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Biofilms chikamu chakakosha mukugadzirwa kwezvirwere zvisingaperi, kunyanya kana zvasvika kune zvigadzirwa zvemishonga.Dambudziko iri rinopa dambudziko guru kunharaunda yezvokurapa, sezvo mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya inogona kungoparadza biofilms kusvika pamwero wakaderera.Kudzivirirwa kwekugadzirwa kwebiofilm kwakakonzera kugadzirwa kwemaitiro akasiyana-siyana ekuputira uye zvinhu zvitsva.Aya matekiniki anovavarira kupfekedza nzvimbo nenzira inodzivirira kuumbwa kwebiofilm.Vitreous metal alloys, kunyanya ayo ane mhangura uye titanium simbi, ave akakodzera antimicrobial coatings.Panguva imwecheteyo, kushandiswa kweinotonhora yekupfapfaidza tekinoroji kwakawedzera sezvo iri nzira yakakodzera yekugadzirisa tembiricha inobata zvinhu.Chikamu chechinangwa chetsvagurudzo iyi chaive chekugadzira girazi resimbi reantibacterial bhaisikopo rinoumbwa neCu-Zr-Ni ternary richishandisa hunyanzvi hwekugadzira alloying.Iyo spherical poda inogadzira chigadzirwa chekupedzisira inoshandiswa seyakabikwa yekupfapfaidza inotonhora yenzvimbo yesimbi isina simbi pane yakaderera tembiricha.Metal glass coated substrates yakakwanisa kudzikisa zvakanyanya biofilm kugadzirwa neinenge 1 log kana ichienzaniswa nesimbi isina tsvina.
Munhoroondo yese yevanhu, chero nzanga yakakwanisa kusimudzira nekusimudzira kuunzwa kwezvinhu zvitsva kuti zvienderane nezvinodiwa chaizvo, zvichikonzera kuwedzera kubereka uye chinzvimbo muhupfumi hwepasi rose1.Izvo zvagara zvichiverengerwa nekugona kwemunhu kugadzira zvigadzirwa nemidziyo yekugadzira, pamwe nemagadzirirwo ekugadzira uye kuratidza zvinhu zvekuwana hutano, dzidzo, indasitiri, hupfumi, tsika uye mamwe minda kubva kune imwe nyika kana dunhu kuenda kune imwe.Kufambira mberi kunopimwa zvisinei nenyika kana dunhu2.Kwemakore makumi matanhatu, masayendisiti ezvekushandisa akapa nguva yakawanda kune rimwe basa guru: kutsvaga kwezvinhu zvitsva uye zvepamberi.Tsvagiridzo ichangoburwa yakanangana nekuvandudza kunaka uye kushanda kwezvinhu zviripo, pamwe nekugadzira uye kugadzira mhando nyowani dzezvinhu.
Kuwedzerwa kwealloying zvinhu, kugadziridzwa kweiyo microstructure yezvinhu uye kushandiswa kwekupisa, mechanical kana thermomechanical nzira dzekurapa zvakakonzera kuvandudzwa kwakakosha mumakanika, kemikari uye zvemuviri zvezvinhu zvakasiyana.Pamusoro pezvo, kusvika zvino komisheni isingazivikanwe yakagadziriswa zvinobudirira.Uku kushingirira kuedza kwakapa mhuri itsva yezvigadzirwa zvitsva zvakabatana zvinozivikanwa seAdvanced Materials2.Nanocrystals, nanoparticles, nanotubes, quantum dots, zero-dimensional, amorphous metallic glasses, uye high-entropy alloys ingori mimwe mienzaniso yezvigadzirwa zvepamusoro zvakaonekwa munyika kubva pakati pezana remakore rapfuura.Mukugadzirwa nekugadzirwa kwezvinyoro zvitsva zvine zvinhu zvakagadziridzwa, zvose muchigadzirwa chekupedzisira uye mumatanho epakati ekugadzirwa kwayo, dambudziko rekusagadzikana rinowanzowedzerwa.Nekuda kwekuunzwa kwehunyanzvi hwekugadzira hutsva hunobvumira kutsauka kwakakosha kubva pakuenzanisa, kirasi nyowani yemetastable alloys, inozivikanwa sesimbi magirazi, yakawanikwa.
Basa rake paCaltech muna 1960 rakashandura pfungwa yesimbi alloys paakagadzira Au-25 pa.% Si glassy alloys nekukasika kuomesa zvinwiwa painoda kusvika miriyoni madhigirii pasekondi.4 Zvakawanikwa naPurofesa Paul Duves hazvina kungoratidza kutanga kwenhoroondo yemagirazi esimbi (MS), asi zvakaitawo kuti pave nokuchinja maonero anoita vanhu pamusoro pemarata esimbi.Kubva pakatanga tsvakiridzo yekutanga mukuumbwa kweMS alloys, anenge ese magirazi esimbi akawanikwa zvachose achishandisa imwe yeiyi nzira dzinotevera: (i) kukurumidza kusimba kwekunyunguduka kana mhute, (ii) atomic lattice disorder, (iii) solid-state amorphization reactions pakati pechete metallic elements uye (iv) solid phase transitions of metastable phases.
MGs inosiyaniswa nekusavapo kweatomu yenguva refu yakabatana nemakristasi, iyo inotsanangura hunhu hwemakristasi.Munyika yemazuva ano, kufambira mberi kukuru kwakaitwa mumunda wegirazi resimbi.Izvi zvinhu zvitsva zvine zvinhu zvinofadza izvo zvinofadza kwete chete kune yakasimba state fizikisi, asiwo yesimbi, yepamusoro chemistry, tekinoroji, biology, uye dzimwe nzvimbo dzakawanda.Rudzi rutsva urwu rwezvinhu zvine zvivakwa zvakasiyana nesimbi dzakaoma, zvichiita kuti ive mumiriri anonakidza wekushandisa tekinoroji munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana.Vane zvimwe zvinhu zvinokosha: (i) high mechanical ductility uye goho simba, (ii) high magnetic permeability, (iii) low coercivity, (iv) zvisingawanzoitiki corrosion resistance, (v) kusununguka kwekushisa.Kuitisa 6.7.
Mechanical alloying (MA)1,8 inzira itsva, yakatanga kuunzwa muna 19839 naProf. KK Kok nevamwe vake.Ivo vakagadzira amorphous Ni60Nb40 hupfu nekukuya musanganiswa wezvinhu zvakachena pane ambient tembiricha padyo nekamuri tembiricha.Kazhinji, iyo MA reaction inoitwa pakati pekupararira kusungirirwa kwehupfu hwe reactant mu reactor, kazhinji inogadzirwa nesimbi isina tsvina, mugiyo rebhora.10 (Mufananidzo 1a, b).Kubva ipapo, iyi mechanically induced solid state reaction method yakashandiswa kugadzirira itsva amorphous/metallic glass alloy powders uchishandisa yakaderera (Fig. 1c) uye yakakwirira simba bhora zvigayo uye tsvimbo mills11,12,13,14,15,16.Kunyanya, iyi nzira yakashandiswa kugadzirira immiscible masisitimu akadai seCu-Ta17 pamwe neakakwira melting point alloys akadai seAl-transition metal (TM, Zr, Hf, Nb uye Ta)18,19 uye Fe-W20 masisitimu., iyo isingagoni kuwanikwa uchishandisa nzira dzakajairika dzekubika.Pamusoro pezvo, MA inoonekwa seimwe yeakanyanya simba nanotechnological maturusi ekugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri kugadzirwa kwenanocrystalline uye nanocomposite poda zvimedu zvesimbi oxides, carbides, nitrides, mahydrides, kabhoni nanotubes, nanodiamonds, pamwe nekudzikamisa kwakafara uchishandisa nzira yepamusoro-pasi.1 uye metastable matanho.
Schematic inoratidza nzira yekugadzira yakashandiswa kugadzira Cu50(Zr50-xNix)/SUS 304 metallic glass coating muchidzidzo chino.(a) Kugadzirira kweMC alloy powders nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzeNi x (x; 10, 20, 30, uye 40 pa.%) uchishandisa nzira yepasi-energy ball milling.(a) Chinhu chekutanga chinotakurwa muhumburumbira hwechishandiso pamwe nemabhora esimbi emidziyo uye (b) chakanamwa mubhokisi regirovhosi rakazadzwa nemhepo.(c) Transparent model yemudziyo wekukuya unoratidza kufamba kwebhora panguva yekukuya.Chigadzirwa chekupedzisira chehupfu chakawanikwa mushure memaawa makumi mashanu chakashandiswa kutonhora kupfapfaidza jasi reSUS 304 substrate (d).
Kana zvasvika kune zvakawanda zvezvinhu zvepasi (substrates), ijinjiniya yepasi inosanganisira dhizaini uye kugadziridzwa kwenzvimbo (substrates) kuti ipe zvimwe zvemuviri, kemikari, uye tekinoroji zvimiro izvo zvisipo mune yekutanga zvinhu zvakawanda.Zvimwe zvezvivakwa zvinogona kuvandudzwa kuburikidza nekurapwa kwepamusoro zvinosanganisira abrasion, oxidation uye corrosion resistance, coefficient of friction, bioinertness, magetsi emagetsi uye thermal insulation, kungotaura zvishoma.Hunhu hwepamusoro hunogona kuvandudzwa nemetallurgical, mechanical kana makemikari nzira.Semaitiro anozivikanwa, kupfekedza kunongotsanangurwa seimwe kana akawanda akaturikidzana ezvinyorwa akaiswa pamusoro pechinhu chikuru (substrate) yakagadzirwa kubva kune chimwe chinhu.Saka, machira anoshandiswa muchikamu kuti awane anodiwa tekinoroji kana yekushongedza zvivakwa, pamwe nekudzivirira zvinhu kubva kune zvinotarisirwa makemikari uye emuviri kusangana nenharaunda23.
Nzira dzakasiyana-siyana uye hunyanzvi hunogona kushandiswa kuisa zvidziviriro zvakakodzera kubva kune mashoma mamicrometer (pazasi pe10-20 makromita) kusvika kune anopfuura 30 makromita kana kunyange akati wandei mamirimita mukukora.Kazhinji, maitiro ekupfekedza anogona kukamurwa kuita mapoka maviri: (i) nzira dzekunyorova dzekupfeka, dzinosanganisira electroplating, electroplating, uye inopisa dip galvanizing, uye (ii) nzira dzakaoma dzekuputira, kusanganisira soldering, hardfacing, physical vapor deposition (PVD).), kemikari vapor deposition (CVD), tekinoroji yekupfapfaidza yekupisa, uye ichangopfuura inotonhora yekupfapfaidza matekiniki 24 (Mufananidzo 1d).
MaBiofilms anotsanangurwa senharaunda tupukanana dzakasungirirwa zvisingadzokeri pamusoro uye dzakakomberedzwa neanozvigadzira ega extracellular polymers (EPS).Kuumbwa kweyakanyanya kukura biofilm kunogona kukonzera kurasikirwa kukuru mumaindasitiri mazhinji, kusanganisira kugadzira chikafu, masisitimu emvura, uye hutano hwehutano.Muvanhu, nekuumbwa kwebiofilms, zvinopfuura 80% zvezviitiko zvehutachiona hwehutachiona (kusanganisira Enterobacteriaceae uye Staphylococci) zvakaoma kurapa.Mukuwedzera, mafirimu akakura akanzi ane 1000 nguva dzakawanda dzinopesana nemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya kana ichienzaniswa nemasero emabhakitiriya e planktonic, iyo inonzi idambudziko guru rekurapa.Nhoroondo, antimicrobial surface coating zvinhu zvakatorwa kubva kune zvakajairika organic komisheni zvakashandiswa.Kunyange zvazvo zvinhu zvakadaro zvinowanzova nezvinhu zvine chepfu zvinogona kukuvadza vanhu,25,26 izvi zvinogona kubatsira kudzivirira kutapurirwa kwebhakitiriya uye kuparara kwezvinhu.
Kupararira kwemabhakitiriya kuramba kurapwa kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya nekuda kwekuumbwa kwebiofilm kwakonzera kudikanwa kwekugadzira inoshanda antimicrobial membrane yakavharwa pamusoro inogona kuiswa zvakachengeteka27.Kuvandudzwa kwechimiro chemuviri kana chemakemikari anti-adhesive pamusoro apo masero ebhakitiriya asingagoni kusunga uye kuumba biofilms nekuda kwekunamatira ndiyo nzira yekutanga mune iyi nzira27.Yechipiri tekinoroji ndeyekugadzira mabhanhire anoendesa makemikari eantimicrobial paanonyatso kudiwa, muhuwandu hwakanangana uye hwakaenderana.Izvi zvinowanikwa kuburikidza nekugadzirwa kwezvakasiyana zvekunamira zvinhu zvakaita segraphene/germanium28, dema diamond29 uye ZnO30-doped diamond-senge kabhoni coatings inoshingirira kubhakitiriya, tekinoroji inowedzera kukura kwehupfu uye kuramba nekuda kwekuumbwa kwebiofilm.Pamusoro pezvo, machira ane makemikari anouraya utachiona anopa dziviriro yenguva refu pakusvibiswa kwebhakitiriya ari kuwedzera kufarirwa.Nepo ese matatu maitiro achikwanisa kuita antimicrobial chiitiko pane yakavharwa nzvimbo, imwe neimwe ine yayo seti yezvipimo izvo zvinofanirwa kutariswa pakugadzira chirongwa chekushandisa.
Zvigadzirwa pari zvino pamusika zvinokanganiswa nekushaikwa kwenguva yekuongorora uye yekuyedza machira ekudzivirira ezvibiologically active ingredients.Makambani anoti zvigadzirwa zvavo zvinopa vashandisi zvinhu zvavanoda kuita, zvisinei, izvi zvave chipingamupinyi mukubudirira kwezvigadzirwa zviri pamusika izvozvi.Mishonga inotorwa kubva kusirivheri inoshandiswa muhuwandu hwakawanda hwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya inowanikwa kune vatengi.Zvigadzirwa izvi zvakagadzirirwa kuchengetedza vashandisi kubva kune zvinokuvadza kuratidzwa kune tupukanana.Iyo inonokerwa antimicrobial mhedzisiro uye inosanganiswa huturu hwesirivheri makomisheni inowedzera kumanikidza kune vaongorori kuti vagadzire imwe isinganyanye kukuvadza imwe nzira36,37.Kugadzira pasi rose antimicrobial coating iyo inoshanda mukati nekunze inoramba iri dambudziko.Izvi zvinouya nehutano hwakabatana nenjodzi.Kuwana mushonga weantimicrobial usingakuvadzi zvakanyanya kuvanhu uye nekuona kuti ungaibatanidza sei mune yekuputira substrates ine hupenyu hurefu hwesherufu chinhu chinonyanya kutsvakwa chinangwa38.Iyo yazvino antimicrobial uye antibiofilm zvinhu zvakagadzirirwa kuuraya mabhakitiriya padhuze pamwe nekusangana kwakananga kana mushure mekuburitswa kweanoshanda mumiriri.Vanogona kuita izvi nekudzivisa kutanga kusungirirwa kwebhakitiriya (kusanganisira kudzivirira kuumbwa kweprotein layer pamusoro) kana nekuuraya mabhakitiriya nekupindira nemadziro emadziro.
Chaizvoizvo, kupfeka kwepamusoro inzira yekushandisa imwe dhizaini kumusoro kwechikamu kuti uvandudze hunhu hwepamusoro.Chinangwa chekuputira pamusoro ndechekushandura microstructure uye / kana kuumbwa kwenzvimbo yepedyo-yepamusoro yechikamu39.Nzira dzekupfeka dzepamusoro dzinogona kukamurwa kuva nzira dzakasiyana, dzinopfupikiswa mumufananidzo 2a.Coatings inogona kukamurwa kuita thermal, makemikari, emuviri uye electrochemical zvikamu zvinoenderana nenzira inoshandiswa kugadzira iyo yekupfeka.
(a) Inset inoratidza nzira huru dzekugadzira pamusoro, uye (b) zvakasarudzwa zvakanakira nekuipira nzira yekupfapfaidza inotonhora.
Cold spray tekinoroji ine zvakawanda zvakafanana neyechinyakare yekupisa yekupfapfaidza matekiniki.Nekudaro, kune zvakare mamwe akakosha akakosha zvimiro anoita kuti inotonhora yekupfapfaidza maitiro uye inotonhora yekupfapfaidza zvinhu kunyanya kusarudzika.Cold spray tekinoroji ichiri muhudiki, asi ine ramangwana rakanaka.Mune zvimwe zviitiko, iyo yakasarudzika midziyo yekupfapfaidza inotonhora inopa mabhenefiti makuru, kukunda zvisingakwanisi zveyakajairwa thermal spraying matekiniki.Iyo inokunda iyo yakakosha mipimo yechinyakare thermal spray tekinoroji, umo poda inofanirwa kunyungudutswa kuti iiswe pane substrate.Zviripachena, iyi yechinyakare yekupfekedza maitiro haina kukodzera kune yakanyanya kupisa tembiricha zvinhu senge nanocrystals, nanoparticles, amorphous uye esimbi magirazi40, 41, 42. Mukuwedzera, thermal spray coating materials nguva dzose ine yakakwirira yeporosity uye oxides.Cold pfapfaidzo tekinoroji ine zvakawanda zvakakosha zvakanakira pamusoro tekinoroji yekupfapfaidza tekinoroji, senge (i) kushoma kupisa kupinza kune substrate, (ii) kuchinjika pakusarudza substrate coating, (iii) hapana kushanduka kwechikamu uye kukura kwezviyo, (iv) yakakwirira yekunamatira simba1 .39 (Fig. 2b).Uye zvakare, inotonhora yekupfapfaidza yekuputira zvinhu zvine yakakwira corrosion kuramba, kusimba kwakanyanya uye kuoma, yakakwirira magetsi conductivity uye yakakwirira density41.Kunyangwe zvakanakira nzira yekupfapfaidza inotonhora, nzira iyi ichine zvimwe zvipingamupinyi, sezvakaratidzwa mumufananidzo 2b.Kana uchiputira yakachena ceramic hupfu seAl2O3, TiO2, ZrO2, WC, nezvimwewo, iyo inotonhora yekupfapfaidza nzira haigone kushandiswa.Kune rimwe divi, ceramic/metal composite poda inogona kushandiswa seyakagadzirwa zvinhu zvekupfeka.Zvakafanana zvinoenda kune dzimwe nzira dzekupfapfaidza zvinopisa.Nzvimbo dzakaoma uye mukati mepombi zvichiri kunetsa kupfapfaidza.
Tichifunga kuti basa remazuva ano rinotungamirirwa nekushandiswa kwesimbi vitreous powders sekutanga zvinhu zvekuputira, zviri pachena kuti kupfapfaidza kwemazuva ose hakugoni kushandiswa nekuda kwechinangwa ichi.Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti metallic vitreous powders inopenya pakupisa kwakanyanya1.
Zvizhinji zvezviridzwa zvinoshandiswa mumaindasitiri ezvekurapa uye ezvekudya zvinogadzirwa kubva kune austenitic Stainless simbi alloys (SUS316 uye SUS304) ine chromium yemukati ye12 kusvika 20 wt.% yekugadzira midziyo yekuvhiya.Zvinowanzogamuchirwa kuti kushandiswa kwechromium simbi sechinhu chinosanganisa musimbi alloys kunogona kuvandudza zvakanyanya kusimba kwekuora kweakajairwa simbi alloys.Stainless simbi alloys, pasinei nekupikisa kwavo kwepamusoro, havana zvakakosha antimicrobial properties38,39.Izvi zvinopesana nekukwirira kwavo kwegora.Mushure meizvozvo, zvinokwanisika kufanotaura kukura kwehutachiona uye kuzvimba, izvo zvinonyanya kukonzerwa nekunamatira kwebhakitiriya uye colonization pamusoro pesimbi isina tsvina biomaterials.Matambudziko akakura anogona kumuka nekuda kwematambudziko akakosha anoenderana nekunamatira kwebhakitiriya uye nzira dzekugadzira biofilm, izvo zvinogona kutungamirira kuhutano husina kunaka, hunogona kuva nemigumisiro yakawanda inogona kukanganisa zvakananga kana zvisina kunanga hutano hwevanhu.
Chidzidzo ichi chikamu chekutanga chechirongwa chinopihwa mari neKuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Science (KFAS), kondirakiti nhamba.2010-550401, kuferefeta kugona kwekugadzira simbi yegirazi Cu-Zr-Ni ternary upfu uchishandisa MA tekinoroji (tafura).1) Yekugadzira SUS304 antibacterial pamusoro pekudzivirira firimu / coating.Chikamu chechipiri chepurojekiti, chinofanira kutanga muna Ndira 2023, chichadzidza zvakadzama maitiro e galvanic corrosion uye ma mechanic properties ehurongwa.Yakadzama microbiological bvunzo dzemhando dzakasiyana dzebhakitiriya dzichaitwa.
Ichi chinyorwa chinokurukura nezve mhedzisiro yeZr alloy yemukati pane girazi kugadzira kugona (GFA) zvichibva pane morphological uye chimiro maitiro.Mukuwedzera, iyo antibacterial properties yeupfu yakavharidzirwa girazi resimbi / SUS304 composite yakakurukurwa zvakare.Pamusoro pezvo, basa rinoenderera rakaitwa kuongorora mukana wekushandurwa kwechimiro chesimbi yegirazi poda inoitika panguva yekutonhora yekupfapfaidza munzvimbo ine supercooled yemvura inogadzirwa nesimbi yegirazi masisitimu.Cu50Zr30Ni20 uye Cu50Zr20Ni30 metallic glass alloys akashandiswa semienzaniso inomiririra muchidzidzo ichi.
Ichi chikamu chinopa shanduko ye morphological muhupfu hwe elemental Cu, Zr uye Ni panguva yakaderera-simba bhora kugaya.Masisitimu maviri akasiyana anosanganisira Cu50Zr20Ni30 uye Cu50Zr40Ni10 achashandiswa semienzaniso yemifananidzo.Maitiro eMA anogona kukamurwa kuita matanho matatu akaparadzana, sezvinoratidzwa ne metallographic characterization yehupfu inowanikwa mukukuya (Fig. 3).
Metallographic maitiro ehupfu hwema mechanical alloys (MA) inowanikwa mushure mematanho akasiyana-siyana ekukuya bhora.Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) mifananidzo yeMA neCu50Zr40Ni10 poda yakawanikwa mushure mekupera simba bhora kugaya kwe3, 12 uye 50 maawa inoratidzwa mu(a), (c) uye (e) yeCu50Zr20Ni30 system, panguva imwe chete MA.Mifananidzo inoenderana yeCu50Zr40Ni10 system yakatorwa mushure menguva inoratidzwa mu (b), (d), uye (f).
Munguva yekugadzira bhora, simba rekinetic rinoshanda rinogona kuendeswa kune poda yesimbi inobatwa nekubatanidzwa kwemiganhu, sezvinoratidzwa mumufananidzo 1a.Izvi zvinosanganisira kudhumhana pakati pemabhora neupfu, shear compression yehupfu hwakanamira pakati kana pakati pekukuya media, zvinokonzeresa kubva kumabhora anodonha, kugera nekupfeka kunokonzerwa nekukweva kwehupfu pakati pemitumbi inofamba yeguyo rebhora, uye kuvhundutsa kunopfuura nemabhora anodonha achipararira kuburikidza netsika dzakaremerwa (Fig. 1a). Элементарные порошки Cu, Zr и Ni были сильно деформированы из-за холодной сварки на ранней стадии МА (3 ч), что привело к образованим крука образованим аметре). The elemental Cu, Zr, uye Ni powders dzakaremara zvakanyanya nekuda kwekutonhora kunopisa padanho rekutanga reMA (3 h), izvo zvakaita kuti paumbwe mahombe ehupfu (> 1 mm mudhayamita).Aya mahombe akaumbwa zvimedu zvinoratidzwa nekuumbwa kweakakora akaturikidzana ezve alloying zvinhu (Cu, Zr, Ni), sezvakaratidzwa mumufananidzo.3a,b.Kuwedzera kweMA nguva kusvika ku12 h (yepakati pepakati) kwakakonzera kuwedzera kwekinetic simba rebhora rebhora, izvo zvakaita kuti kuparara kwehupfu hwehupfu muhupfu huduku (pasi pe200 μm), sezvinoratidzwa mumufananidzo 3c, guta .Panguva ino, simba reshear rinoshandiswa rinotungamirira pakuumbwa kwesimbi itsva ine Cu, Zr, Ni hint layers, sezvinoratidzwa muFig. 3c, d.Somugumisiro wekukuya kwezvikamu pahutano hwemaflakes, maitiro akaoma-chikamu anoitika nekuumbwa kwezvikamu zvitsva.
Pakuguma kwemaitiro eMA (mushure me50 h), flake metallography yakanga isinganyanyi kuoneka (Fig. 3e, f), uye mirror metallography yakaonekwa panzvimbo yakasvibiswa yehupfu.Izvi zvinoreva kuti MA maitiro akapedzwa uye chikamu chimwe chekuita chakagadzirwa.The elemental kuumbwa kwematunhu anoratidzwa muFig.3e (I, II, III), f, v, vi) vakatemerwa kushandisa field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) pamwe chete ne simba dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS).(IV).
Mutafura.2 elemental concentrations yealloying elements inoratidzwa sechikamu chehuwandu hwehuwandu hwedunhu rega rega rakasarudzwa mufig.3e, f.Kuenzanisa mhedzisiro iyi neyekutanga mazita enziyo dzeCu50Zr20Ni30 uye Cu50Zr40Ni10 yakapihwa muTebhurari 1 inoratidza kuti maumbirwo ezvigadzirwa zviviri izvi zvekupedzisira ari padyo zvakanyanya nemazita enziyo.Pamusoro pezvo, hukama hwehukama hwezvikamu zvematunhu akanyorwa muFig. 3e, f hairatidze kuderera kwakanyanya kana kusiyanisa mukuumbwa kwemuenzaniso wega wega kubva kune imwe dunhu kuenda kune imwe.Izvi zvinoratidzwa nekuti hapana shanduko mukuumbwa kubva kune imwe nzvimbo kuenda kune imwe.Izvi zvinoratidza kugadzirwa kwemauniform alloy powders sezvinoratidzwa muTable 2.
FE-SEM micrographs yeCu50 (Zr50-xNix) yekupedzisira chigadzirwa poda yakawanikwa mushure me50 MA nguva, sezvakaratidzwa muFig. 4a-d, apo x iri 10, 20, 30 uye 40 pa.%, maererano.Mushure meiyi nhanho yekukuya, hupfu hunounganidzwa nekuda kweiyo van der Waals mhedzisiro, iyo inotungamira mukuumbwa kweakakura aggregates anosanganisira ultrafine particles ane dhayamita ye73 kusvika 126 nm, sezvakaratidzwa mumufananidzo 4.
Morphological maitiro eCu50 (Zr50-xNix) poda inowanikwa mushure me50-awa MA.Kune Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30, Cu50Zr10Ni40 masisitimu, iyo FE-SEM mifananidzo yehupfu inowanikwa mushure me50 MA inoratidzwa mu (a), (b), (c), uye (d), zvichiteerana.
Usati waisa hupfu muhupfu hwekupfapfaidza inotonhora, hwakatanga hwakaiswa mu analytical giredhi ethanol kwemaminetsi gumi nemashanu ndokuzoomeswa pa 150° C. kwemaawa maviri.Iyi nhanho inofanira kutorwa kuti ibudirire kurwisa agglomeration, iyo inowanzokonzera matambudziko akawanda akakomba mukuputira.Mushure mekupedzwa kwemaitiro eMA, zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakaitwa kuongorora homogeneity yealloy poda.Pamusoro pemuonde.5a-d inoratidza FE-SEM micrographs uye inoenderana EDS mifananidzo yeCu, Zr uye Ni alloying zvinhu zveCu50Zr30Ni20 alloy yakatorwa mushure me50 h nguva M, zvichiteerana.Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti alloy powders anowanikwa mushure meichi nhanho ane homogeneous, sezvo asingaratidzi chero shanduko yekuumbwa kupfuura iyo sub-nanometer level, sezvakaratidzwa muFigure 5.
Morphology uye kugoverwa kwenzvimbo kwezvinhu muMG Cu50Zr30Ni20 powder yakawanikwa mushure me50 MA neFE-SEM / Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS).(a) SEM uye X-ray EDS imaging ye (b) Cu-Kα, (c) Zr-Lα, uye (d) Ni-Kα.
Iyo X-ray diffraction mapatani emakanika alloyed Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30, uye Cu50Zr20Ni30 hupfu hunowanikwa mushure me50-awa MA inoratidzwa muFigs.6a–d, zvichiteerana.Mushure meiyi nhanho yekukuya, ese masamples ane akasiyana maZr concentration aive neamorphous maumbirwo ane hunhu halo diffusion mapatani anoratidzwa muFig. 6.
X-ray diffraction maitiro eCu50Zr40Ni10 (a), Cu50Zr30Ni20 (b), Cu50Zr20Ni30 (c), uye Cu50Zr20Ni30 (d) poda mushure meMA kwe50 h.A halo-diffusion pattern yakaonekwa mumasampuli ose pasina kunze, zvichiratidza kuumbwa kwechikamu cheamorphous.
High resolution field emission transmission electron microscopy (FE-HRTEM) yakashandiswa kuona shanduko yezvimiro uye kunzwisisa chimiro chenzvimbo chehupfu chinobva mukugaya bhora panguva dzakasiyana dzeMA.Mifananidzo yehupfu inowanikwa nenzira yeFE-HRTEM mushure mekutanga (6 h) uye yepakati (18 h) nhanho dzekukuya Cu50Zr30Ni20 uye Cu50Zr40Ni10 powders inoratidzwa muFig.7a, zvichiteerana.Maererano nemufananidzo wakajeka-mumunda (BFI) yehupfu yakawanikwa mushure me6 h yeMA, hupfu hune zviyo zvakakura zvine miganhu yakanyatsotsanangurwa yefcc-Cu, hcp-Zr, uye fcc-Ni zvinhu, uye hapana zviratidzo zvekuumbwa kwechikamu chekuita, sezvinoratidzwa mumufananidzo 7a.Mukuwedzera, yakabatana yakasarudzwa nzvimbo diffraction pattern (SADP) yakatorwa kubva munharaunda yepakati (a) yakaratidza nzira yakapinza ye diffraction (Fig. 7b) inoratidza kuvapo kwemakristallite makuru uye kusavapo kwechikamu chekugadzirisa.
Nharaunda maitiro ehupfu hweMA hupfu hwakawanikwa mushure mekutanga (6 h) uye yepakati (18 h) matanho.(a) High resolution field emission transmission electron microscopy (FE-HRTEM) uye (b) inoenderana yakasarudzwa nzvimbo diffractogram (SADP) yeCu50Zr30Ni20 powder mushure me MA kurapwa kwemaawa matanhatu.Mufananidzo weFE-HRTEM weCu50Zr40Ni10 wakawanikwa mushure memaawa gumi nemasere MA unoratidzwa mu(c).
Sezvinoratidzwa mufig.7c, kuwedzera kwenguva yeMA kusvika 18 h kwakakonzera kukanganisa kwakakomba kwelatisi pamwe chete nekugadzirwa kwepurasitiki.Panguva ino yepakati nhanho yeMA maitiro, kukanganisa kwakasiyana-siyana kunoonekwa muupfu, kusanganisira zvikanganiso zvekututira, kuremara kwelatisi, uye zvikanganiso zvepfungwa (Fig. 7).Izvi zvinokanganisa zvinokonzera kupatsanurwa kwezviyo zvakakura pamwe chete nemiganhu yezviyo kuva zviduku zvishoma kudarika 20 nm muhukuru (Fig. 7c).
Nzvimbo yemunharaunda yeCu50Z30Ni20 powder yakagayiwa ye 36 h MA inoratidzirwa nekuumbwa kwe ultrafine nanograins yakaiswa mune amorphous thin matrix, sezvinoratidzwa mumufananidzo 8a.Ongororo yemunharaunda yeEMF yakaratidza kuti nanoclusters inoratidzwa muFig.8a inobatanidzwa neCu, Zr uye Ni powder alloys asina kubatwa.Zvinyorwa zveCu mumatrix zvakasiyana kubva ~ 32 pa.% (nzvimbo yevarombo) kusvika ~ 74 pa.% (rich zone), iyo inoratidza kuumbwa kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana.Mukuwedzera, iyo SADPs inowirirana yehupfu dzakawanikwa mushure mokugaya mune iyi nhanho inoratidza yekutanga uye yechipiri halo-diffusion amorphous phase rings inopindirana neinopinza pfungwa dzine chokuita neaya asina kubatwa alloying elements, sezvinoratidzwa muFig. 8b.
Nanoscale yemunharaunda maitiro ezvimiro zveBeyond 36 h-Cu50Zr30Ni20 poda.(a) Bright field image (BFI) uye inowirirana (b) SADP yeCu50Zr30Ni20 powder yakawanikwa mushure mekugadzira 36 h MA.
Kunopera kweMA process (50 h), Cu50 (Zr50-xNix), X, 10, 20, 30, uye 40 pa.% powders, pasina kunze, vane labyrinthine morphology yeamorphous phase, sezvinoratidzwa muFig.Hapana mutsauko wepoindi kana akapinza annular mapatani anogona kuwanikwa mune inoenderana SADS yechinyorwa chega chega.Izvi zvinoratidza kusavapo kwesimbi isina kugadzirwa yecrystalline, asi kuumbwa kweamorphous alloy powder.Aya maSADP akabatana anoratidza halo diffusion mapatani akashandiswawo sehumbowo hwekuvandudzwa kweamorphous phases mune yekupedzisira chigadzirwa zvinhu.
Chimiro chemunharaunda chekupedzisira chigadzirwa cheCu50 MS system (Zr50-xNix).FE-HRTEM uye yakabatana nanobeam diffraction mapatani (NBDP) ye (a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30, uye (d) Cu50Zr10Ni40 yakawanikwa mushure me50 h yeMA.
Kushandisa differential scanning calorimetry, thermal stability of the glass transition temperature (Tg), supercooled liquid region (ΔTx) uye crystallization tembiricha (Tx) yakadzidzwa zvichienderana nezviri muNi (x) muCu50 (Zr50-xNix) amorphous system.(DSC) zvivakwa muHe gasi kuyerera.DSC macurves ehupfu hweCu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, uye Cu50Zr10Ni40 amorphous alloys anowanikwa mushure meMA kwe50 h anoratidzwa muFigs.10a, b,e, zvichiteerana.Kunyange zvazvo DSC curve yeamorphous Cu50Zr20Ni30 inoratidzwa zvakasiyana muFig. 10th century Zvichakadaro, sampuli yeCu50Zr30Ni20 inopisa kusvika ~ 700 ° C muDSC inoratidzwa muFig. 10g.
Kugadzikana kwekupisa kweCu50 (Zr50-xNix) MG poda yakawanikwa mushure meMA kwemaawa makumi mashanu inotarirwa negirazi rekuchinja tembiricha (Tg), crystallization tembiricha (Tx) uye supercooled fluid region (ΔTx).Thermograms of differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) powders eCu50Zr40Ni10 (a), Cu50Zr30Ni20 (b), Cu50Zr20Ni30 (c), uye (e) Cu50Zr10Ni40 MG alloy powders mushure meMA kwemaawa makumi mashanu.Iyo X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD) yeCu50Zr30Ni20 sampuli inopisa kusvika ~ 700 ° C muDSC inoratidzwa mu (d).
Sezvinoratidzwa muMufananidzo 10, iyo DSC macurves ezvinyorwa zvese zvine nickel yakasiyana (x) inoratidza zviitiko zviviri zvakasiyana, imwe endothermic uye imwe exothermic.Chiitiko chekutanga chekupedzisira chinoenderana neTg, uye chechipiri chinosanganiswa neTx.Iyo yakachinjika span nzvimbo iripo pakati peTg neTx inonzi iyo subcooled fluid nzvimbo (ΔTx = Tx - Tg).Zvigumisiro zvinoratidza kuti Tg neTx yeCu50Zr40Ni10 sampuli (Fig. 10a) yakaiswa pa 526 ° C uye 612 ° C inoshandura zvinyorwa (x) kusvika ku20 pa % kuenda kune yakaderera tembiricha ye482 ° C uye 563 ° C.°C nekuwedzera kweNi zvirimo (x), zvichiteerana, sezvakaratidzwa mumufananidzo 10b.Nokudaro, ΔTx Cu50Zr40Ni10 inoderera kubva ku86 ° С (Fig. 10a) kusvika ku81 ° С yeCu50Zr30Ni20 (Fig. 10b).Kune MC Cu50Zr40Ni10 alloy, kuderera kwemaitiro eTg, Tx, uye ΔTx kusvika kumazinga e447 ° С, 526 ° С, uye 79 ° С yakaonekwawo (Fig. 10b).Izvi zvinoratidza kuti kuwedzera kweiyo Ni content kunotungamirira kukudzikira kwekugadzikana kwekupisa kweMS alloy.Pane zvinopesana, kukosha kweTg (507 ° C) yeMC Cu50Zr20Ni30 alloy yakaderera pane iyo yeMC Cu50Zr40Ni10 alloy;zvisinei, Tx yayo inoratidza kukosha kunoenzana nayo (612 °C).Nokudaro, ΔTx ine kukosha kwepamusoro (87 ° C) sezvinoratidzwa mufig.10th century
Iyo Cu50(Zr50-xNix) MC system, ichishandisa Cu50Zr20Ni30 MC alloy semuenzaniso, inopenya kuburikidza neyakapinza exothermic peak mu fcc-ZrCu5, orthorhombic-Zr7Cu10, uye orthorhombic-ZrNi crystalline phases (Fig. 10c).Ichi chikamu chekuchinja kubva kuamorphous kusvika kucrystalline chakasimbiswa ne-X-ray diffraction analysis yeMG sampuli (Fig. 10d) iyo yakatsva kusvika ku700 ° C muDSC.
Pamusoro pemuonde.11 inoratidza mafoto akatorwa panguva yekutonhora yekupfapfaidza maitiro anoitwa mubasa razvino.Muchidzidzo ichi, zvimedu zvesimbi girazi rehupfu zvakagadzirwa mushure meMA kwemaawa makumi mashanu (uchishandisa Cu50Zr20Ni30 semuenzaniso) zvakashandiswa sechinhu chinorwisa mabhakitiriya, uye ndiro yesimbi isina tsvina (SUS304) yaive yakapfapfaidza inotonhora.Iyo inotonhora yekupfapfaidza nzira yakasarudzwa kuti ipfekedze mu thermal pfapfaidzo tekinoroji yakatevedzana nekuti ndiyo nzira inoshanda kwazvo mukupisa tekinoroji tekinoroji iyo inogona kushandiswa kune esimbi metastable kupisa kusinganzwisisike zvinhu zvakaita seamorphous uye nanocrystalline hupfu.Kwete pasi pechikamu.kuchinja.Ichi ndicho chinhu chikuru pakusarudza nzira iyi.Iyo inotonhora deposition process inoitwa pachishandiswa high-velocity particles inoshandura kinetic simba rezvimedu kuita mapurasitiki deformation, deformation uye kupisa pakubata ne substrate kana zvakamboiswa zvimedu.
Mapikicha emumunda anoratidza nzira yekupfapfaidza inotonhora inoshandiswa pakugadzirira shanu dzinotevedzana dzeMG/SUS 304 pa550°C.
Iyo kinetic simba rezvimedu, pamwe nekumhanya kwechikamu chimwe nechimwe panguva yekuumbwa kwejasi, inofanira kushandurwa kuita mamwe marudzi esimba kuburikidza nemagadzirirwo akadai sepurasitiki deformation (yekutanga particles uye interparticle kupindirana mumatrix uye kupindirana kwezvimedu), interstitial mapfundo ezvakaoma, kutenderera pakati pezvimedu, deformation uye kudzikisira mukati mekupisa kwemukati uye kudzikamisa mukati mese incommal, kana kineti isingapindiki. deformation simba, mhedzisiro ichave iri elastic kudhumhana, zvinoreva kuti zvimedu zvinongobvongodzwa mushure mekuita.Izvo zvave zvichionekwa kuti 90% yesimba rinoshandiswa rinoshandiswa kune chidimbu / substrate zvinhu zvinoshandurwa kuva kupisa kwemunharaunda 40.Uye zvakare, kana kushushikana kwemhedzisiro kunoshandiswa, yakakwira plastiki strain rates inowanikwa muchikamu chechikamu / substrate yekusangana munharaunda munguva pfupi pfupi41,42.
Plastic deformation inowanzoonekwa senzira yekubvisa simba, kana kuti, senzvimbo yekupisa munzvimbo yekubatana.Zvisinei, kuwedzera kwekushisa munharaunda yezviso kazhinji hakuna kukwana kuti pave nekunyunguduka kwemukati kana kukurudzira kukuru kwekupararira kweatomu.Hapana chinyorwa chinozivikanwa kune vanyori chakaongorora mhedzisiro yezvivakwa zveaya esimbi vitreous poda pahupfu hwekunamatira uye kugadzirisa kunoitika kana uchishandisa inotonhora yekupfapfaidza matekiniki.
BFI yeMG Cu50Zr20Ni30 alloy powder inogona kuonekwa muFig. 12a, iyo yakaiswa paSUS 304 substrate (Fig. 11, 12b).Sezvinoonekwa kubva pamufananidzo, iwo akaputirwa hupfu anochengeta yavo yepakutanga amorphous chimiro sezvo iine yakapfava labyrinth chimiro pasina chero crystalline maficha kana reti kukanganiswa.Kune rumwe rutivi, mufananidzo unoratidza kuvapo kwechikamu chekunze, sezvinoratidzwa neanoparticles akabatanidzwa muMG-coated powder matrix (Fig. 12a).Mufananidzo 12c inoratidza indexed nanobeam diffraction pattern (NBDP) yakabatana nenharaunda I (Mufananidzo 12a).Sezvinoratidzwa mufig.12c, NBDP inoratidza isina kusimba halo-diffusion pateni yeamorphous chimiro uye inogarisana neyakapinza makwapa anoenderana nekristaro hombe cubic metastable Zr2Ni chikamu pamwe neye tetragonal CuO chikamu.Kuumbwa kweCuO kunogona kutsanangurwa neiyo oxidation yehupfu kana uchifamba kubva mumuromo wepfuti yekupfapfaidza kuenda kuSUS 304 mumhepo yakavhurika mukuyerera kwepamusoro.Kune rumwe rutivi, devitrification yesimbi girazi poda yakakonzera kuumbwa kwezvikamu zvakakura zve cubic mushure mekutonhora kwekupfapfaidza pa 550 ° C kwema 30 min.
(a) FE-HRTEM mufananidzo weMG poda yakaiswa pa (b) SUS 304 substrate (Figure inset).Indekisi yeNBDP yechiratidzo chakatenderera chinoratidzwa mu (a) inoratidzwa muna (c).
Kuti uedze iyi inogona kuita nzira yekugadzira yakakura cubic Zr2Ni nanoparticles, kuyedza kwakazvimiririra kwakaitwa.Muchiyedzo ichi, hupfu hwakapfapfaidzwa kubva kuatomizer pa550 ° C munzira yeSUS 304 substrate;zvisinei, kuti uone kuti annealing effect, hupfu hwakabviswa kubva kuSUS304 strip nekukurumidza sezvinobvira (anenge 60 s).)Imwe nhevedzano yekuyedza yakaitwa umo hupfu hwakabviswa kubva musubstrate anenge masekonzi 180 mushure mekushandisa.
Mifananidzo 13a,b inoratidza Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) yerima remunda (DFI) mifananidzo yezvinhu zviviri zvakapwanyiwa zvakaiswa paSUS 304 substrates for 60 s and 180 s, zvichiteerana.Mufananidzo weupfu wakaiswa kwemasekonzi makumi matanhatu hauna morphological details, uchiratidza kusavapo (Fig. 13a).Izvi zvakasimbiswa zvakare neXRD, iyo yakaratidza kuti chimiro chese chehupfu idzi chaive amorphous, sezvakaratidzwa nehupamhi hwepamusoro uye hwechipiri diffraction peaks inoratidzwa muFigure 14a.Izvi zvinoratidza kusavapo kwemetastable / mesophase precipitates, umo poda inochengetedza maitiro ayo ekutanga amorphous.Kusiyana neizvi, hupfu hwakaiswa panzvimbo imwechete yekushisa (550 ° C) asi yakasara pa substrate ye 180 s yakaratidza kuiswa kwezviyo zve nanosized, sezvinoratidzwa nemiseve muFig. 13b.