Tuubooyinka birta ah ayaa loo kala qaybin karaa tuubooyinka birta ah iyo kuwa aan birta ahayn. Tuubooyinka birta ayaa loo sii kala qaybiyaa noocyo kala duwan oo bir ah iyo kuwo aan bir ahayn. sidoo kale tuubooyinka naxaasta ah, waa tuubooyinka caaga ah, tuubooyinka shubka ah, tuubooyinka caagga ah, tuubooyinka dhalada, tuubooyinka shubka ah iyo tuubooyinka kale ee gaarka ah ee loo isticmaali karo ujeedooyin gaar ah ayaa lagu magacaabaa tuubooyinka birta ah ee aan birta ahayn.Tuubooyinka birta kaarboon ayaa si aad ah loo isticmaalaa. Heerarka ASTM iyo ASME waxay xukumaan noocyo kala duwan oo tuubooyinka iyo alaabta tuubooyinka loo isticmaalo warshadaha habka.
Birta kaarboonku waa birta ugu badan ee loo isticmaalo warshadaha, taas oo ka dhigan in ka badan 90% wadarta wax soo saarka birta. Iyada oo ku saleysan nuxurka kaarboon, birta kaarboon waxa loo sii kala qaybiyaa saddex qaybood:
In birta alloyed, saamiga kala duwan ee walxaha alloying waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loo gaaro la doonayo (horumaray) guryaha sida weldability, ductility, machinability, xoog, adkeysi iyo iska caabin daxalka, iwm.
Biraha birta ah waa bir bir ah oo leh maaddo chromium ah oo ah 10.5% (ugu yaraan) birta birta ah waxay muujinaysaa iska caabin aan caadi ahayn oo aan caadi ahayn sababtoo ah samaynta lakabka Cr2O3 aad u khafiifsan oo dusha sare ah. Birta aan la taaban karin waxa kale oo ku jira xaddi kala duwan oo kaarboon, silicon iyo manganese
Marka lagu daro darajooyinka sare, qaar ka mid ah darajooyinka horumarsan (ama darajooyinka gaarka ah) birta aan-lahayn ee sidoo kale loo isticmaalo warshadaha waa:
Qalabka birta ah waxay leeyihiin kaarboon sare (0.5% ilaa 1.5%).Kaarboonka kaarboonka sarreeya wuxuu bixiyaa adkaanta iyo xoogga sare. Birtan waxaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa in lagu sameeyo qalabka iyo caaryada.
Tuubooyinkan ayaa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa warshadaha geeddi-socodka. ASTM iyo ASME naqshadeynta tuubooyinka ayaa u muuqda kuwo kala duwan, laakiin darajooyinka alaabtu waa isku mid. Tusaale:
Halabuurka walxaha iyo guryaha ASME iyo ASTM codes waa isku mid marka laga reebo magaca.Xoogga xajinta ee ASTM A 106 Gr A waa 330 Mpa, ASTM A 106 Gr B waa 415 Mpa, iyo ASTM A 106 Gr C waa 485 Mpa. Inta badan la isticmaalo tube steel kaarboon waa ASTM A 3.6re Mpa, ASTM A 53 (Hot Dip Galvanized or Line Pipe), kaas oo sidoo kale ah darajada si weyn loo isticmaalo tuubada birta kaarboon ee tuubada.
ASTM A 53 Dhuumaha waxa loo qaybiyaa saddex nooc - Nooca E (RW - Resistance Welded), Nooca F (Furnace and Butt Welded), Nooca S (Seamless) nooca E, labadaba ASTM A 53 Gr A iyo ASTM A 53 Gr B waa la heli karaa. xoogga ASTM A 53 Gr Tuubooyinku waxay la mid yihiin ASTM A 106 Gr A at 330 Mpa. Awoodda adkaysiga ee ASTM A 53 Gr B tuubada waxay la mid tahay ASTM A 106 Gr B at 415 Mpa. Tani waxay dabooshaa tuubooyinka darajada kaarboon ee si weyn loogu isticmaalo warshadaha habka.
Tuubooyinka ugu badan ee loo isticmaalo warshadaha wax soo saarka waxaa loo yaqaan austenitic ahama steels.The sifo lagama maarmaanka ah ee birta austenitic waa in ay tahay non-magnetic ama paramagnetic.Saddex caddaymaha muhiimka ah ee biraha austenitic ahama waa:
Waxaa jira 18 darajooyin qeexan, kuwaas oo 304 L ka mid ah inta badan la isticmaalo. Qaybta caanka ah waa 316 L sababtoo ah caabbinta daxalka sare.ASTM A 312 (ASME SA 312) ee tuubooyinka 8 inches ama ka yar dhexroor. The "L" oo ay la socdaan darajada waxay muujinaysaa in ay leedahay content carbon hoose, taas oo hagaajinaysa heerka weld.
Tilmaamahani waxa uu khuseeyaa dhuumaha dhexroorka waaweyn ee alxanka leh.
Weldability of Austenitic ahama Biraha - Austenitic ahama biraha leeyihiin ballaadhinta kulaylka ka sarreeya ferritic ama martensitic ahama steels.Due si ay coefficient sare ee ballaarinta kulaylka iyo conductivity hoose ee austenitic ahama, deformation ama warpage dhici kartaa inta lagu guda jiro alxanka. Nidaamyada ding. alxanka arc submerged (SAW) laguma talinayo marka si buuxda austenitic ahama ama alxanka content ferrite hoose loo baahan yahay.Shaxda (Lifaaqa-1) waa hage loogu talagalay doorashada silig filler ku habboon ama electrode ku salaysan alaabta aasaasiga ah (for austenitic ahama steels).
Tuubada Chromium molybdenum waxay ku habboon tahay khadadka adeegga heerkulka sare sababtoo ah xoogga korantada ee tubbada chrome molybdenum ayaa weli ah mid aan isbeddelin inta lagu jiro heerkulka sare. Tuubbadu waxay ka heleysaa codsiga dhirta korontada, kuleyliyeyaasha, iyo wixii la mid ah.Tuubada waa ASTM A 335 dhowr fasal:
Tuubooyinka birta ah waxaa loo isticmaalaa dab-damiska, shubanka, bulaacadaha, hawl culus (waajibaad culus) - tuubooyinka dhulka hoostiisa iyo adeegyada kale. Darajooyinka tuubooyinka birta ah waa:
Tuubooyinka birta ah ayaa loo isticmaalaa tuubooyinka dhulka hoostiisa ee adeegyada dabka. Tuubooyinka Dürr way adag yihiin sababtoo ah joogitaanka silikon. Tuubooyinkan waxaa loo isticmaalaa adeegga aashitada ganacsiga, maaddaama darajadu ay muujinayso caabbinta aashitada ganacsiga, iyo daaweynta biyaha ee soo saarta qashinka aashitada.
Nirmal Surendran Menon waxa uu ka qaatay Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering ka Anna University, Tamil Nadu, India in 2005 iyo Master of Science in Project Management of the National University of Singapore in 2010.He is in the oil/gas/petrochemical industry.He is in the oil/gas/petrochemical industry.He is in the field engineer on an LNG liquefaction project in southwest Louisiana
Ashish waxa uu haystaa shahaadada koowaad ee jaamacadda ee injineernimada waxana uu leeyahay in ka badan 20 sano oo ku lug lahaanshaha ballaadhan ee injineernimada, hubinta tayada/xakamaynta tayada, shahaadadda alaab-qeybiyaha/kormeerka, soo iibsiga, qorshaynta khayraadka kormeerka, alxanka, samaynta, dhismaha iyo qandaraas-hoosaadka.
Hawlaha saliidda iyo gaaska waxay inta badan ku yaalaan meelo fogfog oo ka fog xarumaha shirkadaha. Hadda, waxaa suurtogal ah in la kormeero hawlgalka bamka, abaabulo iyo falanqaynta xogta seismic, iyo la socoshada shaqaalaha aduunka oo dhan meel kasta. Haddii shaqaaluhu ay joogaan xafiiska ama ka fog yihiin, internetka iyo codsiyada la xidhiidha waxay awood u siinayaan socodka macluumaadka jihooyinka badan iyo xakamaynta weligeed ka hor.
Ku biir OILMAN Maanta, warside labadii toddobaadba mar la soo diro sanduuqaaga wax kasta oo aad uga baahan tahay inaad ka ogaato wararka ganacsiga saliidda iyo gaaska, dhacdooyinka hadda taagan iyo macluumaadka warshadaha.