Matest protocol akasiyana-siyana (Brinell, Rockwell, Vickers) ane maitiro akanangana nepurojekiti iri kuedzwa.Muedzo weRockwell T wakakodzera kuongorora machubhu emadziro akareruka nekucheka chubhu kureba uye kuedza madziro kubva kudhayamita yemukati kwete dhayamita rekunze.
Kuhodha tubing kwakangofanana nekuenda kumutengesi wemotokari uye kuhodha motokari kana rori. Nhasi, zvakawanda zvingasarudzwa zvinobvumira vatengi kugadzirisa motokari nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana - mukati nekunze mavara, mukati memukati, magadzirirwo ekunze, sarudzo dzepowertrain, uye audio system inoda kukwikwidzana nehurongwa hwekuvaraidza pamba. Nekuda kwezvose izvi zvingasarudzwa, unogona kusagutsikana nemotokari.
Mapombi esimbi ndizvo chete.Ine zviuru zvesarudzo kana zvirevo.Panze pezviyero, iyo yakatarwa inoronga makemikari uye akati wandei emagetsi emhando seshoma goho simba (MYS), yekupedzisira tensile simba (UTS), uye kushoma elongation isati yatadza.Zvisinei, vazhinji muindasitiri-mainjiniya, vanotenga vamiririri, uye vanogadzira-shandisa inogamuchirwa indasitiri shorthands inoda" kushandiswa kwechimiro chakaomarara chete.
Edza kuodha mota nehunhu humwechete ("Ndinoda mota ine automatic transmission") uye hauzosvike kure nemutengesi.Anofanira kuzadza fomu reodha ine zvakawanda zvingasarudzwa.Pipe ndizvo chete - kuti uwane pombi yakakodzera yekushandisa, mugadziri wepombi anoda ruzivo rwakawanda kupfuura kuoma chete.
Kuomarara kunove kunozivikanwa kutsiva zvimwe zvinhu zvemuchina sei?Zvimwe zvakatanga nemugadziri wepombi.Nekuti kuomarara kunokurumidza, nyore, uye kunoda midziyo isingadhure, vatengesi vechubhu vanowanzoshandisa kuyedza kuomarara kuenzanisa machubhu maviri.Kuita bvunzo yekuomarara, chavanongoda kureba kwakatsetseka kwepombi uye yekumira yekuyedza.
Kuomarara kwechubhu kunoenderana neUTS, uye sekutonga kwechigunwe, maperesenti kana maperesenti anobatsira pakufungidzira MYS, saka zviri nyore kuona kuti kuomarara kuyedzwa kungave kwakakodzera sei kune zvimwe zvivakwa.
Zvakare, kumwe kuomerwa kwakaoma.Kunyange kuomarara kunotora miniti imwe chete kana zvakadaro pamushini mumwe chete, MYS, UTS uye kuongororwa kweelongation kunoda kugadzirira kwemuenzaniso uye kudyara kwakakosha mumidziyo yerabhoritari hombe.Sekuenzanisa, zvinotora masekonzi kuti mushandisi wechubhu aite bvunzo yekuoma uye maawa kuti nyanzvi yesimbi iite bvunzo dzakasimba kuita bvunzo haina kuoma.
Izvi hazvireve kuti vagadziri vepombi vakagadziridzwa havashandise kuomarara kwekuedza. Hazvinetse kutaura kuti vanhu vazhinji vanodaro, asi nekuti ivo vanoongorora kudzokorora kwegeji uye ongororo yezvekuita pamidziyo yavo yese yebvunzo, vanonyatsoziva nezvezvinogumira pabvunzo. Vazhinji vanoshandisa kuongorora kuoma kwechubhu sechikamu chekugadzira, asi havaishandise kuyera.
Nei uchifanira kuziva nezve MYS, UTS uye kushoma elongation?Vanoratidza kuti chubhu ichaita sei mugungano.
MYS ndiyo simba shoma rinokonzera deformation yekusingaperi yezvinhu.Kana ukaedza kukotamisa tambo yakatwasuka (sejasi rejasi) zvishoma uye kusunungura kudzvinyirira, chimwe chezvinhu zviviri zvichaitika: ichadzoka kumamiriro ayo epakutanga (yakarurama) kana kuti icharamba yakakotama.Kana ichiri yakarurama, iwe hausati wapfuura MYS.Kana ichiri yakakotama, iwe wakanyanyisa.
Iye zvino, shandisa pliers kuti usungirire migumo yose yewaya.Kana iwe unogona kubvarura waya muzvidimbu zviviri, iwe uri pamusoro peUTS yayo.Iwe unoisa tension yakawanda pairi uye une tambo mbiri kuratidza simba rako repamusoro-soro.Kana kureba kwepakutanga kwetambo kuri masendimita mashanu, uye urefu huviri mushure mekukundikana kunowedzera kusvika ku 6 inches, tambo ye 2 inch inotaridzwa mukati me 2 inch test. iyo poindi yekutadza, asi chero - iyo yekudhonza waya pfungwa inoratidza iyo UTS.
Simbi photomicrograph samples dzinoda kuchekwa, kukwenenzverwa, uye kugadzirwa pachishandiswa mushonga une acidic zvinyoro (kazhinji nitric acid nedoro (nitroethanol)) kuti zviyo zvionekwe.100x magnification inowanzoshandiswa kuongorora tsanga dzesimbi uye kuona kukura kwezviyo.
Kuomarara muedzo wekuti chinhu chinopindura sei kana chikabatwa.Fungidzira uchiisa chimedu chipfupi chepombi muvhisi ine shaya dzakatsemuka uye kushandura vise kuti ivhare.Kuwedzera pakupfava kwechubhu, shaya dzevhavha dzinosiyawo mapindiro pamusoro pechubhu.
Ndiwo mashandiro anoita bvunzo yekuomarara, asi haisi iyo yakaoma.Muedzo uyu une saizi inodzorwa yekukanganisa uye inodzorwa kudzvanywa.Masimba aya anokanganisa pamusoro, achigadzira indent kana indentation.Kukura kana kudzika kweiyo indentation kunoratidza kuoma kwesimbi.
Pakuongorora simbi, miyedzo yekuomarara kwakajairika iBrinell, Vickers, uye Rockwell. Imwe neimwe ine chikero chayo, uye vamwe vane nzira dzekuyedza dzakawanda, dzakadai seRockwell A, B, uye C. Papombi dzesimbi, ASTM Specification A513 inoreva bvunzo yeRockwell B (yakapfupikiswa seHRB kana RB). Muedzo weRockwell B unoyera musiyano wesimbi yekutanga ne161 ⁄ dhayamita yesimbi yekutanga ne161 inch diki. mutoro we100 kgf. Mhedzisiro yakajairika yesimbi yakapfava ndeye HRB 60.
Materials masayendisiti anoziva kuti kuomarara kunoenderana neUTS.Saka, kuomarara kwakapihwa kunogona kufanotaura UTS.Saizvozvowo, vagadziri vechubhu vanoziva kuti MYS neUTS zvine hukama.Kune welded pipe, MYS inowanzoita 70% kusvika 85% yeUTS.Iyo chaiyo inoenderana nemaitiro ekugadzira chubhu.Kuomarara kweHRB 0s 600 skwekwe 600 paundi ) uye MYS ye80%, kana 48,000 PSI.
Iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa pombi inotsanangurwa mukugadzirwa kwakawanda ndeyekuomarara kwakanyanya.Kuwedzera kune ukuru, injiniya ainetsekana nekutsanangudza welded electric resistance welded (RW) pipe mukati mehutano hwakanaka hwekushanda, izvo zvingaguma nekuoma kwakanyanya kwezvingangodaro HRB 60 kuwana nzira pachikamu chekudhirowa.Ichi chisarudzo choga chinotungamirira kune zvakasiyana-siyana zvekupedzisira mechanical properties, kusanganisira kuoma pachayo.
Chekutanga, kuomarara kweHRB 60 haitiudzi zvakawanda.Kuverenga HRB 60 inhamba isina dimensionless.Zvinhu zvakaongororwa neHRB 59 zvakapfava pane zvinhu zvakaedzwa neHRB 60, uye HRB 61 yakaoma kupfuura HRB 60, asi yakawanda sei?Haikwanise kuverengerwa sevhoriyamu (isingaverengeki) quantified in volume (pound). nzvimbo (yakayerwa kure kure nenguva), kana UTS (yakayerwa mapounds per square inch).Kuverenga HRB 60 haitiudzi chero chinhu chakananga.Iyi inzvimbo yezvinhu, asi kwete pfuma yemuviri.Chechipiri, kuomarara kuongororwa hakukodzeri kudzokorora kana kuberekana.Kuongorora nzvimbo mbiri pane imwe bvunzo specimen,Communication inoguma mune imwe neimwe nzvimbo yekuyedza, kunyange kana bvunzo dzakakura dzichibuda mune imwe neimwe nzvimbo. ndiwo mamirire ebvunzo.Pashure pokunge nzvimbo yayerwa, haigoni kuyerwa kechipiri kuti zvionekwe zvawanikwa.Kudzokororwa kwebvunzo hakugoneki.
Izvi hazvireve kuti kuomarara kuyedzwa kunokanganisa.Kutaura zvazviri, inopa gwara rakanaka kune UTS yechinhu, uye inokurumidza uye nyore bvunzo kuita.Zvisinei, munhu wese anobatanidzwa mukutsanangura, kutenga uye kugadzira machubhu anofanira kunge achiziva nezve zvarinogumira seyedzo parameter.
Nokuti pombi "yakajairika" haina kunyatsotsanangurwa, kana ichidiwa, vagadziri vepombi vanowanzoidzikisa kusvika kune maviri anonyanya kushandiswa simbi pombi uye pombi marudzi anotsanangurwa muASTM A513: 1008 uye 1010.Kunyange mushure mekubvisa mamwe marudzi ese echubhu, zvinogoneka maererano nemaitiro emagetsi emhando mbiri idzi dzechubhu dzakazaruka.Kutaura zvazviri, idzi mhando dzemhando dzemachubhu dzakakura kwazvo dzine hupamhi hwemhando dzema mechanical.
Semuenzaniso, chubhu inotsanangurwa seyakanyorova kana MYS yakaderera uye kureba kwakakwirira, izvo zvinoreva kuti inoita zviri nani mukugadzirisa, kutsauka uye kugadzika kupfuura chubhu inotsanangurwa seyakaoma, iyo ine MYS yakakwirira uye yakaderera kureba.
Elongation pachayo ndechimwe chinhu chine kukosha kukuru pane yakakosha pombi application.Tubes ine yakakwira elongation inogona kushingirira tensile masimba;zvinhu zvine elongation yakaderera zvakanyanya brittle uye saka zvinowanzoitika kune njodzi kuneta-mhando kukundikana.Zvisinei, elongation haina hukama zvakananga neUTS, inova ndiyo chete midziyo yemuchina yakanangana nekuoma.
Sei michina yemachubhu ichisiyana zvakanyanya? Chekutanga, chimiro chemakemikari chakasiyana.Simbi igadziriso yakasimba yesimbi nekabhoni nezvimwe zvakakosha alloys.Kuitira kuve nyore, tichabata chete necarbon percentage pano.Maatomu eCarbon anotsiva mamwe maatomu esimbi, achigadzira crystal structure yesimbi.ASTM 1008 is an all-giredhi 0 Carbon inokwana 0% yakakosha nhamba ye0% yekabhoni yakakosha 0%. inogadzira zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana kana kabhoni iri musimbi yakaderera zvakanyanya.ASTM 1010 inotsanangura kabhoni iri pakati pe0.08% ne0.13%.Misiyano iyi hairatidzike yakakura, asi yakakura zvekuti inogona kuita mutsauko mukuru kune imwe nzvimbo.
Chechipiri, pombi yesimbi inogona kugadzirwa kana kugadzirwa uye yozogadziriswa mumagadzirirwo manomwe akasiyana ekugadzira.ASTM A513 ine chekuita neERW pombi yekugadzira inonyora marudzi manomwe:
Kana kemikari yesimbi nematanho ekugadzira chubhu isingaite pakuoma kwesimbi, chii?Kupindura mubvunzo uyu kunoreva kuongorora zvakadzama.Mubvunzo uyu unopa mimwe mibvunzo miviri: Ndezvipi zvinhu, uye zviri padyo sei?
Tsanangudzo pamusoro pezviyo zvinoumba simbi ndiyo mhinduro yekutanga. Kana simbi yagadzirwa pachigayo chesimbi, haitonhore kuita bhuroko hombe ine chinhu chimwe chete. Simbi painotonhora, mamorekuru esimbi anorongana achidzokorodza mapatani (makristasi), zvakafanana nemaumbirwo anoita mazambuko echando. Kana makristasi agadzirwa, anoungana kuita mapoka anodaidzwa kuti tsanga, ndiro inomira kuita tsanga. s inotorwa netsanga.Zvese izvi zvinoitika pamwero wemicroscopic nekuti avhareji saizi yesimbi tsanga inosvika 64 µ kana 0.0025 inches yakafara.Nepo tsanga imwe neimwe yakafanana neinotevera, haina kufanana.Iyo inosiyana zvishoma muhukuru, kutaridzika uye carbon content.Kubatana pakati pezviyo kunonzi muganhu wezviyo.Kana simbi inotadza kutsemuka, semuenzaniso inotadza kutsemuka.
Unofanirwa kutarisa kusvika papi kuti uone zviyo zvinonzwisisika?100x magnification, kana 100x kuona kwevanhu, zvakakwana.Zvisinei, kungotarisa simbi isina kuvharwa panguva 100 simba haritauri zvakawanda.Sample inogadzirirwa nekupukuta sampuli uye kuisa pasi neasidhi (kazhinji nitric acid nedoro) inonzi nitchant.
Ndidzo zviyo uye latisi yavo yemukati iyo inotarisisa simba rekuita, MYS, UTS uye kurebesa simbi inogona kumira isati yatadza.
Matanho ekugadzira simbi, sekupisa uye kutonhora kukunguruka kwetambo, shandisa kushushikana muchimiro chezviyo;kana vakachinja zvachose chimiro, izvi zvinoreva kuti kushushikana kunokanganisa gorosi.Mamwe matanho ekugadzirisa, akadai sekumonerera simbi mumakoiri, kuisunungura, uye kukanganisa tsanga dzesimbi kuburikidza nechubhu chigayo (kuumba nekukura kwechubhu).Kutonhora kudhirowa kwechubhu pa mandrel kunoisawo kumanikidza pazvinhu, sezvinoita matanho ekugadzira akadai sekuguma kuumba uye kupeta.Kuchinja kunonzi dislocation zviyo.
Matanho ari pamusoro apa anopedza ductility yesimbi, inova kugona kwayo kutsungirira tensile (kudhonza-kuvhurika) kushushikana.Simbi inova brittle, zvinoreva kuti ingangoputsika kana ukaramba uchishanda pairi.Elongation chimwe chikamu cheductility (compressibility ndechimwe) .Zvakakosha kunzwisisa kuti kukundikana kunowanzoitika panguva yekunetseka kwekunetsekana, kwete nekuti kudzvanya kwepamusoro-soro kwesimbi. inoumba zviri nyore pasi pekumanikidza kudzvinyirira - iri ductile - inova mukana.
Concrete ine high compressive simba asi yakaderera ductility kana ichienzaniswa nekongiri.Izvi zvivakwa zvinopesana neaya esimbi.Ndosaka kongiri inoshandiswa kumigwagwa, zvivako nemigwagwa yemigwagwa inowanzogadzirirwa rebar.Chigumisiro ndicho chigadzirwa chine simba rezvinhu zviviri: pasi pekukakavadzana, simbi yakasimba, uye pasi pekumanikidzwa, konkrete.
Munguva yekushanda kunotonhora, sezvo ductility yesimbi inoderera, kuoma kwayo kunowedzera.Nemamwe mashoko, ichaoma.Zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu, izvi zvinogona kuva rubatsiro;zvisinei, zvingava zvisingabatsiri sezvo kuoma kwakaenzana nebrittleness.Kureva, sezvo simbi inova yakaoma, inova shoma shoma;saka, zvinonyanya kukundikana.
Mune mamwe mazwi, nhanho imwe neimwe yemaitiro inopedza imwe yepombi's ductility.Inowedzera kuoma sezvo chikamu chinoshanda, uye kana chakanyanya kuoma chinenge chisina maturo.Kuoma ndiko brittleness, uye brittle tube inogona kukundikana kana ikashandiswa.
Mugadziri ane chero sarudzo here muchiitiko ichi?
Mukutaura kwe layman, annealing inobvisa zvose zvinokonzerwa nekushungurudzika kwemuviri pane simbi.Iyi nzira inopisa simbi kune kushungurudzika-kuzorodza kana kutonhora kwerecrystallization, nokudaro kubvisa dislocations.Zvichienderana nekushisa kwakasiyana uye nguva inoshandiswa mukugadzirisa kwekuita, iyo nzira nokudaro inodzorera zvimwe kana zvose zvayo ductility.
Anealing uye kudzorwa kutonhodzwa kunosimudzira kukura kwezviyo.Izvi zvinobatsira kana chinangwa chiri chekudzikisa kuoma kwezvinhu, asi kusingadzoreki kukura kwezviyo kunogona kupfavisa simbi zvakanyanya, zvichiita kuti isagone kushandiswa kwayo kwainoda kushandiswa.Kumisa nzira yekumisa ndechimwe chinhu chiri pedyo-mashiripiti.Kudzima patembiricha chaiyo neiyo chaiyo yekudzima mumiriri panguva chaiyo inomisa simbi panguva yakakodzera.
Tinofanira kudonhedza kuomarara kutsanangurwa? no. Hunhu hwekuoma hwakakosha zvakanyanya senzvimbo yekunongedza kana uchitsanangura pombi dzesimbi. Chiyero chinobatsira, kuomarara ndechimwe chezvimiro zvakati wandei zvinofanirwa kutsanangurwa pakuodha tubular zvinhu uye kutariswa pawakagamuchira (uye zvinofanirwa kurekodhwa pane chimwe nechimwe chinotumirwa). Kana kuomarara kuri kuongorora, kunofanirwa kuve nekudzora zviyero zvakakodzera uye zviyero.
Zvisinei, haisi bvunzo yechokwadi yekukodzera (kubvuma kana kuramba) zvinhu.Kuwedzera kune kuoma, vagadziri vanofanira nguva nenguva kuedza kutumirwa kuti vaone zvimwe zvinhu zvakakosha, zvakadai seMYS, UTS, kana kuti zvishoma kureba, zvichienderana nekushandiswa kwechubhu.
Wynn H. Kearns is responsible for regional sales for Indiana Tube Corp., 2100 Lexington Road, Evansville, IN 47720, 812-424-9028, wkearns@indianatube.com, www.indianatube.com.
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