedza yezvigadzirwa zvesimbi yakatsetseka ichiri kubatsira, asi mabhenefiti anogona kuwanikwa nekutarisa zvakadzama pane imwe layer yezviyo chimiro chinodzora maitiro ayo emuchina.
Simbi dzinoumbwa nenhevedzano yemakristaro emicroscopic anonzi grains.Anogovaniswa zvisina tsarukano mukati mesimbi.Atomu dzealloying elements, dzakadai sedare, chromium, nickel, manganese, silicon, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous and sulfur in austenitic stainless steels, chikamu chetsanga imwe chete.Izvi zvinova masimbi emushonga wakagovaniswa masimbi. maerekitironi.
Mushonga wekemikari yealloy unosarudza thermodynamically yakasarudzwa kuronga kwemaatomu muzviyo, inozivikanwa sekristal structure.Homogeneous zvikamu zvesimbi ine inodzokorora crystal structure inoita tsanga imwe kana kupfuura inonzi phases.The mechanical properties of an alloy ibasa rekristal structure mualloy.Izvo zvakafanana zvinoenda kune ukuru uye kurongwa kwechikamu chimwe nechimwe chezviyo.
Vanhu vazhinji vanoziva matanho emvura.Kana mvura yemvura yaoma, inova aizi yakasimba.Zvisinei, kana iri simbi, hapana chikamu chimwe chete chakasimba.Dzimwe mhuri dzine alloy dzinotumidzwa mazita ezvikamu zvadzo.Pakati pemasimbi asina tsvina, austenitic 300 series alloys consistly of austenite when annealed 000 sterin 4 stainstade , alloys 4 sterols, 300 simbi stainless. tensite mu410 uye 420 Stainless simbi alloys.
Izvi zvakafanana netitanium alloys.Zita reboka rimwe nerimwe rinoratidza chikamu chavo chikuru patembiricha yepakamuri - alpha, beta kana musanganiswa wezvose.Kune maalpha, pedyo-alpha, alpha-beta, beta uye pedyo-beta alloys.
Kana iyo simbi yemvura inoomesa, iyo yakasimba particles ye thermodynamically preferred phase ichawedzera apo kumanikidzwa, tembiricha uye kuumbwa kwemakemikari zvinobvumira.Izvi zvinowanzoitika panzvimbo dzakatarisana, semakristasi echando pamusoro pemvura inodziya pazuva rinotonhora. Kana zviyo nucleate, chimiro chekristaro chinokura kune imwe nzira kusvikira imwe tsanga yasangana.Miganhu yezviyo inoumba pamisungo yakasiyana-siyana yezviyo zvakasiyana-siyana. kuisa boka reRubik's cubes ehukuru hwakasiyana mubhokisi.Cube imwe neimwe ine giradhi yegridhi, asi iyo yose ichave yakarongedzwa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana.Iyo yakagadzirwa zvakakwana yesimbi yesimbi inoumbwa nemutsara wezviyo zvinoita sezvisina kurongeka.
Chero nguva ipi zvayo yezviyo inoumbwa, pane mukana wekukanganisa kwemutsara.Zvikanganiso izvi zvinoshayikwa zvikamu zvekristal structure inonzi dislocations.Izvi zvinoputika uye kufamba kwadzo kunotevera mukati mezviyo uye kudarika miganhu yezviyo zvakakosha kune simbi ductility.
A cross-section of the workpiece yakasimudzwa, pasi, yakakwenenzverwa uye yakamiswa kuti ione chimiro chezviyo.Kana yunifomu uye kuenzanisa, ma microstructures akaonekwa pa optical microscope anotarisa zvishoma sejigsaw puzzle.Muchokwadi, zviyo zvine mativi matatu, uye chikamu chechidimbu chezviyo chimwe nechimwe chichasiyana zvichienderana nekutarisana kwebasa rekushanda.
Kana chimiro chekristaro chikazadzwa nemaatomu aro ese, hapana nzvimbo yekufamba kunze kwekutatamuka kweatomic bond.
Paunobvisa hafu yemutsara wemaatomu, iwe unogadzira mukana weimwe mutsara wemaatomu kutsvedza munzvimbo iyoyo, zvinobudirira kufambisa dislocation.Kana simba rinoiswa kune workpiece, iyo yakaunganidzwa inofamba ye dislocations mu microstructure inogonesa kukotama, kutambanudza kana kudzvanya pasina kutyora kana kutyora.
Kana simba richishanda pane alloy yesimbi, hurongwa hunowedzera simba.Kana simba rakakwana rakawedzerwa kuti rikonzere kushanduka kwepurasitiki, iyo lattice inokanganisa uye itsva dislocations fomu.Zvinoita sezvine musoro kuti izvi zvinofanira kuwedzera ductility, sezvo inosunungura nzvimbo yakawanda uye nokudaro inogadzira mukana wekuwedzera kushanduka kwekufamba.Zvisinei, apo dislocations inopindirana, vanogona kugadzirisana.
Sezvo nhamba uye kusungirirwa kwekukanganiswa kunowedzera, kuwedzera uye kuwedzera kuparadzaniswa kunobatanidzwa pamwe chete, kuderedza ductility.Pakupedzisira kuparadzaniswa kwakawanda kunoratidzika kuti kutonhora kuumba hakuchagoneki.Sezvo iripo pinning dislocations haichakwanisi kufamba, zvisungo zveatomu mu lattice kutambanudza kusvikira zviputsika kana kuputsika.Ichi ndicho chikonzero simbi alloys inoshanda muganho kuoma, uye nei kune chiyero chesimbi chinogona kuputsa simbi isati yasvika.
Zviyo zvine basa rakakosha mukurebesa.Kubvisa zvinhu zvakaomeswa pakushanda kunogadzirisazve microstructure uye nokudaro kudzoreredza ductility.Pakati pekuita annealing, tsanga dzinoshandurwa mumatanho matatu:
Fungidzira munhu ari kufamba mumotokari yechitima yakazara vanhu. Mhomho dzinogona kusvinwa chete nekusiya mikaha pakati pemitsara, sekutsemuka murutanda.Pavaienda mberi, vanhu vari shure kwavo vakazadza nzvimbo yavakasiya, ivo vachigadzira nzvimbo itsva kumberi.Kana vasvika kune rumwe rutivi rwengoro, hurongwa hwevatakuri hunochinja.Kana vakawandisa, vanhu vanopinda mukamuri yavo vachiedza kurova imwe neimwe madziro vanoedza kupfuura mumwe nemumwe. motokari dzemotokari, kupinza munhu wose panzvimbo.Kunyanya kuparadzaniswa kunooneka, kunowedzera kuoma kwavari kufamba panguva imwe chete.
Izvo zvakakosha kuti unzwisise hushoma mwero we deformation inodiwa kukonzeresa recrystallization.Zvisinei, kana simbi isina kukwana deformation simba risati rapisa, recrystallization haizoitike uye zviyo zvinongoramba zvichikura kupfuura saizi yavo yepakutanga.
Mechanical properties inogona kugadzirwa nekudzora kukura kwezviyo.
Kana kukura kwezviyo kuchirambidzwa, nhamba yepamusoro yezviyo zviduku zvinogadzirwa.Izvi zviyo zviduku zvinoonekwa sezvakanaka maererano nekugadzirwa kwezviyo.Kuwanda kwemiganhu yezviyo kunoreva kufamba kushoma kwekudzungaira uye simba rakakwirira.
Kana kukura kwezviyo kusina kudziviswa, chimiro chezviyo chinova chakaoma, zviyo zvakakura, miganhu ishoma, uye simba rakaderera.
Saizi yezviyo inowanzonzi nhamba isina yuniti, pane imwe nzvimbo iri pakati pe5 ne15. Iyi ireshiyo ine hukama uye inobatana neavhareji yezviyo dhayamita.Iyo yakakwirira nhamba, iyo inopenya granularity.
ASTM E112 inotsanangura nzira dzekuyera uye kuongorora kukura kwezviyo.Inosanganisira kuverenga chiyero chezviyo munzvimbo yakapiwa.Izvi zvinowanzoitwa nekucheka chikamu chemuchinjikwa wezvakagadzirwa, kukuya nekuipukuta, uye nekuiisa neasidhi kuti ibudise zvimedu.Kuverenga kunoitwa pasi pe microscope, uye magnification anoratidza chiyero chakakwana chechiyero chezviyo ASTM. ity muchimiro chezviyo uye dhayamita.Zvingatove zvakanakira kudzikamisa kusiyana kwesaizi yezviyo kusvika kumapoinzi maviri kana matatu kuti ive nechokwadi chekushanda kwakafanana pachikamu chebasa.
Panyaya yekushanda kuoma, simba uye ductility vane hukama hwakasiyana.Ukama huri pakati peASTM saizi yezviyo uye simba rinowanzova rakanaka uye rakasimba, kazhinji elongation inopesana neASTM saizi yezviyo.Zvisinei, kukura kwezviyo zvakanyanya kunogona kukonzera "zvakafa zvinyoro" zvinhu kuti zvirege kushanda zvakaoma zvinobudirira.
Saizi yezviyo inowanzonzi nhamba isina yuniti, pane imwe nzvimbo pakati pe5 ne15. Ichi chiyero chekuenzanisa uye chakabatana neavhareji yezviyo dhayamita.Iyo yakakwirira iyo ASTM yezviyo zvakakosha, iyo yakawanda yezviyo pane imwe unit unit.
Kukura kwezviyo zvezvinhu zvakanyungudutswa kunosiyana nenguva, tembiricha uye kutonhora.Annealing inowanzoitwa pakati pe recrystallization tembiricha uye melting point yealloy.Iyo inokurudzirwa annealing tembiricha range ye austenitic stainless steel alloy 301 iri pakati pe1,900 ne2,050 madhigirii Fahrenheit.In ichatanga 2,500 dhigirii yakachena kutenderedza 2,50 dhigirii, 5,50, 2,050 dhigirii, 5,50 dhigirii. tanium inofanira kunyungudutswa pa1,292 madhigirii Fahrenheit uye ichinyunguduka inosvika zviuru zvitatu zvemadhigirii Fahrenheit.
Munguva yeannealing, maitiro ekudzorera uye recrystallization anokwikwidzana kune imwe neimwe kusvikira zviyo zvakagadziridzwa zvapedza zviyo zvose zvakasvibiswa. The recrystallization rate inosiyana nekushisa.Kana recrystallization yapera, kukura kwezviyo kunotora.A 301 Stainless steel workpiece yakavharidzirwa pa 1,900 ° F kweawa imwe chete ichava nekunaka kwezviyo kwezviyo pane imwe nguva yekushanda pa 2 ° imwe chete.
Kana zvinhu zvisina kubatwa muchikamu chakakodzera chekusungirirwa kwenguva yakareba zvakakwana, chigadziro chinoguma chinogona kunge chiri musanganiswa wezviyo zvekare uye zvitsva.Kana zvimiro zveyunifomu zvichidiwa mukati mesimbi yese, chirongwa chekuisa chinofanirwa kuve nechinangwa chekuwana yunifomu yakaenzana yezviyo chimiro.
Kuti uwane yunifomu uye equiaxed microstructure, workpiece yega yega inofanira kuratidzwa kune imwe nguva yekupisa kwehuwandu hwenguva uye inofanira kutonhora pamwero wakafanana.Izvi hazvisi nyore nguva dzose kana zvinogoneka ne batch annealing, saka zvakakosha kuti umbomira kusvika workpiece yese yazara patembiricha yakafanira usati waverenga nguva yekunyura.Nguva refu yekunyura uye tembiricha yakakwira inozokonzera zviyo.
Kana saizi yezviyo uye kusimba kwakabatana, uye kusimba kuchizivikanwa, sei kuverenga tsanga, handiti?Yese inoparadza bvunzo ine musiyano.Tensile test, kunyanya pakudzika kwakadzikira, inoenderana zvakanyanya nesample preparation.Tensile simba mhedzisiro isingamiriri chaiwo zvinhu zvenyama zvinogona kusangana nekutadza nguva isati yakwana.
Kana zvivakwa zvisiri yunifomu muworkpiece yese, kutora tension test specimen kana sampuli kubva kumucheto kumwe kungasataura nyaya yese.Sample kugadzirira uye kuyedzwa kunogona zvakare kutora nguva.Ingani miedzo inogoneka kune yakapihwa simbi, uye nzira ngani dzinogoneka?Kuongorora chimiro chezviyo inshuwarisi yekuwedzera kune zvinoshamisa.
Anisotropic, isotropic.Anisotropy inoreva kutungamira kwe mechanical properties.Pamusoro pesimba, anisotropy inogona kunzwisiswa zviri nani nekuongorora chimiro chezviyo.
A yunifomu uye equiaxed zviyo chimiro chinofanira kuva isotropic, zvinoreva kuti ine zvinhu zvakafanana kumativi ose.Isotropy inonyanya kukosha mukudhirowa kwakadzika maitiro apo concentricity inokosha.Kana iyo isina chinhu ichidhonzwa mu mold, iyo anisotropic material haingayereki zvakafanana, izvo zvinogona kutungamirira kune chirema chinonzi earing.Mhete yenzeve inoitika apo chikamu chepamusoro chemukombe wewavyexmougene muurongwa hwezviyo hunogona kuburitsa mupunga wewavyexhouette. iyo workpiece uye kubatsira kuongorora chinokonzera.
Kusungirirwa kwakakodzera kwakakosha kuti uwane isotropy, asi zvakakoshawo kuti unzwisise kukura kwekushanduka kusati kwaitwa. inogona kuchengetwa kunyange mushure mekuvhara.Izvi zvinoguma ne anisotropy.Kune zvinhu zvakadzika-zvakadhirowa, pane dzimwe nguva zvakakosha kuderedza kuwanda kwekugadzirisa kusati kwapera kwekupedzisira kuti usasakara.
Orenji peel.Kunhonga haisiriyo chete yakadzika-inodhirowa chirema chine chekuita nekufa.Peende reOrange rinoitika kana zvinhu mbishi zvine zvidimbu zvakakasharara zvinodhonzwa. tsanga imwe neimwe inodzima yakazvimiririra uye sekushanda kwekristaro yayo.Musiyano wedeformation pakati petsanga dziri pedyo unoita kuti pave nechitarisiko chakafanana nechuru reorenji.Texture is the granular surface yekapu yakazarurwa.
Kungofanana nemapikseli ari paTV skrini, ane chimiro chakatsetseka, mutsauko pakati pezviyo unenge usinganyanyi kuoneka, zvinobudirira kuwedzera kugadzirisa.Kutsanangura ma mechanical properties chete kunogona kunge kusina kukwana kuti ive nechokwadi chekukura kwezviyo zvakakwana kudzivirira orange peel effect.Kana shanduko ye workpiece size isingasviki ka10 dhayamita yezviyo, maitiro ezviyo zvega ega zvinotungamirira kuumbwa kwezviyo, asi zvakawanda hazviratidzi maitiro ezviyo zvezviyo. inogona kuoneka kubva kune orenji peel mhedzisiro pamadziro emakapu akadhonzwa.
Kune ASTM saizi yezviyo zve8, avhareji yezviyo dhayamita i885 µin. Izvi zvinoreva kuti chero kudzikisira ukobvu kwe0.00885 inches kana kushoma kunogona kukanganiswa neiyi microforming effect.
Kunyange zvazvo tsanga dzakakasharara dzichigona kukonzera matambudziko akadzika ekudhirowa, dzimwe nguva dzinokurudzirwa kuti dzipihwe.Kudhinda inzira yekushandura iyo isina chinhu inotsikirirwa kuti ibudise chinodiwa pamusoro penzvimbo, senge chikamu chechina cheGeorge Washington kumeso.
Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, kuderedza kuyerera kwepamusoro-soro kuburikidza nekushandisa chimiro chezviyo chakaoma chinogona kubatsira kuderedza simba rinodiwa kuti rive rakakodzera mold filling.Izvi zvinonyanya kuitika munyaya yekusununguka-kufa imprinting, apo kuparadzaniswa pamusoro pezviyo zvinogona kuyerera zvakasununguka pane kuunganidza pamiganhu yezviyo.
Mafambiro akurukurwa pano ndiwo mageneralizations angasashande kune chaiwo sections.Zvisinei, ivo vakasimbisa mabhenefiti ekuyera uye kuenzanisa mbishi particle saizi paunenge uchigadzira zvikamu zvitsva kudzivirira njodzi dzakajairika uye optimize molding parameters.
Vagadziri vemichina yekutsikisa simbi yakadzama uye kudhirowa kwakadzika pasimbi kuti vaumbe mativi avo vachashanda zvakanaka nevemetalurgists pahunyanzvi hwekuita re-roller vanogona kuvabatsira kugadzirisa zvinhu kusvika pachiyero chezviyo. Kana nyanzvi dzesimbi nehuinjiniya kumativi ese ehukama dzakabatanidzwa muchikwata chimwe, inogona kuve neshanduko yekuchinja uye kuburitsa zvimwe zvakanaka zvinobuda.
STAMPING Journal ndiyo yega yeindasitiri magazini yakatsaurirwa kushandira zvinodiwa pamusika wesimbi.Kubva 1989, chinyorwa ichi chave chichibata-bata matekinoroji, mafambiro eindastiri, maitiro akanakisa uye nhau kubatsira nyanzvi dzekudhinda kuita bhizinesi ravo nemazvo.
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