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Waxaan soo sheegnaa caddaynta kor u kaca dabaqa badda ee firfircoon iyo qiiqa gaaska dhowr kiiloomitir oo ka baxsan dekedda Naples (Talyaaniga) .Pockmarks, mounds iyo craters waa muuqaalada sagxada badda. Qaababkaani waxay matalaan dusha sare ee dhismayaasha qolof gacmeed, oo ay ku jiraan pagodas, khaladaadka iyo laalaabka kuwaas oo saameeya sariiraha badda maanta gaasaskani waxay u badan tahay inay la mid yihiin kuwa ku quudiya hababka Hydrothermal ee Ischia, Campi Flegre iyo Soma-Vesuvius, iyagoo soo jeedinaya isha mantle lagu qaso dareeraha qolof ah ee ka hooseeya Gacanka Naples qiiqa sii daaya waa muuqaalo kacdoono aan foolkaanooyin ahayn oo laga yaabo inay soo sheegaan qarxyada sagxadaha badda iyo/ama qarxyada kuleyliyaha.
Dheecaannada biyaha kulul ee badda (biyaha kulul iyo gaasta) ayaa ah muuqaal caadi ah oo ka mid ah cidhifyada badhtamaha badweynta iyo marinnada saxannada isku dhafan (oo ay ku jiraan qaybo hoos yimaada jasiiradaha jasiiradaha), halka dheecaannada qabow ee hydrateska gaaska (chlatrates) ay inta badan yihiin dabeecadda khaanadaha continental iyo margins aan caadi ahayn1, 2,3,4,5 (magma reservoirs) gudaha qolof continental iyo/ama mantle. Dheecaannadani waxa laga yaabaa inay ka horreeyaan kor u kaca magma iyada oo loo marayo lakabyada ugu sarreeya ee qolofta Dhulka oo ku dhammaata qarxinta iyo meelaynta badweynta volcano6. Sidaa darteed, aqoonsiga (a) qaab-dhismeedyada la xidhiidha gaaska firfircoon ee xeebaha iyo xaalufka xeebaha Gobolka Naples ee dalka Talyaaniga (~ 1 milyan oo deggan) ayaa muhiim u ah qiimeynta volcanoes suurtagal ah. Qarxinta Shallow. Intaa waxaa dheer, halka qaababka morphological ee la xidhiidha biyo-biyoodka qoto dheer ama gaaska hydrate-ga ah ayaa si fiican loo yaqaan sababtoo ah sifooyinka juqraafiyeed iyo bayooloji, marka laga reebo waa sifooyinka morphological ee la xidhiidha biyaha gacmeedka, marka laga reebo kuwa ka dhacaya harada cusub. seismic, column water, and geochemical data for a underwater, morphologically and structurally data region saameeyay qiiqa gaaska ee Gacanka Naples (Koonfurta Italy), qiyaastii 5 km u jirta dekedda Naples. Xogtan waxaa la soo ururiyey inta lagu guda jiro SAFE_2014 (August 2014) safarka safarka korka R/V iyo qaab dhismeedka gaaska ee Urania. dhaca, baar ilaha dareeraha hawo-mareenka, aqoonso oo tilmaam hababka nidaamiya kor u kaca gaaska iyo qallafsanaanta la xidhiidha, oo ka wada hadla saamaynta volcanology.
Gacanka Naples wuxuu ka kooban yahay Plio-Quaternary margin galbeedka, NW-SE elongated Campania tectonic depression13,14,15.EW of Ischia (ca. 150-1302 AD), Campi Flegre crater (ca. 300-1538) iyo Soma-Vesuvius 460-1m waqooyiga AD) 15, halka koonfurta xudduudaha Sorrento Peninsula (Jaantus. 1a) . Gacanka Naples waxaa saameeya NE-SW iyo sare ee NW-SE khaladaadka muhiimka ah (Jaantus. 1) 14,15.Ischia, Campi Flegrei iyo Somma-Vesuvius waxaa lagu gartaa muujinta hydrothermal, cillad dhulka ah, 1eg, 18 xummad leh (1) Campi Flegrei ee 1982-1984, oo leh kor u kaca 1.8 m iyo kumanaan dhulgariir) . Daraasadihii ugu dambeeyay19,20 waxay soo jeedinayaan in uu jiro xiriir ka dhexeeya dhaqdhaqaaqa Soma-Vesuvius iyo kan Campi Flegre, oo ay suurtagal tahay in lala xiriiriyo 'qoto dheer' hal mar oo magma ah oo ka mid ah kaydka badda ee ugu dambeeya. Flegrei iyo 18 ka Somma Vesuvius waxay gacanta ku hayeen nidaamka sedimentary ee Gacanka Naples. Heerka hoose ee badda ee ugu badnaan glacial (18 ka) ayaa keentay in dib u soo noqoshada ee nidaamka sedimentary offshore-gacmeedka, kaas oo ka dibna waxaa ka buuxsamay dhacdooyin xad-dhaaf ah inta lagu guda jiro Late Pleistocene-Holocene. ee Campi Flegre iyo meel u dhow Buurta Soma-Vesuvius (Jaantus. 1b).
(a) Habaynta qaab-dhismeedka iyo qaab-dhismeedka ee shelf continental iyo Gacanka Naples 15, 23, 24, 48. Dhibcaha waa xarumaha waaweyn ee qarxinta badda hoosteeda; Xariiqyada cas ayaa u taagan cilladaha waaweyn. oo ka mid ah profiles tiirarka biyaha acoustic, iyo CTD-EMBlank, CTD-EM50 iyo ROV frames ayaa lagu soo warramey sawirka 5. Goobabada jaalaha ah waxay calaamad u tahay meesha uu ka soo baxo gaaska muunad, iyo ka kooban yahay shaxda S1.Golden Software (http://www.goldensoftware.com/products/surfer) waxay isticmaashaa sawirada13 ay soo saartay Surfer®
Iyada oo ku saleysan xogta la helay inta lagu guda jiro safarka SAFE_2014 (Agoosto 2014) (eeg Hababka), Model cusub oo Digital Terrain Model (DTM) ee Gacanka Naples oo leh 1 m xallin ayaa la dhisay.DTM waxay muujineysaa in sagxadda badda ee koonfurta ee Dekedda Naples lagu garto si tartiib ah oo jilicsan koonfurta-ujeedka (jiirada) 5 ≤ dusha sare qaab dhismeed u eg qubbad, oo loo yaqaan Banco della Montagna (BdM).Sawir. 1a,b) .BdM waxay ku koraan qoto dheer oo ku saabsan 100 ilaa 170 mitir, 15 ilaa 20 mitir ka sarreeya sagxadda badda ee ku hareeraysan. BdM dome wuxuu soo bandhigay qaab-dhismeedka mound-sida sababtoo ah 280 subcircular to mounds oval (Jaantus. 2a), 665 cones, iyo 30 godad iyo dhererka 4.2. m iyo 1,800 m, siday u kala horreeyaan. Wareegtada [C = 4π (aagga / perimeter2)] ee xayndaabyada ayaa hoos u dhacay iyada oo la kordhinayo wareegyada sii kordhaya (Jaantus. 2b) . N145°E shaqo joojin (Jaantus. 2c). Koofiyado keligood ah ama isku toosan ayaa ku yaal diyaaradda BdM iyo dusheeda dusheeda (Jaantus. 3a,b) Nidaamyada koofiyadu waxay raacaan habaynta tuulmooyinka ay ku yaalliin. Calaamadaha jeebabka waxay inta badan ku yaalliin sariirta badda ee fidsan (Jaantus. 3c) iyo marmar tuulooyin. Cufnaanta bannaan ee koollada iyo calaamadaha jeebabka waxay muujinayaan in xudduudaha waqooyi-bari ee NEE qubbada BdM (Jaantus. 4a,b); Waddada NW-SE ee yar ee fidsan waxay ku taallaa bartamaha gobolka BdM.
(a) Qaabka dhulka dhijitaalka ah (xajmiga unugga 1 m) ee qubbada Banco della Montagna (BdM) .(b) Wareegga iyo wareega ee mounds BdM. Khaladaadka caadiga ah ee wareega iyo wareega waa 4.83 m iyo 0.01, siday u kala horreeyaan, iyo khaladaadka caadiga ah ee saamiga axial iyo xagal waa 0.04 iyo 3.34 °, siday u kala horreeyaan.
Faahfaahinta koollada la aqoonsaday, jeexjeexyada, tuulmooyinka iyo godadka gobolka BdM ee laga soo saaray DTM ee sawirka 2.
(a) Koontooyinka toosan ee sariir badeed siman; (b) Koonsiyo iyo godad ku yaal tuulmo caato ah NW-SE; (c) boorsooyin ku yaal meel si khafiif ah loo rusheeyey.
(a) Meel bannaan oo loo qaybiyo godadka, godadka, iyo dareeraha gaasta firfircoon.
Waxaan aqoonsanay gaaska 37 ee gobolka BdM laga soo bilaabo ROV column water echo sounder images iyo indho-indheynta tooska ah ee sagxada badda ee la helay intii lagu jiray safarkii SAFE_2014 ee Agoosto 2014 (Jaantus 4 iyo 5) . Meelaha qaarkood, anomalies acoustic ayaa sameeyay "tareen" ku dhawaad ​​joogto ah." Tuubooyinka xumbo ee la arkay aad bay u kala duwan yihiin: laga bilaabo socodka xumbo cufan ee joogtada ah ilaa ifafaalaha cimriga gaaban (Filimka Dheeriga ah 1) . Kormeerka ROV wuxuu u oggolaanayaa xaqiijinta muuqaal ee dhacdada hawada sagxada badda waxayna muujisaa boorsooyinka yaryar ee ku wareegsan sariiraha badda. Kiisaska, kanaalada ROV waxay dib u soo nooleeyaan qiiqa qiiqa. Qaabka hawadu wuxuu muujinayaa furitaanka wareegta ah ee sare oo aan lahayn wax gubasho ah oo ka mid ah tiirarka biyaha. (Sawir 5c), halka goobaha kale ee Gacanka Naples ay lahaayeen qiimaha pH ee u dhexeeya 0 iyo 160 m ee u dhexeeya qoto dheer ee u dhexeeya 8.3 iyo 8.5 (Sawir 5d) ku saabsan 38 PSU (Jaantus. 5c, d) .Cabbirada pH, heerkulka, iyo saliinity tilmaamay: a) ka qayb qaadashada dareeraha acidic ee la xidhiidha habka BdM degassing iyo b) maqnaanshaha ama dheecaan aad u gaabis ah ee dareeraha kulaylka iyo brine.
(a) Daaqada helitaanka ee astaanta biyaha acoustic (echometer Simrad EK60) .Koox cagaaran oo toosan oo u dhiganta ololka gaaska ee lagu ogaaday dheecaanka dareeraha EM50 (qiyaastii 75 m ka hooseysa heerka badda) oo ku yaal gobolka BdM; calaamadaha Multiparameter ee hoose iyo badda ayaa sidoo kale lagu muujiyay (b) lagu soo ururiyay gaariga fog ee laga hago ee gobolka BdM Sawirka kaliya wuxuu muujinayaa god yar (goobo madow) oo ku wareegsan casaan ilaa orange. tiirka ka sarreeya dheecaanka dareeraha ee EM50 (panel c) iyo bannaanka guddida aagga dheecaanka Bdm (d).
Waxaan ka soo uruurinay saddex nooc oo gaas ah oo laga soo qaaday goobta daraasadda intii u dhaxaysay Agoosto 22 iyo 28, 2014. Tijaabooyinku waxay muujiyeen iskudhafyo isku mid ah, oo ay ku badan yihiin CO2 (934-945 mmol / mol), oo ay ku xigto qiyaasta N2 (37-43 mmol / mol), CH4 (16-24 mmol / mol) iyo H2S (0.40 mmol) H2 iyo Isagu way ka yaraayeen (<0.052 iyo <0.016 mmol/mol, siday u kala horreeyaan) (Jaantus. 1b; Shaxda S1, Filimka Dheeraadka ah 2) waxayna ka kooban tahay C2-C4 alkanes, aromatics (badanaa benzene), propene iyo sulfur-ka kooban xeryahooda (thiophene) vs. Hawada), halka δ13C-CO2 qiyamka u dhexeeya -0.93 in 0.44% vs. V-PDB.R / Ra qiyamka (ka dib markii la saxo wasakhowga hawada isticmaalaya ratio 4He / 20Ne) ahaayeen inta u dhaxaysa 1.66 iyo 1.94, muujinaysaa joogitaanka qayb weyn oo ka mid ah mantletot iyo COB waa combiyooto waa heliB. 22, isha qiiqa ku jira BdM waa la sii caddayn karaa. Khariidadda CO2 ee CO2 / 3He ka soo horjeeda δ13C (Jaantus. 6), Halabuurka gaaska BdM wuxuu la mid yahay kan Ischia, Campi Flegrei iyo Somma-Vesuvius fumaroles Shaybaarada BdM waxay ku dhacaan xariiqda isku dhafka ah ee lagu muujiyay saddexda volcanoes ee Campania, taas oo ah, isku dhafka u dhexeeya gaasaska mantle (kuwaas oo loo maleynayo in ay wax yar ku kobcinayaan carbon dioxide marka loo eego MORBs qadiimiga ah ujeedada ku habboon xogta) iyo falcelinta gaaska crustatal ee natiijada dhagaxa.
Khadadka hybrid u dhexeeya halabuurka mantle iyo xubnaha dhamaadka ee nuurad iyo sediments organic ayaa lagu soo waramayaa in la barbardhigo.Boxes ka dhigan meelaha fumarole ee Ischia, Campi Flegrei iyo Somma-Vesvius 59, 60, 61. Sambalka BdM waa in isbeddelka isku dhafan ee Volcano Campania. The endmember gaaska ee line isku qasan, taas oo ka mid ah mantburbonate gaaska soo saaray ee line isku qasan waa mantburization. macdanta.
Qaybaha seismic L1 iyo L2 (Sawirada 1b iyo 7) waxay muujinayaan kala-guurka u dhexeeya BdM iyo taxanaha stratigraphic fog ee Somma-Vesuvius (L1, Fig. 7a) iyo Campi Flegrei (L2, Fig. 7b) gobollada volcano.BdM waxaa lagu gartaa joogitaanka laba qaybood oo waaweyn (Sawir). waxay muujinaysaa muraayadaha hoose ee baaxadda sare ama dhexdhexaadka ah iyo sii wadida lateral (Jaantus. 7b,c) .Lakabkaan waxaa ka mid ah sediments badda jiiday by Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) nidaamka oo ka kooban ciid iyo clay23. The lakabka PS hoose (Sawir. 7b-d) waxaa lagu gartaa fowdo ah in wejiga hufan ee qaabka PSflosseska sare ee qaabka PSflossesdi. (Jaantus. 7d) . Geometries-yadan xafaayadda u eg waxay muujinayaan faragelinta walxaha hufan ee PS ee ku jira kaydka MS ee ugu sarreeya. Uplift ayaa mas'uul ka ah samaynta laalaabyada iyo khaladaadka saameeya lakabka MS iyo xad-dhaafka ah sediments-ka maanta ee badda BdM. sababtoo ah joogitaanka lakabka gaaska-saturated (GSL) oo ay daboolayaan qaar ka mid ah heerarka gudaha ee isku xigxiga MS (Jaantus. 7a) . Koofiyadaha cuf-isjiidadka ee lagu soo ururiyay dusha sare ee BdM ee u dhiganta lakabka seismic ee hufan waxay muujinayaan in 40 cm ee ugu sarreeya uu ka kooban yahay ciid dhawaan la dhigay ilaa hadda; ) 24,25 iyo jajabyada pumice ee ka soo baxa qarxinta qarxa ee Campi Flegrei ee "Naples Yellow Tuff" (14.8 ka) 26. Wajiga hufan ee lakabka PS laguma sharxi karo hababka isku-dhafka fowdo kali ah, sababtoo ah lakabyada fowdada ah ee la xidhiidha dhul-goynta, qulqulka dhoobada iyo qulqulka pyroclaust ee Gulf Naple opaque21,23,24. Waxaan ku soo gabagabeyneynaa in la arkay BdM PS seismic facies iyo sidoo kale muuqaalka kore ee lakabka PS ee ka baxsan (Jaantus. 7d) waxay ka tarjumaysaa kor u kaca gaaska dabiiciga ah.
(a) Hal-track seismic profile L1 (raad navigation ee Jaantuska. 1b) oo muujinaya tiirarka (pagoda) habaynta dhulka Muujinaya jeexitaan iyo qallafsanaanta tuullooyinka sagxadda badda, badda (MS), iyo kaydka ciidda pumice (PS).(c) Faahfaahinta qallafsanaanta MS iyo PS waxaa lagu soo warramey (c,d) .Marka loo eego xawaaraha 1580 m/s ee qulqulka ugu sarreeya, 100 ms waxay ka dhigan tahay 80 m miisaanka toosan.
Tilmaamaha qaab-dhismeedka iyo qaab-dhismeedka BdM waxay la mid yihiin kuwa kale ee biyo-mareennada biyaha hoostooda iyo gaaska hydrate-ka caalamiga ah2,12,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34 waxayna inta badan la xiriiraan kor-u-qaadista (qasaaska iyo tuulmooyinka) iyo gaaska Soo-dejinta (koonooyinka, godad) permeability (Jaantus 2 iyo 3) .Qaabka boosaska ee mounds, godadka iyo hawo-mareenada firfircoon waxay soo jeedinayaan in qaybintooda qayb ahaan ay gacanta ku hayaan burburka saamaynta NW-SE iyo NE-SW (Jaantus. 4b) dheecaanka ka soo qulqulaya Campi Flegrei crater35. Sidaa darteed waxaan ku soo gabagabeyneynaa in cilladaha iyo jabka ee Gacanka Naples ay ka dhigan yihiin dariiqa la doorbido ee socdaalka gaaska ee dusha sare, muuqaal ay wadaagaan hababka kale ee hawo-thermal ee qaab dhismeedka gacanta lagu hayo samaynta, sida qorayaasha kale ay soo jeediyeen aagagga fuuq-baxa gaaska32,33. Gabagabadayadu waxay taageertaa mala-awaalka ah in carqaladeynta qulqulka sagxadaha badda ee qubbada had iyo jeer aysan horseedin sameynta godadka.
Saddexda gaas ee la ururiyey waxay muujinayaan saxeexyada kiimikaad ee caadiga ah ee dareeraha kuleyliyaha, gaar ahaan CO2 oo leh xaddi la taaban karo oo yaraynta gaasaska (H2S, CH4 iyo H2) iyo hydrocarbons iftiinka (gaar ahaan benzene iyo propylene) 38,39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45) sida O2), kuwaas oo aan la fileyn in ay joogaan in qiiqa badda hoostiisa, waxaa laga yaabaa in ay sabab u tahay wasakhda ka hawada ku milmay biyaha badda ee soo galaya la gaaska lagu kaydiyaa sanduuqyada caag ah loo isticmaalo muunad, sida ROVs waxaa laga soo saaray sagxada badda in ay badda si ay u fallaago. ee N2 waxaa laga soo saaraa ilo ka baxsan hawada, iyada oo la raacayo asalka ugu sarreeya ee gaasaskaas. Hydrothermal-volcanic gaaska BdM waxaa xaqiijiyay CO2 iyo waxa uu ka kooban yahay iyo saxiixyadooda isotopic. Carbon isotopes (δ13C-CO2 ka -0.93% ilaa +0.4 Heer 1) iyo CO2. 4.1 × 1010) waxay soo jeedinayaan in shaybaarada BdM ay ka tirsan yihiin isbeddelka isku dhafan ee fumaroles ee ku wareegsan Gacanka Naples 'xubnaha dhamaadka mantle iyo decarbonization Xiriirka ka dhexeeya gaasaska ay soo saaraan falcelinta (Jaantus 6) . More si gaar ah, muunadaha gaaska BdM waxay ku yaalaan wehel isbeddelka isku dhafka ah ee qiyaastii isku mid ah sida dareeraha ka soo jeeda F-Vimma volusi. Somma-Vesuvius iyo Campi Flegrei waxay leeyihiin 3 He / 4 He (R / Ra inta u dhaxaysa 2.6 iyo 2.9) marka loo eego BdM (R / Ra inta u dhaxaysa 1.66 iyo 1.96; Shaxda S1) waxay soo jeedinaysaa asal ahaan asal ahaan. kaas oo quudin jiray foolkaanaha Somma-Vesuvius iyo Campi Flegrei
Iyada oo ku saleysan xogta kor lagu soo sheegay iyo natiijooyinka ka soo baxa moodooyinka tijaabada ah ee qaab-dhismeedka qubbad-u eg ee la xidhiidha gobollada qaniga ku ah gaaska hoostiisa, cadaadiska gaaska qoto dheer ayaa laga yaabaa inuu mas'uul ka yahay samaynta qolalka BdM ee cabbirka kilomitirka ah. of radius ka weyn yahay deebaajiga viscous jilicsan ee deformed Barokaca ugu badnaan toosan w iyo dhumucdiisuna h ee (Sawir Dheeraadka ah. S1) .Pdef waa farqiga u dhexeeya wadarta cadaadiska iyo cadaadiska dhagaxa static iyo cadaadiska tiirarka biyaha. At BdM, radius ah oo ku saabsan 2,500 m, w waa 20 m, iyo h ugu badnaan waxaa lagu qiyaasaa laga bilaabo profile 1 p w 4. 64 D/a4 ee xidhiidhka, halka D ay tahay qallafsanaanta; D waxaa la siiyaa (E h3) / [12 (1 - ν2)], halka E uu yahay modules dhallinta ee deebaajiga, ν waa saamiga Poisson's ratio (~ 0.5) 33. Tan iyo sifooyinka farsamada ee sediments BdM aan la qiyaasi karin, waxaan dejinay E = 140 kPa, taas oo ah qiimo macquul ah oo loogu talagalay ciidda bacaadka ah ee xeebta, 47 waxaan tixgelineynaa heerka sare ee B4.4. qiyamka lagu soo warramey suugaanta dhoobada dhoobada ah (300 Ku guuldareysiga pagoda in uu ka gudbo sariirta badda ee maanta waxay muujineysaa in (a) kor u kaca gaaska iyo / ama joojinta maxalliga ah ee isku dhafka gaaska-soosaarka gaaska, iyo / ama (b) qulqulka dambe ee suurtogalka ah ee isku-dhafka gaaska-gaaska ma oggola habka cadaadiska xad-dhaafka ah ee degaanka. kor u kaca. Hoos u dhigista heerka sahayda ayaa laga yaabaa inay la xiriirto kororka cufnaanta isku dhafka sababtoo ah waayitaanka gaaska. Natiijooyinka kor lagu soo koobay iyo kor u kaca kontoroolka ee pagoda ayaa noo ogolaanaya inaan qiyaasno dhererka tiirarka hawada hg. Buoyancy waxaa bixiya ΔP = hgg (ρw - ρg), halkaas oo g waa cuf. cufnaanta biyaha iyo gaaska, siday u kala horreeyaan.ΔP waa wadarta Pdef hore loo xisaabiyay iyo cadaadiska lithostatic Plith ee saxanka sediment, ie ρsg h, halkaas oo ρs waa cufnaanta sediment. Xaaladdan oo kale, qiimaha hg looga baahan yahay buoyancy la doonayo waxaa la siiyaa hg = (Pdef + Plith) / w ρ. Pdef = 0.3 Pa iyo h = 100 m (kor eeg), ρw = 1,030 kg / m3, ρs = 2,500 kg / m3, ρg waa mid aan la arki karin sababtoo ah ρw ≫ρg jebi sagxada badda ee BdM oo samee hawo-mareenno.
Halabuurka gaaska BdM wuxuu la jaan qaadayaa ilaha mantle ee lagu daray dheecaannada la xidhiidha falcelinta decarbonization ee dhagaxyada qolof ah (Jaantus. 6) . Isku-dhafka EW ee qallafsan ee BdM domes iyo volcanoes firfircoon sida Ischia, Campi Flegre, iyo Soma-Vesuvius, oo ay weheliso isku-dhafka gaasaska ka soo baxa gobolka oo dhan waxay soo jeedinayaan gaasaska ka soo baxa gobolka Naa ee hoose. waa la isku qasan yahay In badan oo dareere qolof ah ayaa ka guura galbeedka (Ischia) una guura bari (Somma-Vesuivus) (Sawirada 1b iyo 6).
Waxaan ku soo gabagabeynay in Bay of Naples, oo dhowr kiiloomitir u jirta dekedda Naples, waxaa jira 25 km2 qaab-dhismeedka ballaaran ee qubbad-u eg kaas oo saameeya habka degeyska firfircoon oo ay sababto meelaynta pagodas iyo mounds. Hadda, saxeexyada BdM waxay soo jeedinayaan in aan-magmatic-ka ahayn qalalaasaha53 laga yaabo inay ka soo baxaan embriyaha hore ee embriyaha dareeraha.Hawlaha kormeerka waa in la hirgeliyaa si loo falanqeeyo horumarka ifafaale iyo in la ogaado calaamadaha juqraafiyeed iyo juquraafi ahaaneed ee tilmaamaya khalkhaladaha sixirka ee iman kara.
Acooustic column profiles (2D) ayaa la helay intii lagu jiray SAFE_2014 (August 2014) safarka R/V Urania (CNR) ee Machadka Qaranka ee Cilmi-baarista ee Xeebta Badda (IAMC) km. Sawirada echosounder ee la soo ururiyey ayaa loo isticmaalay si loo aqoonsado dareeraha dareeraha ah iyo si sax ah u qeexaan meesha ay ku yaalaan aagga ururinta (inta u dhaxaysa 74 iyo 180 m bsl) .Cabir cabbirada jireed iyo kiimikaad ee tiirarka biyaha iyadoo la adeegsanayo tijaabooyinka multiparameters (dhaqanka, heerkulka iyo qoto dheer, CTD) . nooca 7.23.2) .Baaritaan muuqaal ah oo ku saabsan sariirta badda ayaa lagu sameeyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo aaladda "Pollux III" (GEItaliana) ROV (gaari meel fog laga maamulo) oo leh laba (qeexitaan hoose iyo sare).
Helitaanka xogta Multibeam waxaa lagu sameeyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo 100 KHz Simrad EM710 multibeam sonar system (Kongsberg) .Nidaamku wuxuu ku xiran yahay nidaamka meelaynta caalamiga ah ee kala duwan si loo hubiyo khaladaadka mitirka hoose ee meelaynta laydhka. Xogta waxaa lagu farsameeyay iyada oo la isticmaalayo software PDS2000 (Reson-Thales) marka loo eego heerka International Hydrographic Organisation (https://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-44_5E.pdf) qalabka lagu gartaa cabbirka unugga 1 m.DTM-ga ugu dambeeya (Jaantus 1a) waxaa lagu sameeyay xogta dhulka (>0 m oo ka sarreysa heerka badda) oo lagu helay cabbirka unugga 20 m ee machadka Geo-Military Institute.
Xogta seismic-ka ah ee hal-channel ah oo 55-km ah, oo la ururiyay intii lagu jiray badmaaxiinta badweynta ee 2007 iyo 2014, ayaa daboolay aag qiyaastii 113 kiiloomitir oo laba jibbaaran, labadaba R / V Urania. profiles Marisk (tusaale, L1 seismic profile, Fig. unugga iibku wuxuu ka kooban yahay 2.5 m catamaran kaas oo isha iyo qaataha la dhigo. Saxiixa isha wuxuu ka kooban yahay hal dhibic oo wanaagsan oo lagu gartaa inta jeer ee 1-10 kHz waxayna u ogolaataa in la xalliyo muraayadaha la kala saaro 25 cm Nidaamku wuxuu ka kooban yahay catamaran oo ka kooban 1-6.02 KHz ilo kaas oo soo gala ilaa 400 millise seconds ee jilicsan jilicsan ee ka hooseeya badda badda, oo leh xallin toosan oo qumman oo ah 30 cm. Labada qalab ee Safe iyo Marsik labadaba waxaa lagu helay heerka 0.33 shots / sec oo leh xawaaraha markabka <3 Kn. sixitaanka, damiyaynta tiirka biyaha, 2-6 KHz bandpass IIR filter, iyo AGC.
Gaasta ka soo baxda fumarole biyaha hoostooda waxaa lagu soo ururiyay sagxadda badda iyadoo la adeegsanayo sanduuq balaastiig ah oo ay ku rakiban tahay diaphragm caag ah oo dhinaceeda sare ah, oo ay ROV hoos u dhigtay hawada sare. oo leh Teflon stopcocks kaas oo Mid ka mid ah lagu buuxiyey 20 mL of 5N NaOH xal (Gegenbach-nooca falaash) . Noocyada gaaska ugu muhiimsan ee gaaska (CO2 iyo H2S) ayaa lagu milmay xalalka alkaline, halka noocyada gaaska milanka hooseeya (N2, Ar + O2, CO, H2, He, Ar, CH4 iyo dhalada khafiifka ah ee saqafka hoose) ayaa lagu kaydiyaa sagxadaha hoose ee dhalada. waxaa lagu falanqeeyay gaaska chromatography (GC) iyadoo la adeegsanayo Shimadzu 15A oo ku qalabaysan 10 m dheer 5A tiir shaandho molecular ah iyo qalab wax baadha kulaylka (TCD) 54.Argon iyo O2 ayaa lagu falanqeeyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo chromatograph gaaska Thermo Focus oo ku qalabaysan 30 m dheer capillary shaandhada shaandhada molecular iyo TCDMeth4 ayaa la falanqeeyay iyada oo la adeegsanayo gaaska shaandhada molecular iyo TCDMeth4. chromatograph qalabaysan 10 m tiir bir ah oo dheer oo ka buuxa Chromosorb PAW 80/100 mesh, dahaarka leh 23% SP 1700 iyo ionization detector (FID) .Wejiga dareeraha ah ayaa loo isticmaalay falanqaynta 1) CO2, sida, titrated 0.5 N HCl xal, Titrohm2. oo leh 5 mL H2O2 (33%), by ion chromatography (IC) (IC) (Wantong 761) . Qaladka falanqaynta ee titration, GC iyo falanqaynta IC waa wax ka yar 5% ka dib soo saarista caadiga ah iyo hababka nadiifinta ee isku dhafka gaaska, 13C / 12C CO2 (oo lagu muujiyey sida δ13C-PDD) oo lagu falanqeeyay masraxa δ13C-CO2% spectrometer55,56. Heerarka loo isticmaalo in lagu qiyaaso saxnaanta dibadda waxay ahaayeen Carrara iyo San Vincenzo marble (gudaha), NBS18 iyo NBS19 (caalami), halka qaladka falanqaynta iyo dib u soo saarista ay ahaayeen ± 0.05% iyo ± 0.1%, siday u kala horreeyaan.
δ15N (oo lagu muujiyey sida% vs. Hawada) qiyamka iyo 40Ar / 36Ar waxaa lagu go'aamiyey iyadoo la isticmaalayo agilent 6890 N gaas chromatograph (GC) oo lagu daray Finnigan Delta PlusXP joogto ah socodka mass spectrometer. Khaladka falanqayntu waa: δ15N ± 0.1%, 36Ar<1% , 40% R / Ra, halka R waa 3He / 4 Waxa uu ku qiyaasay muunad iyo Ra waa isku mid ah saamiga jawiga: 1.39 × 10−6) 57 waxaa lagu go'aamiyay shaybaarka INGV-Palermo (Talyaani) 0.3% banaannada caadiga ah ee isaga iyo Ne waa <10-14 iyo <10-16 mol, siday u kala horreeyaan.
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