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We report evidence of active seafloor uplift and gas emissions makiromita akati wandei offshore from the port of Naples (Italy) .Pockmarks, mounds and craters are features of the seafloor.Maumbirwo aya anomiririra pamusoro pezvimiro zvisina kudzika crustal, zvinosanganisira pagodas, kukanganisa uye kupeta kunokanganisa gungwa regungwa uye kupeta kunokanganisa gungwa regungwa uye kusimuka kwekabhoni dhizaini nhasi. Magasi aya anogona kunge akafanana neaya anodyisa ma hydrothermal systems eIschia, Campi Flegre neSoma-Vesuvius, zvichiratidza kuti panobva mantle yakasanganiswa necrustal fluids pazasi peGulf of Naples. kuratidzwa kwemhirizhonga isiri-inoputika iyo inogona kuzivisa kuputika kwepasi pegungwa uye / kana kuputika kwehydrothermal.
Deep-sea hydrothermal (mvura inopisa uye gasi) inoyerera chinhu chakajairika chepakati-yegungwa mitsetse uye inochinjika maplate emahombekombe (kusanganisira akanyura pasi pechitsuwa arcs), nepo kutonhora kunoyerera kwegasi hydrates (chlatrates) kunowanzo hunhu hwemasherufu ekondinendi uye passive margins1, 5,2. kune zvitubu zvekupisa (magma reservoirs) mukati mecontinental crust uye/kana mantle.Izvi zvinobuda zvinogona kutangira kukwira kwemagma kuburikidza nepamusoro-soro pePasi uye zvinoguma nekuputika nekuiswa kwemakomo emakomo6.Naizvozvo, kuzivikanwa kwe (a) kubviswa kwe (a) kuvharwa kwemvura yegungwa nekuputika kwegungwa. nzvimbo dzakadai senzvimbo inoputika yeNaples muItaly (~ miriyoni yevagari vemo) inokosha pakuongorora makomo anoputika.Kuputika kusina kudzika.Uyezve, nepo morphological features inobatanidza ne-deep-sea hydrothermal kana hydrate gas emissions inonyanyozivikanwa nekuda kweiyo geological uye biological properties, iyo inosara ndeye morphological rekodha, kunze kweiyo morphological zvinyorwa zvinobatanidzwa muLake. , tinopa itsva bathymetric, seismic, mvura column, uye geochemical data yepasi pemvura, morphologically uye structurally yakaoma nzvimbo yakakanganiswa nemhepo inobuda muGulf of Naples (Southern Italy), inenge 5 km kubva kuchiteshi cheNaples.Idzi data dzakaunganidzwa panguva yeSAFE_2014 (August 2014 (August 2014) inotsanangura iyo Rfloor crurani uye crurani iyo Ufloor or crurani inotsanangura iyo Rfloor . s emissions inoitika, ongorora kwainobva mvura inobuda, tsvaga uye ratidza maitiro anodzora kukwira kwegasi uye deformation yakabatana, uye kurukura nezvemhedzisiro yekuputika kwemakomo.
Gulf of Naples inoumba Plio-Quaternary western margin, NW-SE elongated Campania tectonic depression13,14,15.EW yeIschia (ca. 150-1302 AD), Campi Flegre crater (c. 300-1538) neSoma-Vesuvius (kubva ku19460 kuchamhembe kweAD) hurongwa hweSoma-Vesuvius (kubva ku19460 kuchamhembe). kumaodzanyemba kunoganhurana neSorrento Peninsula (Fig. 1a) .Gulf of Naples inobatwa neNE-SW uye yechipiri NW-SE zvikanganiso zvakakosha (Fig. 1) 14,15.Ischia, Campi Flegrei uye Somma-Vesuvius inoratidzirwa nekuratidzwa kwehydrothermal, pasi deformation, uye shallow, 18 seismicity, 18 seismicity, 16, seismicity, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16. 1982-1984, nekusimudzwa kwemamita 1.8 uye zviuru zvekudengenyeka kwenyika). Zvidzidzo zvenguva pfupi yapfuura19,20 zvinoratidza kuti panogona kuva nekubatana pakati pemasimba eSoma-Vesuvius neayo eCampi Flegre, zvichida ane chokuita ne 'deep' single magma reservoirs.Volcanic activity and sea-level of the Vescius kagreevel and sea-level of the Vescius Kamgre yeVesuvius vokupedzisira yakadzora sedimentary system yeGulf yeNaples.Kudzika kwegungwa pachikamu chekupedzisira cheglacial (18 ka) kwakakonzera kudzoreredzwa kweiyo offshore-shallow sedimentary system, iyo yakazozadzwa nezviitiko zvekudarika panguva yeLate Pleistocene-Holocene.Submarine gas emissions yakaonekwa kubva kumhenderekedzo yeSogre yeVechisuvint pedyo neVechisuvint pedyo neVechisuvint pedyo neVechisuvint. isu (Fig.1b).
(a) Kurongeka kwemaitiro uye hurongwa hwesherufu yekondinendi uye Gulf yeNaples 15, 23, 24, 48.Dots inzvimbo huru dzekuputika kwepasi pemvura;mitsetse yakatsvuka inomiririra kukanganisa kukuru.(b) Bathymetry yeBay of Naples ine mavhavha emvura akaonekwa (madotsi) uye zvinyorwa zvemitsetse ye seismic (mitsetse yakasviba) .Mitsetse yeyero ndiyo nzira yemitsara ye seismic L1 uye L2 yakashumwa muMufananidzo 6.Miganhu yeBanco della Montagna (The Bdshed by square structures) Bdshed-square mitsara (Bdshed-square) domenab (Bdshed) maka nzvimbo dzeacoustic water column profiles, uye CTD-EMBlank, CTD-EM50 uye ROV mafuremu anoshumwa muFig. 5. Denderedzwa reyero rinoratidza nzvimbo yesampling gasi rinobuda, uye maumbirwo ayo anoratidzwa muTable S1.Golden Software (http://www.goldensoftware.com/products/surferd®) inoshandisa graphics.
Kubva pane data yakawanikwa panguva yeSAFE_2014 (Nyamavhuvhu 2014) rwendo (ona Nzira), imwe Digital Terrain Model (DTM) itsva yeGulf of Naples ine 1 m resolution yakagadzirwa.DTM inoratidza kuti pasi pegungwa kumaodzanyemba kwePort of Naples inoratidzwa nekunyorova kunotsvedza kumaodzanyemba-kunorereka ≤3 km ≤3 km (50 × 3 km). dome-like structure, munharaunda inozivikanwa seBanco della Montagna (BdM) .Fig.1a,b).BdM inokura pahupamhi hunoita 100 kusvika 170 metres, 15 kusvika 20 metres pamusoro peyakapoteredza gungwa.Dhome reBdM rakaratidza mound-like morphology nekuda kwe280 subcircular to oval mounds (Fig. 2a), 665 cones, uye 30 mound marefu uye 30 denderedzwa re 30 mround uye 2m denderedzwa repamusoro . uye 1,800 m, zvichiteerana.Kutenderera [C = 4π (nzvimbo/perimeter2)] yezvikomo yakaderera nekuwedzera perimeter (Fig. 2b) .Axial ratios for mounds yakabva pakati pe1 ne6.5, ine mirwi ine axial ratio> 2 inoratidza inodiwa N45 ° yakapararira 15 ° E + yakawanda yakapararira 1 N45 ° E + 1 yakawanda ye1 + E + 1. °E kurova (Fig. 2c).Single or aligned cones iripo pane BdM ndege uye pamusoro pemurwi (Fig. 3a,b) .The conical marongero anotevera kurongeka kwezvikomo pavanenge varipo.Pockmarks dzinowanzowanikwa paflat pegungwa (Fig. 3c) uye dzimwe nguva pazvikomo.The spatial densities of the cones and the northeast density of the NESWwest density of the cones and al-madokero pockdoign kumaodzanyemba-kumadokero kwepockdomarks. miganhu yeBdM dome (Fig. 4a,b);nzira shoma yeNW-SE iri pakati peBdM dunhu.
(a) Digital terrain model (1 m cell size) yedome yeBanco della Montagna (BdM).(b) Perimeter uye kutenderera kweBdM mounds.(c) Axial ratio nemakona (kutarisisa) kweakisis hombe ye ellipse inonyatsokodzera yakatenderedza murwi.Chikanganiso chakajairwa cheDigital 0; Terrain modhi 04 m.0 04 muenzanisozvikanganiso zvakajairwa zveperimeter uye kutenderera ndeye 4.83 m uye 0.01, zvichiteerana, uye chiyero zvikanganiso zveaxial ratio nemakona ndeye 0.04 uye 3.34 °, zvichiteerana.
Ruzivo rwemakoni akacherechedzwa, crater, mirwi nemakomba mudunhu reBdM akatorwa kubva kuDTM mumufananidzo 2.
(a) Makoni ekugadzirisa pasi pegungwa;(b) makoni nemakoronga ari paNW-SE mirwi mitete;(c) mapockmark panzvimbo yakanyudzwa zvishoma.
(a) Kuparadzirwa kwenzvimbo kwemakreta akaonekwa, makomba, uye gasi rinobuda.(b) Kuwanda kwenzvimbo yemakorota nemakomba akashumwa mu(a) (nhamba/0.2 km2).
Takaona 37 gaseous emissions mudunhu reBdM kubva kuROV water column echo sounder mifananidzo uye zvakanangana nekutarisa pasi pegungwa zvakawanikwa panguva yeSAFE_2014 cruise muna Nyamavhuvhu 2014 (Figure 4 ne5). The acoustic anomalies yezvinobuda izvi zvinoratidza vertically elonged shapes inokwira kubva mugungwa 12 kusvika 12 m. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo, acoustic anomalies yakagadzira inenge inoramba ichienderera mberi "chitima."Iyo inocherechedzwa bubble plumes inosiyana zvakasiyana-siyana: kubva pakuenderera, dense bubble inoyerera kusvika kuzviitiko zvenguva pfupi (Supplementary Movie 1) .ROV inspection inobvumira kuonekwa kwechiitiko chekuitika kwemvura yegungwa uye inosimbisa pockmarks maduku pane mamwe mapeji eorange, ROV pane dzimwe nguva dzvuku. The vent reactivate emissions5c,d) .Kunyanya, pH iri pamusoro peBdM gasi rinobuda pa 75 m kudzika yakaderera kubva pa8.4 (pa 70 m kudzika) kusvika 7.8 (pa 75 m kudzika) (Fig. 5c), nepo dzimwe nzvimbo muGulf of Naples dzaive pH values ​​​​pakati pe0 ne160 m in the deep .8nt in the deep. tembiricha yemvura uye munyu zvaishaikwa munzvimbo mbiri mukati nekunze kweBdM nzvimbo yeGulf yeNaples. Pakadzika 70 m, tembiricha i15 °C uye salinity ingangoita 38 PSU (Fig. 5c,d) kuyerwa kwepH, tembiricha, uye salinity zvakataridzwa: a) kusavapo kunoenderana neiyo acidic inononoka B) kusavapo kunoenderana neiyo acidic acid. mvura inodziya uye brine.
(a) Kuwana hwindo reiyo acoustic water column profile (echometer Simrad EK60). Vertical green bhendi inoenderana negasi flare yaonekwa paEM50 fluid discharge (inenge 75 m pasi pegungwa) iri munharaunda yeBdM;pasi uye pasi pegungwa multiplex zviratidzo zvinoratidzwawo (b) yakaunganidzwa nemotokari inodzora kure-kure munharaunda yeBdM Mufananidzo mumwe chete unoratidza crater duku (denderedzwa dema) rakakomberedzwa nemucheka mutsvuku kusvika kune orenji. (c, d) Multiparameter probe CTD data yakagadziriswa uchishandisa SBED-Win32 software (Seasave, versions version 7.23 yemvura inotonhorera) parameter yakasarudzwa ye pH parameter (yakasarudzwa). fluid discharge EM50 (panel c) uye kunze kweBdm discharge area panel (d).
Takaunganidza masampuli matatu egasi kubva munzvimbo yekudzidza pakati paNyamavhuvhu 22 kusvika 28, 2014. Aya masampuli airatidza maumbirwo akafanana, anodzorwa neCO2 (934-945 mmol/mol), achiteverwa neakakodzera kudzika kweN2 (37-43 mmol/mol), CH4 (16-24 mmol/mol) uye H2S 0 Hea/mol 0.4 mmol / mol) uye H2S 40 mmol / mol 0. ndant (<0.052 uye <0.016 mmol/mol, zvichiteerana) (Fig. 1b; Table S1, Supplementary Movie 2). Zvinei zvikuru zveO2 neAr zvakayerwawo (kusvika 3.2 uye 0.18 mmol/mol, zvichiteerana). Huwandu hwechiedza chehydrocarboni che hydrocarboni ne20 kubva kuCmol 4 kusvika ku 0 molcons kubva ku 0.3 kusvika ku 0 molcons kubva ku 0 molconists kubva ku 0.3 kusvika ku 4 al-molconists kubva ku 0.3 kusvika ku 4 al- s, aromatics (kunyanya benzene), propene uye sulfur-containing compounds (thiophene).The 40Ar/36Ar value inopindirana nemhepo (295.5), kunyange zvazvo sampuro EM35 (BdM dome) ine kukosha kwe304, ichiratidza kuwedzeredza zvishoma kwe40Ar.The δ15Nup reshiyo yeMhepo vs15Nup yakakwira δ15Nup kusvika +15Nup CO2 values ​​kubva -0.93 kusvika 0.44% vs. V-PDB.R/Ra values ​​(mushure mekugadzirisa kusvibiswa kwemhepo uchishandisa 4He / 20Ne reshiyo) yaive pakati pe1.66 ne1.94, zvichiratidza kuvepo kwechikamu chikuru chejasi He. pakajekeswa.Mumepu yeCO2 yeCO2/3He maringe neδ13C (Fig.6), iyo BdM gasi yakagadzirwa inofananidzwa neiyo yeIschia, Campi Flegrei uye Somma-Vesuvius fumaroles.Mufananidzo 6 inoshumawo theoretical mixing mitsara pakati pezvinhu zvitatu zvakasiyana-siyana zvekabhoni zvingave zvakabatanidzwa mukugadzirwa kwegasi yeBdM: yakanyungudutswa mantle-derived melts, organic-rich rich sediments, uye Bdvolcted the organic rich sediments, uye Bdvolcted the carbonates inowira mutsara we carbonates inowira mutsara. es, ndiko kuti, kusanganisa pakati pemagasi ejasi (ayo anofungidzirwa kuve akafumiswa zvishoma mucarbon dioxide maererano ne classical MORBs nechinangwa chekuisa iyo data) uye maitiro anokonzerwa ne crustal decarbonization Iyo inoguma gasi rock.
Mitsetse yeHybrid pakati pekuumbwa kwemantle uye nhengo dzekupedzisira dze limestone uye organic sediments inoshumwa kuti ienzaniswe.Mabhokisi anomiririra fumarole nzvimbo dzeIschia, Campi Flegrei neSomma-Vesvius 59, 60, 61. Sample yeBdM iri mumivhenganiswa yeCampania volcano.Iyo endmember gasi remaminerals inogadzirwa nekabhoni de carbur inogadzirwa nekabhoni yakasanganiswa inogadzirwa nekabhoni de carbur inogadzirwa .
Seismic zvikamu L1 uye L2 (Figs. 1b uye 7) inoratidza kuchinja pakati peBdM uye distal stratigraphic sequences yeSomma-Vesuvius (L1, Fig. 7a) uye Campi Flegrei (L2, Fig. 7b) nzvimbo dzemakomo.BdM inoratidzwa nepamusoro-soro yeMS (MS). inoratidza subparallel reflectors of high to moderate amplitude and lateral continuity (Fig. 7b, c) .Iyi danga inosanganisira marine sediments inodhonzwa ne Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) system uye ine jecha nevhu23.Iyo iri pasi pePS layer (Fig. 7b-d) inoratidzirwa nechaotic to the columns for transparent phases or transparent PS floor glass. s (Fig. 7d). Aya madiapir-like geometries anoratidza kupindira kwePS transparent material kune yepamusoro MS deposits.Uplift inokonzera kuumbwa kwezvimedu uye kukanganisa kunokanganisa MS layer uye kuwanda kwemazuva ano eBdM seafloor (Fig. 7b-d) iyo inopindirana nechikamu cheB ENEtigraphic muchikamu cheB ENEtigraphic zvakajeka. M nekuda kwekuvapo kwegasi-saturated layer (GSL) yakafukidzwa nemamwe mazinga emukati eiyo MS sequence (Fig.7a).Gravity cores yakaunganidzwa kumusoro kweBdM inoenderana neyakajeka seismic layer inoratidza kuti iyo yepamusoro-soro 40 cm ine jecha rakaiswa munguva pfupi yapfuura kusvika ikozvino;)24,25 uye zvimedu zvepumice kubva mukuputika kunoputika kweCampi Flegrei ye "Naples Yellow Tuff" (14.8 ka) 26.Chikamu chakajeka chePS layer haigoni kutsanangurwa nechaotic mixing process chete, nokuti mhirizhonga inobatanidza nekudonha kwevhu, matope anoyerera uye pyroclasticdMs inoyerera muOpaque yeNaples inowanikwa kunze kweOpaque ye2 24.Tinogumisa kuti iyo yakacherechedza BdM PS seismic facies pamwe nekuonekwa kwe subsea outcrop PS layer (Fig. 7d) inoratidza kukwidziridzwa kwegasi rechisikigo.
(a) Single-track seismic profile L1 (navigation trace in Fig. 1b) inoratidza columnar (pagoda) spatial arrangement.Iyo pagoda inosanganisira chaotic deposits yepumice nejecha.Gas-saturated layer iripo pazasi pegoda inobvisa kuenderera mberi kwezvakadzika formations.(b2b) Singmic trace. ing incision and deformation of seafloor mounds, marine (MS), and pumice sand deposits (PS).(c) The deformation details in MS and PS is reported in (c,d).Tichifunga kuti velocity ye1580 m/s in the uppermost sediment, 100 ms inomiririra about 80 m on the vertical scale.
Iyo morphological uye yemaitiro maitiro eBdM akafanana kune mamwe subsea hydrothermal uye gasi hydrate minda pasi rose2,12,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34 uye inowanzobatanidzwa nekukwidziridzwa (vaults uye mounds) uye gasi Discharge (cones, makomba makomba akadzivirirwa uye akadzivirirwa magadzirirwo akadzivirirwa uye anotaridza magadzirirwo akadzivirirwa uye kudzoreredza-kudzoreredza-kutenderedzaM). (Mifananidzo 2 uye 3) .Kurongeka kwenzvimbo yezvikomo, makomba uye mhepo dzinoshanda dzinoratidza kuti kugoverwa kwavo kune chikamu chinodzorwa neNW-SE uye NE-SW kukanganisa kukanganisa (Fig. 4b) .Idzi ndidzo kurohwa kwakasarudzwa kwemaitiro ekukanganisa anokanganisa Campi Flegrei neSomma-Vesuvius nzvimbo dzemakomo uye nzvimbo yeGulf of the Gulf of the Haddrol . Campi Flegrei crater35.Saka tinogumisa kuti zvikanganiso uye kuputsika muGulf of Naples zvinomiririra nzira yakasarudzwa yekufamba kwegasi kusvika kumusoro, chinhu chakagoverwa nemamwe maitiro akarongeka emagetsi emvura36,37.3a, c) .Izvi zvinoratidza kuti zvikomo izvi hazvireve kuti zvinomiririra zvinotangira kuumbwa kwegomba, sezvakataurwa nevamwe vanyori kuti gasi hydrate zones32,33. Mhedziso yedu inotsigira pfungwa yokuti kukanganiswa kwedome sediments seafloor hakuiti nguva dzose pakuumbwa kwemakomba.
Iwo matatu akaunganidza masisitimu ehuswa anoratidza makemikari siginature emvura yehydrothermal emission, inogona kunge ichikonzerwa nekusvibiswa kubva kumhepo yakanyungudutswa mumvura yegungwa kuti iumbwe, Ant Hydrothermal yakatanga maGasi.The Hydrothermal Bathasi Gasi inosimbiswa neCo2.35%) uye CO2 × 1010) kutenderedza gulf yeNaples 'jasi kupera nhengo uye kuderera kwehukama hwemagedhi -Vanovi uye Cami Flegrei vane yakakwira 3A / 4he masheni (r / ra pakati pe2,6 uye 2.9) pane bdm (r / ra pakati 1.66 uye 1.96 uye 1.96;Tafura S1) .Izvi zvinoratidza kuti kuwedzera uye kuunganidza kweradiogenic Akabva kune imwechete magma sosi iyo yakadyisa makomo eSomma-Vesuvius neCampi Flegrei.Kusavapo kwekuonekwa kwezvikamu zvekabhoni zvekabhoni muBdM emissions zvinoratidza kuti organic sediments haisi kubatanidzwa muBdM degassing process.
Zvichienderana nedatha yakataurwa pamusoro uye mhedzisiro kubva kumhando dzekuyedza dzedome-sezvivakwa zvine chekuita nesubsea gasi-akapfuma matunhu, yakadzika gasi kudzvanywa inogona kuve inokonzera kuumbwa kwemakiromita-scale BdM domes.Kufungidzira overpressure Pdef inotungamira kune BdM vault, takashandisa yakaonda-plate mechanics modhi33,34 uye inounganidza iyo subcircular data kubva kuBdMological data. sheet reradius yakakura kudarika deformed soft viscous deposit The vertical maximum displacement w uye ukobvu h we (Supplementary Fig. S1) .Pdef ndiyo mutsauko pakati pekumanikidzwa kwese uye rock static pressure plus water column pressure.PaBdM, radius inenge 2,500 m, w ndeye 20 m, uye iyo hmic yakawanda inofungidzirwa 0 m2f = 6P profiles inofungidzirwa kubva pa 6P p. 4 D/a4 kubva kuhukama, uko D ndiko kuoma kwechimiro;D inopiwa ne (E h3)/[12(1 – ν2)], apo E ari Mudiki modulus yedhipoziti, ν is Poisson's ratio (~ 0.5)33.Sezvo ma mechanic properties yeBdM sediments isingayerwe, tinoisa E = 140 kPa, inova kukosha kunonzwisisika kune 4 mhenderekedzo yegungwa kukosha kweM4 yakakwira E 4 M4 yakakwira sediment BdM. inotakurwa muzvinyorwa zvedhaka revhu (300 < E <350,000 kPa) 33,34 nokuti BDM deposits inosanganisira kunyanya jecha, kwete silt kana silty clay24. Tinowana Pdef = 0.3 Pa, iyo inopindirana nekufungidzira kwegungwa varidesin uplift processs mugasi 3 kusvika ku1, pasi pe1 hydrate pagas 3, pasi pe 1 gas, 1 pahydrated. MuBdM, kuomarara kuderera nekuda kwekuzara kwegasi renzvimbo uye / kana kutaridzika kwezvakaputsika zvakagara zviripo zvinogonawo kukonzeresa kutadza uye kuburitswa kwegasi, zvichibvumira kuumbwa kwenzvimbo dzakacherechedzwa dzekufefetera. ing MS marine sediments, zvichikonzera mirwi, kupeta, zvikanganiso, uye sedimentary kucheka (Fig.7b, c) .Izvi zvinoratidza kuti 14.8 kusvika 12 ka pumice yekare yakapinda mumuduku weMS layer kuburikidza nepamusoro pekufambisa gasi nzira.The morphological features of the BdM structure inogona kuonekwa semugumisiro wekunyanya kukonzerwa nekubuda kwemvura kunobudiswa neGSL.Kupiwa kuti kubuda kwechikafu kunogona kuonekwa kubva mukati meiyo 148 m pamusoro pemvura yeGSL, kufungidzira kunopfuura pamusoro pemvura yeG 148 m pamusoro pemvura yegungwa. s 1,700 kPa.Kuenda kumusoro kwemagasi mumatope kwakavawo nemigumisiro yekukwesha zvinhu zviri muMS, zvichitsanangura kuvapo kwechaotic sediments mu gravity cores sampled paBdM25.Uyezve, overpressure yeGSL inogadzira yakaoma fracture system (polygonative fracture system, polygonative fracture, iyi morphographic fracture, Figlegraphic stratement in Figlegraphic fracture). , inonzi "pagodas" 49,50, pakutanga yainzi inokonzerwa nemigumisiro yechipiri yekugadzirwa kweglacial yekare, uye ikozvino inodudzirwa semigumisiro yekukwira kwegasi31,33 kana evaporites50 .Kumucheto kwekondinendi yeCampania, evaporative sediments inoshomeka, zvishoma mukati mepamusoro pepamusoro peM gospoled control yeM 3 km. kusimuka kwegasi mumasediments. Mhedziso iyi inotsigirwa nemagetsi akajeka epagoda (Fig.7), pamwe negiravhiti musimboti data sezvakambotaurwa24, apo jecha remazuva ano rinoputika ne'Pomici Principali'25 uye 'Naples Yellow Tuff'26 Campi Flegrei. Uyezve, PS deposits yakapinda uye yakakanganisa iyo yepamusoro MS layer (Fig. 7d). Iyi structural gadziriro yepombi inomiririra nzira mbiri, uye kwete nzira huru yeThumbu rinomiririra nzira huru yeThuru. kutonga kuumbwa kwepagoda: a) kuwanda kwezvinyoro zvinyoro kunoderera sezvo gasi rinopinda kubva pasi;b) iyo gasi-sediment musanganiswa inosimuka, iyo inocherechedzwa kupeta, kukanganisa uye kutsemuka Inokonzera MS deposits (Mufananidzo 7) .Nzvimbo yekugadzira yakafanana yakarongedzerwa pagodas inobatanidza negasi hydrates muSouth Scotia Sea (Antarctica) .BdM pagodas akaonekwa mumapoka munzvimbo dzine makomo, uye yavo vertical vertical in 70-100 yekufamba kweTT . Nekuda kwekuvapo kweMS undulations uye tichifunga nezve stratigraphy yeBdM gravity core, isu tinofungidzira zera rekuumbwa kwezvivakwa zvepagoda kuti rive risingasviki anenge 14-12 ka.Uyezve, kukura kwezvivakwa izvi kuchiri kushanda (Fig. 7d) sezvo mamwe pagodas akapinda uye akaremara-zuva rakapfuura B.M.
Kutadza kwepagoda kuyambuka pasi pegungwa remazuva ano kunoratidza kuti (a) kusimuka kwegasi uye/kana kumiswa kwegasi-sediment kusanganiswa, uye/kana (b) kunobvira kuyerera kwegasi-sediment musanganiswa hakubvumiri kudzvanyirirwa kwenzvimbo.Maererano nedzidziso yediapir model52, kuyerera kwegasi kunoratidza kusaenzana kwemwero wepagasi uchikwira nepamusoro pemusanganiswa wepago pazasi. wadhi.Kuderedzwa kwehuwandu hwekugovera kunogona kuve kwakabatana nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwemusanganiswa nekuda kwekunyangarika kwegasi rekupa. Zvigumisiro zvakapfupiswa pamusoro uye buoyancy-controlled controlled rise of the pagoda inotibvumira kuenzanisa kureba kwekoramu yemhepo hg. The buoyancy inopiwa ne ΔP = hgg (ρw - ρvi / gρίΩρίΩΑ 29 gr) uye gρ gr 29 yemvura uye gr 29. uye gasi, zvichiteerana.ΔP ndiyo nhamba yePdef yakaverengwa kare uye lithostatic pressure Plith ye sediment plate, kureva ρsg h, apo ρs ndiyo sediment density.Panyaya iyi, kukosha kwehg kunodiwa kune buoyancy yaidiwa inopiwa ne hg = (Pdef + Plith) = (Pdef + Plith, Plith) - 0 . uye h = 100 m (ona pamusoro), ρw = 1,030 kg/m3, ρs = 2,500 kg/m3, ρg harina basa nekuti ρw ≫ρg.Tinowana hg = 245 m, kukosha kunomiririra kudzika kwepasi peGSL.ΔP inodiwa kuti iite 2.4 MPa kana 2.4 MPa.
Kuumbwa kweBdM gasi kunopindirana nezvinyorwa zvemantle zvakashandurwa nekuwedzerwa kwemvura inobatanidza ne decarbonization reactions ye crustal rocks (Fig. 6) .Rough EW alignments yeBdM domes uye makomo anoputika akadai seIschia, Campi Flegre, uye Soma-Vesuvius, pamwe chete nekuumbwa kwemhepo kunoputika, kunoratidza kuti mhepo inoputika kubva kunharaunda yose yeNas emicaple inoratidza kuti mhepo inoputika kubva munzvimbo dzinopisa dzinopisa dzinobva munzvimbo dzinopisa dzeNaschia. Yakasanganiswa Mvura zhinji inoyerera ichibva kumadokero (Ischia) ichienda kumabvazuva (Somma-Vesuivus) (Fig. 1b ne6).
Takagumisa kuti muBay of Naples, makiromita mashomanana kubva kuchiteshi cheNaples, kune 25 km2 yakafara dome-yakafanana chimiro chinokonzerwa nekushanda kwekuita degassing process uye inokonzerwa nekuiswa kwepagodas uye mounds.Parizvino, BdM siginecha inoratidza kuti kwete-magmatic turbulence53 inogona kutungamirira kuvhuvhuta kwekutanga uye kuparara kwemvura inoputika uye inokonzera kuparara kwemvura. .Kutarisa mabasa kunofanira kushandiswa kuongorora kushanduka kwezviitiko uye kuona geochemical uye geophysical zviratidzo zvinoratidza zvingangoitika magmatic disturbances.
Acoustic water column profiles (2D) yakawanikwa munguva yeSAFE_2014 (Nyamavhuvhu 2014) rwendo rweR/V Urania (CNR) neNational Research Council Institute of Coastal Marine Environment (IAMC).Acoustic sampling yakaitwa nesainzi beam-splitting echo sounder Simrad EK60 yakaunganidzwa paavhareji yeAvareji yeAvareji yedata yeAchostick echoz yeA34 kH. mifananidzo inonzwika yakashandiswa kuzivisa kubuda kwemvura uye kunyatsotsanangura nzvimbo yavo munzvimbo yekuunganidza (pakati pe74 ne180 m bsl) kuenzanisa miviri yemuviri uye yemakemikari mumutsara wemvura uchishandisa multiparameter probes (conductivity, tembiricha uye kudzika, CTD) . .
Multibeam data acquisition yakaitwa pachishandiswa 100 KHz Simrad EM710 multibeam sonar system (Kongsberg) .The system is linked to a differential global positioning system kuti ione kukanganisa kwe sub-metric mu beam positioning.Iyo acoustic pulse ine frequency ye 100 KHz, firing pulse ye 40am inovhurika madhigirii uye 1050 metric inovhura madhigirii e4050. s in real time during acquisition.Data dzakagadziriswa pachishandiswa PDS2000 software (Reson-Thales) maererano neInternational Hydrographic Organisation standard (https://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-44_5E.pdf) yekufambisa uye kugadzirisa mafungu.Kuderedza ruzha nekuda kwetsaona yezviridzwa zvespikes uye kuburitsa-kusagadzikana kwezvishandiso. kuongororwa kunoitwa nechiteshi chekeel chiri pedyo ne-multi-beam transducer uye inowana uye inoshandisa nguva chaiyo-yekumhanya kwemazwi mumutsara wemvura maawa ose e6-8 kuti ipe nguva chaiyo-yenguva yemhepo yekufambisa kwakakodzera kwebhoti. (Fig.1a) yakaitwa nedata renzvimbo (> 0 m pamusoro pegungwa) rakawanikwa pa20 m grid cell size neItaly Geo-Military Institute.
55-kilomita yakakwirira-resolution single-channel seismic data profile, yakaunganidzwa panguva yakachengeteka yegungwa rwendo muna 2007 na2014, yakafukidza nzvimbo inosvika 113 square kilometers, ese ari paR/V Urania.Marisk profiles (semuenzaniso, L1 seismic profile, yakawanikwa neFig. inoumbwa ne 2.5 m catamaran umo chitubu uye chigadziro chinowanikwa.Chitubu chesiginicha chinosanganisira imwe chete yakanaka yepamusoro iyo inoratidzwa muhuwandu hwehuwandu hwe1-10 kHz uye inobvumira kugadzirisa zviratidziro zvakaparadzaniswa ne 25 cm.Safe seismic profiles yakawanikwa uchishandisa 1.4 Kj yakawanda-tip Surgery Geoconstip yeSystem yeSystem cametamessoftsystems (Maritimes Systems). ine 1-6.02 KHz sosi inopinda kusvika ku400 milliseconds munyoro munyoro pasi pegungwa, ine theoretical vertical resolution ye 30 cm. Zvose Safe uye Marsik zvishandiso zvakawanikwa pamwero we0.33 shots / sec nemudziyo velocity <3 Kn.Data yakagadziriswa nepurogiramu yegeosuite yakagadziriswa, ichishandisa mutsara wegeosuite, yakagadziriswa, ichishandisa mutsara wegeosuite, iyo inoyerera ichishandisa mutsara wegeosuite, iyo inoyerera ichishandisa mutsara wegeosuite, iyo inoyerera ichishandisa mutsara wegeosuite. 2-6 KHz bhendi IIR kusefa, uye AGC.
Iyo gasi kubva pasi pemvura fumarole yakaunganidzwa pasi pegungwa uchishandisa bhokisi repurasitiki rakashongedzerwa nerabha diaphragm padivi rayo repamusoro, rakaiswa pasi neROV pamusoro pemhepo. s yakagadzirwa neTeflon stopcocks umo Imwe yakazadzwa ne 20 mL ye5N NaOH solution (Gegenbach-type flask) .The main acid gas species (CO2 neH2S) inonyungudutswa muine alkaline solution, nepo iyo yakaderera solubility gas marudzi (N2, Ar + O2, CO, H2, Iye, Ar, hydrospace gasi gasi akachengetwa) akachengetwa headspace hydrospamp. lyzed by gas chromatography (GC) uchishandisa Shimadzu 15A yakagadzirirwa 10 m kureba 5A molecular sieve column uye thermal conductivity detector (TCD) 54.Argon neO2 vakaongororwa vachishandisa Thermo Focus gas chromatograph yakagadzirwa ne 30 mCD light capiella uye 30 mCD light capiellacarbon yakareba. Shimadzu 14A gas chromatograph yakashongedzerwa ne 10 m kureba Stainless simbi column yakarongedzwa neChromosorb PAW 80/100 mesh, yakavharwa ne 23% SP 1700 uye flame ionization detector (FID) .Chikamu chemvura chakashandiswa pakuongorora 1) CO2, se, Metro 2, Titrated Metro 2, Metro 2, Metro 2, Titrated, Metro5 NhHC, Titrated, Metro5 NhHC, Titrated. se, mushure me oxidation ne 5 mL H2O2 (33%), neion chromatography (IC) (IC) (Wantong 761) .The analytical error of titration, GC uye IC analysis iri pasi pe 5%.Mushure memaitiro ekuchera uye kucheneswa kwegasi musanganiswa, 13C / 12C COPD yakatsanangurwa se-COPD % 13C CO2 (yakaratidza VB uye 13C CO2). an Delta S mass spectrometer55,56. Zviyero zvakashandiswa kufungidzira kunyatsojeka kwekunze kwaiva Carrara neSan Vincenzo marble (yemukati), NBS18 neNBS19 (yepasi rose), ukuwo kukanganisa kwekuongorora uye kubereka kwaiva ± 0.05% uye ± 0.1%, maererano.
δ15N (inoratidzwa se % vs. Mhepo) kukosha uye 40Ar/36Ar zvakatemwa pachishandiswa Agilent 6890 N gas chromatograph (GC) yakasanganiswa neFinnish Delta plusXP inoenderera mberi ichiyerera mass spectrometer.Chikanganiso chekuongorora ndeichi: δ15N±0.1%, 36Arto <% , 36 Arto1 % , 36 Arto1, 36 Arto1 % R is 3He/4Iye akayera mumuenzaniso uye Ra chiyero chakafanana mumhepo: 1.39 × 10−6)57 yakatemerwa parabhoritari yeINGV-Palermo (Italy) 3He, 4He uye 20Ne vakatsunga kushandisa dual collector mass spectrometer (Helix SFT-GVI) 58 Helix SFT-GVI) 58 mushure meE blank kukanganisa uye 38 Hepapical . Ne ari <10-14 uye <10-16 mol, zvichiteerana.
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