Ndatenda nekushanyira Nature.com.Shanduro yebrowser yauri kushandisa ine tsigiro yeCSS shoma.Kuti uwane ruzivo rwakanyanya, tinokurudzira kuti ushandise browser yakagadziridzwa (kana kudzima Compatibility Mode muInternet Explorer).Zvichakadaro, kuti tive nechokwadi chekuenderera mberi nerutsigiro, isu tinopa saiti pasina masitaera uye JavaScript.
Microbial corrosion (MIC) idambudziko rakakura mumaindasitiri mazhinji, sezvo richigona kutungamira mukurasikirwa kukuru kwehupfumi.Super duplex Stainless simbi 2707 (2707 HDSS) inoshandiswa munzvimbo dzemugungwa nekuda kwekunaka kwayo kwemakemikari kuramba.Nekudaro, kuramba kwayo kuMIC hakuna kuratidzwa.Chidzidzo ichi chakaongorora maitiro eMIC 2707 HDSS akakonzerwa nebhakteria remugungwa reaerobic Pseudomonas aeruginosa.Electrochemical analysis yakaratidza kuti pamberi pePseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm munharaunda ye2216E, kuchinja kwakanaka kwehutano hwekuora uye kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hunoitika.Ongororo yeX-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) yakaratidza kuderera kweiyo Cr zviri pamusoro peiyo sampuli pasi peiyo biofilm.Ongororo yekuona makomba yakaratidza kuti P. aeruginosa biofilm yakaburitsa hudzamu hwegomba hunosvika 0.69 µm mukati memazuva gumi nemana ekuvharirwa.Kunyangwe izvi zvidiki, zvinoratidza kuti 2707 HDSS haina kudzivirirwa zvachose kuMIC yeP. aeruginosa biofilms.
Duplex Stainless steels (DSS) anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumaindasitiri akasiyana siyana nekuda kwemusanganiswa wakakwana weakanakisa emakanika zvivakwa uye corrosion resistance1,2.Nekudaro, gomba renzvimbo richiri kuitika uye rinokanganisa kuvimbika kwesimbi iyi3,4.DSS haidziviriri kune microbial corrosion (MIC) 5,6.Pasinei nehupamhi hwemashandisirwo eDSS, kuchine nharaunda umo kushora kweDSS hakuna kukwana kushandiswa kwenguva refu.Izvi zvinoreva kuti zvinhu zvinodhura zvakanyanya zvine corrosion resistance inodiwa.Jeon et al7 vakawana kuti kunyange super duplex Stainless simbi (SDSS) ine zvimwe zvinogumira maererano nekushomeka kwekuora.Naizvozvo, mune zvimwe zviitiko, super duplex Stainless simbi (HDSS) ine yakakwira corrosion resistance inodiwa.Izvi zvakakonzera kugadzirwa kweHDSS yakasanganiswa zvakanyanya.
Corrosion resistance DSS inoenderana nereshiyo ye alpha ne gamma phases uye yakapera muCr, Mo uye W matunhu 8, 9, 10 padyo nechikamu chechipiri.HDSS ine yakakwirira yeCr, Mo uye N11, saka ine yakanakisa corrosion resistance uye kukosha kwepamusoro (45-50) yeyakaenzana pitting resistance number (PREN) inotarwa ne wt.% Cr + 3.3 (wt.% Mo + 0.5 wt. .%W) + 16% wt.N12.Kuramba kwayo kwakanakisa kwekuora kunoenderana nekuumbwa kwakaringana kunenge 50% ferritic (α) uye 50% austenitic (γ) zvikamu.HDSS ine zvirinani zvemichina uye yakakwirira kuramba kune chloride corrosion.Kuvandudzwa kwekupokana kunowedzera kushandiswa kweHDSS munzvimbo dzine hukasha dzechloride dzakadai senzvimbo dzemugungwa.
MaMIC idambudziko guru mumaindasitiri mazhinji akadai semafuta negesi uye maindasitiri emvura14.MIC inoverengera makumi maviri muzana yezvese kukuvara kwekuora15.MIC ndeye bioelectrochemical corrosion inogona kucherechedzwa munzvimbo dzakawanda.Biofilms inoumba pamusoro pesimbi inoshandura mamiriro e electrochemical, nekudaro inokanganisa maitiro ekuora.Zvinotendwa nevakawanda kuti MIC corrosion inokonzerwa ne biofilms.Electrogenic microorganisms inodya simbi kuti iwane simba ravanoda kuti vararame17.Zvichangoburwa zvidzidzo zveMIC zvakaratidza kuti EET (extracellular electron transfer) ndiyo inomisa chiyero muMIC inokonzerwa ne electrogenic microorganisms.Zhang et al.18 yakaratidza kuti maelectronic intermediaries anomhanyisa kutamisa maerekitironi pakati peDesulfovibrio sessificans masero ne304 simbi isina tsvina, zvichikonzera kurwisa kwakanyanya kweMIC.Anning et al.19 uye Wenzlaff et al.20 zvakaratidza kuti biofilms ye corrosive sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRBs) inogona kunzva maerekitironi zvakananga kubva kusimbi substrates, zvichikonzera kupinza kwakanyanya.
DSS inozivikanwa kuti inobatwa neMIC munhau dzine SRBs, iron-reducing bacteria (IRBs), etc. 21.Aya mabhakitiriya anokonzera kugadzika kwenzvimbo pamusoro peDSS pasi pe biofilms22,23.Kusiyana neDSS, iyo HDSS24 MIC haina kunyatsozivikanwa.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa ibhakitiriya reGram-negative, motile, rakaita setsvimbo iro rinoparadzirwa zvakanyanya muzvisikwa25.Pseudomonas aeruginosa iboka guru rehutachiona munzvimbo yegungwa, zvichikonzera kukwidziridzwa kweMIC.Pseudomonas inoshingairira kuita corrosion process uye inozivikanwa sepiyona colonizer panguva yekugadzira biofilm.Mahat et al.28 uye Yuan et al.29 yakaratidza kuti Pseudomonas aeruginosa inowedzera kuwedzera kukora kwesimbi yakapfava uye alloys munzvimbo dzemvura.
Chinangwa chikuru chebasa iri chaive chekuferefeta zvimiro zveMIC 2707 HDSS zvakakonzerwa nebhakteria remugungwa reaerobic Pseudomonas aeruginosa vachishandisa nzira dze electrochemical, nzira dzekuongorora pamusoro uye kuongororwa kwechigadzirwa chekuora.Zvidzidzo zveElectrochemical, zvinosanganisira yakavhurika yedunhu mukana (OCP), mutsara polarization kuramba (LPR), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), uye inogona dynamic polarization, yakaitwa kudzidza maitiro eMIC 2707 HDSS.Energy dispersive spectrometric analysis (EDS) yakaitwa kuti ione zvinhu zvemakemikari panzvimbo ine ngura.Mukuwedzera, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) yakashandiswa kuona kugadzikana kweoxide film passivation pasi pesimba remamiriro egungwa ane Pseudomonas aeruginosa.Kudzika kwemakomba kwakayerwa pasi pe confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM).
Tafura 1 inoratidza chimiro chemakemikari ye2707 HDSS.Tafura 2 inoratidza kuti 2707 HDSS ine yakanakisa mechanical zvivakwa zvine goho re650 MPa.Pamusoro pemuonde.1 inoratidza iyo optical microstructure yemhinduro kupisa yakabatwa 2707 HDSS.Mune microstructure ine inenge 50% austenite uye 50% ferrite phases, elongated mabhandi e austenite uye ferrite phases pasina chechipiri zvikamu zvinoonekwa.
Pamusoro pemuonde.2a inoratidza mukana wedunhu rakavhurika (Eocp) maringe nenguva ye2707 HDSS mu2216E abiotic medium uye P. aeruginosa muto kwemazuva gumi nemana pa37°C.Zvinoratidza kuti shanduko huru uye yakakosha muEocp inoitika mukati memaawa makumi maviri nemana ekutanga.Iyo Eocp kukosha muzviitiko zvese zviri zviviri yakakwira pa -145 mV (ichienzaniswa neSCE) yakatenderedza 16 h ichibva yadonha zvakanyanya, ichisvika -477 mV (ichienzaniswa neSCE) uye -236 mV (ichienzaniswa neSCE) yemuenzaniso weabiotic.uye P Pseudomonas aeruginosa makuponi, zvichiteerana).Mushure memaawa makumi maviri nemana, kukosha kweEocp 2707 HDSS yeP. aeruginosa yakanga yakadzikama pa -228 mV (ichienzaniswa neSCE), nepo kukosha kunowirirana kwemasampuli asiri ehupenyu angangoita -442 mV (ichienzaniswa neSCE).Eocp pamberi peP. aeruginosa yaive yakadzikira.
Electrochemical study ye2707 HDSS samples mune abiotic medium uye Pseudomonas aeruginosa muto pa37 °C:
(a) Eocp sebasa renguva yekuratidzwa, (b) polarization curves pazuva 14, (c) Rp sebasa renguva yekuratidzwa, uye (d) icorr sebasa renguva yekuratidzwa.
Tafura 3 inoratidza electrochemical corrosion parameters e2707 HDSS samples dzakafumurwa kune abiotic uye Pseudomonas aeruginosa inoculated media mukati memazuva gumi nemana.Iyo tangents yeanode uye cathode curves yakawedzerwa kuti iwane mharadzano inopa corrosion current density (icorr), corrosion potential (Ecorr) uye Tafel slope (βα uye βc) maererano nemaitiro akaenzana30,31.
Sezvinoratidzwa mufig.2b, kukwira kumusoro muP. aeruginosa curve kwakakonzera kuwedzera kweEcorr zvichienzaniswa neabiotic curve.Iko icorr kukosha, iyo inoenzanirana nehuwandu hwekuora, yakawedzera kusvika ku 0.328 µA cm-2 muPseudomonas aeruginosa sampuli, iyo yakakura zvakapetwa kana pane isiri-biological sample (0.087 µA cm-2).
LPR inguva yekare isingaparadze electrochemical nzira yekukurumidza corrosion ongororo.Yakashandiswawo kudzidza MIC32.Pamusoro pemuonde.2c inoratidza polarization kuramba (Rp) sebasa renguva yekuratidzwa.Kukosha kweRp kunoreva kushomeka kwemarara.Mukati memaawa makumi maviri nemana ekutanga, Rp 2707 HDSS yakakwira pa1955 kΩ cm2 yezvienzaniso zveabiotic uye 1429 kΩ cm2 yePseudomonas aeruginosa specimens.Mufananidzo 2c unoratidzawo kuti kukosha kweRp kwakadzikira nekukurumidza mushure mezuva rimwe ndokuzoramba kusingachinjiki mumazuva gumi nematatu anotevera.Hwaro hweRp hwePseudomonas aeruginosa sampuli ingangoita 40 kΩ cm2, iyo yakadzikira zvakanyanya kupfuura kukosha kwe450 kΩ cm2 yemuenzaniso usiri webhayoloji.
Kukosha kweicorr kunoenzanirana neyunifomu yecorrosion rate.Kukosha kwayo kunogona kuverengerwa kubva kune inotevera Stern-Giri equation:
Maererano naZoe et al.33, kukosha kwakajairika kweTafel slope B mubasa iri yakatorwa kuva 26 mV/dec.Mufananidzo 2d unoratidza kuti icorr ye-non-biological sample 2707 yakaramba yakagadzikana, nepo P. aeruginosa sampuli yakachinja zvikuru mushure memaawa ekutanga e24.Iwo icorr values ​​dzeP. aeruginosa samples dzaive kurongeka kwehukuru hwepamusoro pane izvo zvisiri zvebiological control.Iyi maitiro inoenderana nemhedzisiro yepolarization resistance.
EIS ndiyo imwe nzira isingaparadzi inoshandiswa kuratidza maitiro e electrochemical panzvimbo dzine ngura.Impedance spectra uye yakaverengerwa capacitance kukosha kwemasampunzi akafumurwa kune abiotic nharaunda uye Pseudomonas aeruginosa mhinduro, passive firimu / biofilm kuramba Rb yakaumbwa pane yemuenzaniso wepamusoro, kubhadharisa kutamisa kuramba Rct, yemagetsi kaviri layer capacitance Cdl (EDL) uye inogara QCPE Phase element paramita (CPE).Aya ma paramita akaongororwa zvakare nekukodzera iyo data uchishandisa yakaenzana dunhu (EEC) modhi.
Pamusoro pemuonde.3 inoratidza maNyquist plots (a nab) neBode plots (a' and b') ye2707 HDSS samples muabiotic media uye P. aeruginosa muto kwenguva dzakasiyana dzekuisa.Iyo dhayamita yeNyquist mhete inodzikira pamberi pePseudomonas aeruginosa.Iyo Bode plot (Fig. 3b ') inoratidza kuwedzera kweimpedance yose.Ruzivo nezve nguva yekuzorora nguva dzose inogona kuwanikwa kubva muchikamu maxima.Pamusoro pemuonde.4 inoratidza maumbirwo emuviri anobva pane monolayer (a) uye bilayer (b) uye maEEC anoenderana.CPE inounzwa muEEC modhi.Kubvumirwa kwayo uye impedance inoratidzwa sezvinotevera:
Mhando mbiri dzemuviri uye matunhu akaenzana akaenzana ekukodzera iyo impedance spectrum yemuenzaniso 2707 HDSS:
apo Y0 iri kukosha kweKPI, j inhamba yekufungidzira kana (-1) 1/2, ω ndiyo mafungu eangular, n ndiyo KPI power index isingasviki one35.Iyo yekuchaja yekufambisa kuramba inversion (kureva 1 / Rct) inoenderana neiyo corrosion rate.Iyo Rct diki, iyo yakakwirira yerorosion rate27.Mushure memazuva gumi nemana ekuvharirwa, iyo Rct yePseudomonas aeruginosa samples yakasvika 32 kΩ cm2, iyo iri pasi pe489 kΩ cm2 yezvisina biological samples (Table 4).
Mifananidzo yeCLSM nemifananidzo yeSEM ​​muFigure 5 inoratidza zvakajeka kuti biofilm coating pamusoro peHDSS sampu 2707 mushure memazuva 7 yakaoma.Nekudaro, mushure memazuva gumi nemana, kuvharwa kwebiofilm kwaive kwakashata uye mamwe masero akafa akaonekwa.Tafura 5 inoratidza ukobvu hwebiofilm pamasampuli 2707 HDSS mushure mekusangana neP. aeruginosa kwemazuva manomwe negumi nemana.Hukuru hwebiofilm hwakachinja kubva pa23.4 µm mushure memazuva manomwe kuenda pa18.9 µm mushure memazuva gumi nemana.Avhareji biofilm ukobvu akasimbisawo maitiro aya.Yakadzikira kubva pa22.2 ± 0.7 μm mushure memazuva manomwe kusvika pa17.8 ± 1.0 μm mushure memazuva gumi nemana.
(a) 3-D CLSM mufananidzo pamazuva manomwe, (b) 3-D CLSM mufananidzo pamazuva gumi nemana, (c) SEM mufananidzo pamazuva manomwe, uye (d) SEM mufananidzo pamazuva gumi nemana.
EMF yakaburitsa zvinhu zvekemikari mubiofilms uye zvinogadzirwa necorrosion pamasampuli akaiswa kuP. aeruginosa kwemazuva gumi nemana.Pamusoro pemuonde.Mufananidzo 6 unoratidza kuti zviri muC, N, O, uye P mune biofilms uye corrosion zvigadzirwa zvakakwirira zvakanyanya kupfuura musimbi yakachena, sezvo zvinhu izvi zvine chekuita nebiofilms uye metabolites yavo.Utachiona hunoda chete huwandu hwechromium nesimbi.Mazinga akakwirira eCr uye Fe mubiofilm uye zvigadzirwa zvekuora pamusoro pemasampuli zvinoratidza kuti simbi matrix yakarasikirwa nezvinhu nekuda kwekuora.
Mushure memazuva gumi nemana, makomba ane uye asina P. aeruginosa akaonekwa pakati pe2216E.Isati yaiswa, pamusoro pemasamples yakanga yakatsetseka uye isina kukanganisa (Fig. 7a).Mushure mekuvhara uye kubviswa kwebiofilm uye corrosion zvigadzirwa, makomba akadzika pamusoro pemasampuli akaongororwa achishandisa CLSM, sezvakaratidzwa mumufananidzo 7b uye c.Hapana gomba riri pachena rakawanikwa pamusoro pezvisiri zvebhayoloji zvinodzora (yakanyanya gomba kudzika 0.02 µm).Iyo yakadzika gomba yakadzika yakakonzerwa neP. aeruginosa yaive 0.52 µm pamazuva manomwe uye 0.69 µm pamazuva gumi nemana, zvichibva paavhareji yegomba yakadzika kubva ku3 samples (10 yakadzika gomba yakadzika yakasarudzwa kune yega yega sampuli).Kubudirira kwe0.42 ± 0.12 µm uye 0.52 ± 0.15 µm, zvichiteerana (Tafura 5).Aya gomba kudzika kukosha idiki asi yakakosha.
(a) tisati tafumurwa, (b) mazuva gumi nemana munzvimbo yeabiotic, uye (c) mazuva gumi nemana muPseudomonas aeruginosa muto.
Pamusoro pemuonde.Tafura 8 inoratidza XPS spectra yemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemuenzaniso, uye chimiro chemakemikari chakaongororwa kune imwe neimwe nzvimbo inopfupikiswa muTebhu 6. MuTebhu 6, zvikamu zveatomu zveFe neCr muhupo hweP.(mienzaniso C uye D).Kumuenzaniso weP. aeruginosa, iyo spectral curve pamwero weCr 2p nucleus yakaiswa kuzvikamu zvina zvepamusoro zvine simba rinosunga (BE) re574.4, 576.6, 578.3 uye 586.8 eV, iyo inogona kunzi Cr, CrO3, CrO3, CrO3, CrO3, CrO3.uye Cr (OH) 3, maererano (Fig. 9a uye b).Kune asiri-biological samples, iyo spectrum yehukuru hweCr 2p level ine mapikisi makuru maviri eCr (573.80 eV yeBE) uye Cr2O3 (575.90 eV yeBE) mumaFig.9c uye d, zvichiteerana.Musiyano unonyanya kushamisa pakati peabiotic samples neP. aeruginosa samples kwaive kuvapo kweCr6+ uye chikamu chepamusoro cheCr(OH)3 (BE 586.8 eV) pasi pe biofilm.
Iyo yakafara XPS spectra yechiso chemuenzaniso 2707 HDSS mune mbiri midhiya ndeye 7 uye 14 mazuva, zvichiteerana.
(a) 7 mazuva ekusangana neP. aeruginosa, (b) mazuva gumi nemana ekusangana neP. aeruginosa, (c) mazuva manomwe munzvimbo yeabiotic, uye (d) mazuva gumi nemana munzvimbo yeabiotic.
HDSS inoratidza yakakwira mwero wekupokana munzvimbo zhinji.Kim et al.2 vakashuma kuti HDSS UNS S32707 yakaonekwa seDSS yakanyanya kusanganiswa ine PREN yakakura kupfuura 45. Nhamba yePREN yemuenzaniso 2707 HDSS mubasa iri yaiva 49. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nehuwandu hwekromium uye huwandu hwemolybdenum uye nickel, iyo inobatsira munzvimbo dzine acidic.uye nharaunda dzine high chloride content.Mukuwedzera, kuumbwa kwakanyatsogadzikana uye kukanganisa-isina microstructure kunobatsira pakugadzikana kwemaitiro uye kudzivisa kuora.Zvisinei, pasinei nekuramba kwayo kwemakemikari, ruzivo rwekuedza mubasa iri rinoratidza kuti 2707 HDSS haina kudzivirirwa zvachose kuP. aeruginosa biofilm MICs.
Mhedzisiro yeElectrochemical yakaratidza kuti chiyero chekuora che2707 HDSS muP. aeruginosa muto chakawedzera zvakanyanya mushure memazuva gumi nemana kana zvichienzaniswa nenzvimbo isiri yebhaibheri.Mumufananidzo 2a, kuderera kweEocp kwakaonekwa zvose mu abiotic medium uye muP. aeruginosa muto mumaawa makumi maviri nemana ekutanga.Mushure meizvozvo, iyo biofilm inovhara zvachose pamusoro peiyo sampuli, uye Eocp inova yakagadzikana36.Nekudaro, iyo biological Eocp level yaive yakakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura iyo isiri-biological Eocp level.Pane zvikonzero zvekutenda kuti musiyano uyu unobatanidzwa nekuumbwa kweP. aeruginosa biofilms.Pamusoro pemuonde.2d pamberi peP. aeruginosa, iyo icorr 2707 HDSS kukosha yakasvika 0.627 μA cm-2, iyo inorongeka yehukuru yakakwirira kupfuura iyo yeabiotic control (0.063 μA cm-2), iyo yaienderana neRct value yakayerwa neEIS.Mumazuva mashoma ekutanga, iyo impedance values ​​muP. aeruginosa muto yakawedzera nekuda kwekubatanidzwa kweP. aeruginosa masero uye kuumbwa kwebiofilms.Nekudaro, kana iyo biofilm yakavhara zvachose iyo sampuli nzvimbo, iyo impedance inoderera.Iyo yekudzivirira yekudzivirira inorwiswa zvakanyanya nekuda kwekuumbwa kwebiofilms uye biofilm metabolites.Nekuda kweizvozvo, kusimba kwekuora kwakadzikira nekufamba kwenguva uye kubatanidzwa kweP. aeruginosa kwakakonzera kuparara kwenzvimbo.Maitiro munzvimbo dzeabiotic aive akasiyana.Kupokana kwekuora kweiyo isiri-biological control yaive yakakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura kukosha kunowirirana kwemasampunzi akaiswa kuP. aeruginosa muto.Pamusoro pezvo, kune abiotic accessions, iyo Rct 2707 HDSS kukosha kwakasvika 489 kΩ cm2 pazuva regumi neina, inova yakapetwa ka15 kupfuura kukosha kweRct (32 kΩ cm2) pamberi peP. aeruginosa.Saka, 2707 HDSS ine huturu hwekudzivirira ngura munzvimbo isina utachiona, asi haidziviriri kuMICs kubva kuP. aeruginosa biofilms.
Izvi mhedzisiro zvinogona zvakare kucherechedzwa kubva kune polarization curves muFig.2b.Anodic branching yakabatanidzwa nePseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation uye metal oxidation reactions.Muchiitiko ichi, iyo cathodic reaction ndiyo kuderedzwa kweokisijeni.Kuvapo kweP. aeruginosa kwakawedzera zvakanyanya corrosion current density, pamusoro pekurongeka kwehukuru hwepamusoro kupfuura mukutonga kweabiotic.Izvi zvinoratidza kuti iyo P. aeruginosa biofilm inokwidziridza kuora kwenzvimbo kwe2707 HDSS.Yuan et al.29 vakawana kuti corrosion current density yeCu-Ni 70/30 alloy yakawedzera pasi pekuita kweP. aeruginosa biofilm.Izvi zvinogona kunge zvakakonzerwa ne biocatalysis yekuderedzwa kweokisijeni nePseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms.Kuona uku kunogonawo kutsanangura iyo MIC 2707 HDSS mubasa iri.Panogonawo kuve neokisijeni shoma pasi pe aerobic biofilms.Nokudaro, kuramba kudzorerazve simbi pamusoro neokisijeni inogona kuva chinhu chinokonzera MIC mubasa iri.
Dickinson et al.38 yakaratidza kuti chiyero chemakemikari uye electrochemical reactions inogona kukanganiswa zvakananga nekuita kwemetabolism ye sessile mabhakitiriya pane sampuro yepamusoro uye chimiro chezvigadzirwa zvekuora.Sezvinoratidzwa mumufananidzo 5 uye Tafura 5, nhamba yemasero uye biofilm ukobvu yakaderera mushure memazuva gumi nemana.Izvi zvinogona kutsanangurwa zvine musoro nenyaya yekuti mushure memazuva gumi nemana, maseru mazhinji ari pamusoro pe2707 HDSS akafa nekuda kwekushaikwa kwechikafu mu2216E medium kana kuburitswa kweiyo simbi ine chepfu kubva ku2707 HDSS matrix.Uku ndiko kudzikisira kwe batch experiments.
Mune basa iri, P. aeruginosa biofilm yakabatsira kuderera kwenharaunda yeCr uye Fe pasi peiyo biofilm pamusoro pe2707 HDSS (Fig. 6).Tafura 6 inoratidza kuderedzwa kweFe uye Cr mumuenzaniso D kana ichienzaniswa nemuenzaniso C, zvichiratidza kuti Fe uye Cr yakanyungudutswa yakakonzerwa neP. aeruginosa biofilm yakaramba iripo kwemazuva ekutanga e7.Iyo 2216E nharaunda inoshandiswa kutevedzera nharaunda yegungwa.Iyo ine 17700 ppm Cl-, iyo inofananidzwa nezvayo mune yakasikwa mvura yegungwa.Kuvapo kwe17700 ppm Cl- chaive chikonzero chikuru chekudzikira kweCr mu7- uye 14-day abiotic samples akaongororwa neXPS.Kuenzaniswa neP. aeruginosa samples, kunyungudika kweCr mumasampuli eabiotic kwaive kushoma nekuda kwekupokana kwakasimba kwe2707 HDSS kune chlorine pasi peabiotic mamiriro.Pamusoro pemuonde.9 inoratidza kuvepo kweCr6 + mufirimu rinopfuura.Inogona kubatanidzwa mukubviswa kwechromium kubva panzvimbo dzesimbi neP. aeruginosa biofilms, sezvakataurwa naChen naClayton.
Nekuda kwekukura kwebhakitiriya, iyo pH kukosha kwepakati pamberi uye mushure mekurima yaive 7.4 uye 8.2, zvichiteerana.Nokudaro, pasi peP. aeruginosa biofilm, organic acid corrosion haigoni kugovera basa iri nekuda kwepH yakawanda muhuwandu hwehuwandu.Iyo pH yeasiri-biological control medium haina kushanduka zvakanyanya (kubva pakutanga 7.4 kusvika yekupedzisira 7.5) mukati memazuva gumi nemana ekuyedzwa.Kuwedzera kwepH mukati memhodzi mushure mekudyara kwakakonzerwa nekushanda kwemetabolism yeP. aeruginosa uye yakawanikwa iine mhedzisiro yakafanana papH mukushaikwa kwematest strips.
Sezvinoratidzwa muMufananidzo 7, kudzika kwegomba kukuru kwakakonzerwa neP. aeruginosa biofilm kwaiva 0.69 µm, iyo yakakura kudarika iyo yeabiotic medium (0.02 µm).Izvi zvinopindirana nemashoko e electrochemical anotsanangurwa pamusoro apa.Gomba rakadzika re0.69 µm rakapetwa kagumi pane iyo 9.5 µm kukosha yakashumwa ye2205 DSS pasi pemamiriro akafanana.Aya data anoratidza kuti 2707 HDSS inoratidza kuramba kuri nani kuMICs pane 2205 DSS.Izvi hazvifanire kuuya sechishamiso sezvo 2707 HDSS iine yakakwirira Cr mazinga ayo anopa kufambisa kwenguva refu, zvakanyanya kuoma kumisa P. aeruginosa, uye nekuda kweiyo yakaenzana chikamu chimiro pasina inokuvadza yechipiri kunaya kunokonzera gomba.
Mukupedzisa, makomba eMIC akawanikwa pamusoro pe2707 HDSS muP. aeruginosa muto kana ichienzaniswa nemakomba asina kukosha munzvimbo yeabiotic.Iri basa rinoratidza kuti 2707 HDSS ine kuramba kuri nani kuMIC pane 2205 DSS, asi haina kudzivirirwa zvachose kuMIC nekuda kweP. aeruginosa biofilm.Migumisiro iyi inobatsira pakusarudzwa kwesimbi dzisina tsvina dzakakodzera uye hupenyu hunotarisirwa kunharaunda yegungwa.
Kuponi ye2707 HDSS yakapihwa neNortheastern University (NEU) Chikoro cheMetallurgy muShenyang, China.Iyo yekutanga kuumbwa kwe2707 HDSS inoratidzwa muTafura 1, iyo yakaongororwa neNEU Materials Analysis uye Testing Dhipatimendi.Mienzaniso yese yakagadziriswa mhinduro yakasimba pa1180 ° C kweawa imwe.Isati yaedzwa corrosion, 2707 HDSS yakaita coin ine nzvimbo yakavhurika yepamusoro ye1 cm2 yakakwenenzverwa kusvika 2000 grit nesilicon carbide sandpaper ndokuzokwenenzverwa ne0.05 µm Al2O3 poda slurry.Mativi uye pasi zvinodzivirirwa nependi inert.Mushure mekuoma, sampuli dzakashambidzwa nemvura isina tsvina yakasvibiswa uye yakasvibiswa ne 75% (v / v) ethanol ye 0.5 h.Dzakazoomeswa nemhepo pasi pe ultraviolet (UV) chiedza kwe 0.5 h isati yashandiswa.
Marine Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain MCCC 1A00099 yakatengwa kubva ku Xiamen Marine Culture Collection Center (MCCC), China.Pseudomonas aeruginosa yakakura pasi pemamiriro eaerobic pa 37 ° C. mu 250 ml flasks uye 500 ml girazi electrochemical masero achishandisa Marine 2216E liquid medium (Qingdao Hope Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Qingdao, China).Pakati nepakati rine (g/l): 19.45 NaCl, 5.98 MgCl2, 3.24 Na2SO4, 1.8 CaCl2, 0.55 KCl, 0.16 Na2CO3, 0.08 KBr, 0.034 SrCl2, 0.08 2 2 0, 3 Sr0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 2, 3, 2, 2, 3, 2, 2. 0016 6NH26NH3, 3.0016 NH3 5.0 peptone, 1.0 yeast extract uye 0.1 iron citrate.Autoclave pa 121 ° C kwemaminitsi makumi maviri isati yaiswa.Verenga sessile uye planktonic masero ane hemocytometer pasi pechiedza chemicroscope pa 400x magnification.Iko kwekutanga kusanganiswa kwe planktonic Pseudomonas aeruginosa pakarepo mushure mekudzivirira kwaiva anenge 106 masero / ml.
Electrochemical bvunzo dzakaitwa mukirasi matatu-electrode girazi sero ine yepakati vhoriyamu ye500 ml.Iyo platinum sheet uye saturated calomel electrode (SAE) yakabatanidzwa kune reactor kuburikidza neLuggin capillaries yakazadzwa nemabhiriji emunyu, ayo akashanda seanopikisa uye mareferensi emagetsi, zvichiteerana.Pakugadzirwa kwemagetsi ekushanda, rubberized copper wire yakasungirirwa kune imwe neimwe sampuli uye yakavharwa ne epoxy resin, ichisiya inenge 1 cm2 yenzvimbo isina kudzivirirwa ye electrode inoshanda kune rumwe rutivi.Munguva yezviyero zve electrochemical, sampuli dzakaiswa mu 2216E svikiro uye dzakachengetwa pane imwe nguva incubation tembiricha (37 ° C) mumvura yekugeza.OCP, LPR, EIS uye data inogona kusimba polarization yakayerwa pachishandiswa Autolab potentiostat (Reference 600TM, Gamry Instruments, Inc., USA).Miedzo yeLPR yakanyorwa pachiyero chekuongorora che 0.125 mV s-1 muhuwandu hwe -5 kusvika ku5 mV neEocp uye sampling rate ye1 Hz.EIS yakaitwa ine sine wave pamusoro peiyo frequency renji ye 0.01 kusvika 10,000 Hz uchishandisa yakashandiswa voltage ye 5 mV panzvimbo yakatsiga Eocp.Pamberi pekutsvaira kwaigona kuitika, ma electrode aive muchimiro chisina basa kusvika kukosha kwakadzikama kweiyo yemahara corrosion inogona kuwanikwa.Iyo polarization curves yakabva yayerwa kubva -0.2 kusvika 1.5 V sebasa reEocp pachiyero che 0.166 mV / s.Muedzo wega wega wakadzokororwa 3 nguva ne uye pasina P. aeruginosa.
Masamples ekuongorora metallographic akakwenenzverwa nekanyoro 2000 grit SiC bepa uye ndokuzokwenenzverwa ne0.05 µm Al2O3 poda yakamiswa kuti itarise.Metallographic analysis yakaitwa uchishandisa optical microscope.Iwo masampuli akaiswa ne10 wt% mhinduro ye potassium hydroxide 43.
Mushure mekuvhara, sampuli dzakashambidzwa 3 nguva ne phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (pH 7.4 ± 0.2) uye yakazogadziriswa ne 2.5% (v / v) glutaraldehyde kwemaawa gumi kugadzirisa biofilms.Yakazobviswa mvura ne batched ethanol (50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% uye 100% nehuwandu) isati yaoma mhepo.Pakupedzisira, firimu regoridhe rinoiswa pamusoro peiyo sampuli kupa conductivity yeSEM ​​yekutarisa.Mifananidzo yeSEM ​​yaive yakanangana nenzvimbo dzine maseru akanyanya sessile P. aeruginosa pamusoro pemuenzaniso wega wega.Ita ongororo yeEDS kuti uwane zvinhu zvemakemikari.Zeiss confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) (LSM 710, Zeiss, Germany) yakashandiswa kuyera kudzika kwegomba.Kuona makomba ekuora pasi pe biofilm, sampu yebvunzo yakatanga kucheneswa zvinoenderana neChinese National Standard (CNS) GB/T4334.4-2000 kubvisa zvigadzirwa zvekuora uye biofilm kubva pamusoro peyedzo sampuli.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, ESCALAB250 surface analysis system, Thermo VG, USA) ongororo yakaitwa pachishandiswa monochromatic X-ray source (Aluminium Kα line ine simba re1500 eV uye simba re150 W) muhuwandu hwakawanda hwekusunga simba 0 pasi pemamiriro echiyero -1350 eV.High resolution spectra yakanyorwa uchishandisa simba rekutumira re50 eV uye nhanho ye0.2 eV.
Masampuli akaiswa akabviswa uye akagezwa zvinyoronyoro nePBS (pH 7.4 ± 0.2) ye15 s45.Kuti uone kushanda kwebhakitiriya kwemabiofilms pamasampuli, biofilms yakasvibiswa uchishandisa LIVE/DEAD BacLight Bacterial Viability Kit (Invitrogen, Eugene, OR, USA).Iyo kit ine maviri efluorescent dhayi: SYTO-9 yegirini fluorescent dhayi uye propidium iodide (PI) tsvuku fluorescent dhayi.MuCLSM, fluorescent green and red dots inomiririra masero mupenyu uye akafa, zvichiteerana.Pakusvibisa, 1 ml yemusanganiswa une 3 µl yeSYTO-9 uye 3 µl yePI solution yakavharirwa kwemaminitsi makumi maviri patembiricha yekamuri (23°C) murima.Mushure mezvo, masampula akasvibiswa akaongororwa pamafungu maviri (488 nm yemasero mhenyu uye 559 nm yemasero akafa) vachishandisa Nikon CLSM apparatus (C2 Plus, Nikon, Japan).Ukobvu hwebiofilm hwakayerwa mu 3D scanning mode.
Matauriro echinyorwa ichi: Li, H. et al.Microbial corrosion ye2707 super duplex simbi isina tsvina nePseudomonas aeruginosa marine biofilm.sainzi.6, 20190. doi: 10.1038/srep20190 (2016).
Zanotto, F., Grassi, V., Balbo, A., Monticelli, C. & Zucchi, F. Stress corrosion cracking yeLDX 2101 duplex stainless steel mu chloride solutions pamberi pe thiosulphate. Zanotto, F., Grassi, V., Balbo, A., Monticelli, C. & Zucchi, F. Stress corrosion cracking yeLDX 2101 duplex stainless steel mu chloride solutions pamberi pe thiosulphate. Zanotto, F., Grassi, V., Balbo, A., Monticelli, C. & Zucchi, F. Коррозионное растрескивание под напряжением дуплексной нержавеющей стали LDX 2101 в тиосульфата. Zanotto, F., Grassi, V., Balbo, A., Monticelli, C. & Zucchi, F. Stress corrosion cracking ye duplex Stainless steel LDX 2101 mu chloride solutions pamberi pe thiosulfate. Zanotto, F., Grassi, V., Balbo, A., Monticelli, C. & Zucchi, F. LDX 2100 Zanotto, F., Grassi, V., Balbo, A., Monticelli, C. & Zucchi, F. LDX 2101 双相stainless steel Zanotto, F., Grassi, V., Balbo, A., Monticelli, C. & Zucchi, F. Коррозионное растрескивание под напряжением дуплексной нержавеющей стали LDX 2101 ульфата. Zanotto, F., Grassi, V., Balbo, A., Monticelli, C. & Zucchi, F. Stress corrosion cracking ye duplex Stainless steel LDX 2101 mu chloride solution pamberi pe thiosulfate.coros sainzi 80, 205–212 (2014).
Kim, ST, Jang, SH, Lee, IS & Park, YS Mhedzisiro yemhinduro yekupisa-kurapa uye nitrogen mukudzivirira gasi pakupokana negomba corrosion ye hyper duplex Stainless steel welds. Kim, ST, Jang, SH, Lee, IS & Park, YS Mhedzisiro yemhinduro yekupisa-kurapa uye nitrogen mukudzivirira gasi pakupokana negomba corrosion ye hyper duplex Stainless steel welds.Kim, ST, Jang, SH, Lee, IS uye Park, YS Mhedzisiro yemhinduro yekupisa kurapwa uye nitrogen mukudzivirira gasi pagomba rekudzivirira kwegomba re hyperduplex Stainless steel welds. Kim, ST, Jang, SH, Lee, IS & Park, YS 固溶热处理和保护气体中的氮气对超双相不锈钢焊缝抗点蚀性家的 Kim, ST, Jang, SH, Lee, IS & Park, YSKim, ST, Jang, SH, Lee, IS uye Park, YS Mhedzisiro yemhinduro yekupisa kupisa uye nitrogen mukudzivirira gasi pagomba rekudzivirira kwegomba re super duplex Stainless steel welds.koros.sainzi.53, 1939–1947 (2011).
Shi, X., Avci, R., Geiser, M. & Lewandowski, Z. Kuenzanisa kudzidza mukemikari ye microbially uye electrochemically induced pitting ye316L Stainless steel. Shi, X., Avci, R., Geiser, M. & Lewandowski, Z. Kuenzanisa kudzidza mukemikari ye microbially uye electrochemically induced pitting ye316L Stainless steel.Shi, X., Avchi, R., Geyser, M. uye Lewandowski, Z. Kuenzanisa kwemakemikari kudzidza kwe microbiological uye electrochemical pitting ye 316L simbi isina tsvina. Shi, X., Avci, R., Geiser, M. & Lewandowski, Z. 微生物和电化学诱导的316L 不锈钢点蚀的化学比较研究. Shi, X., Avci, R., Geiser, M. & Lewandowski, Z.Shi, X., Avchi, R., Geyser, M. uye Lewandowski, Z. Kuenzanisa kwemakemikari kudzidza kwe microbiological uye electrochemically induced pitting mu 316L simbi isina tsvina.koros.sainzi.45, 2577–2595 (2003).
Luo, H., Dong, CF, Li, XG & Xiao, K. Maitiro e electrochemical e2205 duplex simbi isina tsvina mune alkaline mhinduro ine pH yakasiyana pamberi pekloridi. Luo, H., Dong, CF, Li, XG & Xiao, K. Maitiro e electrochemical e2205 duplex simbi isina tsvina mune alkaline mhinduro ine pH yakasiyana pamberi pekloridi.Luo H., Dong KF, Lee HG uye Xiao K. Electrochemical maitiro e duplex Stainless steel 2205 mune alkaline mhinduro ine pH yakasiyana pamberi pekloridi. Luo, H., Dong, CF, Li, XG & Xiao, K. Luo, H., Dong, CF, Li, XG & Xiao, K. 2205 Electrochemical behaviour ye 双相stainless simbi pamberi pe chloride pane pH yakasiyana mune alkaline solution.Luo H., Dong KF, Lee HG uye Xiao K. Electrochemical maitiro e duplex Stainless steel 2205 mune alkaline mhinduro ine pH yakasiyana pamberi pekloridi.Electrochem.Magazini.64, 211–220 (2012).
Mudiki, BJ, Lee, JS & Ray, RI Pesvedzero yezvipenyu zvemugungwa pane corrosion: Ongororo pfupi. Mudiki, BJ, Lee, JS & Ray, RI Pesvedzero yezvipenyu zvemugungwa pane corrosion: Ongororo pfupi.Little, BJ, Lee, JS naRay, RI Migumisiro yeMarine Biofilms paCorrosion: Ongororo Pfupi. Little, BJ, Lee, JS & Ray, RI 海洋生物膜对腐蚀的影响：简明综述. Little, BJ, Lee, JS & Ray, RILittle, BJ, Lee, JS naRay, RI Migumisiro yeMarine Biofilms paCorrosion: Ongororo Pfupi.Electrochem.Magazini.54, 2-7 (2008).