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A new mechanism based on selective laser melting to control the microstructure of products in the production process is proposed.Iyo nzira inovimba nechizvarwa chepamusoro-soro ultrasonic mafungu mumvura yakanyungudutswa neyakaoma intensity-modulated laser irradiation.Zvidzidzo zvekuongorora uye nhamba dzekuenzanisa dzinoratidza kuti iyi nzira yekudzora inyanzvi inogoneka uye inogona kunyunguduka yemazuva ano inosanganiswa mumashini ekugadzirisa laser.
Additive kugadzira (AM) yezvikamu zvakaoma-zvimiro zvakakura zvakanyanya mumakumi emakore achangopfuura.Zvisinei, kunyangwe akasiyana ekuwedzera ekugadzira maitiro, anosanganisira selective laser melting (SLM) 1,2,3, yakananga laser simbi deposition4,5,6, electron beam melting7,8 uye vamwe9,10, Zvikamu zvinogona kunge zvisina kukanganisa. rates, uye kuoma kwekupisa kwemhepo mukunyunguduka uye kugadzirisa zvinhu11, izvo zvinotungamirira kukukura kwezviyo epitaxial uye porosity inokosha12,13.Mhedzisiro yacho inoratidza kuti, zvinodikanwa kudzora kupisa kwemafuta, kutonhora kwemazinga, uye alloy kuumbwa, kana kushandisa kumwe kuvhunduka kwemuviri kuburikidza neminda yekunze yezvivakwa zvakasiyana (semuenzaniso, ultrasound) kuti uwane yakanaka equiaxed zviyo zvimiro.
Zvinyorwa zvakawanda zvine chekuita nemhedzisiro yekuvhiyiwa kwekuvhiyiwa kweiyo solidification process mune yakajairwa yekukanda maitiro14,15.Zvisinei, kushandisa yekunze munda kune yakawanda inonyungudika haibudisi inodiwa zvinhu microstructure.Kana vhoriyamu yechikamu chemvura chiri chidiki, mamiriro anochinja zvakanyanya.Panyaya iyi, munda wekunze unokanganisa zvakanyanya kusimba kwemaitiro. 0,21,22,23,24,25,26,27, arc stirring28 uye oscillation29, pulsed plasma arcs30,31 nedzimwe nzira32 .Batanidza kune substrate uchishandisa yekunze high-intensity ultrasound source (pa20 kHz) . ultrasound kukwidziridzwa kugadzira crystallites nyowani kuburikidza necavitation.
Mubasa iri, takaongorora mukana wekushandura chimiro chezviyo zve austenitic stainless steels nekuita sonicating dziva rakanyungudutswa rine masaisai anonzwika anogadzirwa nelaser inonyungudika pachayo.The intensity modulation of the laser radiation incident on the light-absorbing medium medium results in the generation of ultrasonic waves, which alter the microstructure of the microstructure of the radiations the presence of the materiality SLMD inogoneka. s mubasa iri akaitwa pamahwendefa esimbi asina tsvina ayo nzvimbo yakaratidzwa kune intensity-modulated laser radiation.Saka, hunyanzvi, laser surface treatment inoitwa.Zvisinei, kana iyo laser treatment ikaitwa pamusoro peimwe neimwe layer, panguva ye layer-by-layer kuvaka-up, zvinokonzeresa pavhoriyamu yese kana pazvikamu zvakasarudzwa zvevhoriyamu zvinowanikwa.Nemamwe mazwi, kana chikamu chega chega chekurapa chinogadzirwa "laser layer" yelaser layer inogadzirwa.
Ipo mu ultrasonic horn-based ultrasonic therapy, simba re ultrasonic rekumira rinonzwika rinoparadzirwa mukati mechikamu chose, nepo laser-induced ultrasonic intensity yakanyanyisa kuswedera pedyo nenzvimbo iyo laser radiation inobatwa. Kushandisa sonotrode mune SLM powder bed fusion machine yakaoma nokuti pamusoro pepamusoro pemubhedha wehupfu inoratidzirwa kune imwe nzvimbo yehupfu, pane imwe nzvimbo yemagetsi, pamberi pekushungurudzika kwemhepo. coustic stress iri pedyo ne zero uye particle velocity ine amplitude yakakura pamusoro pepamusoro pepamusoro pese chikamu.Inzwi rekumanikidza mukati memvura yose yakanyungudutswa haigoni kudarika 0.1% yehuwandu hwehuwandu hunogadzirwa nemusoro we welding, nokuti wavelength ye ultrasonic waves ine frequency ye 20 kHz in stainless steel \ (~\ sim) zvishoma kudarika 0. \text {mm}\) .Saka, mhedzisiro ye ultrasound pa cavitation inogona kunge iri diki.
Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kushandiswa kwesimba-modulated laser radiation mune yakananga laser simbi deposition inzvimbo inoshanda yetsvakurudzo35,36,37,38.
Iko kupisa kwechiitiko chelaser radiation chiitiko pane yepakati ndiyo hwaro hwehungangoita ese laser tekinoroji 39, 40 yekugadzirisa zvinhu, sekucheka41, welding, kuomesa, kuchera42, kucheneswa kwepamusoro, kusanganiswa kwepasi, kupenya kwepasi43, nezvimwewo.
Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti chero chiito chisiri-chinomira pane svikiro, kusanganisira kuita kwekuita pamhepo inotora, inoguma nekunakidzwa kwemafungu eacoustic mairi nekuwedzera kana kushoma kushanda zvakanaka.Pakutanga, chakanyanya kutariswa chaive palaser excitation yemafungu muzvinwiwa uye akasiyana thermal excitation systems of sound (thermal expansion, evaporation, volume 4 phaseition, 9 monograph, 4 monograph, etc.) s50, 51, 52 inopa ongororo yedzidziso yeiyi maitiro uye ayo anogona kushanda anoshanda mashandisiro.
Nyaya idzi dzakazokurukurwa pamisangano yakasiyana-siyana, uye laser excitation ye ultrasound ine zvikumbiro mune zvose zvinoshandiswa mumaindasitiri e laser technology53 uye medicine54.Naizvozvo, zvinogona kufungidzirwa kuti pfungwa huru yemaitiro ayo pulsed laser light acts on an absorbing medium yakasimbiswa.Laser ultrasonic inspection inoshandiswa pakuonekwa kwekuremara kweSLM-yakagadzirwa,55 samples5.
Mhedzisiro yelaser-yakagadzirwa kuvhundutsa mafungu pane zvinhu ndiyo hwaro hwelaser shock peening57,58,59, iyo inoshandiswawo pakurapa kwepamusoro kwezvikamu zvinogadzirwa zvinowedzerwa60.Zvisinei, laser shock inosimbisa inonyanya kushanda pane nanosecond laser pulses uye mechanically loaded surfaces (semuenzaniso, ine layer yemvura)59 nekuti mechanical loading inowedzera peak pressure.
Miedzo yakaitwa kuti iongorore zvinogona kuitika zvezvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvemuviri pane microstructure yezvinhu zvakasimbiswa.Dhidhiyo inoshanda yegadziriro yekuedza inoratidzwa muMufananidzo 1.A pulsed Nd:YAG solid-state laser inoshanda mu free-running mode (pulse duration \(\ tau _L \ sim 150~\upmu \ text was used of a neutral filters) uye yakaitwa nelaser yakashandiswa. am splitter plate system.Zvichienderana nekubatanidzwa kwe neutral density filters, simba remhepo pane chinangwa rinosiyana kubva \(E_L \ sim 20~\text {mJ}\) kusvika \(E_L \ sim 100~\text {mJ}\) .Iyo laser beam inoratidzwa kubva kune danda splitter inodyiswa kune imwe pikicha yemifananidzo, mapikicha akareba anodarika mafotodioquita maviri, mapikicha akareba epikicha inodarika datadiodhi yenguva refu uye mafotodioquita. ing \(1~\text {ms}\)) anoshandiswa kuona chiitiko uye kuratidzwa kubva kune chinangwa, uye maviri emagetsi mamita (photodiodes ane nguva pfupi yekupindura \ (<10~\text {ns}\)) kuona chiitiko uye inoratidzira optical power.Makarori nemamita emagetsi zvakaenzaniswa kuti zvipe zvakakosha muzvikamu zvakakwana uchishandisa detector X0-D-S 2-D detector X-S 2-D detector X-S 2-D detector XL-D 2-D detector X-2-D . girazi rakaiswa panzvimbo yemuenzaniso.Nangidzira danda pachinangwa uchishandisa lenzi (Antireflection coating pa \(1.06 \upmu \text {m}\), focal urefu \(160~\text {mm}\)) uye chiuno chedanda panzvimbo inenge yatarirwa 60– \(100~\upmu\text {m}\).
Inoshanda schematic diagram yekuedza setup: 1-laser;2-laser danda;3-neutral density sefa;4-yakaenderana photodiode;5-danda rinoparadzanisa;6—diaphragm;7-calorimeter yechiitiko danda;8 - calorimeter yedanda rinoratidzwa;9 - chiitiko danda simba mita;10 - yakaratidza danda simba mita;11 - kutarisa lens;12 – girazi;13 - muenzaniso;14 - Broadband piezoelectric transducer;15 - 2D converter;16 - kuisa microcontroller;17 - synchronization unit;18 - yakawanda-channel yedhijitari yekutora system ine akasiyana sampling mareti;19 - komputa yako.
Ultrasonic kurapwa kunoitwa sezvinotevera.Laser inoshanda mumahara-running mode;saka iyo nguva yelaser pulse ndeye \(\tau _L \sim 150~\upmu \text {s}\), iyo ine nguva yakawanda yenguva inenge \(1.5~\upmu \text {s } \) imwe neimwe.The temporal shape yelaser pulse uye spectrum yayo inosanganisira yakaderera-frequency ye-frequency ye-frequency \ ~ 0 frequency, (~ frequency) yefrequency , ~ text {MHz}\), sezvinoratidzwa mumufananidzo 2.- Iyo frequency envelope inopa kupisa uye kunotevera kunyunguduka uye kubuda kwechinhu, nepo chikamu chepamusoro chinopa ultrasonic vibrations nekuda kweiyo photoacoustic effect.The waveform ye ultrasonic pulse inogadzirwa nelaser inonyanya kutsanangurwa nechimiro chenguva ye laser pulse intensity.Inobva \(7~\text {kHz}\) kuenda \ (2~\text {MHz}\), uye frequency yepakati iri \(~ 0.7~\text {MHz}\).Acoustic pulses nekuda kwe photoacoustic effect yakanyorwa pachishandiswa broadband piezoelectric transducers akagadzirwa nemafirimu epolyvinylidene fluoride.Iyo yakarekodhwa mafirimu efispekreti inoratidzwa mufispectrum pulses inoratidzwa muFispectrum waveform. yakajairika yemahara-running mode laser.
Kugovera kwechinguvana kwelaser pulse intensity (a) uye kumhanya kweruzha kumashure kwesample (b), spectra yelaser pulse (c) uye ultrasonic pulse (d) yakaenzana pamusoro pe300 laser pulses (red curve) kune imwechete laser pulse (blue curve) .
Tinogona kusiyanisa zvakajeka zvikamu zvakaderera uye zvakakwirira-frequency yeacoustic treatment inofananidzwa ne-low-frequency envelope ye laser pulse uye high-frequency modulation, maererano.The wavelengths yeacoustic waves inogadzirwa ne laser pulse envelope inodarika \(40 ~\text {cm}\);saka, mhedzisiro huru yebroadband yakakwirira-frequency zvikamu zveiyo acoustic chiratidzo pane microstructure inotarisirwa.
Maitiro emuviri muSLM akaoma uye anoitika panguva imwe chete pazviyero zvakasiyana-siyana zvepanyika uye zvenguva.Saka, nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzakanyanya kukodzera kuongororwa kwezvinyorwa zveSLM.Mathematical models inofanira kutanga kuva yakawanda-physical.The mechanics uye thermophysics ye-multiphase medium "solid-liquid melt" inopindirana neinert load load yeSmmom inotsanangurwa semhepo inert inotsanangurwa semhepo inotsanangurwa.
Mitengo yekudziya nekutonhodza inosvika \(10^6~\text {K}/\text {s}\) /\text{ nekuda kwelaser radhiation yenzvimbo ine simba rinosvika \(10^{13}~\text {W} cm}^2\).
Iyo melting-solidification cycle inotora pakati pe1 uye \(10~\text {ms}\), iyo inobatsira kukurumidza kusimba kwenzvimbo yekunyunguduka panguva yekutonhora.
Kukurumidza kupisa kwemuenzaniso wepamusoro kunoguma nekugadzirwa kwepamusoro thermoelastic stress in the surface layer.Kukwana (kusvika ku20%) chikamu chehupfu hwehupfu hunoputika zvakasimba63, izvo zvinoguma nekuwedzera kudzvinyirira pamusoro pepamusoro pakupindura laser ablation.Nekuda kweizvozvo, iyo induced strain inokanganisa zvakanyanya chikamu chegeometry, kunyanya pedyo nepamusoro pezvitsigiro zve ultrasonic kugadzirwa kwemagetsi ekugadzirisa kugadzirwa kwe ultrasonic kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakaonda. kushungurudza mafungu anopararira kubva kumusoro kusvika kune substrate.Kuti uwane ruzivo rwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwekushungurudzika kwenzvimbo uye kugovera kushungurudza, kuenzanisa kwemesoscopic yedambudziko rekugadzirisa elastic conjugated to heat and mass transfer inoitwa.
Iyo inotonga equation yemuenzaniso inosanganisira (1) kusagadzikana kwekutamisa kupisa equation uko kupisa kwekushisa kunoenderana nechikamu chechimiro (hupfu, kunyunguduka, polycrystalline) uye tembiricha, (2) kuchinjika kweelastic deformation mushure mekuenderera mberi nekubvisa uye thermoelastic kuwedzera equation. . iyo inobudirira danda dhayamita.
Mufananidzo 3 unoratidza mhedzisiro yenhamba yekuenzanisa yenzvimbo yakanyungudutswa uchishandisa macroscopic mathematical model. The diameter of the fusion zone \(200~\upmu \text {m}\) (\(100~\upmu \text { m}\) radius) uye \(40~\upmu \text{0}~ zvinotaridza kudzika kwe1{0} nguva yepasi {0}\) mhedzisiro inotaridza kudzika kwenzvimbo {0} \) nekuda kwepamusoro pepakati pekuita kwe pulse modulation.Kupisa \(V_h\) nekutonhodza \(V_c\) mazinga ari pahurongwa hwe \(10^7\) uye \(10^6~\text {K}/\text {s}\), zvichiteerana.Izvi zvakakosha zvinopindirana zvakanaka nehurongwa hwedu hwekare hwemag (V__) mutsauko we \ (V_) we\64 \ V____ kukurumidza kupisa kwepamusoro pepamusoro, apo kupisa kwekushisa kune substrate hakuna kukwana kubvisa kupisa.Saka, pa \(t=26~\upmu \text {s}\) tembiricha yepamusoro inokwira kusvika \(4800 ~\text {K}\) .Kubuda kwakasimba kwechinhu kunogona kuita kuti sampuli yepasi iite pasi pekumanikidzwa kwakanyanya uye kusvuura.
Numerical simulation results of melting zone of single laser pulse annealing on 316L sample plate.Nguva kubva pakutanga kwepuru kusvika pakadzika pedziva yakanyungudutswa inosvika pakukosha kwepamusoro ndeye \(180~\upmu\text {s}\).Isotherm\(T = T_L = 1723~\text's the solid and the solid boundary) (K} zvinoenderana nekunetseka kwegoho kuverengerwa sebasa rekushisa muchikamu chinotevera.Saka, munharaunda pakati pezviviri isolines (isotherms \ (T = T_L \) uye isobars \ (\ sigma =\ sigma _V (T) \)), chikamu chakasimba chinoiswa pasi pesimba rakasimba mitoro , iyo inogona kutungamirira kuchinja mu microstructure.
Mhedzisiro iyi inotsanangurwa zvakare muMufananidzo 4a, apo chiyero chekumanikidza munzvimbo yakanyungudutswa inorongwa sebasa renguva uye kureba kubva kumusoro.Kutanga, maitiro ekudzvinyirira anoenderana nekugadzirisa kwema laser pulse intensity inotsanangurwa mumufananidzo 2 pamusoro.Kunyanya kudzvinyirira \text{s}\) pamusoro pe \(10 ~\text{MPa}~6d,c} yenzvimbo yakacherechedzwa {MPa}cond\) = the local flue = the local. kudzvinyirirwa panzvimbo yekutonga kune maitiro akafanana e-oscillation sehuwandu hwe \(500 ~\text {kHz}\) .Izvi zvinoreva kuti ultrasonic pressure waves inogadzirwa pamusoro uye zvino inopararira mu substrate.
Maitiro akaverengerwa enzvimbo yedeformation pedyo nenzvimbo yakanyunguduka anoratidzwa muFig. 4b.Laser ablation uye thermoelastic stress inogadzira elastic deformation waves inopararira mu substrate.Sezvinogona kuonekwa kubva pamufananidzo, pane zvikamu zviviri zvekugadzirwa kwekunetseka.Panguva yekutanga ye \ (t <40~\upmu \MP_sstress\} , kukwira kweMP s (8) , mutsara wakafanana ne (MP) , kukwira kweMP kumanikidziro epamusoro.Kushungurudzika uku kunoitika nekuda kwe laser ablation, uye hapana thermoelastic stress yakaonekwa munzvimbo dzekutonga nokuti nzvimbo yekutanga inopisa-yakasvibiswa yakanga iri duku.Kana kupisa kunoputika mu substrate, nzvimbo yekutonga inogadzira high thermoelastic stress pamusoro \(40~\text {MPa}\).
Izvo zvakawanikwa modulated stress levels zvine simba guru pane yakasimba-liquid interface uye inogona kunge iri nzira yekudzora inodzora nzira yekusimbisa.Kukura kwenzvimbo ye deformation ndeye 2 kusvika ku3 nguva yakakura kudarika iyo yekunyunguduka.Sezvinoratidzwa mumufananidzo 3, nzvimbo yekunyunguduka isotherm uye kushushikana kwehutano kuenzana nekutengesa kwegoho kunokonzera nzvimbo inobudirira ye pulmosed inofananidzwa. 300 uye \(800~\upmu \text {m}\) zvichienderana nenguva yakare.
Naizvozvo, kuumbwa kwakaoma kweanodhonzwa Laser anotungamira kune iyo Ultrasonic mhedzisiro. " Mhedzisiro yakawana inopa mukana wekugadzira iyo pulse modulation-yakakwenenzverwa-inofambiswa-inotyairwa slm protomype.in keezoelectric inductor 26 inoshandiswa kumwe chete kunogona kusiiwa.
(a) Dzvinyiriro sebasa renguva, rinoverengerwa pazvinhambwe zvakasiyana kubva pamusoro 0, 20 uye \(40~\upmu \text {m}\) pamwe neaxis ye symmetry.(b) Inotsamira nguva Von Mises stress inoverengerwa mune yakasimba matrix pazvinhambwe 70, 120 uye \(170~\\\\) zvinyorwa {170~\\\\)
Maedzo akaitwa paAISI 321H mahwendefa esimbi asina simbi ane zviyero \(20\nguva 20\nguva 5~\text {mm}\) .Mushure mekuputika kwelaser imwe neimwe, ndiro inofambisa \(50~\upmu \text {m}\), uye chiuno chelaser pane chakanangwa chiri pamusoro \(100 ~pm to beam paques are the same; induce remelting of the processed material for grain refinement.Muzviitiko zvose, nzvimbo yakagadziriswa yakagadziriswa sonicated, zvichienderana neoscillatory chikamu che laser radiation.Izvi zvinoguma nekuderedza kunopfuura 5-kuderera kwepakati pezviyo.
Subplots (a,d,g,j) uye (b,e,h,k) - microstructure yelaser yakanyunguduka matunhu, subplots (c,f,i,l) - nharaunda kugoverwa kwezviyo zvine mavara.Shading inomiririra zvimedu zvakashandiswa ku compute histogram.Mavara anoenderana nenharaunda dzezviyo (ona bhara reruvara kumusoro kwehistogram. Subplots (ac) inoenderana neuntreated stainless steel, uye subplots (df), (gi), (jl) inoenderana ne1, 3 uye 5 remelts.
Sezvo laser pulse energy isingashanduki pakati pekupfuura kunotevera, kudzika kwenzvimbo yakanyungudutswa kwakafanana.Saka, chiteshi chinotevera "chinovhara" zvachose chekare.Zvisinei, histogram inoratidza kuti zvinoreva uye nzvimbo yezviyo yepakati inoderera nekuwedzera nhamba yepasi.Izvi zvinogona kuratidza kuti laser iri kushanda pane substrate pane kunyunguduka.
Kunatswa kwezviyo kunogona kukonzerwa nekukurumidza kutonhora kwedziva rakanyungudutswa65.Imwe seti yezviedzo yakaitwa umo nzvimbo dzesimbi isina tsvina mahwendefa (321H uye 316L) dzakafumurwa kune inoenderera mberi wave laser mwaranzi mumhepo (Fig. 6) uye vacuum (Fig. 7) .The avhareji yekuedza laser simba (300 W molten kudzika kwakadzika kwelaser simba (300 W, molten pool) inoremekedza dziva rekudzika. Nd: YAG laser mune yemahara-running mode.Zvisinei, yakajairika columnar chimiro chakaonekwa.
Microstructure ye laser-yakanyunguduka nharaunda yeinoenderera mberi wave laser (300 W nguva dzose simba, 200 mm / s scan speed, AISI 321H simbi isina tsvina).
(a) Microstructure uye (b) electron backscatter diffraction mifananidzo ye laser-melted region in vacuum ine inoenderera mberi wave laser (100 W nguva dzose simba, 200 mm / s scan speed, AISI 316L simbi isina tsvina)\ (\ sim 2 ~\text {mbar}\).
Naizvozvo, zvinonyatsoratidzwa kuti kujaira kweiyo lasse pulse simba kune iyo nzira yekunyungudika. Tinotenda nekuda kwemasangano ekupedzisira. " ITY URTRASOG mune dzakasiyana siyana kusanganisira ti-6V Alloy 26 uye Stain Vachechi Pa \ 69.Such Shol Mafungu anogona kunge akasimba zvakakwana kuti asimudzire kuumbwa kweanotyisa-solicti muLulk
Pano, isu tinokurudzira imwe nzira inokonzera kugadzirisa kwemaitiro neakanyanya sonication.Pakarepo mushure mekusimba, zvinhu zvinenge zviri pamhepo yepamusoro pedyo nekunyunguduka uye ine kuderera kwakanyanya kwegoho stress.Intense ultrasonic mafungu anogona kukonzera kuyerera kwepurasitiki kushandura chimiro chezviyo zvezviyo zvinopisa, zvakangosimbiswa.Zvisinei, data yakavimbika yekuedza pamusoro pekushushikana kwekushisa kwe1\~K inovimbika (T dhiyabhorosi yetembiricha ye1\~K inovimbika kune dhiyabhorosi ye1 \ ~ 16K data inovimbika pamusoro pekushushikana kwe1 \ ~ 1 text kutsamira kune 10 K ~ . ) (ona Mufananidzo 8) .Naizvozvo, kuti tiedze iyi hypothesis, takaita kuenzanisa kwema molecular dynamics (MD) yeFe-Cr-Ni yakagadzirwa yakafanana neAISI 316 L simbi kuitira kuti tiongorore maitiro ekudzvinyirira kwegoho pedyo nenzvimbo yakanyunguduka.Kuverenga kushushikana kwegoho, takashandisa MD shear stress relaxation technique yakatsanangurwa mu71,30,730,730,71,2,7,7,7,7,30,7. yakashandisa Embedded Atomic Model (EAM) kubva ku74.MD simulations yakaitwa uchishandisa LAMMPS codes 75,76.Details of the MD simulations ichabudiswa kune imwe nzvimbo.The MD calculation results of gogo stress as a function of temperatures inoratidzwa muFig. 8 pamwe chete ne data inowanikwa yekuedza uye mamwe maevaluations77,828,828.
Goho kushungurudza kweAISI giredhi 316 austenitic Stainless steel uye model composition inopesana netembiricha yeMD simulations.Zviyero zvekuongorora kubva kune zvinyorwa: (a) 77, (b) 78, (c) 79, (d) 80, (e) 81.refer to.(f)82 is an empiriences stressed measure-line iemperature model of goho-line iemperature model of goho-laser-stress .Migumisiro yehukuru-hukuru MD simulations muchidzidzo ichi inotaridzwa se \(\vartriangleleft\) kune chirema-chisina chisingaperi crystal imwe chete uye \(\ vatriangleright\) yezviyo zvinogumira tichifunga nezveavhareji saizi yezviyo kuburikidza neHoro-Petch relation Dimensions\(d = 50~\upmu \text {m}\).
Zvinogona kuonekwa kuti pa \(T> 1500 ~\text {K}\) kushushikana kwegoho kunodonha pasi \(40~\text {MPa}\) .Kune rumwe rutivi, fungidziro inofanotaura kuti laser-generated ultrasonic amplitude inodarika \(40~\text {MPa}\) (ona Fig. 4b), iyo inokwana kuyerera muhutu hwepurasitiki.
Iyo microstructure kugadzirwa kwe12Cr18Ni10Ti (AISI 321H) austenitic Stainless simbi panguva yeSLM yakaongororwa nekuyedza uchishandisa yakaoma-yakagadziriswa pulsed laser sosi.
Kuderedza saizi yezviyo munzvimbo yekunyungudika yelaser yakawanikwa nekuda kwekuenderera mberi kwelaser kudzoreredza mushure me1, 3 kana 5 kupfuura.
Macroscopic modeling inoratidza kuti saizi inofungidzirwa yedunhu uko ultrasonic deformation inogona kukanganisa kusimba kwekumberi kuri kusvika \(1~\text {mm}\).
Iyo microscopic MD modhi inoratidza kuti simba regoho reAISI 316 austenitic simbi isina tsvina rakaderedzwa zvakanyanya kusvika \(40 ~\text {MPa}\) pedyo nekunyungudika.
Mhedzisiro yakawanikwa inoratidza nzira yekudzora iyo microstructure yezvinhu uchishandisa yakaoma modulated laser processing uye inogona kushanda sehwaro hwekugadzira shanduko nyowani yepulsed SLM maitiro.
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