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Kukurumidza kukura kwenanotechnology uye kubatanidzwa kwayo mumashandisirwo ezuva nezuva kunogona kutyisidzira nharaunda.Nepo nzira dzakasvibira dzekushatisa kwezvinosvibisa organic dzakanyatsosimbiswa, kudzoreredzwa kweiyo inorganic crystalline tsvina kunonyanya kunetsa nekuda kwekuderera kwavo kwekunzwa kune biotransformation uye kusanzwisisa kwekudyidzana kwepasi neiyo biological.Pano, tinoshandisa Nb-based inorganic 2D MXenes modhi yakasanganiswa neyakareruka chimiro parameter yekuongorora nzira yekutsvaga bioremediation michina ye2D ceramic nanomaterials negirinhi microalgae Raphidocelis subcapitata.Takaona kuti microalgae inosvibisa Nb-based MXenes nekuda kwepamusoro-inoenderana ne physico-chemical interactions.Pakutanga, single-layer uye multilayer MXene nanoflakes zvakabatanidzwa pamusoro pe microalgae, izvo zvakaderedza kukura kwe algae.Nekudaro, pakudyidzana kwenguva refu nepamusoro, microalgae oxidized MXene nanoflakes uye yakawedzera kuibvisa muNbO uye Nb2O5.Nekuda kwekuti maokisidhi aya haana chepfu kumasero madiki, anodya Nb oxide nanoparticles nenzira yekunyudza iyo inowedzera kudzoreredza microalgae mushure memaawa makumi manomwe nemaviri ekurapwa kwemvura.Migumisiro yezvokudya zvinovaka muviri inobatanidza nekutora inoratidzwawo mukuwedzera kwehuwandu hwesero, chimiro chavo chakanaka uye kuchinja kwekukura kwekukura.Kubva pane zvakawanikwa izvi, tinogumisa kuti kuvapo kwenguva pfupi uye kwenguva refu kweNb-based MXenes mumvura yakachena ecosystems kunogona kukonzera kukanganisa kuduku kwezvakatipoteredza.Zvinokosha kuziva kuti, tichishandisa maviri-dimensional nanomaterials semamodhi masisitimu, tinoratidza mukana wekutevera shanduko yechimiro kunyangwe mune yakanaka-grained zvinhu.Pakazere, chidzidzo ichi chinopindura mubvunzo wakakosha pamusoro pekudyidzana-zvine chekuita nemaitiro kutyaira iyo bioremediation mashandiro e2D nanomaterials uye inopa hwaro hwezvimwe zvidzidzo zvenguva pfupi uye zvenguva refu zvekukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza kweinorganic crystalline nanomaterials.
Nanomaterials yakaunza kufarira kwakawanda kubva payakawanikwa, uye akasiyana nanotechnologies achangobva kupinda muchikamu chemazuva ano.Nehurombo, kubatanidzwa kwemananomaterials mumashandisirwo ezuva nezuva kunogona kutungamira kuburitswa netsaona nekuda kwekurasa zvisina kunaka, kubata zvisina hanya, kana kusakwana kwekuchengetedza zvivakwa.Naizvozvo, zvine musoro kufunga kuti nanomatadium, kusanganisira maviri-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, inogona kuburitswa munzvimbo yechisikigo, maitiro uye biological chiitiko izvo zvisati zvanyatsonzwisiswa.Naizvozvo, hazvishamise kuti ecotoxicity kunetsekana kwakanangana nekugona kwe2D nanomaterials kusvetukira mumasystem emvura2,3,4,5,6.Mune idzi ecosystems, mamwe 2D nanomaterials anogona kudyidzana neakasiyana zvipenyu pamatanho akasiyana etrophic, kusanganisira microalgae.
Microalgae zvipenyu zvepakutanga zvinowanikwa zvakasikwa mumvura yakachena uye zvipenyu zvemugungwa zvinogadzira zvakasiyana siyana zvemakemikari zvigadzirwa kuburikidza nephotosynthesis7.Sezvo zvakadaro, zvakakosha kune zvipenyu zvemvura8,9,10,11,12 asi zvakare zvinonzwisiswa, zvisingadhuri uye zvakashandiswa zvakanyanya zviratidzo zve ecotoxicity13,14.Sezvo masero e-microalgae achiwedzera nokukurumidza uye nokukurumidza kupindura kuvapo kwemishonga yakasiyana-siyana, vari kuvimbisa kugadzirwa kwemaitiro ehutano hwezvakatipoteredza ekurapa mvura yakasvibiswa nezvinhu15,16.
Algae masero anogona kubvisa inorganic ions kubva mumvura kuburikidza ne biosorption uye accumulation17,18.Mamwe algal marudzi akadai seChlorella, Anabaena invar, Westiellopsis prolifica, Stigeoclonium tenue uye Synechococcus sp.Yakawanikwa kutakura uye kunyange kudyisa simbi ine chepfu seFe2+, Cu2+, Zn2+ uye Mn2+19.Zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti Cu2+, Cd2+, Ni2+, Zn2+ kana Pb2+ ions inodzikamisa kukura kweScenedesmus nekushandura sero morphology uye kuparadza chloroplasts20,21 yavo.
Nzira dzakasvibira dzekuora kwezvinosvibisa organic uye kubviswa kweheavy metal ions dzakwezva kutarisisa kwesainzi nemainjiniya pasi rese.Izvi zvinonyanya kukonzerwa nekuti izvi zvinosvibisa zvinogadziriswa zviri nyore muchikamu chemvura.Zvisinei, inorganic crystalline pollutants inoratidzirwa nekuderera kwemvura kunyungudika uye kuderera kwepasi kune zvakasiyana-siyana zvebiotransformations, izvo zvinokonzera kuoma kukuru mukugadzirisa, uye kufambira mberi kuduku kwakaitwa munzvimbo ino22,23,24,25,26.Saka, kutsvaga kwezvakatipoteredza zvigadziriso zvekugadzirisa nanomaterials inoramba iri nzvimbo yakaoma uye isina kuongororwa.Nekuda kwehupamhi hwekusaziva nezve biotransformation mhedzisiro ye2D nanomaterials, hapana nzira iri nyore yekuziva nzira dzinogona kuitika dzekudzikisira kwavo panguva yekuderedzwa.
Muchidzidzo ichi, takashandisa green algae seanoshanda aqueous bioremediation agent ye inorganic ceramic zvinhu, zvakasanganiswa ne in situ yekutarisa kuparara kweMXene semumiriri we inorganic ceramic zvinhu.Izwi rokuti "MXene" rinoratidza stoichiometry yeMn + 1XnTx zvinhu, apo M isimbi yepakutanga yekushandura, X ndiyo carbon uye / kana nitrogen, Tx is a surface terminator (eg, -OH, -F, -Cl), uye n = 1, 2, 3 kana 427.28.Kubva pakuwanikwa kweMXenes naNaguib et al.Sensorics, cancer kurapwa uye membrane kusefa 27,29,30.Pamusoro pezvo, maMXenes anogona kutariswa semuenzaniso 2D masisitimu nekuda kwekudzikama kwavo kwecolloidal uye kugoneka kwekudyidzana kwebhayoloji31,32,33,34,35,36.
Nokudaro, nzira yakagadzirwa munyaya ino uye tsvakurudzo yedu yekutsvakurudza inoratidzwa mumufananidzo 1. Maererano nekufungidzira uku, microalgae inosvibisa Nb-based MXenes mumisanganiswa isina chepfu nekuda kwekubatana kwepamusoro-soro ye physico-chemical interactions, iyo inobvumira kuwedzera kupora kwealgae.Kuti uedze iyi hypothesis, nhengo mbiri dzemhuri yekutanga niobium-based transition metal carbides uye / kana nitrides (MXenes), iyo Nb2CTx uye Nb4C3TX, yakasarudzwa.
Nzira yekutsvagisa uye humbowo-hwakavakirwa kufungidzira kweMXene kupora negirinhi microalgae Raphidocelis subcapitata.Ndokumbira utarise kuti ichi chingori chiratidziro chehumbowo-hwakavakirwa fungidziro.Mamiriro edhamu anosiyana mune zvinovaka muviri zvinoshandiswa uye nemamiriro ezvinhu (semuenzaniso, kutenderera kwemazuva uye zvisingakwanisi mune zvinovaka muviri zvakakosha).Yakagadzirwa neBioRender.com.
Nokudaro, nekushandisa MXene sechirongwa chemuenzaniso, takazarura musuwo wekudzidza kwezvakasiyana-siyana zvinokonzerwa nehupenyu zvisingagoni kuonekwa nemamwe manomaterials akajairwa.Kunyanya, tinoratidza mukana we bioremediation ye-two-dimensional nanomaterials, yakadai se niobium-based MXenes, ne microalgae Raphidocelis subcapitata.Microalgae inokwanisa kushatisa Nb-MXenes mu-non-toxic oxides NbO uye Nb2O5, iyo inopawo zvokudya zvinovaka muviri kuburikidza ne niobium uptake mechanism.Pakazere, chidzidzo ichi chinopindura mubvunzo wakakosha wakakosha nezve maitiro ane chekuita nepamusoro physicochemical kupindirana anotonga masisitimu e bioremediation yeaviri-dimensional nanomaterials.Uye zvakare, isu tiri kugadzira yakapusa chimiro-parameter-yakavakirwa nzira yekutevera yakapusa shanduko muchimiro che 2D nanomaterials.Izvi zvinokurudzira imwe tsvakiridzo yenguva pfupi uye yenguva refu mukukanganisa kwakasiyana kwezvakatipoteredza kweinorganic crystalline nanomaterials.Nokudaro, chidzidzo chedu chinowedzera kunzwisisa kwekupindirana pakati pezvinhu zvepasi uye biological material.Tiri kupawo hwaro hwekuwedzera zvidzidzo zvenguva pfupi uye zvenguva refu zvekukanganisa kwazvinoita pazvipenyu zvemvura yakachena, izvo zvino zvinokwanisa kusimbiswa zviri nyore.
MXenes inomiririra inonakidza kirasi yezvigadzirwa zvine yakasarudzika uye inoyevedza yemuviri uye kemikari zvivakwa uye saka akawanda anogona kunyorera.Izvi zvivakwa zvinonyanya kutsamira pane yavo stoichiometry uye pamusoro chemistry.Naizvozvo, muchidzidzo chedu, takaongorora mhando mbiri dzeNb-based hierarchical single-layer (SL) MXenes, Nb2CTx uye Nb4C3TX, sezvo zvakasiyana-siyana zvebhayoloji zveaya nanomatadium zvaigona kucherechedzwa.MXenes anogadzirwa kubva kuzvinhu zvawo zvekutanga nepamusoro-pasi anosarudza etching yeatomu yakatetepa MAX-chikamu A-layers.Iyo MAX chikamu ndeye ternary ceramic inoumbwa ne "bonded" zvidhinha zvekuchinja simbi carbides uye matete akaturikidzana e "A" zvinhu zvakaita seAl, Si, uye Sn ine MnAXn-1 stoichiometry.Iyo morphology yekutanga MAX chikamu yakacherechedzwa nekuongorora maelectron microscopy (SEM) uye yaienderana nezvidzidzo zvekare (Ona Ruzivo Rwokuwedzera, SI, Mufananidzo S1).Multilayer (ML) Nb-MXene yakawanikwa mushure mekubvisa Al layer ne 48% HF (hydrofluoric acid).Iyo morphology yeML-Nb2CTx uye ML-Nb4C3TX yakaongororwa nekuongorora electron microscopy (SEM) (Figures S1c uye S1d zvakateerana) uye yakajairwa yakaturikidzana MXene morphology yakaonekwa, yakafanana ne-maviri-dimensional nanoflakes ichipfuura nepakati elongated pore-like slits.Ose maNb-MXenes ane zvakawanda zvakafanana neMXene zvikamu zvakambogadzirwa neasidhi etching27,38.Mushure mekusimbisa chimiro cheMXene, takaiisa nekupindirana kwe tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBAOH) yakateverwa nekugeza uye sonication, mushure mokunge tawana imwe-layer kana pasi-layer (SL) 2D Nb-MXene nanoflakes.
Isu takashandisa high resolution transmission transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) uye X-ray diffraction (XRD) kuyedza kugona kwe etching nekuwedzera kupepeta.Mhedzisiro yeHRTEM yakagadziriswa pachishandiswa Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) uye Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) inoratidzwa mumufananidzo 2. Nb-MXene nanoflakes dzaive dzakanangidzirwa kumucheto kuti dzitarise chimiro cheatomic layer uye kuyera nhambwe dzinopindirana.HRTEM mifananidzo yeMXene Nb2CTx uye Nb4C3TX nanoflakes yakaratidza hunhu hwavo hweatomu hwakaonda (ona Fig. 2a1, a2), sezvakambotaurwa naNaguib et al.27 uye Jastrzębska et al.38.Kune maviri akatarisana Nb2CTx uye Nb4C3Tx monolayers, takasarudza interlayer kureba kwe0.74 uye 1.54 nm, maererano (Fig. 2b1, b2), iyo inobvumiranawo nemigumisiro yedu yapfuura38.Izvi zvakasimbiswa zvakare neshanduko yakapesana neFourier shanduko (Fig. 2c1, c2) uye kukurumidza kushandurwa kweFourier (Fig. 2d1, d2) inoratidza chinhambwe chiri pakati peNb2CTx neNb4C3Tx monolayers.Mufananidzo uyu unoratidza kuchinjika kwemabhendi echiedza neakasviba anoenderana neobium uye kabhoni maatomu, ayo anosimbisa hunhu hwemaMXenes akadzidzwa.Zvakakosha kuziva kuti simba rekuparadzira X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) spectra yakawanikwa yeNb2CTx uye Nb4C3Tx (Figures S2a uye S2b) yakaratidza kusasara kwechikamu chekutanga cheMAX, sezvo pasina Al peak yakaonekwa.
Hunhu hweSL Nb2CTx uye Nb4C3Tx MXene nanoflakes, kusanganisira (a) high resolution electron microscopy (HRTEM) side-view 2D nanoflake imaging uye inofambirana, (b) intensity mode, (c) inverse fast Fourier shandura (IFFT), (d) fast Fourier shandura (FFT-ray), (e) Xb-ray mapatani.Kune SL 2D Nb2CTx, nhamba dzinoratidzwa se (a1, b1, c1, d1, e1).Kune SL 2D Nb4C3Tx, nhamba dzinoratidzwa se (a2, b2, c2, d2, e1).
X-ray diffraction zviyero zveSL Nb2CTx uye Nb4C3Tx MXenes inoratidzwa muFig.2e1 uye e2, zvichiteerana.Peaks (002) pa4.31 uye 4.32 inoenderana neyakatsanangurwa yakaturikidzana MXenes Nb2CTx uye Nb4C3TX38,39,40,41 zvichiteerana.Mhedzisiro yeXRD inoratidzawo kuvepo kwezvimwe zvakasara zveML zvimiro uye MAX nhanho, asi kazhinji XRD mapatani ane hukama neSL Nb4C3Tx (Fig. 2e2).Kuvapo kwezvimedu zvidiki zvechikamu cheMAX kunogona kutsanangura iyo yakasimba MAX peak kana ichienzaniswa neasina kujairika akaturikidzana Nb4C3Tx.
Imwe tsvakiridzo yakanangana negirinhi microalgae yerudzi R. subcapitata.Isu takasarudza microalgae nekuti ivo vakakosha vanogadzira vanobatanidzwa mune huru chikafu webs42.Izvo zvakare ndeimwe yeakanakisa zviratidzo zvehuchetura nekuda kwekugona kubvisa zvinhu zvine chepfu izvo zvinotakurwa kumazinga epamusoro echeni yechikafu43.Pamusoro pezvo, tsvakiridzo paR. subcapitata inogona kujekesa kuchetura kwechiitiko cheSL Nb-MXenes kune tupukanana tusina mvura.Kuenzanisira izvi, vaongorori vakafungidzira kuti hutachiona hwega hwega hune manzwiro akasiyana kune zvine muchetura makomisheni aripo munharaunda.Kune zvipenyu zvakawanda, kudzika kwakadzika kwezvinhu hakukanganise kukura kwavo, nepo kuisa pamusoro peimwe muganhu kunogona kuvadzivisa kana kutokonzera rufu.Nokudaro, nokuda kwezvidzidzo zvedu zvekubatana kwepamusoro pakati pe microalgae neMXenes uye kupora kwakabatana, takasarudza kuedza kusakuvadza uye huturu hweNb-MXenes.Kuti tiite izvi, takaedza kutariswa kwe0 (sekureva), 0.01, 0.1 uye 10 mg l-1 MXene uye kuwedzera hutachiona hwehutachiona hwehutachiona hune huwandu hwakanyanya hweMXene (100 mg l-1 MXene), iyo inogona kunge yakanyanyisa uye inouraya..kune chero nharaunda yebiology.
Migumisiro yeSL Nb-MXenes pa microalgae inoratidzwa muMufananidzo 3, inoratidzwa sezana rekukura kwekukura (+) kana kuvharidzira (-) kuyerwa kwe 0 mg l-1 samples.Kuenzanisa, chikamu cheNb-MAX uye ML Nb-MXenes chakaedzwawo uye migumisiro inoratidzwa muSI (ona Fig. S3).Migumisiro yakawanikwa yakasimbisa kuti SL Nb-MXenes inenge isina zvachose isina chepfu muhuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu kubva ku0.01 kusvika ku10 mg / l, sezvakaratidzwa mumufananidzo 3a, b.Panyaya yeNb2CTx, isu hatina kuona kupfuura 5% ecotoxicity mune yakatarwa siyana.
Kukurudzira (+) kana inhibition (-) ye microalgae kukura pamberi peSL (a) Nb2CTx uye (b) Nb4C3TX MXene.24, 48 uye 72 maawa ekubatana kweMXene-microalgae akaongororwa. Yakakosha data (t-test, p <0.05) yakanyorwa neasterisk (*). Yakakosha data (t-test, p <0.05) yakanyorwa neasterisk (*). Значимые данные (t-критерий, p < 0,05) отмечены звездочкой (*). Yakakosha data (t-test, p <0.05) yakanyorwa neasterisk (*).重要数据（t 检验，p < 0.05）用星号(*) 标记。重要数据（t 检验，p < 0.05）用星号(*) 标记。 Важные данные (t-test, p < 0,05) отмечены звездочкой (*). Yakakosha data (t-test, p <0.05) yakanyorwa neasterisk (*).Miseve yakatsvuka inoratidza kubviswa kwekusimudzira inhibitory.
Kune rimwe divi, kudzika kwakadzika kweNb4C3TX kwakave kuine chepfu zvishoma, asi kwete kupfuura 7%.Sezvaitarisirwa, takaona kuti MXenes yakanga ine huturu hwepamusoro uye microalgae kukura inhibition pa 100mg L-1.Sezvineiwo, hapana kana chimwe chezvinhu zvakaratidza maitiro akafanana uye kutsamira kwenguva kweatoxic / chepfu mhedzisiro kana ichienzaniswa neMAX kana ML samples (ona SI kuti uwane ruzivo).Nepo yechikamu cheMAX (ona Fig. S3) chepfu yakasvika inenge 15-25% uye yakawedzera nekufamba kwenguva, reverse maitiro akaonekwa kune SL Nb2CTx uye Nb4C3TX MXene.Iyo inhibition ye microalgae kukura yakadzikira nekufamba kwenguva.Yakasvika inenge 17% mushure memaawa makumi maviri nemana uye yakadonha kusvika pasi pe5% mushure memaawa 72 (Fig. 3a, b, maererano).
Zvinonyanya kukosha, kune SL Nb4C3TX, microalgae kukura inhibition yakasvika inenge 27% mushure memaawa makumi maviri nemana, asi mushure memaawa makumi manomwe nemaviri yakaderera kusvika pa1%.Naizvozvo, isu takanyora iyo yakaonekwa mhedzisiro se inverse inhibition yekukurudzira, uye mhedzisiro yaive yakasimba kune SL Nb4C3TX MXene.Kukurudzira kwekukura kwe microalgae kwakaonekwa kare neNb4C3TX (kupindirana pa 10 mg L-1 ye24 h) kana ichienzaniswa neSL Nb2CTx MXene.Iyo inhibition-stimulation reversal effect yakanyatsoratidzwa mu biomass doubling rate curve (ona Fig. S4 kuti uwane mamwe mashoko).Parizvino, chete ecotoxicity yeTi3C2TX MXene yakadzidziswa nenzira dzakasiyana.Haisi muchetura kumbizi embryos44 asi ine mwero ecotoxic kune microalgae Desmodesmus quadricauda neSorghum saccharatum plant45.Mimwe mienzaniso yemhedzisiro inosanganisira yakakwira chepfu kune cancer maseru mitsara pane yakajairwa sero mitsara46,47.Zvinogona kufungidzirwa kuti mamiriro ekuedzwa angakanganisa shanduko mukukura kwe microalgae inoonekwa pamberi peNb-MXenes.Semuyenzaniso, pH ingangoita 8 mu chloroplast stroma ndiyo yakanakira kushanda zvakanaka kweRuBisCO enzyme.Naizvozvo, pH inoshanduka inokanganisa chiyero che photosynthesis48,49.Zvisinei, hatina kuona kuchinja kukuru kwepH panguva yekuedza (ona SI, Fig. S5 kuti uwane mamwe mashoko).Kazhinji, tsika dze microalgae neNb-MXenes dzakaderedza zvishoma pH yemhinduro nekufamba kwenguva.Nekudaro, kuderera uku kwakafanana nekuchinja kwepH yepakati yakachena.Mukuwedzera, kuwanda kwekusiyana kwakawanikwa kwakafanana neyakayerwa yetsika yakachena ye microalgae (control sample).Nokudaro, tinogumisa kuti photosynthesis haina kukanganiswa nekuchinja kwepH nekufamba kwenguva.
Mukuwedzera, maMXenes akagadzirwa ane magumo epamusoro (anoratidzwa seTx).Aya ndiwo anonyanya kushanda mapoka -O, -F uye -OH.Zvisinei, kemikari yepamusoro inobatana zvakananga nenzira yekubatanidza.Mapoka aya anozivikanwa kugovaniswa zvisina tsarukano pamusoro pepamusoro, zvichiita kuti zviome kufembera mashandiro avo pazvinhu zveMXene50.Zvinogona kupokana kuti Tx inogona kunge iri simba rinokonzeresa oxidation ye niobium nechiedza.Mapoka epamusoro anoshanda zvechokwadi anopa akawanda anchoring nzvimbo dzepazasi mafotocatalysts kuti aumbe heterojunctions51.Nekudaro, iyo yekukura yepakati kuumbwa haina kupa inoshanda photocatalyst (yakadzama yepakati kuumbwa inogona kuwanikwa muSI Tafura S6).Mukuwedzera, chero kugadziriswa kwepamusoro kunokoshawo zvikuru, sezvo basa rehupenyu reMXenes rinogona kuchinjwa nekuda kwechifukidzo chemashure-kugadzirisa, oxidation, chemikemikari pamusoro pekugadzirisa kwehupenyu uye inorganic compounds52,53,54,55,56 kana pamusoro peinjiniya38.Nokudaro, kuongorora kana niobium oxide ine chekuita nekusagadzikana kwezvinhu mukati, takaita zvidzidzo zve zeta (ζ) zvinogona mu microalgae kukura kwepakati uye mvura yakasvibiswa (yekuenzanisa).Zvigumisiro zvedu zvinoratidza kuti SL Nb-MXenes yakanyatsogadzikana (ona SI Fig. S6 yeMAX uye ML mhinduro).Iyo zeta inogona yeSL MXenes inenge -10 mV.Panyaya yeSR Nb2CTx, kukosha kwe ζ kwakati kwakaipa kupfuura iyo yeNb4C3Tx.Kuchinja kwakadaro mu ζ kukosha kunogona kuratidza kuti pamusoro pe MXene nanoflakes yakashata inotora ions yakanaka kubva kune tsika.Zviyero zvenguva yezeta inogona uye conductivity yeNb-MXenes mutsika yepakati (ona Mifananidzo S7 uye S8 muSI kuti uwane mamwe mashoko) inoita seinotsigira pfungwa yedu.
Nekudaro, ese Nb-MXene SLs airatidza kushoma shanduko kubva zero.Izvi zvinonyatsoratidza kugadzikana kwavo mune microalgae kukura kwepakati.Uye zvakare, takaongorora kana kuvepo kwegirinhi microalgae yedu kwaizokanganisa kugadzikana kweNb-MXenes mukati.Migumisiro ye zeta inogona uye conductivity yeMXenes mushure mekubatana ne microalgae mune zvinovaka muviri media uye tsika nekufamba kwenguva inogona kuwanikwa muSI (Figus S9 uye S10).Sezvineiwo, takaona kuti kuvapo kwemicroalgae kwaiita sekudzikamisa kupararira kwemaMXenes maviri.Panyaya yeNb2CTx SL, iyo zeta inogona kunyange kuderera zvishoma nekufamba kwenguva kune mamwe maitiro asina kunaka (-15.8 versus -19.1 mV mushure me72 h yekufukidzira).Iyo zeta inogona yeSL Nb4C3TX yakawedzera zvishoma, asi mushure me72 h ichiri kuratidza kugadzikana kwepamusoro kupfuura nanoflakes pasina kuvapo kwe microalgae (-18.1 vs. -9.1 mV).
Isu takawanawo yakaderera conductivity yeNb-MXene mhinduro dzakasungirirwa muhupo hwe microalgae, zvichiratidza huwandu hwakaderera hweion mune inovaka muviri.Zvinonyanya kukosha, kusagadzikana kweMXenes mumvura kunonyanya kukonzerwa nepamusoro oxidation57.Nokudaro, tinofungidzira kuti microalgae yakasvibirira neimwe nzira yakabvisa maokisi akaumbwa pamusoro peNb-MXene uye kunyange kudzivirira kuitika kwavo (oxidation yeMXene).Izvi zvinogona kuonekwa nekudzidza mhando dzezvinhu zvakatorwa ne microalgae.
Kunyange zvazvo zvidzidzo zvedu zveecotoxicological zvakaratidza kuti microalgae yakakwanisa kukunda chepfu yeNb-MXenes nekufamba kwenguva uye kuvharidzirwa kusina kujairika kwekukura kwakakurudzirwa, chinangwa chekudzidza kwedu chaiva chekuongorora maitiro ekuita.Kana zvipenyu zvakaita sealgae zvakasangana nemakomponi kana zvinhu zvisingazivikanwe kune ecosystems, zvinogona kuita nenzira dzakasiyana58,59.Mukushaikwa kwehupfu hwesimbi oxides, microalgae inogona kuzvidyisa, ichivabvumira kuti varambe vachikura60.Mushure mekudya zvinhu zvine chepfu, nzira dzekudzivirira dzinogona kuvhurwa, sekuchinja chimiro kana chimiro.Iko mukana wekunyura unofanirwawo kutariswa58,59.Zvinonyanya kukosha, chero chiratidzo chemaitiro ekudzivirira chiratidzo chakajeka chehupfu hweiyo test compound.Naizvozvo, mune rimwe basa redu, takaongorora iyo inogona kuitika pamusoro pekudyidzana pakati peSL Nb-MXene nanoflakes uye microalgae neSEM uye inogona kutorwa Nb-based MXene neX-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF).Ziva kuti SEM neXRF ongororo dzakangoitwa padanho repamusoro reMXene kugadzirisa nyaya dzehupfu.
Migumisiro yeSEM ​​inoratidzwa muFig.4.Masero asina kurapwa ane microalgae (ona Fig. 4a, referensi sampuli) yakaratidza zvakajeka R. subcapitata morphology uye croissant-like cell shape.Masero anoita kunge akati sandarara uye asina kurongeka.Mamwe masero e-microalgae akaputirana uye akabatikana, asi izvi pamwe zvakakonzerwa nemuenzaniso wekugadzirira maitiro.Kazhinji, masero e microalgae akachena aive nepamusoro pepamusoro uye haana kuratidza chero shanduko ye morphological.
SEM mifananidzo inoratidza kupindirana kwepamusoro pakati pegirini microalgae uye MXene nanosheets mushure memaawa makumi manomwe nemaviri ekudyidzana pakunyanya kudzika (100 mg L-1).(a) Kusagadziriswa kwegirinhi microalgae mushure mekubatana neSL (b) Nb2CTx uye (c) Nb4C3TX MXenes.Ziva kuti Nb-MXene nanoflakes yakanyorwa nemiseve tsvuku.Kuenzanisa, mifananidzo kubva kune optical microscope inowedzerwawo.
Kusiyana neizvi, microalgae masero adsorbed neSL Nb-MXene nanoflakes akakuvadzwa (ona Fig. 4b, c, miseve tsvuku).Panyaya yeNb2CTx MXene (Fig. 4b), microalgae inowanzokura neakabatanidzwa maviri-dimensional nanoscales, iyo inogona kuchinja maitiro avo.Zvikuru, takaonawo shanduko idzi pasi pechiedza microscope (ona SI Mufananidzo S11 kuti uwane ruzivo).Iyi morphological shanduko ine hwaro hunonzwisisika mufiziology yemicroalgae uye kugona kwavo kuzvidzivirira nekuchinja sero morphology, sekuwedzera sero volume61.Nokudaro, zvakakosha kutarisa nhamba yemasero e-microalgae ari kunyatsosangana neNb-MXenes.Zvidzidzo zveSEM zvakaratidza kuti inenge 52% yemasero e-microalgae akaiswa kuNb-MXenes, nepo 48% yemasero aya e microalgae akadzivisa kusangana.Kune SL Nb4C3Tx MXene, microalgae inoedza kudzivisa kusangana neMXene, nokudaro kuisa nzvimbo uye kukura kubva kune maviri-dimensional nanoscales (Fig. 4c).Zvisinei, isu hatina kutarisa kupinda kwenanoscales mumasero e microalgae uye kukanganisa kwavo.
Kuzvichengetedza zvakare inguva-inotsamira yekupindura maitiro kune kuvharika kwe photosynthesis nekuda kwekushambadza kwezvimedu pane cell surface uye iyo inonzi shading (shading) effect62.Zviri pachena kuti chinhu chimwe nechimwe (somuenzaniso, Nb-MXene nanoflakes) iyo iri pakati pe microalgae uye chiedza chechiedza chinogadzirisa kuwanda kwechiedza chinotorwa nekloroplasts.Zvisinei, hatina mubvunzo kuti izvi zvine simba guru pamigumisiro yakawanikwa.Sezvinoratidzwa nekucherechedza kwedu kwema microscopic, 2D nanoflakes yakanga isina kuputirwa zvachose kana kunamatira pamusoro pe microalgae, kunyange apo masero e-microalgae akanga achisangana neNb-MXenes.Pane kudaro, nanoflakes dzakazove dzakanangidzirwa kune microalgae maseru pasina kuvhara pamusoro pavo.Seti yakadaro ye nanoflakes / microalgae haigone kudzikamisa zvakanyanya kuwanda kwechiedza chinotorwa ne microalgae masero.Uyezve, zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakatoratidza kuvandudzwa kwekutorwa kwechiedza ne photosynthetic organisms pamberi pe-two-dimensional nanomaterials63,64,65,66.
Sezvo mifananidzo yeSEM ​​isingakwanise kusimbisa zvakananga kutorwa kweniobium nemasero emicroalgae, kudzidza kwedu kwakawedzera kuX-ray fluorescence (XRF) uye X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) kuongororwa kuti ijekese nyaya iyi.Nokudaro, takafananidza kusimba kweNb peaks yereferensi microalgae samples iyo isina kuwirirana neMXenes, MXene nanoflakes yakavharwa kubva pamusoro pemasero emagetsi emagetsi, uye masero e-microalgal mushure mekubviswa kweMXenes akabatanidzwa.Zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti kana pasina Nb kutora, kukosha kweNb kunowanikwa nemasero e microalgae kunofanira kuva zero mushure mekubviswa kwenanoscales yakabatanidzwa.Naizvozvo, kana Nb kutora kukaitika, zvese XRF neXPS mhedzisiro dzinofanirwa kuratidza yakajeka Nb peak.
Muchiitiko che XRF spectra, microalgae samples dzakaratidza Nb peaks yeSL Nb2CTx uye Nb4C3Tx MXene mushure mekubatana neSL Nb2CTx uye Nb4C3Tx MXene (ona Fig. 5a, cherechedzawo kuti migumisiro yeMAX uye ML MXenes inoratidzwa muSI, Figs 72).Zvinofadza kuti kusimba kweNb peak kwakafanana mumatambudziko ose maviri (mabheji matsvuku muFig. 5a).Izvi zvakaratidza kuti algae haigoni kutora Nb yakawanda, uye huwandu hwehuwandu hweNb kuunganidza hwakawanikwa mumasero, kunyange kaviri kaviri Nb4C3Tx MXene yakasungirirwa kune microalgae masero (blue bars muFig. 5a).Zvikuru, kugona kwe microalgae kutora simbi kunoenderana nekusangana kwesimbi oxides munzvimbo67,68.Shamshada et al.67 vakawana kuti kunyura kwemvura yakachena algae kunoderera nekuwedzera pH.Raize et al.68 vakacherechedza kuti kukwanisa kwegungwa kutora simbi kwaive ne25% yakakwirira yePb2 + kupfuura yeNi2 +.
(a) XRF mhedzisiro yebasal Nb inotorwa negirini microalgae masero akaiswa pane yakanyanya kuwanda kweSL Nb-MXenes (100 mg L-1) kwe72 maawa.Mhedzisiro yacho inoratidza kuvepo kwea α mune yakachena microalgae masero (yedzo sampuli, grey columns), 2D nanoflakes yakaparadzaniswa kubva kumusoro microalgae masero (blue columns), uye microalgae masero mushure mekupatsanurwa kwe2D nanoflakes kubva kumusoro (red columns).Nhamba ye elemental Nb, (b) muzana yemakemikari ekugadzirwa kwe microalgae organic components (C = O uye CHx / C-O) uye Nb oxides iripo mumasero e-microalgae mushure mekuputirwa neSL Nb-MXenes, (c-e) Kugadziriswa kwepamusoro pekugadzirisa kwe XPS SL Nb2CTx spectra yemukati ne (MXx Nb4Ce3) masero emukati meMXx Nb4C T.
Naizvozvo, isu taitarisira kuti Nb inogona kutorwa nealgal masero muchimiro cheokisi.Kuti tiedze izvi, takaita zvidzidzo zveXPS paMXenes Nb2CTx uye Nb4C3TX uye masero ealgae.Migumisiro yekubatana kwe microalgae neNb-MXenes uye MXenes yakaparadzaniswa nemasero e-algae inoratidzwa muFig.5b.Sezvaitarisirwa, takaona Nb 3d peaks mu microalgae samples mushure mekubviswa kweMXene kubva pamusoro peiyo microalgae.Kusarudzwa kwehuwandu hweC = O, CHx / CO, uye Nb oxides yakaverengwa zvichienderana neNb 3d, O 1s, uye C 1s spectra yakawanikwa neNb2CTx SL (Fig. 5c-e) uye Nb4C3Tx SL (Fig. 5c-e).) yakawanikwa kubva kune incubated microalgae.Mufananidzo 5f–h) Mxenes.Tafura S1-3 inoratidza iwo mameseji epamusoro paramita uye yakazara chemistry inokonzerwa nekukodzera.Zvinokosha kuziva kuti Nb 3d nzvimbo dzeNb2CTx SL uye Nb4C3Tx SL (Fig. 5c, f) inoenderana nechikamu chimwe cheNb2O5.Pano, hatina kuwana mapeaks ane hukama neMXene mu spectra, zvichiratidza kuti microalgae masero anongotora iyo oxide fomu yeNb.Pamusoro pezvo, takaenzanisa C 1 s spectrum neC-C, CHx/C-O, C=O, uye -COOH zvikamu.Isu takapa iyo CHx/C-O uye C=O peaks kune organic mupiro wemicroalgae maseru.Izvi organic zvikamu zvinoverengera 36% uye 41% yeC 1s yepamusoro muNb2CTx SL uye Nb4C3TX SL, zvichiteerana.Takazoisa iyo O 1s spectra yeSL Nb2CTx uye SL Nb4C3TX ine Nb2O5, organic zvikamu zve microalgae (CHx/CO), uye pamusoro adsorbed mvura.
Chekupedzisira, mhedzisiro yeXPS yakaratidza zvakajeka chimiro cheNb, kwete kuvapo kwayo chete.Maererano nechinzvimbo cheNb 3d chiratidzo uye migumisiro ye deconvolution, tinosimbisa kuti Nb inobatwa chete nenzira ye oxides uye kwete ions kana MXene pachayo.Mukuwedzera, migumisiro yeXPS yakaratidza kuti masero e-microalgae ane simba guru rekutora Nb oxides kubva kuSL Nb2CTx kana ichienzaniswa neSL Nb4C3TX MXene.
Kunyange zvazvo Nb yedu yekutora migumisiro inofadza uye inotibvumira kuziva MXene degradation, hapana nzira inowanikwa yekutevera inosanganiswa morphological shanduko mu2D nanoflakes.Nokudaro, takasarudzawo kugadzira nzira yakakodzera inogona kupindura zvakananga kune chero shanduko inoitika mu2D Nb-MXene nanoflakes uye microalgae masero.Zvakakosha kuziva kuti tinofungidzira kuti kana mhando dzekubatana dzichiita chero shanduko, kuparara kana kuparara, izvi zvinofanira kukurumidza kuzviratidza sekuchinja kwechimiro chechimiro, zvakadai sehupamhi hwenzvimbo yakaenzana yedenderedzwa, kutenderera, Feret width, kana Feret urefu.Sezvo aya ma parameter akakodzera kutsanangura elongated particles kana maviri-dimensional nanoflakes, kutevera kwavo ne dynamic particle shape analysis kuchatipa ruzivo rwakakosha pamusoro pekushandurwa kwemorphological kweSL Nb-MXene nanoflakes panguva yekuderedza.
Migumisiro yakawanikwa inoratidzwa muMufananidzo 6. Kuenzanisa, takaedzawo yekutanga MAX phase uye ML-MXenes (ona SI Figures S18 uye S19).Dynamic kuongororwa kwechikamu chechimiro chakaratidza kuti ese maumbirwo maparamita maviri eNb-MXene SLs akachinja zvakanyanya mushure mekubatana ne microalgae.Sezvinoratidzwa neakaenzana denderedzwa nzvimbo dhayamita parameter (Fig. 6a, b), iyo yakaderedzwa peak intest yechikamu chemanoflakes makuru inoratidza kuti inowanzoora kuita zvidimbu zvidiki.Pamusoro pemuonde.6c, d inoratidza kuderera kwepamusoro-soro kunoenderana nehukuru hwakachinjika hwemaflakes (kurebesa kwenanoflakes), zvichiratidza kushandurwa kwe2D nanoflakes kuita mamwe maumbirwo akafanana.Mufananidzo 6e-h unoratidza hupamhi uye kureba kweFeret, zvichiteerana.Feret kureba uye kureba zvinhu zvinopindirana uye zvinofanirwa kutariswa pamwechete.Mushure mekuiswa kwe2D Nb-MXene nanoflakes muhupo hwe microalgae, mapeji avo eFeret correlation akachinja uye simba ravo rakaderera.Zvichienderana nemhedzisiro iyi musanganiswa ne morphology, XRF uye XPS, takagumisa kuti shanduko dzakacherechedzwa dzine hukama zvakanyanya neoxidation sezvo oxidized MXenes inowedzera kuunyana uye inoputsika kuita zvidimbu uye spherical oxide particles69,70.
Kuongororwa kweMXene shanduko mushure mekudyidzana negirinhi microalgae.Dynamic particle shape analysis inotora parameters dzakadai se(a, b) dhayamita yenzvimbo yedenderedzwa yakaenzana, (c, d) kutenderera, (e, f) Feret wide uye (g, h) Feret kureba.Kuti izvi zviitike, maviri mareferensi microalgae samples akaongororwa pamwe chete neprimary SL Nb2CTx uye SL Nb4C3Tx MXenes, SL Nb2CTx uye SL Nb4C3Tx MXenes, yakaderedzwa microalgae, uye yakarapwa microalgae SL Nb2CTx uye SL Nb4C3Tx MX.Miseve yakatsvuka inoratidza shanduko yechimiro paramita yeakadzidzwa maviri-dimensional nanoflakes.
Sezvo chimiro paramende yekuongorora yakavimbika kwazvo, inogona zvakare kuratidza shanduko ye morphological mumasero emicroalgae.Naizvozvo, takaongorora yakaenzana denderedzwa nharaunda dhayamita, kutenderera, uye Feret upamhi / kureba yakachena microalgae masero uye masero mushure mekubatana ne2D Nb nanoflakes.Pamusoro pemuonde.6a–h inoratidza kuchinja kwechimiro chezvikamu zvemasero ealgae, sezvinoratidzwa nekuderera kwepamusoro-soro uye kuchinja kwehukuru kune hutsika hwepamusoro.Kunyanya, sero roundness parameters yakaratidza kuderera kwemasero akareba uye kuwedzera kwemasero akatenderera (Fig. 6a, b).Mukuwedzera, Feret cell width yakawedzera nema micrometer akawanda mushure mekubatana neSL Nb2CTx MXene (Fig. 6e) yakaenzaniswa neSL Nb4C3TX MXene (Fig. 6f).Isu tinofungidzira kuti izvi zvinogona kunge zvakakonzerwa nekutora kwakasimba kweNb oxides ne microalgae pakubatana neNb2CTx SR.Kusanyanya kuomarara kusungirirwa kweNb flakes kumusoro kwavo kunogona kukonzera kukura kwesero nekushomeka kwe shading effect.
Kucherekedza kwedu kwekuchinja kwezvimiro zvechimiro uye saizi yemicroalgae inozadzisa zvimwe zvidzidzo.Green microalgae inogona kushandura morphology yavo mukupindura kushushikana kwezvakatipoteredza nekuchinja sero saizi, chimiro kana metabolism61.Semuyenzaniso, kushandura saizi yemasero kunogonesa kubatwa kwezvinovaka muviri71.Madiki masero ealgae anoratidza kuderera kwekudya kunovaka muviri uye kusakanganiswa kwekukura.Sezvineiwo, maseru akakura anowanzo shandisa zvimwe zvinovaka muviri, izvo zvinobva zvaiswa intracellularly72,73.Machado naSoares vakawana kuti fungicide triclosan inogona kuwedzera sero saizi.Vakawanawo shanduko huru muchimiro chealgae74.Mukuwedzera, Yin et al.9 yakaratidzawo morphological shanduko mualgae mushure mekutsvaga kuderedzwa graphene oxide nanocomposites.Nokudaro, zviri pachena kuti kuchinjwa kwehukuru / chimiro chemaitiro e microalgae anokonzerwa nekuvapo kweMXene.Sezvo kuchinja uku kwehukuru uye chimiro kunoratidza kuchinja kwekudya kwekudya, tinotenda kuti kuongororwa kwehukuru uye maumbirwo emaparamita nekufamba kwenguva kunogona kuratidza kutora niobium oxide ne microalgae pamberi peNb-MXenes.
Uyezve, maMXenes anogona kuve oxidized pamberi pealgae.Dalai et al.75 vakacherechedza kuti morphology yegirini algae yakaratidzwa nano-TiO2 uye Al2O376 yakanga isiri yunifomu.Kunyange zvazvo maonero edu akafanana nechidzidzo chezvino, zvinongobatsira chete pakudzidza kwemigumisiro ye bioremediation maererano neMXene degradation zvigadzirwa pamberi pe2D nanoflakes uye kwete nanoparticles.Sezvo MXenes inogona kuderera kuita metal oxides, 31,32,77,78 zvinonzwisisika kufunga kuti Nb nanoflakes yedu inogonawo kuumba Nb oxides mushure mekubatana ne microalgae masero.
Kuti titsanangure kuderedzwa kwe 2D-Nb nanoflakes kuburikidza nekuparara kwemaitiro zvichienderana neoxidation process, takaita zvidzidzo tichishandisa high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) (Fig. 7a, b) uye X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) (Fig. 7).7c-i uye matafura S4-5).Maitiro ese ari maviri akakodzera kudzidza oxidation yezvinhu zve2D uye kuzadzisana.HRTEM inokwanisa kuongorora kushatiswa kwemaviri-dimensional akaturikidzana zvimiro uye kunotevera kutaridzika kwesimbi oxide nanoparticles, nepo XPS inonzwa kune pamusoro pezvisungo.Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, takaedza 2D Nb-MXene nanoflakes yakatorwa kubva ku microalgae cell dispersions, kureva, chimiro chavo mushure mekubatana nemasero e microalgae (ona Fig. 7).
HRTEM mifananidzo inoratidza morphology ye oxidized (a) SL Nb2CTx uye (b) SL Nb4C3Tx MXenes, XPS yekuongorora mhinduro inoratidza (c) kuumbwa kwezvigadzirwa zve oxide mushure mekuderedzwa, (d-f) peak kufananidzwa kwezvikamu zve XPS spectra yeSL Nb2CTx uye (g- iT) yakasvibirira yeNb4Ced Nb4Ce.
HRTEM zvidzidzo zvakasimbisa oxidation yemhando mbiri dzeNb-MXene nanoflakes.Kunyange zvazvo nanoflakes dzakachengetedza maitiro avo maviri-dimensional morphology kune imwe nzvimbo, oxidation yakaguma nekuonekwa kwemanoparticles akawanda akavhara pamusoro peMXene nanoflakes (ona Fig. 7a, b).XPS kuongororwa kweC Nb 3d uye O 1s zviratidzo zvakaratidza kuti Nb oxides yakaumbwa mune zvose zviri zviviri.Sezvinoratidzwa muFigure 7c, 2D MXene Nb2CTx uye Nb4C3TX vane Nb 3d zviratidzo zvinoratidza kuvapo kweNbO neNb2O5 oxides, nepo O 1s zviratidzo zvinoratidza nhamba yeO-Nb zvisungo zvine chokuita nekushanda kwe2D nanoflake pamusoro.Isu takaona kuti iyo Nb oxide mupiro ndiyo yakanyanya kuenzaniswa neNb-C uye Nb3+-O.
Pamusoro pemuonde.Mifananidzo 7g-i inoratidza XPS spectra yeNb 3d, C 1s, uye O 1s SL Nb2CTx (ona Figs. 7d-f) uye SL Nb4C3TX MXene yakaparadzaniswa kubva kumasero e microalgae.Details of Nb-MXenes peak parameters inopihwa muTables S4-5, zvichiteerana.Takatanga kuongorora kuumbwa kweNb 3d.Kusiyana neNb yakabatwa nemasero e-microalgae, muMXene yakaparadzaniswa nemasero e-microalgae, kunze kweNb2O5, zvimwe zvikamu zvakawanikwa.MuNb2CTx SL, takaona mupiro weNb3 + -O muhuwandu hwe15%, asi iyo yose yeNb 3d spectrum yaitungamirirwa neNb2O5 (85%).Mukuwedzera, iyo SL Nb4C3TX sampuli ine Nb-C (9%) uye Nb2O5 (91%) zvikamu.Pano Nb-C inobva kuzvikamu zviviri zvemukati zveatomu zvesimbi carbide muNb4C3Tx SR.Isu tinobva tamepu iyo C 1s spectra kune zvina zvakasiyana zvikamu, sezvatakaita mumasampuli emukati.Sezvinotarisirwa, iyo C 1s spectrum inotongwa negraphic kabhoni, inoteverwa nemipiro kubva kune organic particles (CHx/CO uye C=O) kubva ku microalgae masero.Pamusoro pezvo, muO 1s spectrum, takaona mupiro weiyo organic mafomu emicroalgae masero, niobium oxide, uye adsorbed mvura.
Mukuwedzera, takaongorora kana Nb-MXenes cleavage yakabatana nekuvapo kweiyo reactive oxygen marudzi (ROS) muhutano hwepakati uye / kana microalgae masero.Kuti izvi zviitike, takaongorora mazinga e singlet oxygen (1O2) mutsika yepakati uye intracellular glutathione, thiol inoshanda se antioxidant mu microalgae.Mibairo inoratidzwa muSI (Figures S20 uye S21).Tsika dzine SL Nb2CTx uye Nb4C3TX MXenes dzakaratidzwa nehuwandu hwakaderedzwa hwe1O2 (ona Mufananidzo S20).Panyaya yeSL Nb2CTx, MXene 1O2 yakaderedzwa kusvika pa83%.Kune microalgae tsika dzinoshandisa SL, Nb4C3TX 1O2 yakadzikira zvakanyanya, kusvika 73%.Zvinofadza kuti kuchinja kwe1O2 kwakaratidza maitiro akafanana neakamboonekwa inhibitory-stimulatory effect (ona Fig. 3).Zvinogona kukakavara kuti incubation muchiedza chakajeka inogona kushandura photooxidation.Zvisinei, migumisiro yekuongorora kwekutonga yakaratidza inenge nguva dzose mazinga e1O2 panguva yekuedza (Fig. S22).Panyaya ye intracellular ROS mazinga, takaonawo zvakafanana kuderera maitiro (ona Mufananidzo S21).Pakutanga, mazinga eROS mumasero e-microalgae akagadzirwa pamberi peNb2CTx uye Nb4C3Tx SLs akadarika mazinga anowanikwa mutsika dzakachena dze microalgae.Pakupedzisira, zvisinei, zvakaonekwa kuti microalgae yakagadziriswa kuvapo kweNb-MXenes, sezvo mazinga eROS akaderera kusvika ku85% uye 91% yemazinga akayerwa mutsika dzakachena dze microalgae inoculated neSL Nb2CTx uye Nb4C3TX, maererano.Izvi zvinogona kuratidza kuti microalgae inonzwa yakasununguka nekufamba kwenguva muhupo hweNb-MXene pane mune zvinovaka muviri chete.
Microalgae iboka rakasiyana-siyana rezvipenyu zvephotosynthetic.Munguva yephotosynthesis, vanoshandura mumhepo carbon dioxide (CO2) kuita organic carbon.Zvigadzirwa zvephotosynthesis iglucose uye oxygen79.Isu tinofungidzira kuti iyo okisijeni yakaumbwa inobata basa rakakosha muiyo oxidation yeNb-MXenes.Imwe tsananguro inogoneka yeiyi ndeyekuti kusiyanisa aeration parameter inoumbwa pane yakaderera uye yakakwirira chikamu kumanikidzwa kweokisijeni kunze uye mukati meNb-MXene nanoflakes.Izvi zvinoreva kuti chero kupi kune nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzemaokisijeni, nzvimbo ine yakaderera yepamusoro ichaita anode 80, 81, 82. Pano, microalgae inobatsira pakusikwa kwemasero akasiyana-siyana ari pamusoro peMXene flakes, iyo inobudisa okisijeni nekuda kwemaitiro avo e photosynthetic.Somugumisiro, zvigadzirwa zvebiocorrosion (munyaya iyi, niobium oxides) inoumbwa.Chimwe chinhu ndechekuti microalgae inogona kugadzira organic acids inoburitswa mumvura83,84.Naizvozvo, nzvimbo ine hutsinye inoumbwa, nokudaro ichichinja iyo Nb-MXenes.Mukuwedzera, microalgae inogona kushandura pH yezvakatipoteredza kuita alkaline nekuda kwekutorwa kwecarbon dioxide, iyo inogona kukonzera corrosion79.
Kunyanya kukosha, iyo yakasviba / mwenje mafotoperiod inoshandiswa muchidzidzo chedu yakakosha kuti tinzwisise zvawanikwa.Ichi chikamu chinotsanangurwa zvakadzama muDjemai-Zoghlache et al.85 Vakashandisa nemaune 12/12 hour photoperiod kuratidza biocorrosion yakabatana ne biofouling ne red microalgae Porphyridium purpureum.Vanoratidza kuti photoperiod inobatanidzwa nekushanduka kwezvinogona pasina biocorrosion, ichizviratidza sepseudoperiodic oscillations inenge 24:00.Izvi zvakaonekwa zvakasimbiswa naDowling et al.86 Vakaratidza photosynthetic biofilms yecyanobacteria Anabaena.Okisijeni yakanyungudutswa inoumbwa pasi pechiito chechiedza, icho chinosanganiswa nekuchinja kana kushanduka kwemahara biocorrosion kugona.Kukosha kwephotoperiod kunosimbiswa nenyaya yekuti mukana wemahara webiocorrosion unowedzera muchikamu chechiedza uye unoderera muchikamu cherima.Izvi zvinokonzerwa neokisijeni inogadzirwa nephotosynthetic microalgae, iyo inokonzera cathodic reaction kuburikidza nechikamu chekumanikidzwa chinogadzirwa pedyo ne electrodes87.
Pamusoro pezvo, Fourier anoshandura infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) yakaitwa kuti ione kana paine shanduko yakaitika mukemikari yema cellalgae maseru mushure mekudyidzana neNb-MXenes.Izvi zvakawanikwa zvawanikwa zvakaoma uye tinozvipa muSI (Figures S23-S25, kusanganisira mhedzisiro yeMAX nhanho uye ML MXenes).Muchidimbu, iyo yakawanikwa referensi spectra ye microalgae inotipa ruzivo rwakakosha nezve makemikari maitiro ezvipenyu izvi.Izvi zvinonyanya kuitika mavibrations anowanikwa pamafrequency e1060 cm-1 (CO), 1540 cm-1, 1640 cm-1 (C=C), 1730 cm-1 (C=O), 2850 cm-1, 2920 cm-1.Poshi.1 1 (C–H) uye 3280 cm–1 (O–H).Kune SL Nb-MXenes, takawana CH-bond inotambanudza siginicha inoenderana nekudzidza kwedu kwekare38.Nekudaro, isu takaona kuti mamwe ekuwedzera epamusoro ane chekuita neC = C uye CH zvisungo zvakanyangarika.Izvi zvinoratidza kuti kuumbwa kwemakemikari e microalgae kunogona kuchinja zvishoma nekuda kwekubatana neSL Nb-MXenes.
Kana uchifunga nezve shanduko dzinogona kuitika mubiochemistry yemicroalgae, kuunganidzwa kweinorganic oxides, senge niobium oxide, inoda kutariswa zvakare59.Inobatanidzwa mukutorwa kwesimbi nepamusoro pesero, kutakura kwavo kupinda mu cytoplasm, kushamwaridzana kwavo nemapoka e-intracellular carboxyl, uye kuunganidza kwavo mu microalgae polyphosphosomes20,88,89,90.Mukuwedzera, hukama huri pakati pe microalgae nesimbi hunochengetwa nemapoka anoshanda emasero.Nechikonzero ichi, kunyura kunoenderanawo neiyo microalgae pamusoro chemistry, iyo yakaoma kunzwisisa9,91.Kazhinji, sezvaitarisirwa, kemikari yegirini microalgae yakachinja zvishoma nekuda kwekutorwa kweNb oxide.
Sezvineiwo, iyo yakaonekwa yekutanga inhibition ye microalgae yakadzoserwa nekufamba kwenguva.Sezvatakaona, iyo microalgae yakakunda shanduko yekutanga yezvakatipoteredza uye pakupedzisira yakadzokera kumazinga ekukura akajairika uye yakatowedzera.Zvidzidzo zve zeta zvinogona kuratidza kugadzikana kwepamusoro painounzwa mune zvinovaka muviri media.Nokudaro, kushamwaridzana kwepamusoro pakati pemasero e microalgae neNb-MXene nanoflakes kwakachengetwa mukati mekuedza kwekuderedza.Mukuenderera mberi kwedu kuongorora, tinopfupikisa nzira huru dzekuita dziri pasi peiyi hunhu hunoshamisa hwe microalgae.
Kuongorora kweSEM kwakaratidza kuti microalgae inowanzobatana neNb-MXenes.Tichishandisa kushandura kwechifananidzo chekushandura, tinosimbisa kuti izvi zvinotungamirira kuchinjwa kwemaviri-dimensional Nb-MXene nanoflakes muzvikamu zvakawanda zvakatenderera, zvichiratidza kuti kuparara kwe nanoflakes kunobatanidza neoxidation yavo.Kuti tiedze fungidziro yedu, takaita akatevedzana ezvinyorwa uye biochemical zvidzidzo.Mushure mekuedza, nanoflakes zvishoma nezvishoma yakasvibiswa uye yakaora muNbO uye Nb2O5 zvigadzirwa, izvo zvisina kutyisidzira kune green microalgae.Tichishandisa FTIR kutarisa, hatina kuwana shanduko yakakosha mumakemikari e microalgae akaiswa pamberi pe2D Nb-MXene nanoflakes.Tichifunga nezve mukana wekutorwa kwe niobium oxide ne microalgae, takaita X-ray fluorescence ongororo.Mhedzisiro iyi inoratidza zvakajeka kuti iyo yakadzidzwa microalgae inodya pane niobium oxides (NbO uye Nb2O5), iyo isiri-chepfu kune yakadzidzwa microalgae.