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We report evidence of active seafloor uplift and gas emissions several km offshore from the port of Naples (Italy) .Pockmarks, mounds and craters are features of the seafloor.Maumbirwo aya anomiririra pamusoro pezviumbwa zvisina kudzika crustal, zvinosanganisira pagodas, kukanganisa uye kupeta kunokanganisa gungwa regungwa uye kupeta kunokanganisa denga regungwa uye kusimuka kwekabhoni dhizaini nhasi. maitiro ezvipfeko zvinonyunguduka uye matombo ane crustal. Magasi aya anogona kunge akafanana neaya anodyisa hydrothermal system yeIschia, Campi Flegre neSoma-Vesuvius, zvichiratidza kuti kune chitubu chejasi chakasanganiswa nemvura yecrustal pazasi peGulf of Naples. kukanganisa, uye kubudiswa kwegasi zviratidzo zvekusaputika kwemhepo kunogona kuzivisa kuputika kwepasi pegungwa uye / kana kuputika kwehydrothermal.
Deep-sea hydrothermal (mvura inopisa uye gasi) inoyerera chinhu chinozivikanwa pakati pegungwa uye mitsetse yeplate inotenderera (kusanganisira nzvimbo dzakanyura dzechitsuwa arcs), nepo kubuda kunotonhora kwegasi hydrates (chlatrates) kunowanzo hunhu hwemasherufu emakondinendi uye passive margins1, 5, 2. munzvimbo dzemahombekombe zvinoreva kupisa (magma reservoirs) mukati mecontinental crust uye/kana mantle.Izvi zvinobuda zvinogona kutangira kukwira kwe magma kuburikidza nepamusoro-soro pePasi pevhu uye zvinoguma nekuputika nekuiswa kwe volcanic seamounts6.Nokudaro, identification yegungwa (identification) identification of seamounts) mhepo inobuda pedyo nenzvimbo dzine vanhu vakawanda dziri mumhenderekedzo yegungwa dzakadai senzvimbo ine makomo eNaples muItaly (~ miriyoni 1 vagari vemo) inokosha pakuongorora makomo anoputika. Shallow eruption. Uyezve, nepo morphological features inobatanidza ne-deep-sea hydrothermal kana hydrate gas emissions inonyanyo zivikanwa nokuda kweiyo geological and biological features kunze kweiyo geological and biological features in the morphological properties, in the biological properties. Lake 12, pane zvinyorwa zvishomanana.Pano, tinopa zvinyorwa zvitsva zvebhathymetric, seismic, mvura, uye geochemical data yepasi pemvura, morphologically uye structurally yakaoma nharaunda yakakanganiswa nekubuda kwegasi muGulf of Naples (Southern Italy), inenge 5 km kubva pachiteshi cheNaples.Idzi data dzakaunganidzwa panguva ye1414 August cruise (2014 August) Urania.Tinotsanangura nekududzira zvimiro zvepasi pegungwa nepasi pepasi panobuda gasi, tinoferefeta kwakabva mvura inobuda mumhepo, tinoona uye tinoona nzira dzinogadzirisa kukwira kwegasi uye deformation yakabatana, uye tinokurukura nezvekukanganiswa kwegomo rinoputika.
Gulf of Naples inoumba Plio-Quaternary western margin, NW-SE elongated Campania tectonic depression13,14,15.EW yeIschia (ca. 150-1302 AD), Campi Flegre crater (ca. 300-1538) neSoma-Vesuvius (kubva ku19460 kuchamhembe) hurongwa hwekuchamhembe. AD) 15, nepo maodzanyemba achiganhurana neSorrento Peninsula (Fig. 1a) .Gulf of Naples inobatwa neiyo iripo NE-SW uye yechipiri NW-SE zvikanganiso zvakakosha (Fig. 1) 14,15.Ischia, Campi Flegrei uye Somma-Vesuvius inoratidzirwa ne hydrothermal manifestations, shallow6, seismig1, 18, 18, 18, 14, 15. mhirizhonga chiitiko paCampi Flegrei muna 1982-1984, pamwe nekusimudzirwa kwe 1.8 m uye zviuru zvekudengenyeka kwenyika) .Zvidzidzo zvenguva pfupi yapfuura19,20 zvinoratidza kuti panogona kuva nekubatana pakati pemasimba eSoma-Vesuvius uye eCampi Flegre, zvichida akabatanidzwa ne'deep' single magma reservoirs in the oll-caniclections ekupedzisira e3a vol-6 magma reservoirs. yeCampi Flegrei uye 18 ka yeSomma Vesuvius yaidzora sedimentary system yeGulf yeNaples. Kudzika kwegungwa kwekupedzisira kwe glacial maximum (18 ka) kwakakonzera kudzoreredzwa kweiyo offshore-shallow sedimentary system, iyo yakazozadzwa nezviitiko zvekudarika panguva yeLate Pleistocene gastrocene-Gastrocene-Sumaricene Ischia uye kubva kumhenderekedzo yeCampi Flegre uye pedyo neGomo reSoma-Vesuvius (Fig. 1b).
(a) Kurongeka kwemaitiro uye hurongwa hwesherufu yekondinendi uye Gulf yeNaples 15, 23, 24, 48.Dots inzvimbo huru dzekuputika kwepasi pemvura; mitsetse mitsvuku inomiririra kukanganisa kukuru.(b) Bathymetry yeBay of Naples ine mavhavha emvura akaonekwa (madots) uye zvinyorwa zvemaseismic mitsara (mitsetse yakasviba) .Mitsetse yeyero ndiyo nzira yemitsara ye seismic L1 uye L2 yakashumwa muMufananidzo 6.Miganhu yeBanco della Montagna (BdM-yakafanana nematanho e-blueda) domes dome. (a,b).Makona eyero anoratidza nzvimbo dzeacoustic water column profiles, uye CTD-EMBlank, CTD-EM50 uye ROV mafuremu anoshumwa muFig. 5.Yero denderedzwa inotaridza nzvimbo yesampling gasi inobuda, uye maumbirwo ayo anoratidzwa muTable S1.Golden Software (http://www.goldensoftware/ssurdfer .com/product Surdfer.com/product).
Kubva pane data yakawanikwa panguva yeSAFE_2014 (Nyamavhuvhu 2014) rwendo (ona Maitiro), imwe Digital Terrain Model (DTM) itsva yeGulf of Naples ine 1 m resolution yakagadzirwa.DTM inoratidza kuti pasi pegungwa kumaodzanyemba kwePort of Naples inoratidzwa neinotsvedza zvinyoro nyoro yakatarisana nezasi ≤3 yakatarisana nechokumaodzanyemba ≤3 × ≤3 nzvimbo yakatarisana. 5.3 km dome-yakafanana chimiro, munharaunda inozivikanwa seBanco della Montagna (BdM) .Fig. 1a,b).BdM inokura pahupamhi hunoita 100 kusvika 170 metres, 15 kusvika 20 metres pamusoro pegungwa rakapoteredzwa.BdM dome yairatidza mound-like morphology nekuda kwe280 subcircular to oval mounds (Fig. 2a), 665 cones, uye 30 mound urefu uye 30 mound urefu uye 30 mound denderedzwa). ye 22 m uye 1,800 m, zvichiteerana.Kutenderera [C = 4π(nzvimbo/perimeter2)] kwezvikomo kwakadzikira nekuwedzera perimeter (Fig. 2b) .Axial ratios for mounds ranged between 1 ne 6.5, ine mirwi ine axial ratio>2 ichiratidza aidiwa yechipiri + 15° yakawedzera disper, 145° N105 ° E kusvika kuN145 ° E kurova (Fig. 2c). Single or aligned cones iripo paBdM plane uye pamusoro pemurwi (Fig. 3a,b) .The conical marongero anotevera marongerwo ezvitunha paari.Pockmarks anowanzo kuwanikwa paflat pegungwa (Fig. 3c) uye dzimwe nguva pazvikomo.The spatial densities of cones and the allimiment densities NESW prelimiment density of the NESW prelimiment. kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva nekumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kwemiganhu yeBdM dome (Fig. 4a,b); nzira shoma yeNW-SE iri pakati peBdM dunhu.
(a) Digital terrain model (1 m cell size) yedome yeBanco della Montagna (BdM).(b) Perimeter uye kutenderera kweBdM mounds.(c) Axial ratio nemakona (kutarisisa) kweakisis hombe ye ellipse inonyatsokodzera yakatenderedza murwi.Chikanganiso chakajairwa cheDigital 0; Terrain modhi 04 m.0 04 muenzaniso zvikanganiso zvakajairwa zveperimeter uye kutenderera ndeye 4.83 m uye 0.01, zvichiteerana, uye chiyero zvikanganiso zveaxial ratio nemakona ndeye 0.04 uye 3.34 °, zvichiteerana.
Ruzivo rwemakoni akacherechedzwa, crater, mirwi nemakomba mudunhu reBdM akatorwa kubva kuDTM mumufananidzo 2.
(a) Koni dzekugadzirisa pasi pegungwa; (b) makoni nemakoronga ari paNW-SE mirwi mitete; (c) mapockmark panzvimbo yakanyudzwa zvishoma.
(a) Kuparadzirwa kwenzvimbo kwemakreta akaonekwa, makomba, uye gasi rinobuda.(b) Kuwanda kwenzvimbo yemakorota nemakomba akashumwa mu(a) (nhamba/0.2 km2).
Takaona kubudiswa kwegasi makumi matatu nemanomwe mudunhu reBdM kubva kuROV water column echo sounder mifananidzo uye zvakanangana nekutarisa pasi pegungwa zvakawanikwa panguva yeSAFE_2014 rwendo muna Nyamavhuvhu 2014 (Figure 4 ne 5). The acoustic anomalies yezvinobuda izvi zvinoratidza maumbirwo akatwasuka akareba achikwira kubva pamakiromita 12 kubva pasi pegungwa. (Fig. 5a) .Mune dzimwe nzvimbo, acoustic anomalies yakaumba inenge inoramba ichienderera mberi "chitima."Iyo inocherechedzwa bubble plumes inosiyana zvakasiyana-siyana: kubva painoenderera, dense bubble inoyerera kusvika kuzviitiko zvenguva pfupi (Supplementary Movie 1) .ROV inspection inobvumira kuonekwa kwekuona kuitika kweseafloor fluid inobuda uye inotaridza pamusoro pemvura tsvuku yegungwa pane dzimwe nguva yegungwa dzvuku. (Fig. 5b) .Mune zvimwe zviitiko, ROV channels reactivate emissions.The vent morphology inoratidza kuvhurika kwedenderedzwa kumusoro kusina kuputika mumutsara wemvura.Iyo pH mumutsara wemvura pamusoro penzvimbo yekubuda yakaratidza kudonha kukuru, zvichiratidza mamiriro ezvinhu ane acidic munharaunda (Fig. 5c, d) .Kunyanya, pH pamusoro peBd4 m2 yakadzika kubva pakadzika kweBd4 m7 yakadzika kubva pakadzika kweBd4 m7 yakadzika kubva pakadzika kweBd4 m7. m kudzika) kusvika 7.8 (pa 75 m kudzika) (Fig. 5c), nepo dzimwe nzvimbo muGulf of Naples dzaive ne pH values ​​pakati pe0 ne 160 m in the deep interval between 8.3 and 8.5 (Fig. 5d). Kuchinja kunokosha mukupisa kwemvura yegungwa uye munyu kwaishaikwa kunze kwenzvimbo mbiri dzeB Gud M. ye 70 m, tembiricha i15 °C uye salinity inenge 38 PSU (Fig. 5c,d) .Kuyerwa kwepH, tembiricha, uye salinity zvakaratidzwa: a) kubatanidzwa kwemvura ine acidic inobatanidza neBdM degassing process uye b) kusavapo kana kunonoka kubuda kwemvura inopisa uye brine.
(a) Kuwana hwindo reiyo acoustic water column profile (echometer Simrad EK60). Vertical green bhendi inoenderana negasi flare yaonekwa paEM50 fluid discharge (inenge 75 m pasi pegungwa) iri munharaunda yeBdM; pasi uye pasi pegungwa multiplex zviratidzo zvinoratidzwawo (b) yakaunganidzwa nemotokari inodzora kure-kure munharaunda yeBdM Mufananidzo mumwe chete unoratidza crater duku (denderedzwa dema) rakakomberedzwa nemutsvuku kusvika kune orange sediment. (c, d) Multiparameter probe CTD data yakagadziriswa uchishandisa SBED-Win32 software (Seasave, version 7.23) parameter ye okisijeni (Patterns salinity, pH yakasarudzwa). mbiru yemvura pamusoro pemvura inoyerera EM50 (panel c) uye kunze kweBdm discharge area panel (d).
Takaunganidza masampuli matatu egasi kubva munzvimbo yekudzidza pakati paNyamavhuvhu 22 kusvika 28, 2014. Aya masampuli airatidza maumbirwo akafanana, anodzorwa neCO2 (934-945 mmol/mol), achiteverwa nenhamba yakakosha yeN2 (37-43 mmol/mol), CH4 (16-24 mmol/mol) uye H2S/mol 0.4 mmol/mol) uye H2S (0. Akanga asina kunyanya kuwanda (<0.052 uye <0.016 mmol/mol, zvichiteerana) (Fig. 1b; Tafura S1, Supplementary Movie 2) .Zviri pakati pezvikamu zvepamusoro zveO2 neAr zvakayerwawo (kusvika ku3.2 uye 0.18 mmol/mol, zvichiteerana) .The sum of the light of the light/0mmols from the hydromol 0 carbon. ine C2-C4 alkanes, aromatics (kunyanya benzene), propene uye ine sulfur-containing compounds (thiophene). The 40Ar/36Ar value inopindirana nemhepo (295.5), kunyange zvazvo sample EM35 (BdM dome) ine kukosha kwe304, ichiratidza kakurebesa.N5 yakakwira yakakwira kusvika 401Arδ + 1.98% vs. Mhepo), nepo δ13C-CO2 yakakosha kubva -0.93 kusvika 0.44% vs. V-PDB.R/Ra values ​​(mushure mekugadzirisa kusvibiswa kwemhepo uchishandisa 4He/20Ne ratio) yaive pakati pe1.66 ne1.94, zvichiratidza kuvepo kweiyo huru yehetope yeCOB ine chikamu chikuru cheHeroB isoB uye COB iri 20 yakagadzikana isotopu 22, kunobva kuburitsa muBdM kunogona kujekeswa zvakare.Mu CO2 mepu ye CO2/3He versus δ13C (Fig. 6), iyo BdM gasi yakagadzirwa inofananidzwa neyeIschia, Campi Flegrei neSomma-Vesuvius fumaroles. BdM gasi kugadzirwa: yakanyungudika-yakabva kunyungudika, organic-rich sediments, uye carbonates. Iyo BdM samples inowira pamusanganiswa mutsara unoratidzwa neatatu Campania volcanos, ndiko kuti, kusanganisa pakati pemagasi ejasi (ayo anofungidzirwa kuve akafumiswa zvishoma mucarbon dioxide zvine chekuita neClassical MORBs yekumisikidza inokonzereswa nemhedzisiro yedatabase). gas rock.
Mitsetse yeHybrid pakati pekugadzira mantle uye nhengo dzekupedzisira dze limestone uye organic sediments inoshumwa kuti ienzaniswe.Mabhokisi anomiririra fumarole nzvimbo dzeIschia, Campi Flegrei neSomma-Vesvius 59, 60, 61. Sample yeBdM iri mumisanganiswa weCampania volcano.The endmember gas of the mantlesation reaction is the mantledation gas inogadzirwa negas decars inogadzirwa negas decars inogadzirwa negas decar. ye carbonate minerals.
Seismic zvikamu L1 uye L2 (Figs. 1b uye 7) inoratidza kuchinja pakati peBdM uye distal stratigraphic sequences yeSomma-Vesuvius (L1, Fig. 7a) uye Campi Flegrei (L2, Fig. 7b) nharaunda dzemakomo.BdM inoratidzirwa nekuvapo kweMS semic muhuviri hwePS (MS). kumusoro kwepamusoro (MS) inoratidzira subparallel reflectors yehupamhi hwepamusoro kusvika pakati pemamplitude uye lateral kuenderera mberi (Fig. 7b, c) .Iyi mutsara inosanganisira sediments yegungwa inodhonzwa neLast Glacial Maximum (LGM) system uye ine jecha nevhu23.Iyo PS layer yepasi (Fig. 7b-d) inoratidzirwa nepamusoro pechikamu chePS chaotic muawa inotenderera kune girasi. mashanga akaumba mirwi yepasi pegungwa (Fig. 7d). Aya madiapir-like geometries anoratidza kupindira kwePS transparent material munzvimbo yepamusoro yeMS deposits.Uplift inokonzera kuumbwa kwezvimedu nezvikanganiso zvinokanganisa MS layer uye pamusoro pezvipembenene zvemazuva ano zveBdM seafloor (Fig. ENE chikamu chechikamu cheL1, nepo ichichena chakananga kuBdM nekuda kwekuvapo kwegasi-saturated layer (GSL) yakafukidzwa nedzimwe nhanho dzemukati dzeMS sequence (Fig. 7a) Gravity cores yakaunganidzwa pamusoro peBdM inopindirana neyakajeka seismic layer inoratidza kuti iyo yepamusoro-soro 40 cm ine jecha riripo munguva pfupi yapfuura; ) 24,25 uye zvimedu zvepumice kubva mukuputika kweCampi Flegrei ye "Naples Yellow Tuff" (14.8 ka) 26. Chikamu chakajeka chePS layer haigoni kutsanangurwa nechaotic mixing process chete, nokuti mhirizhonga inosanganiswa nekuputika kwevhu, matope anoyerera uye pyroclasticdM flows inowanikwa kunze kweGulf opaque21,23,24. Tinogumisa kuti iyo yakacherechedza BdM PS seismic facies pamwe nekuonekwa kwe subsea outcrop PS layer (Fig. 7d) inoratidza kukwidziridzwa kwegasi rechisikigo.
(a) Single-track seismic profile L1 (navigation trace in Fig. 1b) inoratidza columnar (pagoda) spatial arrangement.Pagoda inosanganisira chaotic deposits of pumice nejecha.Gas-saturated layer iripo pazasi pegoda inobvisa kuenderera mberi kwezvakadzama formations.(b2) Singmic trace. 1b), kuratidza kuchekwa uye deformation yezvikomo zvepasi pegungwa, marine (MS), uye pumice sand deposits (PS) .(c) The deformation details in MS and PS are reported in (c,d) .Tichifunga kuti velocity ye1580 m/s in the uppermost sediment, 100 ms inomiririra anenge 80 m pachiyero.
Iyo morphological uye maumbirwo maitiro eBdM akafanana nedzimwe subsea hydrothermal uye gasi hydrate minda pasi rose2,12,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34 uye inowanzobatanidzwa nekukwidziridzwa (vaults uye mounds) uye gasi Discharge (cones, makomba uye akadzivirirwa maumbirwo uye maumbirwo akadzikwaM). controlled permeability (Figus 2 and 3) .Kurongeka kwenzvimbo yezvikomo, makomba uye mavhavha anoshanda anoratidza kuti kugoverwa kwavo kune chikamu chinodzorwa neNW-SE uye NE-SW kukanganisa kukanganisa (Fig. 4b) .Idzi ndidzo kurohwa kwakasarudzwa kwemaitiro ezvikanganiso zvinokanganisa Campi Flegrei uye Somma-Vesuvius kunyanya nzvimbo yeGulf volcanic yenzvimbo yeGulf of Nas uye nzvimbo dzekare dzeGulf volcanic. iyo hydrothermal discharge kubva kuCampi Flegrei crater35. Naizvozvo tinogumisa kuti zvikanganiso uye kuputsika muGulf of Naples zvinomiririra nzira yakasarudzwa yekufamba kwegasi kusvika kumusoro, chinhu chakagoverwa nemamwe maitiro akarongeka emagetsi emvura36,37. Zvinonyanya kukosha, BdM cones uye makomba akanga asina nguva dzose akabatanidzwa ne. zvinomiririra zvinomiririra kuumbwa kwegomba, sezvakataurwa nevamwe vanyori kune gasi hydrate zones32,33. Mhedziso yedu inotsigira pfungwa yokuti kukanganiswa kwedome sediments seafloor hakuiti nguva dzose pakuumbwa kwemakomba.
Kubuda kwegasi kutatu kwakaunganidzwa kunoratidza masiginicha emakemikari anofananidzwa nemvura yehydrothermal, kunyanya CO2 ine huwandu hwakakosha hwekudzikisa magasi (H2S, CH4 neH2) uye mahydrocarbon akareruka (kunyanya benzene nepropylene) 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 43, 44, The 44, 44, The gasi gasi. (zvakadai seO2), izvo zvisingatarisirwe kuvepo mukubuda kwepasi pegungwa, zvinogona kunge zvichikonzerwa nekusvibiswa kubva kumhepo yakanyungudika mumvura yegungwa ichisangana nemagasi akachengetwa mumabhokisi epurasitiki anoshandiswa sampuli, sezvo maROV anotorwa kubva pasi pegungwa kuenda kugungwa kuti amukira. Nekusiyana, zvakanaka δ15N tsika uye 0 (yakakwira kusvika kuN2 ASW) (yakakwira kusvika kuN2 Ar-8) zvakanyanya (inokwira kusvika kuN2 Arsa) mvura) inoratidza kuti yakawanda yeN2 inogadzirwa kubva kune ekunze-muchadenga, mukubvumirana neakawanda hydrothermal kwakabva magasi aya.Mabviro ehydrothermal-volcanic yeBdM gasi inosimbiswa neCO2 uye Iye zvirimo uye masiginecha avo eisotopic.Carbon isotopes (δ13C-CO2 kubva ku +0.34% kukosha kwe CO2 kusvika ku +0.93% CO2) uye CO2. 1.7 × 1010 kusvika 4.1 × 1010) inoratidza kuti BdM samples ndeyemusanganiswa we fumaroles kumativi eGulf of Naples 'mantle end nhengo uye decarbonization Ukama huri pakati pemagasi anogadzirwa nekuita (Figure 6) Somma-Veusivus volcanoes.Iwo akanyanya crustal kupfuura Ischia fumaroles, ari pedyo nekumagumo kwejasi.Somma-Vesuvius neCampi Flegrei vane yakakwirira 3He/4He values ​​(R/Ra pakati pe2.6 ne2.9) pane BdM (R/Ra pakati pe1.1.96 neTaraki); kuunganidzwa kweradiogenic Akabva kune imwechete magma sosi iyo yakadyisa makomo eSomma-Vesuvius uye Campi Flegrei.Kusavapo kwekuonekwa kwekabhoni kabhoni mafractions muBdM emissions inoratidza kuti organic sediments haibatanidzwe muBdM degassing process.
Zvichienderana nedatha yakataurwa pamusoro uye mhedzisiro kubva kumhando dzekuyedza dzedome-sezvivakwa zvakabatanidzwa ne subsea gasi-rine matunhu ane hupfumi, yakadzika gasi kudzvanywa inogona kuve inokonzera kuumbwa kwemakiromita-scale BdM domes.Kufungidzira overpressure Pdef inotungamira kuBdM vault, takashandisa yakaonda-plate mechanics modhi33,34 uye inounganidza iyo BdM morphological seyakaomesesa data, is a subcircular sheet of radius yakakura kudarika deformed soft viscous deposit The vertical maximum displacement w uye thickness h ye (Supplementary Fig. S1) .Pdef ndiyo mutsauko pakati pekumanikidzwa kwese uye rock static pressure plus water column pressure.At BdM, radius inenge 2,500 m, w is 20 m20 m2, uye 20 m 20 m. 46Pdef = w 64 D/a4 kubva kuhukama, uko D ndiko kuoma kwechimiro; D inopiwa ne (E h3)/[12(1 – ν2)], apo E ari Mudiki’s modulus yedhipoziti, ν is Poisson’s ratio (~0.5)33.Sezvo mechanical properties yeBdM sediments isingagoni kuyerwa, tinoisa E = 140 kPa, inova kukosha kunonzwisisika kune 4M kumahombekombe egungwa tisingafungi sediments 4 dzemahombekombe, 4 M4 dzakafanana ne2 sediments. E values ​​dzakataurwa mumabhuku edhaka dhipoziti (300 Kutadza kwepagoda kuyambuka gungwa remazuva ano kunoratidza kuti (a) kusimuka kwegasi uye/kana kumiswa kwegasi-sediment kusanganiswa, uye/kana (b) zvinokwanisika kuyerera kwegasi-sediment musanganiswa hazvibvumiri kudzvanyirirwa kwenzvimbo.Maererano neiyo diapir theory52, kuyerera kwegasi kunoratidza kusaenzana kwechiyero chiri pazasi pemusanganiswa uye chiyero chiri pasi pemusanganiswa. pagoda inofamba ichikwira kumusoro.Kuderedzwa kwehuwandu hwekugovera kunogona kuve kwakabatana nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwemusanganiswa nekuda kwekunyangarika kwegasi rekupa.Zvigumisiro zvakapfupiswa pamusoro uye buoyancy-controlled controlled rise of the pagoda inotibvumira kuenzanisa kureba kwekoramu yemhepo hg.Buoyancy inopiwa ΔP = hgg (ρw) uye ρg (ρw. uye ρg ndiwo madhindindi emvura uye gasi, zvichiteerana.ΔP ndiyo uwandu hwePdef yakaverengerwa kare uye lithostatic pressure Plith ye sediment plate, kureva ρsg h, apo ρs ndiyo sediment density.Panyaya iyi, kukosha kwehg kunodiwa pabuoyancy inodiwa inopiwa nehg +pρ (Pρ) ρg)].MuBdM, tinoisa Pdef = 0.3 Pa uye h = 100 m (ona pamusoro), ρw = 1,030 kg/m3, ρs = 2,500 kg/m3, ρg haina basa nekuti ρw ≫ρg.Tinowana hg = 245 kukosha kwePSL ye245 m. MPa, inova iyo yakawandisa inodiwa kutyora iyo BdM seafloor uye kugadzira mavhavha.
Kuumbwa kweBdM gasi kunopindirana nezvinyorwa zvemantle zvakashandurwa nekuwedzera kwemvura inobatanidza ne decarbonization reactions ye crustal rocks (Fig. 6) .Rough EW alignments yeBdM domes uye makomo anoputika akadai seIschia, Campi Flegre, uye Soma-Vesuvius, pamwe chete nekuumbwa kwepasi, kunoratidza kuumbwa kwemhepo inobuda kubva kuNaples yose inobudisa ma gasi. nharaunda inoputika yakasanganiswa Mvura zhinji inoyerera ichibva kumadokero (Ischia) ichienda kumabvazuva (Somma-Vesuivus) (Fig. 1b ne6).
Takagumisa kuti muBay of Naples, makiromita mashomanana kubva kuchiteshi cheNaples, kune 25 km2 yakafara dome-yakafanana chimiro inobatwa nekushanda kwekuita degassing process uye inokonzerwa nekuiswa kwepagodas uye mounds.Parizvino, BdM siginecha inoratidza kuti kwete-magmatic turbulence53 inogona kutangira magmatic embryism, i-ionic predate or embryism. thermal fluids.Mabasa ekucherechedza anofanira kushandiswa kuongorora kushanduka kwezviitiko uye kuona geochemical uye geophysical zviratidzo zvinoratidza zvingangoitika magmatic disturbances.
Acoustic water column profiles (2D) yakawanikwa munguva yeSAFE_2014 (Nyamavhuvhu 2014) rwendo rweR/V Urania (CNR) neNational Research Council Institute of Coastal Marine Environment (IAMC).Acoustic sampling yakaitwa nesainzi beam-splitting echo sounder Simrad EK60 yaiitwa rekodhi yeavhareji yeAcoustic data paavhareji yeAcoustic k. km. Mifananidzo yakaunganidzwa echosounder yakashandiswa kuona kubuda kwemvura uye kunyatsotsanangura nzvimbo yavo munzvimbo yekuunganidza (pakati pe74 uye 180 m bsl) . Kuyera miviri yemuviri uye chemikemikari mumutsara wemvura uchishandisa multiparameter probes (conductivity, tembiricha uye kudzika, CTD) .Data yakaunganidzwa uchishandisa CTD 911 Bird probe, Electronics Inc. SBED-Win32 software (Seasave, version 7.23.2) .Kuongororwa kwekuona kwegungwa kwakaitwa uchishandisa "Pollux III" (GEItaliana) ROV device (motokari inoshandiswa kure) ine mbiri (yakaderera uye yakakwirira tsanangudzo) makamera.
Multibeam data acquisition yakaitwa pachishandiswa 100 KHz Simrad EM710 multibeam sonar system (Kongsberg) .The system is linked to a differential global positioning system kuti ive nechokwadi chezvikanganiso zve-sub-metric mubeam positioning.Iyo acoustic pulse ine frequency ye100 KHz, firing pulse ye 400am inovhura madhigirii e4050 uye 1050am yose ye150am inovhura. mafambisirwo emagetsi munguva chaiyo panguva yekutorwa.Data yakagadziridzwa pachishandiswa PDS2000 software (Reson-Thales) zvichienderana neInternational Hydrographic Organisation standard (https://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-44_5E.pdf) yekufambisa uye kugadzirisa mafungu.Kuderedza ruzha nekuda kwekusagadzikana kwechiridzwa chakaitwa netsaona. de-spiking tools.Inoenderera mberi inonzwika velocity yekuona inoitwa nechiteshi chekeel chiri pedyo ne-multi-beam transducer uye inowana uye inoshandisa nguva chaiyo-yekunzwika kwevheji profiles mumutsara wemvura maawa ose e6-8 kuti ipe chaiyo-nguva inonzwika yekufambisa kwakakodzera kwedanda. (DTM) inoratidzirwa ne 1 m grid cell size. DTM yekupedzisira (Fig. 1a) yakaitwa ne data terrain (> 0 m pamusoro pegungwa) yakawanikwa pa 20 m grid cell cell neItaly Geo-Military Institute.
55-kilomita yakakwirira-resolution single-channel seismic data profile, yakaunganidzwa panguva yakachengeteka yegungwa rwendo muna 2007 uye 2014, yakafukidza nzvimbo inosvika 113 square kilometers, ese ari paR/V Urania.Marisk profiles (semuenzaniso, L1 seismic profile, Fig. acquisition unit ine 2.5 m catamaran umo chitubu uye mugamuchiri anoiswa.Chitubu chesiginecha chinosanganisira imwe chete yakanaka yepamusoro iyo inoratidzirwa muhuwandu hwehuwandu hwe1-10 kHz uye inobvumira kugadzirisa zviratidzo zvakaparadzana ne 25 cm.Safe seismic profiles yakawanikwa uchishandisa 1.4 Kj multi-tip Geotra sourced Geosmic software yeGeotra sourcedpark Geotra System).Sitimu inoumbwa necatamaran ine 1–6.02 KHz sosi inopinda kusvika ku400 milliseconds munyoro munyoro pasi pegungwa, ine theoretical vertical resolution ye30 cm.Zvese Safe neMarsik zvishandiso zvakawanikwa pachiyero che 0.33 shots/sec with a chombo velocity KData werepriseed neinotevera mafambiro ebasa: kururamisa kudhirowa, mvura mbiru muting, 2-6 KHz bandpass IIR kusefa, uye AGC.
Iyo gasi kubva pasi pemvura fumarole yakaunganidzwa pasi pegungwa uchishandisa bhokisi repurasitiki rakashongedzerwa nerabha diaphragm padivi rayo repamusoro, rakaiswa pasi neROV pamusoro pemhepo. mL glass flasks yakashongedzwa neTeflon stopcocks umo Imwe yakazadzwa ne20 mL ye5N NaOH solution (Gegenbach-type flask) The main acid gas species (CO2 neH2S) inonyungudutswa mualkaline solution, ukuwo low solubility gas marudzi (N2, Ar + O2, CO, H2, He, hydrocarbon) akachengetwa mubhodhoro, hydrocarbon uye hydrocarbon. headspace.Inorganic low solubility magasi akaongororwa negas chromatography (GC) achishandisa Shimadzu 15A yakagadzirirwa 10 m kureba 5A molecular sieve column uye thermal conductivity detector (TCD) 54.Argon neO2 vakaongororwa vachishandisa Thermo Focus gas yakareba chromatographs equipped chromatographs akareba chromatograph 3 central molecular chromatograph. TCD.Methane uye ma hydrocarbons akareruka akaongororwa pachishandiswa Shimadzu 14A gasi chromatograph ine 10 m kureba Stainless mbiru column yakarongedzwa neChromosorb PAW 80/100 mesh, yakavharwa ne23% SP 1700 uye flame ionization detector (FID) yakashandiswa dhizaini yeCO2, iyo 1 yekuongorora yeCO2 yakashandiswa. 0.5 N HCl mhinduro (Metrohm Basic Titrino) uye 2) H2S, se, mushure me oxidation ne 5 mL H2O2 (33%), neion chromatography (IC) (IC) (Wantong 761) .The analytical error of titration, GC uye IC kuongorora ishoma pane 5%.C3 yekusanganiswa 1 maitiro ekuwedzera uye yekuchenesa 1 nzira ye2. CO2 (inoratidzwa se δ13C-CO2% uye V-PDB) yakaongororwa pachishandiswa Finnningan Delta S mass spectrometer55,56. Miyero yakashandiswa kufungidzira kunyatsojeka kwekunze kwaiva Carrara neSan Vincenzo marble (yemukati), NBS18 neNBS19 (yepasi rose), ukuwo kukanganisa kwekuongorora kwaiva ± 00 % uye kuberekazve.
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