Isu tinoshandisa makuki kuvandudza ruzivo rwako.Nekuramba uchitsvaga saiti ino, unobvuma kushandisa kwedu makuki.Mamwe Mashoko.
Yakachena kana yakachena steam yemishonga masisitimu anosanganisira majenareta, mavharuvhu ekudzora, pombi dzekuparadzira kana mapaipi, thermodynamic kana equilibrium thermostatic traps, mageji ekumanikidza, zvinoderedza kudzvinyirira, mavharuvhu ekuchengetedza, uye volumetric accumulators.
Zvizhinji zvezvikamu izvi zvakagadzirwa ne316 L simbi isina tsvina uye zvine fluoropolymer gaskets (kazhinji polytetrafluoroethylene, inozivikanwawo seTeflon kana PTFE), pamwe nehafu-simbi kana zvimwe elastomeric zvinhu.
Izvi zvikamu zvinotapukirwa nekuora kana kuparara panguva yekushandiswa, izvo zvinokanganisa kunaka kweyakapedzwa Yakachena Steam (CS) utility.Iyo purojekiti yakatsanangurwa muchinyorwa chino yakaongorora simbi isina simbi kubva ina CS system kesi zvidzidzo, yakaongorora njodzi yekukanganisa inogona kuita ngura pamagadzirirwo uye akakosha einjiniya masisitimu, uye akaedzwa zvidimbu nesimbi mune condensate.
Mienzaniso yepombi dzakaora uye kugovera masisitimu zvikamu zvinoiswa kuti zviongorore kukora ne-zvigadzirwa.9 Panyaya imwe neimwe, mamiriro akasiyana epamusoro akaongororwa.Semuenzaniso, yakajairwa blush uye corrosion mhedzisiro yakaongororwa.
Nzvimbo dzemasampunzi ereferensi dzakaongororwa kuvepo kwemadhipoziti akatsvuka achishandisa ongororo yekuona, Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), electron spectroscopy yekuongorora makemikari (ESCA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) uye X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).
Idzi nzira dzinogona kuburitsa hunhu uye maatomu ekuora uye madhipoziti, pamwe nekuona izvo zvakakosha zvinokanganisa zvimiro zvehunyanzvi hwemvura kana zvigadzirwa zvekupedzisira.Poshi
Zvigadzirwa zvekuora zvesimbi isina tsvina zvinogona kutora nzira dzakawanda, senge carmine layer ye iron oxide (brown kana tsvuku) pamusoro pepasi kana pamusoro peiyo simbi oxide (dema kana grey)2.Kugona kutama uchidzika pasi.
Iyo iron oxide layer (black blush) inogona kukora nekufamba kwenguva sezvo madhipoziti anowedzera kuoneka, sezvinoratidzwa nezvidimbu kana madhipoziti anooneka pameso ekamuri yekuvharisa uye midziyo kana midziyo mushure mekuita sterillization, pane kutama.Murabhoritari wongororo yemasampuli econdensate yakaratidza kupararira kwakapararira kwedhaka uye huwandu hwesimbi inonyungudika muCS fluid.ina
Kunyange zvazvo kune zvikonzero zvakawanda zvechiitiko ichi, jenareta yeCS inowanzova iyo inobatsira zvikuru.Hazvishamisi kuwana red iron oxide (brown/ red) panzvimbo uye iron oxide (dema/grey) mumhepo dzinofamba zvishoma nezvishoma kuburikidza neCS distribution system.6
Iyo CS yekugovera sisitimu igadziriso yebazi ine akawanda mapoinzi ekushandisa anopera kunzvimbo dziri kure kana pakupera kwemusoro mukuru uye akasiyana-siyana madiki misoro.Iyo sisitimu inogona kusanganisira akati wandei ekudzora kuti abatsire kutanga kumanikidza / kudzikisa tembiricha pane dzakananga nzvimbo dzekushandisa dzinogona kunge dziri nzvimbo dzekuora.
Corrosion inogonawo kuitika muhutsanana dhizaini misungo inoiswa panzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana muhurongwa kubvisa condensate nemhepo kubva mukuyerera yakachena chitsinga nemusungo, kudzika kwepombi / kuburitsa pombi kana condensate musoro.
Muzviitiko zvakawanda, reverse migration ingangoitika apo ngura inoisa pamusoro pemusungo uye inokura ichikwira ichipinda nekumhiri kwemapaipi ari padyo kana mapoinzi ekushandisa;ngura inoumba mumisungo kana zvimwe zvikamu zvinogona kuonekwa kumusoro kwechitubu ichiramba ichienda kuzasi nekukwira.
Zvimwe zvikamu zvesimbi isina tsvina zvinoratidzawo zvakasiyana-siyana zvine mwero kusvika kumazinga ezve metallurgical zvimiro, kusanganisira delta ferrite.Makristasi eFerrite anotendwa kuti anoderedza kushomeka kwekudzivirira, kunyangwe angave aripo mune zvishoma se1-5%.
Ferrite hainawo kupikisa corrosion seyo austenitic crystal structure, saka ichanyanya kuparara.Ferrites inogona kunyatsoonekwa ine ferrite probe uye semi-chaiyo ine magineti, asi pane zvakakosha zvisingakwanisi.
Kubva pakuseta sisitimu, kuburikidza nekutanga kutumwa, uye kutanga kweiyo itsva CS jenareta uye kugovera pombi, pane akati wandei ezvikonzero zvinoita kuti corrosion:
Nokufamba kwenguva, zvinhu zvinoparadza zvakaita seizvi zvinogona kugadzira zvinhu zvinoparadza kana zvasangana, zvasangana, uye zvapindirana nemisanganiswa yesimbi nesimbi.Black soot inowanzoonekwa kutanga mujenareta, yozoonekwa mune jenareta yekuburitsa pombi uye pakupedzisira mukati meiyo CS yekugovera system.
SEM ongororo yakaitwa kuratidza iyo microstructure yecorrosion by-zvigadzirwa zvinofukidza nzvimbo yese nemakristasi uye zvimwe zvimedu.Mamiriro kana pasi pepamusoro panowanikwa zvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvesimbi (Fig. 1-3) kune sampuli dzakawanda, kureva silica / iron, sandy, vitreous, homogeneous deposits (Fig. 4).Iyo steam trap bellows yakaongororwawo (Fig. 5-6).
Kuedza kweAES inzira yekuongorora inoshandiswa kuona iyo chemistry yesimbi isina tsvina uye kuongorora kusakara kwayo.Inoratidzawo kudzikira kweiyo passive firimu uye kudzikira kweiyo chromium mufirimu risinganzwisisike sezvo nzvimbo inodzikira nekuda kwekuora.
Kuratidzira iyo yekutanga kuumbwa kwechiso chesample yega yega, AES scans (concentration profiles of surface elements over deep) yakashandiswa.
Imwe neimwe saiti inoshandiswa pakuongororwa kweSEM uye kuwedzera kwakanyatso kusarudzwa kuti ipe ruzivo kubva kumatunhu akajairwa.Chidzidzo chega chega chakapa ruzivo kubva pamusoro mashoma mamorekuru akaturikidzana (anofungidzirwa pa10 angstroms [Å] padara) kusvika pakadzika kwesimbi alloy (200–1000 Å).
Huwandu hunokosha hwesimbi (Fe), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), okisijeni (O) uye kabhoni (C) zvakanyorwa munzvimbo dzese dzeRouge.AES data uye mhedzisiro inotsanangurwa muchikamu chechidzidzo chenyaya.
Mhedzisiro yeAES mibairo yemamiriro ekutanga inoratidza kuti oxidation yakasimba inoitika pamasampuli ane zvisingawanzo kukwirira kukwira kweFe neO (iron oxides) uye yakaderera Cr zviri pamusoro.Iyi dhipoziti yakatsvuka inoguma nekuburitswa kwezvimedu zvinogona kusvibisa chigadzirwa uye nzvimbo dzakasangana nechigadzirwa.
Mushure mokunge blush yabviswa, "passivated" samples dzakaratidza kupora kwakakwana kwefirimu yepasi, neCr inosvika pamazinga epamusoro epamusoro kupfuura Fe, ine Cr: Fe yepamusoro yepamusoro kubva ku1.0 kusvika ku2.0 uye kusavapo kwesimbi oxide.
Nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzakakasharara dzakaongororwa pachishandiswa XPS/ESCA kuenzanisa elemental concentrations uye spectral oxidation states of Fe, Cr, sulfur (S), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), uye O. uye C (tafura A).
Pane mutsauko wakajeka muCr zvemukati kubva kune zvakakosha padhuze neiyo passivation layer kune yakaderera tsika dzinowanzo kuwanikwa mune base alloys.Mayero esimbi uye chromium anowanikwa pamusoro anomiririra kukora kwakasiyana uye mamakisi emarouge deposits.Miedzo yeXPS yakaratidza kuwedzera kweNa, C kana Ca panzvimbo dzakakasharara zvichienzaniswa nenzvimbo dzakacheneswa uye dzakapfuura.
Kuongororwa kweXPS kwakaratidzawo huwandu hweC musimbi tsvuku (dema) tsvuku pamwe neFe (x) O (y) (iron oxide) mutsvuku.XPS data haina basa pakunzwisisa shanduko yepasi panguva yekuora nekuti inoongorora zvese simbi tsvuku uye base simbi.Yekuwedzera XPS kuyedzwa nemasample akakura inodiwa kuti uongorore zvakanaka mhedzisiro.
Vanyori vekare vakanetsekawo kuongorora XPS data.10 Kucherechedzwa kwemumunda panguva yekubvisa kwakaratidza kuti kabhoni yemukati yakakwira uye kazhinji inobviswa nekusefa panguva yekugadziriswa.SEM mamicrographs akatorwa pamberi uye mushure mekukwenya kubvisa kurapwa anoratidza kukuvadzwa kwepasi kunokonzerwa neaya madhipoziti, anosanganisira gomba uye porosity, izvo zvinokanganisa ngura.
Mhedzisiro yeXPS mushure mekupfuura yakaratidza kuti Cr: Fe yehuwandu hwehuwandu hwepamusoro hwakanga hwakanyanya kukwirira apo iyo passivation firimu yakaumbwa patsva, nekudaro ichidzikisa mwero wekuora uye zvimwe zvakashata zvinokonzeresa pamusoro.
Iwo makuponi samples airatidza kuwedzera kukuru kweiyo Cr: Fe chiyero pakati pe "sezvazviri" pamusoro uye nepamusoro pepasi.Yekutanga Cr: Fe ratios yakaedzwa muhuwandu hwe0.6 kusvika 1.0, nepo post-kurapa passivation ratios kubva 1.0 kusvika 2.5.Iko kukosha kwe electropolished uye passivated Stainless simbi dziri pakati pe1.5 ne2.5.
Mumasampuli akaiswa pasi pekugadzirisa, kudzika kwepamusoro kweCr: Fe chiyero (yakasimbiswa uchishandisa AES) yakabva ku3 kusvika ku16 Å.Vanoenzanisa zvakanaka nedata kubva kuzvidzidzo zvekare zvakaburitswa naColeman2 naRoll.9 Nzvimbo dzemasamples ose dzaive nemwero wakaenzana weFe, Ni, O, Cr, uye C. Low mwero weP, Cl, S, N, Ca, uye Na wakawanikwawo mune dzakawanda dzemasampuli.
Aya masara akafanana nemakemikari ekuchenesa, mvura yakacheneswa, kana electropolishing.Pakumwe kuongorora, kumwe kusvibiswa kwesilicon kwakawanikwa pamusoro uye pamatanho akasiyana eaustenite crystal pachayo.Iyo sosi inoita kunge iri silica yemukati memvura / mutsindo, mechanical polishes, kana yakanyungudika kana etched girazi rekuona muCS generation cell.
Zvigadzirwa zveCorrosion zvinowanikwa mumasystem eCS zvinonzi zvinosiyana zvakanyanya.Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekusiyana-siyana kwemaitiro aya uye kuiswa kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvakadai semavharuvhu, misungo nezvimwe zvinhu zvinogona kutungamirira kumamiriro ekuora uye zvigadzirwa zvekuora.
Pamusoro pezvo, zvinotsiva zvinogara zvichiunzwa muhurongwa husina kufambiswa zvakanaka.Corrosion zvigadzirwa zvakare zvakanyanya kukanganiswa nekugadzirwa kweiyo CS jenareta uye kunaka kwemvura.Mamwe marudzi emajenareta seti ari reboiler nepo mamwe ari tubular flashers.Majenareta eCS anowanzo shandisa zvidzitiro zvekupedzisira kubvisa hunyoro kubva muutsi wakachena, nepo mamwe majenareta anoshandisa mabhaudhi kana madutu.
Vamwe vanogadzira inenge yakasimba patina yesimbi mupombi yekuparadzira uye simbi tsvuku inoifukidza.Chivharo chakavhiringika chinoumba firimu dema resimbi rine iron oxide blush pasi uye rinogadzira chechipiri chepamusoro chiitiko muchimiro che sooty blush iri nyore kupukuta kubva pamusoro.
Sezvo mutemo, iyi ferruginous-soot-like deposit inonyanya kutaurwa kupfuura iyo iron-tsvuku, uye inonyanya kufamba.Nekuda kwekuwedzera oxidation mamiriro esimbi mune condensate, sludge inogadzirwa mugero re condensate pazasi pombi yekuparadzira ine iron oxide sludge pamusoro pesimbi sludge.
Iyo iron oxide blush inopfuura nemuunganidzi we condensate, inova inooneka mudhiraini, uye iyo yepamusoro layer inokweshwa zviri nyore kubva pamusoro.Hunhu hwemvura hunoita basa rakakosha mukuumbwa kwemakemikari ekutsvukisa.
Yepamusoro hydrocarbon yemukati inoguma yakawandisa soot mu lipstick, nepo yakakwira silica yemukati inoguma nepamusoro silica yemukati, zvichikonzera yakatsetseka kana inopenya lipstick layer.Sezvambotaurwa, magirazi ekuona kwemvura anewo maitiro ekuora, achibvumira marara uye silica kupinda muhurongwa.
Pfuti ihonzeri yekunetsekana mumasisitimu emupfuti sezvo matinji akakora anogona kuumba zvidimbu.Zvimedu izvi zviripo pamhepo inopfungaira kana mumudziyo weupfu.Zvikamu zvinotevera zvinotsanangura zvinogona kuitika zvinodhaka.
Iyo As-Is SEMs muMifananidzo 7 uye 8 inoratidza chimiro che microcrystalline chekirasi 2 carmine muchiitiko 1. A kunyanya dense matrix ye iron oxide crystals yakaumbwa pamusoro pechimiro chemavara akanaka-grained.Decontainated and passivated surfaces yairatidza kukuvadzwa kwecorrosion kunokonzera kushata uye kuine porous pemvura pedenga sezvinoratidzwa muFigure 9 ne10.
NPP scan in fig.11 inoratidza mamiriro ekutanga enzvimbo yekutanga ine inorema iron oxide pairi. The passivated and derouged surface (Mufananidzo 12) inoratidza kuti firimu rinopfuura rava nepamusoro Cr (mutsara mutsvuku) pamusoro peFe (mutsara mutsvuku) pa> 1.0 Cr: Fe chiyero. The passivated and derouged surface (Mufananidzo 12) inoratidza kuti firimu rinopfuura rava nepamusoro Cr (mutsara mutsvuku) pamusoro peFe (mutsara mutsvuku) pa> 1.0 Cr: Fe chiyero. Пассивированная и обесточенная поверхность (рис. 12) указывает на то, что пассивная пленка теперь имеет повышенное содержание Крания на Female я) при соотношении Cr:Fe > 1,0. Iyo passivated uye de-energized surface (Fig. 12) inoratidza kuti firimu yepasi ikozvino ine kuwedzera kwehuwandu hweCr (mutsara mutsvuku) uchienzaniswa neFe (black line) pachiyero cheCr: Fe> 1.0.钝化和去皱表面（图12）表明，钝化膜现在的Cr（红线) Cr（红线）含量高于Fe（黑线），Cr:Fe 比率> 1.0. Пассивированная и морщинистая поверхность (рис. 12) показывает, что пассивированная пленка теперь имеет более высокое содержания Кариния, което е высокое содержания Кариния ри соотношении Cr:Fe > 1,0. The passivated uye wrinkled pamusoro (Fig. 12) inoratidza kuti passivated firimu zvino ane yakakwirira Cr kugutsikana (mutsetse mutsvuku) kupfuura Fe (mutema mutsetse) panguva Cr: Fe chiyero> 1.0.
Firimu rakatetepa (<80 Å) passivating chromium oxide firimu rinodzivirira kudarika mazana e angstrom gobvu recrystalline iron oxide firimu kubva pa base metal and scale layer ine iron content inopfuura 65%.
Mushonga wekemikari wepasi pasi uye wakaunyana wave kufananidzwa nepassivated polished materials.Iyo sediment in case 1 iclass 2 sediment inokwanisa kuumbwa in situ;sezvainoungana, zvidimbu zvakakura zvinoumbwa zvinofamba nemhepo.
Muchiitiko ichi, kuora kunoratidzwa hakuzotungamiri kune kukanganisa kwakakomba kana kuora kwehutano hwepamusoro.Kukwinya kwakajairwa kunoderedza kukanganisa kwepamusoro uye kubvisa mukana wekufamba kwakasimba kwezvimedu zvinogona kuoneka.
Mumufananidzo 11, mibairo yeAES inoratidza kuti mativi akakora ari pedyo nepamusoro ane mazinga epamusoro eFe neO (500 Å yesimbi oxide; remoni yegirini nemitsara yebhuruu, zvichiteerana), kuchinjika kuenda kune doped mazinga eFe, Ni, Cr, uye O. Fe concentration (yebhuruu mutsetse) yakakwirira kwazvo kupfuura yeimwe simbi ipi neipi, ichiwedzera kubva pa35% kumusoro kusvika pamusoro pe65%.
Pamusoro, iyo O level (yakasvibira mutsara) inoenda kubva painoda kusvika 50% mualloy kusvika kunenge zero pahupamhi hwefirimu reoxide rinopfuura 700 Å. Iyo Ni (yakasviba mutsara) uye Cr (mutsvuku mutsara) mazinga akanyanya kuderera kumusoro (<4%) uye anowedzera kune akajairika mazinga (11% uye 17%, zvichiteerana) pakudzika kwealloy. Iyo Ni (yakasviba mutsara) uye Cr (mutsvuku mutsara) mazinga akanyanya kuderera kumusoro (<4%) uye anowedzera kune akajairika mazinga (11% uye 17%, zvichiteerana) pakudzika kwealloy. Уровни Ni (темно-зеленая линия) и Cr (красная линия) чрезвычайно низки на поверхности (<4%) и увеличиваются до нормального уровня (11% лава. Mazinga eNi (yakasviba mutsara) uye Cr (mutsara mutsvuku) yakanyanya kuderera kumusoro (<4%) uye inowedzera kusvika kune yakajairika mazinga (11% uye 17% maererano) yakadzika mualloy.表面的Ni（深绿线）和Cr（红线）水平极低（< 4%），而在合金深度处增加到正常水为分%常水1.表面的Ni（深绿线）和Cr（红线）水平极低（< 4%），而在合金深度处增加到歌常水划1 Уровни Ni (темно-зеленая линия) и Cr (красная линия) на поверхности чрезвычайно низки (<4%) и увеличиваются до нормального уровня линия в 10% но). Mazinga eNi (yakasviba mutsara) uye Cr (mutsara mutsvuku) pamusoro akanyanya kuderera (<4%) uye anowedzera kusvika kune yakajairika mazinga akadzika mualloy (11% uye 17% zvichiteerana).
Mufananidzo weAES mufig.12 inoratidza kuti rouge (iron oxide) layer yakabviswa uye iyo passivation firimu yakadzorerwa.Muchikamu che15 Å primary layer, Cr level (red line) yakakwirira kudarika Fe level (black line), inova firimu rinongoita.Pakutanga, iyo Ni yemukati yaive pamusoro yaive 9%, ichiwedzera ne60-70 Å pamusoro peiyo Cr level (± 16%), uyezve ichiwedzera kune alloy level ye200 Å.
Kutanga pa2%, iyo carbon level (blue line) inodonha kusvika zero pa30 Å. The Fe level pakutanga yakaderera (<15%) uye gare gare yakaenzana neCr level pa15 Å uye inoramba ichiwedzera kusvika kune alloy level pane anopfuura 65% pa150 Å. The Fe level pakutanga yakaderera (<15%) uye gare gare yakaenzana neCr level pa15 Å uye inoramba ichiwedzera kusvika kune alloy level pane anopfuura 65% pa150 Å. Уровень Fe вначале низкий (< 15%), позже равен уровню Cr 15 Å и продолжает увеличиваться до уровня сплава более 65% при 15 Iyo Fe level pakutanga yakadzikira (<15%), gare gare yakaenzana neCr level pa15 Å uye inoramba ichikwira kusvika pamusoro pe65% alloy level pa150 Å. Fe 含量最初很低(< 15%)，后來在15 Å 时等于Cr 含量，并在150 Å 时继续增加到超过采65% . Fe 含量最初很低(< 15%)，后來在15 Å 时等于Cr 含量，并在150 Å 时继续增加到超过采65% . Содержание Fe изначально низкое (< 15 %), позже оно равняется содержанию Cr 15 Å и продолжает увеличиваться до пержание 51 продолжает увеличиваться до сопержани 51 продолжает. The Fe content pakutanga yakaderera (<15%), gare gare yakaenzana neCr content pa15 Å uye inoramba ichiwedzera kusvikira alloy content yadarika 65% pa150 Å.Cr mazinga anowedzera kusvika 25% yepasi pa 30 Å uye anoderera kusvika 17% mu alloy.
O level yakakwira padyo nepamusoro (light green line) inodzikira kusvika zero mushure mekudzika kwe120 Å.Ongororo iyi yakaratidza firimu rakagadzirwa zvakanaka repamusoro passivation.Mifananidzo yeSEM ​​iri munhamba 13 ne14 inoratidza kushata, kwakakasharara uye kuine porous crystalline chimiro chepamusoro 1st uye 2nd iron oxide layer.Nzvimbo yakaunyana inoratidza kuita ngura pane imwe nzvimbo ine gomba yakakasharara (Mifananidzo 18-19).
Iyo yakapfava uye yakaunyana inoratidzwa munhamba 13 uye 14 haimirire yakanyanya oxidation.Figure 15 ne16 inoratidza yakadzoreredzwa passivation firimu panzvimbo yesimbi.