Waad ku mahadsan tahay booqashada Nature.com.Nooca browserka aad isticmaalayso waxa uu leeyahay taageerada CSS oo xadidan.Waayo-aragnimada ugu fiican, waxaan kugula talineynaa inaad isticmaasho browser-ka la cusboonaysiiyay (ama aad damiso Habka Laqabsiga ee Internet Explorer).Dhanka kale, si loo xaqiijiyo taageerada joogtada ah, waxaan ka dhigi doonaa goobta iyada oo aan lahayn qaabab iyo JavaScript.
Carousel tusinaya saddex bog oo isku mar ah.Isticmaal badhamada hore iyo kan ku xiga si aad ugu gudubto saddex sawir markiiba, ama isticmaal badhamada slider-ka ee dhamaadka si aad ugu gudubto saddex sawir markiiba.
Qiimaha aadka u sarreeya ee dhammaan-vanadium socodka baytariyada redox-ka ah (VRFBs) ayaa xaddidaya isticmaalkooda baahsan.Hagaajinta dhaqdhaqaaqa falcelinta elektiroonigga ah ayaa loo baahan yahay si loo kordhiyo awoodda gaarka ah iyo waxtarka tamarta ee VRFB, si loo yareeyo qiimaha kWh ee VRFB.Shaqadan, hydrothermally synthesized hydrated tungsten oxide (HWO) nanoparticles, C76 iyo C76 / HWO, ayaa lagu shubay korantada marada kaarboonka waxaana lagu tijaabiyay sida korantada falcelinta VO2 +/VO2+.Sawirka qiiqa hawada ee mikroskoobyada elektaroonigga ah (FESEM), tamarta kala firdhisa raajada spectroscopy (EDX), mikroskoobyada elektaroonigga ee xallinta sare leh (HR-TEM), kala-duwanaanta raajada (XRD), raajada sawir-qaadista sawir-qaadista (XPS), infrared Fourier transform Spectroscopy (FTIR) iyo cabbirada xagasha xiriirka.Waxaa la ogaaday in ku darida C76 fullerenes ee HWO ay hagaajin karto kinetics-ka elektaroonigga ah iyadoo la kordhinayo korantada korantada iyo bixinta kooxo shaqeynaya oo oksaydh ah oo korkeeda ah, taas oo kor u qaadeysa falcelinta VO2 +/VO2 +.Isku-dhafka HWO/C76 (50 wt% C76) ayaa cadeeyay inuu yahay doorashada ugu fiican ee falcelinta VO2 +/VO2+ ee leh ΔEp ee 176 mV, halka marada kaarboonka ee aan la daawayn (UCC) ay ahayd 365 mV.Intaa waxaa dheer, isku-dhafka HWO / C76 wuxuu muujiyay saameyn weyn oo xannibaad ah oo ku saabsan falcelinta koloriinta koloriinta ee dulin sababtoo ah kooxda shaqada ee W-OH.
Dhaqdhaqaaqa ba'an ee bini'aadamka iyo kacaanka warshadaha ee degdega ah ayaa horseeday baahida koronto oo aan la joojin karin, taasoo kordheysa ilaa 3% sannadkii1.Tobannaan sano, isticmaalka baahsan ee shidaalka fosil ee ilaha tamarta ayaa horseeday qiiqa gaaska aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo taas oo gacan ka geysta kulaylka caalamiga ah, biyaha iyo wasakhowga hawada, khatarna ku ah dhammaan nidaamyada deegaanka.Natiijo ahaan, gelitaanka dabaysha nadiifka ah ee la cusboonaysiin karo iyo tamarta qoraxda ayaa la filayaa inay gaadho 75% wadarta korontada sanadka 20501. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, marka saamiga korontada laga helo ilo dib loo cusboonaysiin karo uu ka sarreeyo 20% wadarta guud ee korontadu, xadhkaha ayaa noqda mid aan degganayn.
Dhammaan nidaamyada kaydinta tamarta sida hybrid vanadium redox flow batteriga2, all-vanadium redox batteriga (VRFB) ayaa u horumariyay sida ugu dhakhsaha badan sababtoo ah faa'iidooyinkeeda badan waxaana loo tixgeliyaa xalka ugu fiican ee kaydinta tamarta muddada dheer (qiyaastii 30 sano).) Ikhtiyaarada ay ku jiraan tamarta dib loo cusboonaysiin karo4.Tan waxa u sabab ah kala soocida cufnaanta tamarta iyo tamarta, jawaab celinta degdega ah, nolosha adeeg dheer, iyo kharashka sanadlaha ah oo aad u hooseeya oo ah $65/kWh marka la barbar dhigo $93-140/kWh ee baytariyada Li-ion iyo acid-ashitada iyo 279-420 US dollars per kWh.bateriga siday u kala horreeyaan 4.
Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ganacsigeyntooda baaxada leh ayaa wali waxaa xanibay kharashkooda nidaamka raasumaalka ah oo aad u sarreeya, taasoo ay ugu wacan tahay xirmooyinka unugyada4,5.Markaa, hagaajinta waxqabadka xidhmooyinkeeda iyadoo la kordhinayo dhaqdhaqaaqa labada fal-celis ee nuska ah waxay yarayn kartaa cabbirka kaydka oo sidaas awgeed hoos u dhigi karta qiimaha.Sidaa darteed, wareejinta degdega ah ee elektarooniga ah ee dusha elektiroonigga ah waa lagama maarmaan, taas oo ku xidhan naqshadeynta, halabuurka iyo qaab-dhismeedka korantada waxayna u baahan tahay taxadir taxaddar leh6.Inkasta oo xasiloonida kiimikada iyo korantada ee wanaagsan iyo korantada wanaagsan ee korantada kaarboonka, kinetics-kooda aan la daweyn ayaa caajis ah sababtoo ah maqnaanshaha kooxaha shaqada oksijiinta iyo hydrophilicity7,8.Sidaa darteed, electrocatalysts kala duwan ayaa lagu daraa koronto-ku-saleysan kaarboon, gaar ahaan kaarboon nanostructures iyo oxides birta, si loo hagaajiyo kinetics ee labada electrodes, sidaas darteed kordhinta kinetics ee electrode VRFB.
Marka lagu daro shaqadeena hore ee C76, waxaanu marka hore soo sheegnay waxqabadka ugu fiican ee korantada ee fullerene ee VO2 +/VO2 +, wareejinta kharashka, marka la barbardhigo kulaylka-la daaweeyay iyo marada kaarboonka.Iska caabintu waa la dhimay 99.5% iyo 97%.Waxqabadka catalytic ee walxaha kaarboonka ee falcelinta VO2+/VO2+ marka la barbar dhigo C76 ayaa lagu muujiyay shaxda S1.Dhanka kale, oksaydhyo badan oo bir ah sida CeO225, ZrO226, MoO327, NiO28, SnO229, Cr2O330 iyo WO331, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37 ayaa loo isticmaalay sababtoo ah qoyaankooda oo kordhay iyo shaqeynta oksijiinta badan., 38. kooxda.Dhaqdhaqaaqa catalytic ee oksaydhyada birta ah ee falcelinta VO2+/VO2+ ayaa lagu soo bandhigay shaxda S2.WO3 waxaa loo adeegsaday tiro shaqo oo aad u tiro badan iyadoo ay ugu wacan tahay qiimo jaban, xasiloonida sare ee warbaahinta acidic, iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa sare ee catalytic31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38.Si kastaba ha noqotee, horumarinta kinetics cathodic sababtoo ah WO3 waa mid aan muhiim ahayn.Si loo hagaajiyo dhaqdhaqaaqa WO3, saamaynta isticmaalka tungsten oxide (W18O49) ee hoos u dhaca dhaqdhaqaaqa cathodic ayaa la tijaabiyay38.Oksijiinta tungsten-ka ah (HWO) waligiis laguma tijaabin codsiyada VRFB, in kasta oo ay muujiso firfircoonida korodhka ah ee codsiyada awoodda sare leh sababtoo ah faafinta degdega ah ee cation marka la barbar dhigo anhydrous WOx39,40.Jiilka seddexaad ee vanadium redox batteriga wuxuu isticmaalaa korantada aashitada isku dhafan ee ka kooban HCl iyo H2SO4 si loo wanaajiyo waxqabadka batteriga loona wanaajiyo milanka iyo xasilloonida ions vanadium ee elektrolytka.Si kastaba ha ahaatee, falcelinta koloriinta koloriintu waxay noqotay mid ka mid ah khasaarooyinka jiilka saddexaad, markaa raadinta siyaabaha lagu joojinayo falcelinta qiimaynta koloriinta waxay noqotay diiradda kooxo cilmi-baaris ah oo dhowr ah.
Halkan, tijaabooyinka falcelinta VO2 +/VO2+ ayaa lagu sameeyay isku-dhafka HWO/C76 ee lagu shubay electrodes-ka marada kaarboon si loo helo isku dheelitirnaanta udhaxeysa korantada korantada ee isku-dhafka iyo redox kinetics ee dusha elektiroonigga iyadoo la xakameynayo kobcinta koloriinta.jawaab celinta (CER).Nanoparticles tungsten oxide (HWO) ayaa lagu soo saaray hab fudud oo biyo-dhaliye ah.Tijaabooyin ayaa lagu sameeyay electrolyte acid isku-dhafan (H2SO4/HCl) si loogu ekaado jiilka saddexaad ee VRFB (G3) ee la taaban karo iyo in la baaro saameynta HWO ee falcelinta koloriinta koloriinta.
Vanadium (IV) sulfate hydrate (VOSO4, 99.9%, Alfa-Aeser), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), hydrochloric acid (HCl), dimethylformamide (DMF, Sigma-Aldrich), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF, Sigma) -Aldrich), sodium Tungsten oxide 92% hydroxide, sodium Tungsten 92 maro ELAT (Bakhaarka unugyada shidaalka) ayaa loo adeegsaday daraasaddan.
Tungsten oxide Hydrated (HWO) waxaa lagu diyaariyey falcelinta hydrothermal 43 kaas oo 2 g ee cusbada Na2WO4 lagu kala diray 12 ml ee H2O si loo siiyo xal aan midab lahayn, ka dibna 12 ml 2 M HCl ayaa lagu daray hoos u dhac si loo bixiyo ganaax jaale ah oo cirro leh.Soodhaha waxaa lagu riday Teflon oo dahaarka leh oo birta aan lahayn autoclave waxaana lagu hayaa foornada heerkul ah 180 ° C. 3 saacadood falcelinta hydrothermal.Hadhaaga waxaa lagu soo ururiyay sifeyn, lagu dhaqay 3 jeer ethanol iyo biyo, lagu qalajiyey foornada 70 ° C ilaa 3 saacadood, ka dibna la jarjaray si loo siiyo budada HWO buluug-cawlan.
Electrodes-ka marada kaarboonka ah ee la helay (aan la daawayn) ayaa loo isticmaalay sidii ama kulaylka lagu daaweeyay foornada tuubada 450°C ee hawo leh heerka kulaylka 15ºC/daqiiqo 10 saacadood si loo helo CCs (TCC).sida lagu sheegay maqaalkii hore24.UCC iyo TCC ayaa la gooyay korantado ku dhawaad ​​1.5 cm ballaaran iyo 7 cm dheer.Joojinta C76, HWO, HWO-10% C76, HWO-30% C76 iyo HWO-50% C76 waxaa la diyaariyey iyadoo lagu daray 20 mg2 mg ee C76, HWO iyo HWO-C76 isku dhafan ayaa si isdaba joog ah loogu dabaqay aagga korantada firfircoon ee UCC ee qiyaastii 1.5 cm2.Dhammaan kicinta ayaa lagu rakibay korantada UCC iyo TCC waxaa loo isticmaalay ujeeddooyin isbarbardhigga oo keliya, maadaama shaqadeennii hore ay muujisay in daaweynta kuleylka aan loo baahnayn24.Dejinta aragtida waxaa lagu gaadhay cadayashada 100 µl ee hakinta (load 2 mg) saamayn ka sii badan.Kadibna dhammaan electrodes-ka ayaa lagu qallajiyey foornada 60 ° C. habeenkii.Electrodes-ka waxaa loo cabbiraa horay iyo gadaal si loo hubiyo rarista kaydka saxda ah.Si loo helo aag joomatari gaar ah (~ 1.5 cm2) loogana hortago kor u kaca vanadium electrolyte ee electrode sababtoo ah saameynta capillary, lakabka khafiifka ah ee paraffin ayaa lagu dabaqay walxaha firfircoon.
Sawirka qiiqa hawada ee mikroskoobyada elektaroonigga ah (FESEM, Zeiss SEM Ultra 60, 5 kV) ayaa loo adeegsaday si loo eego qaab-dhismeedka HWO.Shaybaarka raajo ee kala firdhiya tamarta oo ku qalabaysan Feii8SEM (EDX, Zeiss Inc.) ayaa loo isticmaalay in lagu khariideeyo walxaha HWO-50%C76 ee electrodes-ka UCC.Mikroskoob-ka gudbinta xallinta sare ee elektarooniga ah (HR-TEM, JOEL JEM-2100) oo ku shaqeynaya korantada dardargelinta ee 200 kV ayaa loo adeegsaday si loo sawiro xallinta sare ee qaybaha HWO iyo siddooyin kala duwanaansho.Qalabka Crystallography (CrysTBox) software wuxuu isticmaalaa shaqada ringGUI si uu u falanqeeyo qaabka kala duwanaanta giraanta HWO oo barbar dhigo natiijooyinka qaabka XRD.Qaab dhismeedka iyo garaafyada UCC iyo TCC waxaa lagu falanqeeyay raajada kala-duwanaanshaha (XRD) ee qiyaasta sawirka 2.4 ° / min min 5 ° ilaa 70 ° oo leh Cu Kα (λ = 1.54060 Å) iyadoo la adeegsanayo diffractometer raajada Panalytical (Model 3600).XRD waxay muujisay qaab dhismeedka crystal iyo wajiga HWO.Software-ka PANalytical X'Pert HighScore waxaa loo isticmaalay in lagu waafajiyo meelaha ugu sarreeya ee HWO iyo khariidadaha tungsten oxide ee laga heli karo database45.Natiijooyinka HWO ayaa la barbardhigay natiijooyinka TEM.Halabuurka kiimikaad iyo xaaladda shaybaarrada HWO waxaa lagu go'aamiyay raajada sawir-qaadista sawirka (XPS, ESCALAB 250Xi, ThermoScientific).Software-ka CASA-XPS (v 2.3.15) waxa loo isticmaalay deconvolution iyo falanqaynta xogta ugu sarreysa.Si loo go'aamiyo kooxaha shaqada dusha sare ee HWO iyo HWO-50% C76, cabbirada ayaa la sameeyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR, Perkin Elmer spectrometer, iyadoo la adeegsanayo KBr FTIR).Natiijooyinka waxaa la barbardhigay natiijooyinka XPS.Cabbirrada xagasha xidhiidhka (KRUSS DSA25) ayaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalay in lagu garto qoyaanka korantada.
Dhammaan cabbiraadaha korantada kiimikaad, Biologic SP 300 goobta shaqada ayaa la isticmaalay.Cyclic voltammetry (CV) iyo electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) ayaa loo isticmaalay in lagu barto kinetics electrode ee falcelinta VO2 +/VO2+ iyo saamaynta faafinta reagent (VOSO4 (VO2+)) ee heerka falcelinta.Labada habba waxay isticmaaleen unug saddex-electrode ah oo leh fiirsashada elektrolytka ee 0.1 M VOSO4 (V4+) ee 1 M H2SO4 + 1 M HCl (isku dhafka acids).Dhammaan xogta korantada kiimikada ee la soo bandhigay waa IR la saxay.Dhererka calomel-ka buuxa (SCE) iyo platinum (Pt) gariiradda ayaa loo isticmaalay tixraac ahaan iyo korantada counterde, siday u kala horreeyaan.CV-ga, heerarka iskaanka (ν) ee 5, 20, iyo 50 mV/s ayaa lagu dabaqay VO2+/VO2+ daaqada suurtagalka ah ee (0-1) V vs. SCE, ka dibna lagu hagaajiyay SHE si loo sawiro (VSCE = 0.242 V vs. HSE) .Si loo barto haynta dhaqdhaqaaqa korantada, CV-yada wareegta ah ee soo noqnoqda ayaa lagu sameeyay ν 5 mV/s ee UCC, TCC, UCC-C76, UCC-HWO, iyo UCC-HWO-50% C76.Qiyaasta EIS, inta jeer ee soo noqnoqda VO2+/VO2+ falcelinta redox waxay ahayd 0.01-105 Hz, iyo qaska korantada ee korantada wareegga furan (OCV) waxay ahayd 10 mV.Tijaabo kasta ayaa lagu soo celiyay 2-3 jeer si loo hubiyo joogtaynta natiijooyinka.Heterogeneous heerka joogtada ah (k0) waxaa lagu helay habka Nicholson46,47.
Oksijiinta tungsten (HVO) ayaa si guul leh u soo saartay habka biyo-dhaliye.Sawirka SEM ee fig.1a waxay tusinaysaa in HWO la shubay ay ka kooban tahay rucubyo nanoparticles leh oo cabbirkoodu u dhexeeyo 25-50 nm.
Habka kala-duwanaanshaha raajada ee HWO waxay muujinaysaa ugu sarreeya (001) iyo (002) at ~ 23.5 ° iyo ~ 47.5 °, siday u kala horreeyaan, kuwaas oo sifo aan stoichiometric WO2.63 (W32O84) (PDF 077-0810, a = 21.4 Å, b3γ = 777-0810) = 90°), kaas oo u dhigma midabkooda buluuga ah ee cad (Jaantus 1b) 48.49.Kuwa kale ee ugu sarreeya qiyaastii 20.5°, 27.1°, 28.1°, 30.8°, 35.7°, 36.7° iyo 52.7° ayaa loo qoondeeyay (140), (620), (350), (720), (740), (560°).) iyo (970) dayuuradaha diffraction orthogonal ilaa WO2.63, siday u kala horreeyaan.Habka synthetic ee isku midka ah ayaa loo adeegsaday Songara et al.43 si loo helo badeecad cad, taas oo loo aaneynayo joogitaanka WO3 (H2O) 0.333.Si kastaba ha ahaatee, shaqadan, xaalado kala duwan awgeed, badeecad buluug-cawlan ayaa la helay, taas oo muujinaysa in WO3 (H2O) 0.333 (PDF 087-1203, a = 7.3 Å, b = 12.5 Å, c = 7 .7 Å, α = β = γ = 90 ° ee tune oxide)Falanqaynta semiquantitative iyadoo la isticmaalayo software X'Pert HighScore ayaa muujisay 26% WO3 (H2O) 0.333: 74% W32O84.Maadaama W32O84 ay ka kooban tahay W6+ iyo W4+ (1.67:1 W6+:W4+), waxa lagu qiyaasay W6+ iyo W4+ waa qiyaastii 72% W6+ iyo 28% W4+, siday u kala horreeyaan.Sawirada SEM, 1-ilbiriqsi XPS spectra heerka nukleus, sawirada TEM, FTIR spectra, iyo Raman spectra ee qaybaha C76 ayaa lagu soo bandhigay maqaalkeena hore.Marka loo eego Kawada et al.,50,51 X-ray diffraction ee C76 ka dib markii laga saaray toluene waxay muujisay qaabdhismeedka monoclinic ee FCC.
Sawirada SEM ee fig.2a iyo b waxay muujinayaan in HWO iyo HWO-50% C76 si guul leh loogu xareeyay iyo inta u dhaxaysa fiilooyinka kaarboon ee korantada UCC.Khariidadaha curiyaha EDX ee tungsten, kaarboon, iyo ogsijiin ee sawirada SEM ee berdaha.2c waxaa lagu muujiyay fig.2d-f oo tilmaamaya in tungsten iyo kaarboon ay si siman isku qasan yihiin (muujinaya qaybinta la mid ah) dusha sare ee korantada oo dhan iyo isku-dhafka aan si isku mid ah loo dhigin sababtoo ah dabeecadda habka dhigista.
Sawirada SEM ee qaybaha HWO ee kaydsan (a) iyo qaybaha HWO-C76 (b).Khariidadda EDX ee HWO-C76 oo ku raran UCC iyadoo la isticmaalayo aagga sawirka (c) waxay muujinaysaa qaybinta tungsten (d), kaarboon (e), iyo ogsijiin (f) ee muunadda.
HR-TEM waxa loo isticmaalay sawirka waynaynta sare iyo macluumaadka crystallographic (Jaantuska 3).HWO waxay muujinaysaa qaab-dhismeedka nanocube sida ku cad sawirka 3a oo si cad u muujinaya sawirka 3b.Iyada oo la weyneynayo nanocube loogu talagalay kala-soocidda meelaha la doortay, qofku wuxuu sawiri karaa qaab-dhismeedka qashinka iyo diyaaradaha kala-baxa ee qanciya sharciga Bragg, sida ku cad sawirka 3c, kaas oo xaqiijinaya crystallinity ee walxaha.Gelitaanka Jaantuska 3c waxay muujinaysaa masaafada d 3.3 Å u dhiganta (022) iyo (620) dayuuradaha kala duwan ee laga helay wejiyada WO3(H2O) 0.333 iyo W32O84, siday u kala horreeyaan 43,44,49.Tani waxay la socotaa falanqaynta XRD ee kor lagu sharaxay (Jaantus. 1b) tan iyo fogaanta diyaaradda grating ee la arkay d (Jaantus. 3c) waxay u dhigantaa heerka ugu sarreeya XRD ee muunadda HWO.Siddooyinka tusaalaha ah ayaa sidoo kale lagu muujiyay berdaha.3d, halkaas oo giraanti kasta u dhiganto diyaarad gaar ah.Diyaaradaha WO3(H2O) 0.333 iyo W32O84 waa midabyo cad iyo buluug, siday u kala horreeyaan, heerarkooda ugu sarreeya ee XRD ayaa sidoo kale lagu muujiyey sawirka 1b.Giraanta ugu horreysa ee lagu muujiyey jaantuska giraanta waxay u dhigantaa meesha ugu sarreysa ee calaamadsan ee qaabka raajada ee (022) ama (620) diffraction.Laga soo bilaabo (022) ilaa (402), qiyamka d-spacing waa 3.30, 3.17, 2.38, 1.93, iyo 1.69 Å, oo waafaqsan qiimaha XRD ee 3.30, 3.17, 2, 45, 1.93.iyo 1.66 Å, oo la mid ah 44, 45, siday u kala horreeyaan.
(a) Sawirka HR-TEM ee HWO, (b) wuxuu muujinayaa sawir la weynaaday.Sawirada dayuuradaha grating waxa lagu muujiyay (c), inset (c) waxa ay muujinayaan sawirka la waynaaday ee diyaaradaha iyo meel 0.33 nm u dhiganta (002) iyo (620) dayuuradaha.(d) Habka giraanta HWO oo muujinaya diyaaradaha la xidhiidha WO3 (H2O) 0.333 (caddaan) iyo W32O84 (buluug).
Falanqaynta XPS ayaa la sameeyay si loo go'aamiyo kiimikada dusha sare iyo xaaladda oksaydhka ee tungsten (Jaantusyada S1 iyo 4).Baaxadda ballaadhan ee sawirka XPS ee HWO la isku daray ayaa lagu muujiyey Jaantuska S1, taasoo muujinaysa joogitaanka tungsten.Sawirka dhuuban ee XPS ee heerarka xudunta u ah W 4f iyo O1 ayaa lagu muujiyay berdihii.4a iyo b, siday u kala horreeyaan.Muuqaalka W 4f wuxuu u kala baxaa laba laablaab-orbit-orbit oo u dhiganta tamarta isku xidhka ee gobolka W oksaydheynta.iyo W 4f7/2 at 36.6 iyo 34.9 eV waa sifada W4+ gobolka 40, siday u kala horreeyaan.)0.333.Xogta ku habboon ayaa muujinaysa in boqolleyda atomigga ee W6+ iyo W4+ ay yihiin 85% iyo 15%, siday u kala horreeyaan, kuwaas oo ku dhow qiyamka lagu qiyaasay xogta XRD iyadoo la tixgelinayo faraqa u dhexeeya labada hab.Labada habba waxay bixiyaan macluumaadka tirada leh saxsanaan hoose, gaar ahaan XRD.Sidoo kale, labadan hab waxay falanqeeyaan qaybaha kala duwan ee walxaha sababtoo ah XRD waa hab badan halka XPS ay tahay habka dusha sare oo kaliya oo ku wajahan dhowr nanometer.O 1s spectrum waxa loo qaybiyaa laba heerar oo kala ah 533 (22.2%) iyo 530.4 eV (77.8%).Midka kowaad wuxuu u dhigmaa OH, ka labaadna xidhidhiyaha ogsijiinta ee xabagta WO.Joogitaanka kooxaha shaqada OH waxay la socotaa sifooyinka fuuq-celinta ee HWO.
Falanqaynta FTIR ayaa sidoo kale lagu sameeyay labadan muunado si loo baaro joogitaanka kooxaha shaqada iyo isku-dubbaridka molecules biyaha ee qaab-dhismeedka HWO ee fuuqbaxay.Natiijooyinku waxay muujinayaan in HWO-50% C76 muunad iyo FT-IR HWO ay u muuqdaan kuwo isku mid ah sababtoo ah joogitaanka HWO, laakiin xoojinta ugu sarreysa ayaa ka duwan sababtoo ah qadarka kala duwan ee saamiga loo isticmaalo diyaarinta falanqaynta (Jaantus 5a).) HWO-50% C76 waxay muujinaysaa in dhammaan meelaha ugu sarreeya, marka laga reebo ugu sarreeya ee tungsten oxide, ay la xiriiraan fullerene 24. Faahfaahin ku saabsan berdaha.5a waxay muujineysaa in labada muunadba ay muujinayaan koox aad u xoog badan oo ah ~ 710 / cm oo loo aaneynayo OWO fidinta oscillations ee qaab dhismeedka HWO, oo leh garab adag ~ 840 / cm oo loo aaneynayo WO.Fidinta gariirrada, xadhig fiiqan oo qiyaastii ah 1610/cm ayaa loo aaneynayaa qalooca gariirrada OH, halka band nuugista ballaaran oo qiyaastii ah 3400/cm loo nisbeeyo fidinta gariirka OH ee kooxaha hydroxyl43.Natiijooyinkani waxay la socdaan spectra XPS ee berdihii.4b, halkaasoo kooxaha WO ay ku siin karaan goobo firfircoon falcelinta VO2+/VO2+.
Falanqaynta FTIR ee HWO iyo HWO-50% C76 (a), kooxo shaqeynaya oo tilmaamaya iyo cabbirada xagasha xidhiidhka (b, c).
Kooxda OH waxay sidoo kale kicin kartaa falcelinta VO2+/VO2+, iyadoo kordhinaysa hydrophilicity ee korantada, taas oo kor u qaadeysa heerka faafinta iyo wareejinta elektaroonigga ah.Sida la muujiyey, muunadda HWO-50% C76 waxay muujinaysaa ugu sarreeya ee C76.Meelaha ugu sarreeya ee ~ 2905, 2375, 1705, 1607, iyo 1445 cm3 waxaa lagu meelayn karaa CH, O=C=O, C=O, C=C,iyo CO, siday u kala horreeyaan.Waxaa si fiican loo og yahay in kooxaha shaqada oksijiinta C = O iyo CO ay u adeegi karaan sidii xarumo firfircoon oo loogu talagalay falcelinta redox ee vanadium.Si loo tijaabiyo loona barbar dhigo qoyaanka labada korantada, cabbirada xagasha xidhiidhka ayaa la qaaday sida ku cad sawirka 5b,c.Electrode-ka HWO isla markiiba wuxuu nuugay dhibco biyo ah, taasoo muujinaysa superhydrophilicity sababtoo ah kooxaha shaqeeya ee OH ee la heli karo.HWO-50% C76 waa hydrophobic ka badan, oo leh xagal xiriir ah oo ku saabsan 135 ° 10 ilbiriqsi ka dib.Si kastaba ha ahaatee, marka la eego cabbirada korantada, HWO-50% C76 electrode waxay si buuxda u qoysay wax ka yar hal daqiiqo.Cabbirrada qoynta ayaa la socda natiijooyinka XPS iyo FTIR, taas oo muujinaysa in kooxo badan oo OH ah oo ku yaal dusha HWO ay ka dhigayaan mid aad u badan.
Dareen-celinta VO2 +/VO2 + ee HWO iyo HWO-C76 nanocomposites ayaa la tijaabiyay waxaana la filayay in HWO ay xakameyn doonto koloriinta koloriin ee falcelinta VO2 +/ VO2 + ee acid isku dhafan, iyo C76 waxay sii kordhin doontaa falcelinta VO2 +/VO2+ ee la rabo.%, 30%, iyo 50% C76 ee hakinta HWO iyo CCC oo lagu shubay korantada oo wadata wadarta guud ee ku saabsan 2 mg/cm2.
Sida ku cad fig.6, Kinetics-ka falcelinta VO2 +/VO2+ ee dusha sare ee korantada waxaa lagu baadhay CV-ga oo ku jira korantada acidic isku dhafan.Dhaqdhaqaaqyada waxaa lagu muujiyay sida I/Ipa si fudud loo barbardhigo ΔEp iyo Ipa/Ipc ee kicinta kala duwan si toos ah garaafka.Xogta unugga aagga hadda waxa lagu muujiyey Jaantuska 2S.On berde.Jaantus 6a waxay muujinaysaa in HWO ay wax yar kordhiso heerka wareejinta elektaroonigga ah ee VO2 +/VO2+ falcelinta redox ee dusha elektiroonigga ah waxayna xakameysaa falcelinta koloriinta koloriinta.Si kastaba ha noqotee, C76 waxay si weyn u kordhisaa heerka wareejinta elektaroonigga waxayna kicisaa falcelinta koloriinta.Sidaa darteed, isku-dhafka saxda ah ee HWO iyo C76 ayaa la filayaa inay yeeshaan waxqabadka ugu fiican iyo awoodda ugu weyn ee lagu joojinayo falcelinta korriinka korriinka.Waxaa la ogaaday in ka dib markii la kordhiyo nuxurka C76, dhaqdhaqaaqa korantada ee korantada ayaa wanaajiyay, taas oo caddaynaysa hoos u dhaca ΔEp iyo korodhka saamiga Ipa / Ipc (Shaxda S3).Tan waxaa sidoo kale lagu xaqiijiyay qiyamka RCT ee laga soo saaray goobta Nyquist ee Jaantuska 6d (Shaxda S3), kuwaas oo la ogaaday inay hoos u dhigeen korodhka C76.Natiijooyinkani waxay sidoo kale la socdaan daraasadda Li, taas oo ku darista kaarboonka mesoporous ee mesoporous WO3 ay muujisay kor u kaca dhaqdhaqaaqa wareejinta kharashka ee VO2+/VO2+35.Tani waxay muujinaysaa in falcelinta tooska ah ay ku xiran tahay wax badan oo ku saabsan korantada korantada (C = C bond) 18, 24, 35, 36, 37. Tani waxay sidoo kale laga yaabaa inay sabab u tahay isbeddelka joomatari isku-duwidda ee u dhexeeya [VO (H2O) 5] 2+ iyo [VO2 (H2O) 4]+, C76 waxay yaraynaysaa falcelinta falcelinta iyadoo la yareynayo tamarta unugyada.Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tani waxaa laga yaabaa inaanay suurtogal ahayn qalabka HWO.
(a) Dabeecada voltammetric wareeg ah (ν = 5 mV/s) ee falcelinta VO2+/VO2+ ee UCC iyo HWO-C76 isku dhafan oo kala duwan HWO: C76 ee 0.1 M VOSO4/1 M H2SO4 + 1 M HCl electrolyte.(b) Randles-Sevchik iyo (c) Habka Nicholson VO2+/VO2+ si loo qiimeeyo waxtarka faafinta loona helo k0(d) qiyamka.
Ma aha oo kaliya HWO-50% C76 waxay soo bandhigtay ku dhawaad ​​isku mid ah dhaqdhaqaaqa electrocatalytic sida C76 ee falcelinta VO2 +/VO2 +, laakiin, aad u xiiso badan, waxa kale oo ay xakamaysay koloriin koloriin marka la barbar dhigo C76, sida ku cad sawirka 6a, iyo sidoo kale waxay muujinaysaa Semicircle yar ee berdaha.6d (RCT hoose).C76 waxay muujisay Ipa / Ipc ka sarreeya HWO-50% C76 (Shaxda S3), ma aha sababtoo ah hagaajinta falcelinta falcelinta, laakiin sababtoo ah isku-dhafka ugu sarreeya ee falcelinta dhimista koloriinta ee SHE ee 1.2 V. Waxqabadka ugu fiican ee HWO- 50% C76 waxaa loo aaneynayaa saameynta isku-dhafka ah ee u dhexeeya waxqabadka sare ee HH-ga oo si xun u shaqeeya iyo waxqabadka sare ee H. WO.Sii daynta koloriin ka yar waxay wanaajin doontaa waxtarka dallacaadda ee unugga buuxa, halka kaniiniyada la wanaajiyey ay hagaajin doonto waxtarka tamarta buuxda ee unugga.
Marka loo eego isla'egta S1, falcelinta quasi-la beddeli karo (wareejinta elektarooniga ah ee tartiib tartiib ah) falcelinta ay maamusho faafinta, hadda ugu sarreeya (IP) waxay kuxirantahay tirada elektaroonigga (n), aagga elektiroonigga (A), iskudarka faafinta (D), tirada isku-xidhka wareejinta elektiroonigga (α) iyo xawaaraha iskaanka (ν).Si loo barto habdhaqanka lagu xakameynayo faafinta ee qalabka la tijaabiyay, xiriirka ka dhexeeya IP iyo ν1/2 ayaa la qorsheeyay oo lagu soo bandhigay sawirka 6b.Maadaama dhammaan agabku ay muujinayaan xiriir toos ah, falcelinta waxaa lagu xakameynayaa faafinta.Maaddaama falcelinta VO2+/VO2+ ay tahay mid dib loo rogi karo, jiirada xariiqdu waxay kuxirantahay iskudarka faafinta iyo qiimaha α (isla'egta S1).Maaddaama isku-darka faafinta uu yahay mid joogto ah (≈ 4 × 10-6 cm2 / s) 52, farqiga u dhexeeya xariiqda khadka ayaa si toos ah u muujinaya qiimaha kala duwan ee α, markaa heerka wareejinta elektaroonigga ah ee dusha sare ee elektiroonigga ah, kaas oo lagu muujiyey C76 iyo HWO -50% C76 ugu sarreeya (heerka wareejinta elektaroonigga ugu sarreeya).
Jiirarka Warburg (W) ee loo xisaabiyo soo noqnoqoshada hooseeya ee lagu muujiyey Shaxda S3 (Jaantus. 6d) waxay leeyihiin qiyam ku dhow 1 dhammaan agabka, taas oo muujinaysa faafinta qumman ee noocyada redox iyo xaqiijinta habdhaqanka tooska ah ee IP marka la barbar dhigo ν1 / 2. CV waa la qiyaasaa.HWO-50% C76, jiirada Warburg waxay ka leexataa 1 ilaa 1.32, taas oo muujinaysa ma aha oo kaliya faafinta semi-infinite ee reagent (VO2+), laakiin sidoo kale wax ku biirinta suurtagalka ah ee dabeecadaha khafiifka ah ee dabeecadaha faafinta sababtoo ah porosity electrode.
Si loo sii falanqeeyo dib-u-celinta (heerka wareejinta elektiroonigga ah) ee falcelinta redox-ka ee VO2+/VO2+, habka fal-celinta ka-soo-noqoshada ee Nicholson ayaa sidoo kale loo adeegsaday si loo go'aamiyo heerka caadiga ah ee joogtada ah k041.42.Tan waxaa lagu sameeyaa iyadoo la adeegsanayo isla'egta S2 si loo dhiso cabbirka kinetic-ka aan cabbir lahayn Ψ, kaas oo ah shaqada ΔEp, oo ah shaqada ν-1/2.Shaxda S4 waxay muujineysaa qiimayaasha Ψ ee la helay walxo kasta oo korantada ah.Natiijooyinka (Jaantus. 6c) ayaa loo qorsheeyay si loo helo k0 × 104 cm/s laga bilaabo jiirada goob kasta iyadoo la adeegsanayo isla'egta S3 (oo ku qoran saf kasta oo lagu soo bandhigay shaxda S4).HWO-50% C76 waxaa la ogaaday inuu leeyahay jiirada ugu sareysa (Jaantus. 6c), sidaas darteed qiimaha ugu badan ee k0 waa 2.47 × 10-4 cm/s.Tani waxay ka dhigan tahay in electrode-kani uu gaaro dhaqdhaqaaqa dhaqdhaqaaqa ugu dhaqsaha badan, kaas oo waafaqsan natiijooyinka CV iyo EIS ee sawirka 6a iyo d iyo shaxda S3.Intaa waxaa dheer, qiimaha k0 ayaa sidoo kale laga helay goobta Nyquist (Jaantus. 6d) ee isla'egta S4 iyadoo la adeegsanayo qiimaha RCT (Shaxda S3).Natiijooyinkan k0 ee EIS waxaa lagu soo koobay Jadwalka S4 waxayna sidoo kale muujinayaan in HWO-50% C76 ay muujiso heerka ugu sarreeya ee wareejinta elektaroonigga ah sababtoo ah saameynta isdhexgalka.Inkasta oo qiimaha k0 ay ku kala duwan yihiin asalka kala duwan ee hab kasta, waxay weli muujinayaan nidaam isku mid ah oo weyn oo muujinaya joogteynta.
Si aad si buuxda u fahamto kinetics-ka ugu fiican ee la helay, waxaa muhiim ah in la isbarbar dhigo qalabka elektiroonigga ah ee ugu fiican ee leh UCC iyo TCC electrodes.Dareen-celinta VO2 +/VO2 +, HWO-C76 kaliya ma muujin ΔEp ugu hooseeya iyo dib-u-celinta wanaagsan, laakiin sidoo kale waxay si weyn u xakamaysay falcelinta koloriinta koloriinta marka la barbardhigo TCC, sida lagu qiyaaso hadda 1.45 V marka loo eego SHE (Jaantus 7a).Marka la eego xasilloonida, waxaan u maleynay in HWO-50% C76 ay jir ahaan deggan tahay sababtoo ah kicinta ayaa lagu qasi jiray xiraha PVDF ka dibna lagu dabaqay qalabka elektaroonigga ah ee dharka kaarboon.HWO-50% C76 waxay muujisay isbeddelka ugu sarreeya ee 44 mV (heerka hoos u dhaca 0.29 mV / wareegga) ka dib wareegyada 150 marka la barbardhigo 50 mV ee UCC (Jaantus 7b).Tani ma noqon karto farqi weyn, laakiin kinetics ee electrodes UCC waa mid aad u gaabis ah waxayna hoos u dhigtaa baaskiilka, gaar ahaan falcelinta gadaasha.Inkasta oo dib-u-celinta TCC ay aad uga fiican tahay kan UCC, TCC waxaa la ogaaday in ay leedahay isbeddelka ugu sarreeya ee 73 mV ka dib 150 wareegyo, taas oo laga yaabo inay sabab u tahay qadarka badan ee koloriinta ee laga sameeyay dusha sare.si uu kataliyahu si fiican ugu dhego dulka korantada.Sida laga arki karo dhammaan electrodes-ka la tijaabiyay, xitaa electrodes iyada oo aan la taageerin kicinta ayaa muujiyay heerar kala duwan oo xasiloonida baaskiilka, taas oo soo jeedinaysa in isbeddelka kala-soocidda ugu sarreysa inta lagu jiro baaskiilka ay sabab u tahay daminta walxaha ay keeneen isbeddelada kiimikada halkii ay ka ahaan lahaayeen kala-soocidda kicinta.Intaa waxaa dheer, haddii xaddi badan oo walxaha kicinta ah laga soocay dusha sare ee korantada, tani waxay keenaysaa koror weyn oo kala-soocidda ugu sarreysa (ma aha oo kaliya 44 mV), maaddaama substrate (UCC) uu yahay mid aan firfircoonayn VO2 +/VO2+ falcelinta redox.
Isbarbardhigga CV-ga qalabka elektiroonigga ah ee ugu fiican marka la barbar dhigo UCC (a) iyo xasilloonida VO2 +/VO2+ falcelinta redox (b).ν = 5 mV/s ee dhammaan CV-yada ku jira 0.1 M VOSO4/1 M H2SO4 + 1 M HCl electrolyte.
Si loo kordhiyo soo jiidashada dhaqaale ee tignoolajiyada VRFB, balaadhinta iyo fahamka dhaqdhaqaaqa falcelinta vanadium redox waa lama huraan si loo gaaro hufnaanta tamarta sare.Isku-dhafka HWO-C76 ayaa la diyaariyey iyo saameyntooda korantada ee falcelinta VO2 +/ VO2 + ayaa la darsay.HWO waxay muujisay kor u qaadis yar oo kinetic ah oo ku jira elektrolytes-ka aashitada ah ee isku dhafan laakiin si weyn ayaa loo xakameeyay korriinka koloriinta.Saamiyada kala duwan ee HWO:C76 ayaa loo isticmaalay si loo sii wanaajiyo kinetics ee korantada ku salaysan HWO.Kordhinta C76 ilaa HWO waxay hagaajinaysaa dhaqdhaqaaqa wareejinta elektaroonigga ah ee falcelinta VO2 +/ VO2 + ee ku saabsan korantada la beddelay, taas oo HWO-50% C76 ay tahay walxaha ugu fiican sababtoo ah waxay yaraynaysaa iska caabbinta wareejinta kharashka waxayna sii kordhisaa koloriin marka la barbar dhigo C76 iyo deebaajiga TCC..Tan waxa u sabab ah saamaynta isku-dhafan ee u dhaxaysa C=C sp2 hybridization, OH iyo W-OH kooxaha shaqaynaya.Heerka hoos u dhaca ka dib baaskiilka soo noqnoqda ee HWO-50% C76 waxaa lagu ogaaday inuu yahay 0.29 mV / wareeg ah, halka heerka hoos u dhaca UCC iyo TCC uu yahay 0.33 mV / wareeg ah iyo 0.49 mV / wareeg ah, siday u kala horreeyaan, taasoo ka dhigaysa mid aad u deggan.ee electrolytes acid isku dhafan.Natiijooyinka la soo bandhigay ayaa si guul leh u aqoonsanaya qalabka korantada ee waxqabadka sare leh ee falcelinta VO2 +/VO2+ oo leh kinetics degdeg ah iyo xasillooni sare.Tani waxay kordhin doontaa tamarta wax soo saarka, taas oo kordhinaysa waxtarka tamarta ee VRFB, sidaas darteed hoos u dhigista qiimaha ganacsigeeda mustaqbalka.
Xogta la isticmaalay iyo/ama lagu falanqeeyay daraasadda hadda jirta waxa laga heli karaa qorayaasha kala duwan marka la eego codsi macquul ah.
Luderer G. iyo al.Qiyaasta dabaysha iyo tamarta qoraxda ee xaaladaha tamarta kaarboon-hooseeya ee caalamiga ah: Hordhac.badbaadinta tamarta.64, 542-551.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2017.03.027 (2017).
Lee. Lee.Lee, HJ, Park, S. iyo Kim, H. Falanqaynta saamaynta kaydinta MnO2 ee waxqabadka batteriga qulqulka redox ee vanadium manganese. Lee, HJ, Park, S. & Kim, H. MnO2 沉淀对钒/锰氧化还原液流电池性能影响的分析。 Lee, HJ, Park, S. & Kim, H. MnO2Lee, HJ, Park, S. iyo Kim, H. Falanqaynta saamaynta kaydinta MnO2 ee waxqabadka baytariyada qulqulka redox ee vanadium manganese.J. Electrochemistry.Xisbiga Hantiwadaaga.165 (5), A952-A956.https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0881805jes (2018).
Shah, AA, Tangirala, R., Singh, R., Wills, RGA & Walsh, FC A qaab unug firfircoon oo loogu talagalay dhammaan-vanadium socodka batteriga. Shah, AA, Tangirala, R., Singh, R., Wills, RGA & Walsh, FC A qaab unug firfircoon oo loogu talagalay dhammaan-vanadium socodka batteriga.Shah AA, Tangirala R, Singh R, Wills RG.iyo Walsh FK Qaab firfircoon oo ah unugga hoose ee dhammaan-vanadium socodka baytariga. Shah, AA, Tangirala, R., Singh, R., Wills, RGA & Walsh, FC 全钒液流电池的动态单元电池模型。 Shah, AA, Tangirala, R., Singh, R., Wills, RGA & Walsh, FC.Shah AA, Tangirala R, Singh R, Wills RG.iyo Walsh FK Model unugga firfircoon ee dhammaan-vanadium redox batari socodka.J. Electrochemistry.Xisbiga Hantiwadaaga.158(6), A671.https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3561426 (2011).
Gandomi, YA, Aaron, DS, Zawodzinski, TA & Mench, MM Meesha cabbiraadda qaybinta suurtagalka ah iyo qaabka la ansixiyey ee dhammaan-vanadium redox batari socodka. Gandomi, YA, Aaron, DS, Zawodzinski, TA & Mench, MM Meesha cabbiraadda qaybinta suurtagalka ah iyo qaabka la ansixiyey ee dhammaan-vanadium redox batari socodka.Gandomi, Yu.A., Aaron, DS, Zavodzinski, TA iyo Mench, MM In-goobta cabbiraadda qaybinta suurtagalka ah iyo model la ansixiyey ee dhammaan-vanadium socodka batteriga redox iman kara. Gandomi, YA, Aaron, DS, Zawodzinski, TA & Mench, MM 全钒氧化还原液流电池的原位电位分布测量和验证模型。 Gandomi, YA, Aaron, DS, Zawodzinski, TA & Mench, MM.Habka cabbirka iyo ansixinta ee 全vanadium oxidase redox液流液的原位 qaybinta suurtagalka ah.Gandomi, Yu.A., Aaron, DS, Zavodzinski, TA iyo Mench, MM Model cabbiraadda iyo xaqiijinta in-goobta qaybinta suurtogalka ah ee dhammaan-vanadium socodka baytariyada redox.J. Electrochemistry.Xisbiga Hantiwadaaga.163 (1), A5188-A5201.https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0211601jes (2016).
Tsushima, S. & Suzuki, T. Qaabaynta iyo jilitaanka batteriga qulqulka redox ee vanadium oo leh goob qulqulaya oo dhexdhexaad ah si loo hagaajiyo qaab dhismeedka elektiroonigga ah. Tsushima, S. & Suzuki, T. Qaabaynta iyo jilitaanka batteriga qulqulka redox ee vanadium oo leh goob qulqulaya oo dhexdhexaad ah si loo hagaajiyo qaab dhismeedka elektiroonigga ah.Tsushima, S. iyo Suzuki, T. Qaabaynta iyo jilitaanka batteriga qulqulka ee vanadium redox oo leh socodka ka-hortagga-polarized ee hagaajinta qaab-dhismeedka elektaroonigga ah. Tsushima, S. & Suzuki,T. Tsushima, S. & Suzuki,T.Tsushima, S. iyo Suzuki, T. Qaabaynta iyo jilitaanka baytariyada qulqulka ee vanadium redox oo leh goobo qulqulka counter-pin si kor loogu qaado qaab dhismeedka korantada.J. Electrochemistry.Xisbiga Hantiwadaaga.167(2), 020553. https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ab6dd0 (2020).
Qorraxda, B. & Skyllas-Kazacos, M. Wax ka beddelka qalabka graphite electrode ee codsiga batteriga qulqulka redox ee vanadium-I. Qorraxda, B. & Skyllas-Kazacos, M. Wax ka beddelka qalabka graphite electrode ee codsiga batteriga qulqulka redox ee vanadium-I.Sun, B. iyo Scyllas-Kazakos, M. Wax ka beddelka qalabka graphite electrode ee baytariyada vanadium redox - I. Sun, B. & Skyllas-Kazacos, M. 石墨电极材料在钒氧化还原液流电池应用中的改性——I. Qorraxda, B. & Skyllas-Kazacos, M. Wax ka beddelka 石墨 maaddooyinka korantada ee vanadium oksaydhation codsiga baytari dareere ah--I.Qorraxda, B. iyo Scyllas-Kazakos, M. Wax ka beddelka qalabka graphite electrode ee loo isticmaalo baytariyada vanadium redox - I.daaweynta kulaylka Electrochem.Acta 37(7), 1253-1260.https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-4686(92)85064-R (1992).
Liu, T., Li, X., Zhang, H. & Chen, J. Horumarka qalabka korantada ee ku wajahan baytariyada socodka vanadium (VFBs) oo leh cufnaanta korantada ee la hagaajiyay. Liu, T., Li, X., Zhang, H. & Chen, J. Horumarka qalabka korantada ee ku wajahan baytariyada socodka vanadium (VFBs) oo leh cufnaanta korantada ee la hagaajiyay.Liu, T., Li, X., Zhang, H. iyo Chen, J. Horumarka agabka korantada ilaa baytariyada socodka vanadium (VFB) oo leh cufnaanta koronto ee la hagaajiyay. Liu, T., Li, X., Zhang, H. & Chen, J. 提高功率密度的钒液流电池(VFB) 电极材料的进展。 Liu, T., Li, X., Zhang, H. & Chen, J.Liu, T., Li, S., Zhang, H. iyo Chen, J. Horumarka Agabka Electrode ee Vanadium Redox Flow Battery (VFB) oo leh cufnaanta Korodhka.J. Kiimikada tamarta.27(5), 1292-1303.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2018.07.003 (2018).
Liu, QH iyo al.Waxtarka sare ee vanadium redox socodka unugga oo leh qaabaynta korantada la hagaajiyay iyo xulashada xuubka.J. Electrochemistry.Xisbiga Hantiwadaaga.159 (8), A1246-A1252.https://doi.org/10.1149/2.051208jes (2012).
Wei, G., Jia, C., Liu, J. & Yan, C. Kaarboon waxa ay dareemeen in la taageeray kaarboon nanotubes kiciya electrode ka kooban codsiga vanadium redox socodka batteriga. Wei, G., Jia, C., Liu, J. & Yan, C. Kaarboon waxa ay dareemeen in la taageeray kaarboon nanotubes kiciya electrode ka kooban codsiga vanadium redox socodka batteriga.Wei, G., Jia, Q., Liu, J. iyo Yang, K. Kaaliyeyaasha korantada isku dhafan ee ku salaysan kaarboon nanotubes kaarboon leh substrate dareemay isticmaalka batari vanadium redox ah. Wei, G., Jia, C., Liu, J. & Yan, C. 用于钒氧化还原液流电池应用的碳毡负载碳纳米管催化割刵割刵前吤 Wei, G., Jia, C., Liu, J. & Yan, C. Kaarboon-ku raran yahay kaarboon nanotube kicinta kombuyuutarka ee vanadium oxidation hoos u dhigista dareeraha dareeraha dareeraha codsiga.Wei, G., Jia, Q., Liu, J. iyo Yang.J. Awood220, 185-192.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.07.081 (2012).
Moon, S., Kwon, BW, Chung, Y. & Kwon, Y. Saamaynta bismuth sulfate ee lagu dahaadhay Aashitada CNT ee waxqabadka batteriga qulqulka redox ee vanadium. Moon, S., Kwon, BW, Chung, Y. & Kwon, Y. Saamaynta bismuth sulfate ee lagu dahaadhay Aashitada CNT ee waxqabadka batteriga qulqulka redox ee vanadium.Moon, S., Kwon, BW, Chang, Y. iyo Kwon, Y. Saamaynta bismuth sulfate ee lagu shubo CNT-yada oksaydhka ah ee sifooyinka batteriga vanadium redox ee socodka. Moon, S., Kwon, BW, Chung, Y. & Kwon, Y. 涂在酸化CNT 上的硫酸铋对钒氧化还原液流电池性迃的影响。 Moon, S., Kwon, BW, Chung, Y. & Kwon, Y. Saamaynta bismuth sulfate ee CNT oxidation on vanadium oxidation hoos u dhigista dareeraha socodka batteriga.Moon, S., Kwon, BW, Chang, Y. iyo Kwon, Y. Saamaynta bismuth sulfate ee lagu shubo CNT-yada oksaydhka ah ee sifooyinka socodka-maritaanka baytariyada vanadium redox.J. Electrochemistry.Xisbiga Hantiwadaaga.166(12), A2602.https://doi.org/10.1149/2.1181912jes (2019).
Huang R.-H.Pt/Multiyer Kaarboon Nanotube La Habeeyay Electrodes Firfircoon ee Vanadium Redox Flow Battery.J. Electrochemistry.Xisbiga Hantiwadaaga.159(10), A1579.https://doi.org/10.1149/2.003210jes (2012).
Kahn, S. iyo al.Batariyada qulqulka Vanadium redox waxay isticmaalaan koronto-dhaliyeyaasha lagu qurxiyey kaarboon nanotubes nitrogen-doped ah oo laga soo qaatay qolofyada organometallic.J. Electrochemistry.Xisbiga Hantiwadaaga.165(7), A1388.https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0621807jes (2018).
Khan, P. et al.Nanosheets Graphene oxide waxay u adeegaan sidii agab koronto kimikal ahaan aad u wanaagsan oo loogu talagalay VO2+/iyo V2+/V3+ lamaanayaasha redox ee vanadium redox baytariyada socodka.Kaarboon 49 (2), 693–700.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2010.10.022 (2011).
Gonzalez Z. iyo al.Waxqabadka korantada ee aadka u wanaagsan ee graphite-garaafeed wax laga beddelay ayaa dareemay codsiyada baytariga vanadium redox.J. Awood338, 155-162.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.10.069 (2017).
González, Z., Vizireanu, S., Dinescu, G., Blanco, C. & Santamaría, R. Carbon nanowalls filimada khafiifka ah sida qalabka nanostructured electrode ee vanadium redox batariyada socodka. González, Z., Vizireanu, S., Dinescu, G., Blanco, C. & Santamaría, R. Carbon nanowalls filimada khafiifka ah sida qalabka nanostructured electrode ee vanadium redox batariyada socodka.González Z., Vizirianu S., Dinescu G., Blanco C. iyo Santamaria R. Filimada khafiifka ah ee kaarboon nanowalls sida qalabka nanostructured electrode ee vanadium redox baytariyada socodka.González Z., Vizirianu S., Dinescu G., Blanco S. iyo Santamaria R. Kaarboon nanowall filimada sida qalabka nanostructured electrode ee vanadium redox baytariyada socodka.Nano Energy 1 (6), 833-839.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2012.07.003 (2012).
Opar, DO, Nankya, R., Lee, J. & Jung, H. Kaarboon saddex-cabbir ah oo mesoporous graphene ah oo wax laga beddelay ayaa dareemay waxqabadka sare ee baytariyada socodka vanadium redox. Opar, DO, Nankya, R., Lee, J. & Jung, H. Kaarboon saddex-cabbir ah oo mesoporous graphene ah oo wax laga beddelay ayaa dareemay waxqabadka sare ee baytariyada socodka vanadium redox.Opar DO, Nankya R., Lee J., iyo Yung H. Kaarboon mesoporous oo saddex-cabbir ah oo graphene ah oo wax laga beddelay ayaa dareemay waxqabadka sare ee baytariyada socodka vanadium redox. Opar, samee, Nankya, R., Lee, J. & Jung, H. 用于 高性能 的 的 的 的 三维介 孔石墨 烯改性 毡. Opar, DO, Nankya, R., Lee, J. & Jung, H.Opar DO, Nankya R., Lee J., iyo Yung H. Kaarboon mesoporous oo saddex-cabbir ah oo graphene ah oo wax laga beddelay ayaa dareemay waxqabadka sare ee baytariyada socodka vanadium redox.ElectrochemXeerka 330, 135276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2019.135276 (2020).