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A new mechanism based on selective laser melting to control the microstructure of products in the production process is proposed.Iyo nzira inovimba nechizvarwa chepamusoro-soro ultrasonic mafungu mudziva rakanyungudutswa neyakaoma intensity-modulated laser irradiation.Zvidzidzo zvekuongorora uye nhamba dzekuenzanisa dzinoratidza kuti iyi nzira yekudzora inyanzvi inogoneka uye inogona kunyunguduka yemazuva ano inosanganiswa mumashini ekugadzira laser.
Additive kugadzira (AM) yezvikamu zvakaoma-zvakaumbwa zvakakura zvakanyanya mumakumi emakore achangopfuura.Zvisinei, zvisinei nekusiyana kwemaitiro ekuwedzera ekugadzira, anosanganisira selective laser melting (SLM) 1,2,3, yakananga laser metal deposition4,5,6, electron beam melting7,8 uye vamwe9,10, Zvikamu zvinogona kunge zvisina kukanganisa. gradients, high cooling rates, uye kuoma kwekupisa kutenderera mukunyunguduka uye kugadzirisa zvinhu 11, izvo zvinotungamirira kukukura kwezviyo epitaxial uye porosity inokosha. 12,13 yakaratidza kuti zvakafanira kudzora kupisa kwemafuta, kutonhora kwemazinga, uye alloy kuumbwa, kana kushandisa mamwe mashura emuviri neminda yekunze yezvakasiyana siyana, senge ultrasound, kuti uwane yakanaka equiaxed zviyo zvimiro.
Zvinyorwa zvakawanda zvine chokuita nemigumisiro yehutano hwehutachiwana pahutano hwekusimbisa muhutano hwekukanda maitiro14,15.Zvisinei, kushandisa munda wekunze kune yakawanda yakanyunguduka haibudisi chinhu chinodiwa microstructure.Kana huwandu hwechikamu chemvura chiri chiduku, mamiriro ezvinhu anoshanduka zvikuru. fields16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27, arc stirring28 and oscillation29, electromagnetic effects during pulsed plasma arcs30,31 nedzimwe nzira32 dzakaonekwa .Batanidza kune substrate uchishandisa yekunze ultrasound yakakwira-injetsi 200 ultrasound source. kunatsiridza kunonzi kune yakawedzera constitutive subcooling zone nekuda kwekudzikira tembiricha gradient uye ultrasound kukwidziridzwa kugadzira makristallite matsva kuburikidza necavitation.
Mubasa iri, takaongorora mukana wekushandura chimiro chezviyo zve austenitic stainless steels kuburikidza nekuita sonicating dziva rakanyungudutswa rine masaisai anonzwika anogadzirwa neyakanyunguduka laser pachayo.Kunyanya kuchinjika kwechiitiko chelaser radiation pachiedza-chinotora svikiro chinobuda mukugadzirwa kwemasaisai e ultrasonic, ayo anoshandura microstructure yeradiation yeradiation SLMD iri nyore inogona kusanganiswa nelaser iri nyore. Zviyedzo mubasa iri zvakaitwa pamapureti esimbi asina tsvina ane nzvimbo yakaratidzwa kune intensity-modulated laser radiation.Saka, nehunyanzvi, laser surface treatment inoitwa.Zvisinei, kana laser treatment yakadaro ichiitwa pamusoro peimwe neimwe layer, panguva ye layer-by-layer kuvaka-up, zvinokonzeresa pavhoriyamu yese kana pazvikamu zvakasarudzwa zvevhoriyamu zvinowanikwa. "Laser volume treatment".
Ipo mu ultrasonic horn-based ultrasonic therapy, simba re ultrasonic rekumira rinonzwika rinoparadzirwa mukati mechikamu, nepo laser-induced ultrasonic intensity yakanyanyisa kuswedera pedyo nenzvimbo iyo laser radiation inotorwa. chikamu.Saka, iyo acoustic stress iri pedyo ne zero uye particle velocity ine amplitude yakakura pamusoro pepamusoro pepamusoro pese chikamu.Inzwi rekumanikidza mukati memvura yose yakanyungudutswa haigoni kudarika 0.1% yehuwandu hwemhepo inogadzirwa nemusoro we welding, nokuti wavelength yemafungu e ultrasonic ane frequency ye 20 kHz in stainless steel {~~m} uye yakadzika 0m. zvishoma pane \(\ sim 0.3~\text {mm}\) . Nokudaro, mhedzisiro ye ultrasound pa cavitation inogona kuva duku.
Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kushandiswa kwesimba-modulated laser radiation mune yakananga laser simbi deposition inzvimbo inoshanda yetsvakurudzo35,36,37,38.
The thermal mhedzisiro yelaser radiation chiitiko pane yepakati ndiyo hwaro hwezvinenge zvese zvekugadzirisa laser matekiniki 39, 40, sekucheka 41, welding, kuomesa, kuchera 42, kucheneswa kwepamusoro, kusanganiswa kwepasi, kupenya kwepasi 43, etc.materials processing tekinoroji uye muchidimbu mhedzisiro yekutanga mune dzakawanda wongororo uye monographs 5, 44, 46, 46.
Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti chero isiri-yakamira chiito pane svikiro, kusanganisira kuita kwekuita pane inonwisa svikiro, inokonzeresa manyawi eacoustic mafungu mairi nekuwedzera kana kushoma kunyatsoita.Pakutanga, chakanyanya kutariswa chaive pakuwedzeredza laser kwemafungu muzvinwiwa uye dzakasiyana-siyana dzekupisa kwekupisa nzira dzekurira (kupisa kwekuwedzera, evaporation, vhoriyamu shanduko, vhoriyamu 4 chikamu, etc.) 49.Numerous monographs50, 51, 52 inopa ongororo yezvinyorwa zveiyi nzira uye zvingangoitika zvekushandisa.
Nyaya idzi dzakazokurukurwa pamisangano yakasiyana-siyana, uye laser excitation ye ultrasound ine zvikumbiro mune zvose zvinoshandiswa mumaindasitiri e laser technology53 uye medicine54.Naizvozvo, zvinogona kufungidzirwa kuti pfungwa huru yemaitiro ayo pulsed laser light acts on an absorbing medium yakasimbiswa.Laser ultrasonic inspection inoshandiswa pakuonekwa kwekuremara kweSLM-yakagadzirwa,55 samples5.
Mhedzisiro yelaser-yakagadzirwa kuvhundutsa mafungu pane zvinhu ndiyo hwaro hwelaser shock peening57,58,59, iyo inoshandiswawo pakurapa kwepamusoro kwezvikamu zvinogadzirwa zvinowedzerwa60.Zvisinei, laser shock inosimbisa inonyanya kushanda pane nanosecond laser pulses uye mechanically loaded surfaces (semuenzaniso, ine layer yemvura)59 nekuti mechanical loading inowedzera peak pressure.
Miedzo yakaitwa kuti iongorore zvingangoitika zvezvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvemuviri pa microstructure yezvinhu zvakasimbiswa.Dhidhiyo inoshanda yegadziriro yekuedza inoratidzwa muMufananidzo 1.A pulsed Nd:YAG solid-state laser inoshanda mu free-running mode (pulse duration \(\ tau _L \ sim 150 ~\upmu \ text was used of "laser" yakapfuura "laser") yakashandiswa. Zvichienderana nekubatanidzwa kwe neutral density filters, simba remhepo pane chinangwa rinosiyana kubva \(E_L \ sim 20 ~\text {mJ}\) kusvika \(E_L \ sim 100~\text {mJ}\) .Iyo laser beam inoratidzwa kubva padanda rekuparadzanisa, data ye simuriquisi yepikicha inodyidzwa kune data ye simuriquisi ye caloriquisi yemufananidzo we caloriquisi. (mafotodiodes ane nguva yakareba yekupindura inopfuura \(1~\text {ms}\)) anoshandiswa kuona chiitiko kuenda uye kuratidzwa kubva kune chinangwa, uye maviri emagetsi metres (photodiodes ane nguva pfupi yekupindura \(<10~\text {ns}\)) kuona chiitiko uye inoratidzira optical power.Calorimeters nemamita emagetsi zvakagadziriswa kuti zvipe maitiro muabsounitmoteor detector XLP12-3S-H2-D0 uye girazi re dielectric rakaiswa panzvimbo yemuenzaniso.Nangidzira danda pachinangwa uchishandisa lens (Antireflection coating pa \(1.06 \upmu \text {m}\), focal length \(160~\text {mm}\)) uye chiuno chedanda panzvimbo yakananga 1\~ kumusoro 600m).
Inoshanda schematic diagram yekuedza setup: 1-laser; 2-laser danda; 3-neutral density sefa; 4-yakaenderana photodiode; 5-danda rinoparadzanisa; 6—diaphragm; 7-calorimeter yechiitiko danda; 8 - calorimeter yedanda rinoratidzwa; 9 - chiitiko danda simba mita; 10 - yakaratidza danda simba mita; 11 - kutarisa lens; 12 – girazi; 13 - muenzaniso; 14 - Broadband piezoelectric transducer; 15 - 2D converter; 16 - kuisa microcontroller; 17 - synchronization unit; 18 - yakawanda-channel yedhijitari yekutora system ine akasiyana sampling mareti; 19 - komputa yako.
Ultrasonic kurapwa kunoitwa sezvinotevera.Laser inoshanda mumahara-running mode; saka nguva yelaser pulse ndeye \(\tau _L \sim 150~\upmu \text {s}\), iyo inosanganisira nguva dzakawanda dzeinenge \(1.5~\upmu \text {s } \) imwe neimwe.The temporal shape yelaser pulse uye spectrum yayo inosanganisira yakaderera-frequency ye-frequency ye-frequency-envelope \(0.7 ~\text {MHz}\), sezvinoratidzwa mumufananidzo 2.- Iyo frequency envelope inopa kupisa uye kunotevera kunyunguduka uye kubuda kwechinhu, nepo chikamu chepamusoro chinopa ultrasonic vibrations nekuda kweiyo photoacoustic effect.The waveform ye ultrasonic pulse inogadzirwa nelaser inonyanya kutariswa neiyo nguva chimiro chemukati pulse laser. Inobva \(7~\text {kHz}\) kusvika \ (2~\text {MHz}\), uye frequency yepakati iri \(~ 0.7~\text {MHz}\).Acoustic pulses nekuda kwe photoacoustic effect yakanyorwa pachishandiswa Broadband piezoelectric transducers akagadzirwa nemafirimu epolyvinylidene fluoride.Iyo yakarekodhwa waveform2.Iyo yakanyorwa waveform2 laser pulses yakafanana neyemahara-running mode laser.
Kugoverwa kwenguva pfupi kwelaser pulse intensity (a) uye kumhanya kwezwi (b) kumashure kwesample, spectra (blue curve) yea single laser pulse (c) uye ultrasound pulse (d) yakaenzana pamusoro pe300 laser pulses (red curve) .
Tinogona kusiyanisa zvakajeka zvikamu zvakaderera uye zvakakwirira-frequency yeacoustic treatment inofananidzwa ne-low-frequency envelope ye laser pulse uye high-frequency modulation, maererano.The wavelengths yeacoustic waves inogadzirwa ne laser pulse envelope inodarika \(40 ~\text {cm}\); saka, mhedzisiro huru yebroadband yakakwirira-frequency zvikamu zveiyo acoustic chiratidzo pane microstructure inotarisirwa.
Maitiro emuviri muSLM akaoma uye anoitika panguva imwe chete pazviyero zvakasiyana-siyana zvepanyika uye zvepanguva.Saka, nzira dzakawanda-zhinji dzakanyanya kukodzera kuongororwa kwezvinyorwa zveSLM.Mathematical models inofanira kutanga kuva yakawanda-physical.The mechanics uye thermophysics ye-multiphase medium "solid-liquid melt" inopindirana neinert-liquid features in the inert load features of the inert loading the imothermal. zvinotevera.
Mitengo yekudziya nekutonhodza inosvika \(10^6~\text {K}/\text {s}\) /\text{ nekuda kwelaser radhiation yenzvimbo ine simba rinosvika \(10^{13}~\text {W} cm}^2\).
Iyo melting-solidification cycle inotora pakati pe1 uye \(10~\text {ms}\), iyo inobatsira kukurumidza kusimba kwenzvimbo yekunyunguduka panguva yekutonhora.
Kukurumidza kupisa kwemuenzaniso wepamusoro kunoguma nekugadzirwa kwepamusoro-soro ye thermoelastic muhutano hwepamusoro.Kukwana (kusvika ku20%) chikamu chehupfu hwehupfu hunoputika zvakasimba63, izvo zvinoguma nekuwedzera kudzvinyirira pamusoro pepamusoro pakupindura laser ablation.Nekuda kweizvi, iyo induced strain inokanganisa zvakanyanya chikamu chegeometry, kunyanya pedyo nechiyero chekupisa innneral element innepultu yehupfu. chizvarwa che ultrasonic strain mafungu anopararira kubva kumusoro kusvika kune substrate.Kuitira kuwana chaiyo yehuwandu data pamusoro pekunetseka kwenharaunda uye kugovera kushungurudza, a mesoscopic simulation ye elastic deformation dambudziko conjugated to heat uye mass transfer inoitwa.
Iyo inotonga equation yemuenzaniso inosanganisira (1) kusagadzikana kwekutamisa kupisa equation uko kupisa kwekushisa kunoenderana nechikamu chechimiro (hupfu, kunyunguduka, polycrystalline) uye tembiricha, (2) kuchinjika kweelastic deformation mushure mekuenderera kwekubvisa uye thermoelastic yekuwedzera equation. Dambudziko remuganho kukosha rinotsanangurwa nekuyedza mamiriro. uye evaporative flux.Kuwanda kwemvura kunotsanangurwa zvichienderana nekuverenga kwe saturated vapor pressure ye evaporating material.The elastoplastic stress-strain relationship inoshandiswa apo thermoelastic stress is proportional to the temperature difference.Nekuda kwesimba rezita \(300~\text {W}\), frequency \(10^5~\text {0} tent uye 0} \(200~\upmu \text {m}\ ) yedhayamita yedanda inoshanda.
Mufananidzo 3 unoratidza mhedzisiro yenhamba yekuenzanisa yenzvimbo yakanyungudutswa uchishandisa macroscopic mathematical model. The diameter of the fusion zone iri \(200~\upmu \text {m}\) (\(100~\upmu \text { m}\) radius) uye \(40~\upmu \text {m}\) inoratidza kudzika kwepanzvimbo nesimudziro yepasi. \(100~\text {K}\) nekuda kwehupamhi hwepakati pepilse modulation.Matesi ekudziya \(V_h\) nekutonhodza \(V_c\) ari pahurongwa hwe \(10^7\) ne\(10^6~\text {K}/\text {s}\), zvichiteerana.Makoshereti aya ane 4g yekuongorora kwakanaka kwekare. \(V_h\) uye \(V_c\) zvinoguma nekupisa kwepamusoro kwepamusoro, uko kupisa kwekushisa kune substrate hakuna kukwana kubvisa kupisa. Naizvozvo, pa \(t=26~\upmu \text {s}\) tembiricha yepamusoro inokwira kusvika \(4800~\text {K}\)
Numerical simulation results of melting zone of single laser pulse annealing on 316L sample plate.Nguva kubva pakatanga kupuruzira kusvika pakadzika pedziva rakanyungudutswa inosvika pakukosha kwepamusoro ndeye \(180~\upmu\text {s}\).Isotherm\(T = T_L = 1723~\text's the solid and the solid \ boundary) {K} (yellow lines) inopindirana nekunetseka kwegoho kuverengwa sekushanda kwekushisa muchikamu chinotevera.Saka, munharaunda pakati pezviviri isolines (isotherms \ (T = T_L \) uye isobars \ (\ sigma =\ sigma _V (T) \)), chikamu chakasimba chinoiswa pasi pesimba rakasimba remichina , iyo inogona kutungamirira kuchinja mu microstructure.
Mhedzisiro iyi inotsanangurwa zvakare muMufananidzo 4a, apo chiyero chekumanikidza munzvimbo yakanyungudutswa inorongwa sebasa renguva uye kureba kubva kumusoro.Kutanga, maitiro ekudzvinyirira anoenderana nekugadzirisa kwema laser pulse intensity inotsanangurwa mumufananidzo 2 pamusoro.Kunyanya kudzvinyirira \ zvinyorwa{s}\) pamusoro pe \(10~\\text {MPa}~cond,\) = yakaonekwa {MPa}~6, (mu) = mu2). kushanduka kwekumanikidzwa kwenharaunda panzvimbo yekutonga kune maitiro akafanana oscillation sehuwandu hwe \ (500 ~\text {kHz}\) .Izvi zvinoreva kuti ultrasonic pressure waves inogadzirwa pamusoro uye zvino inopararira mu substrate.
Maitiro akaverengerwa enzvimbo yedeformation pedyo nenzvimbo yakanyunguduka inoratidzwa muFig. 4b.Laser ablation uye thermoelastic stress inogadzira elastic deformation waves iyo inopararira mu substrate.Sezvinogona kuonekwa kubva mumufananidzo, pane zvikamu zviviri zvekugadzirwa kwekutambudzika.Panguva yekutanga ye \ (t <40~\upmu \ MP Mises (8) inosimuka {s} , kukwira kweMP (8) a modulation yakafanana nepamusoro pemvura.Kushungurudzika uku kunoitika nekuda kwe laser ablation, uye hapana thermoelastic stress yakaonekwa munzvimbo dzekutonga nokuti nzvimbo yekutanga inopisa inopisa yakanga iri duku.Kana kupisa kunoputika mu substrate, nzvimbo yekutonga inokonzera kushushikana kwepamusoro kwe thermoelastic pamusoro \(40~\text {MPa}\).
Izvo zvakawanikwa modulated stress levels zvine simba guru pane yakasimba-liquid interface uye inogona kunge iri nzira yekudzora inodzora nzira yekusimbisa.Kukura kwenzvimbo ye deformation ndeye 2 kusvika ku3 nguva yakakura kudarika iyo yekunyunguduka.Sezvinoratidzwa mumufananidzo 3, nzvimbo yekunyunguduka isotherm uye kushushikana kwehutano kuenzana negoho rekugadzirisa dambudziko rinopa nzvimbo ye pulmosed inofananidzwa. dhayamita inoshanda pakati pe300 uye \(800~\upmu \text {m}\) zvichienderana nenguva yakare.
Nokudaro, iyo yakaoma modulation ye pulsed laser annealing inotungamirira ku ultrasonic effect.Iyo nzira yekusarudza microstructure yakasiyana kana ichienzaniswa neSLM isina ultrasonic loading.Deformed nzvimbo dzisina kugadzikana dzinotungamirira ku periodic cycles of compression and stretching in the solid phase.Nokudaro, kuumbwa kwemiganhu yezviyo zvitsva uye subgrain miganhu yezviyo inogona kuchinjwa, saka inogona kuchinjwa kuva microstrucally. mhedziso dzinopa mukana wekugadzira pulse modulation-induced ultrasound-driven SLM prototype.Muchiitiko ichi, piezoelectric inductor 26 inoshandiswa kune imwe nzvimbo inogona kubviswa.
(a) Dzvinyiriro sebasa renguva, rinoverengerwa pazvinhambwe zvakasiyana kubva pamusoro 0, 20 uye \(40~\upmu \text {m}\) pamwe neaxis ye symmetry.(b) Inotsamira nguva Von Mises stress inoverengerwa mune yakasimba matrix pazvinhambwe 70, 120 uye \(170~\\\\) zvinyorwa {170~\\\\)
Maedzo akaitwa paAISI 321H mahwendefa esimbi asina simbi ane zviyero \(20\nguva 20\nguva 5~\text {mm}\) .Pashure pelaser pulse yega yega, ndiro inofamba \(50~\upmu \text {m}\), uye chiuno chelaser pane chakanangwa chiri pamusoro \(100 ~pm shanu kusvika kumusoro\}). pamwe chete nenzira imwechete kuti iite kuti kugadziriswa kwezvinhu zvakagadziriswa zvezviyo zvigadziriswe.Muzviitiko zvose, nzvimbo yakagadziriswa yakanga yakasvibiswa, zvichienderana nechikamu che oscillatory che laser radiation.Izvi zvinoguma nekuderedza kunopfuura 5-kuderedza munzvimbo yezviyo.
Subplots (a,d,g,j) uye (b,e,h,k) - microstructure yelaser yakanyunguduka matunhu, subplots (c,f,i,l) - nharaunda kugoverwa kwezviyo zvine mavara. Shading inomiririra zvidimbu zvakashandiswa kuunganidza histogram.Mavara anoenderana nenharaunda dzezviyo (ona bhara reruvara kumusoro kwehistogram. Subplots (ac) inoenderana neuntreated stainless steel, uye subplots (df), (gi), (jl) inoenderana ne1, 3 uye 5 remelts.
Sezvo laser pulse energy isingashanduki pakati pekupfuura kunotevera, kudzika kwenzvimbo yakanyungudutswa kwakafanana.Saka, chiteshi chinotevera "chinovhara" zvachose chekare.Zvisinei, histogram inoratidza kuti zvinoreva uye nzvimbo yezviyo yepakati inoderera nekuwedzera nhamba yepasi.Izvi zvinogona kuratidza kuti laser iri kushanda pane substrate pane kunyunguduka.
Kunatswa kwezviyo kunogona kukonzerwa nekukurumidza kutonhora kwedziva rakanyungudutswa65.Imwe seti yezviedzo yakaitwa umo nzvimbo dzesimbi isina tsvina (321H uye 316L) dzakafumurwa kune inoenderera mberi wave laser nemwaranzi mumhepo (Fig. 6) uye vacuum (Fig. 7) .Avhareji yelaser simba (3000 W uye kudzika kwemvura) inoremekedzeka yelaser simba (3000 W uye kudzika kwakadzika). mhedzisiro yekuedza yeNd: YAG laser mune yemahara-running mode.Zvisinei, yakajairika columnar chimiro chakaonekwa.
Microstructure ye laser-yakanyunguduka nharaunda yeinoenderera mberi wave laser (300 W nguva dzose simba, 200 mm / s scan speed, AISI 321H simbi isina tsvina).
(a) Microstructure uye (b) electron backscatter diffraction image ye laser melting zone yevacuum continuous wave laser (simba rinogara riripo 100 W, scanning speed 200 mm/s, AISI 316L simbi isina tsvina) \ (\ sim 2 ~\text {mbar}\).
Naizvozvo, zvakanyatsoratidzwa kuti kushandurwa kwakaoma kweiyo lasse kusimbisa kwechiitiko chekupedzisira. kupa high-intensity ultrasound muzvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinosanganisira Ti-6Al-4V alloy 26 uye simbi isina tsvina 34 mugumisiro we.Iyo inogoneka nzira inofungidzirwa sezvinotevera.Intense ultrasound inogona kukonzera acoustic cavitation, sezvakaratidzwa mu ultrafast in situ synchrotron X-ray imaging.Kuputsika kweiyo cavitation kunokonzera kuvhunduka kwezvinhu kunokonzera kuvhuvhuta kunotyisa, kunokonzera kutyisa kwekavitation kunokonzera kushamiswa kwezvinhu. \(100~\text {MPa}\) 69.Mafungu ekuvhundutsa akadaro anogona kunge akasimba zvekukurudzira kuumbwa kweakakosha-saizi solid-phase nuclei muhuwandu hwezvinwiwa, zvichikanganisa iyo yakajairika columnar tsanga chimiro che layer-by-layer additive kugadzira.
Pano, isu tinokurudzira imwe nzira inotarisirwa kugadzirisa structural modified by intense sonication.The material just after solidification is at high temperature close to the melting point uye ine yakanyanya kuderera goho stress.Intense ultrasonic mafungu anogona kukonzera kuyerera kwepurasitiki kushandura chimiro chezviyo zvezvinhu zvinopisa zvakangosimbiswa.Zvisinei, data yakavimbika yekuedza pane tembiricha kutsamira kwegoho rekunetseka kwegoho {1\5K} inowanikwa pane yegoho {5K. (ona Mufananidzo 8) .Naizvozvo, kuti tiedze kufungidzira, takaita ma molecular dynamics (MD) kufananidzwa kweFe-Cr-Ni yakagadzirwa yakafanana neAISI 316 L simbi kuitira kuti tiongorore maitiro ekudzvinyirira kwegoho pedyo nekunyunguduka.Kuverenga kushushikana kwegoho, takashandisa MD shear stress relaxation technique yakatsanangurwa mu1,31,7,7,7,70,70,70,70,70,70,70. kuverenga, takashandisa Embedded Atomic Model (EAM) kubva ku74.MD simulations yakaitwa uchishandisa LAMMPS codes 75,76.Details ye MD simulation ichabudiswa kune imwe nzvimbo.Iyo MD yekuverenga migumisiro yekushungurudzika kwezvibereko sekushanda kwekushisa inoratidzwa muFig. 8 pamwe chete ne data iripo yekuedza uye mamwe, 808,8179
Goho stress yeAISI giredhi 316 austenitic stainless steel uye model composition maringe tembiricha ye MD simulations.Experimental measurements from references: (a) 77, (b) 78, (c) 79, (d) 80, (e) 81.refer to.(f)82 is an empirience stress in the goho-line model of dependent stress in the goho-line. Laser-assisted additive kugadzira.Iyo mikuru-yakakura MD simulation mhedzisiro muchidzidzo ichi inotaridzwa se \(\vartriangleleft\) yekuremara-isina magumo ekristaro imwe chete uye \(\vartriangleright\) yezviyo zvinogumira tichifunga nezveavhareji saizi yezviyo kuburikidza neHall-Petch relation Dimensions\(d = 50~m\}).
Zvinogona kuonekwa kuti pa \(T> 1500 ~\text {K}\) kushushikana kwegoho kunodonha pasi \(40~\text {MPa}\) .Kune rumwe rutivi, fungidziro inofanotaura kuti laser-generated ultrasonic amplitude inodarika \(40~\text {MPa}\) (ona Fig. 4b), iyo inokwana kuyerera muhutu hwepurasitiki.
Iyo microstructure kugadzirwa kwe12Cr18Ni10Ti (AISI 321H) austenitic Stainless simbi panguva yeSLM yakaongororwa nekuyedza uchishandisa yakaoma-yakagadziriswa pulsed laser sosi.
Kuderedza saizi yezviyo munzvimbo yekunyungudika yelaser yakawanikwa nekuda kwekuenderera mberi kwelaser kudzoreredza mushure me1, 3 kana 5 kupfuura.
Macroscopic modeling inoratidza kuti saizi inofungidzirwa yedunhu uko ultrasonic deformation inogona kukanganisa kusimba kwekumberi kuri kusvika \(1~\text {mm}\).
Iyo microscopic MD modhi inoratidza kuti simba regoho reAISI 316 austenitic simbi isina tsvina rakaderedzwa zvakanyanya kusvika \(40 ~\text {MPa}\) pedyo nekunyungudika.
Mhedzisiro yakawanikwa inoratidza nzira yekudzora iyo microstructure yezvinhu uchishandisa yakaoma modulated laser processing uye inogona kushanda sehwaro hwekugadzira shanduko nyowani yepulsed SLM maitiro.
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