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Waxaan soo sheegnaa caddaynta kor u qaadida dabaqa badda ee firfircoon iyo qiiqa gaaska dhowr kiiloomitir oo ka baxsan dekedda Naples (Talyaani) iyo dhagaxyada qolof ah.Gaasaskani waxay u badan tahay inay la mid yihiin kuwa ku quudiya hababka hydrothermal ee Ischia, Campi Flegre iyo Soma-Vesuvius, oo soo jeedinaya isha mantle ee lagu qaso dareeraha qolof ah ee ka hooseeya Gacanka Naples. Balaadhinta subsea iyo dillaac ay sababtay qaadista gaaska iyo habka cadaadiska waxay u baahan tahay cadaadis xad dhaaf ah oo ah 2-3 gaas-caafimaad oo aan muuqan. qalalaasaha laga yaabo in ay soo sheegaan qarxinta sagxadaha badda iyo/ama qarxyada kuleyliyaha.
Dheecaannada biyaha kulul ee badda (biyo kulul iyo gaasta) waa muuqaal caadi ah oo ka mid ah cidhifyada dhexe ee badweynta iyo marinnada saxannada isku dhafan (oo ay ku jiraan qaybo qulqulaya oo qulqulaya jasiiradaha), halka dheecaannada qabow ee hydrateska gaaska (chlatrates) ay inta badan yihiin dabeecadda khaanadaha continental iyo margins aan caadi ahayn1, 2,3,4,5 Dheecaannadan ayaa laga yaabaa inay ka horreeyaan kor u kaca magma iyada oo loo marayo lakabyada ugu sarreeya ee qolofta Dhulka oo ku dhammaata qarxinta iyo meelaynta badweynta volcano6. Sidaa darteed, aqoonsiga (a) qaababka la xidhiidha xaalufka sariirta badda ee firfircoon iyo (b) xeebaha xeebaha ee dadku ku badan yihiin Inhabitants) waa muhiim si loo qiimeeyo volcanoes suurtagal ah. Shallow qarxinta. Intaa waxaa dheer, halka sifooyinka morphological ee la xidhiidha biyaha qoto dheer ee hydrothermal ama hydrate gaaska hydrate waa xad si fiican loo yaqaan sababtoo ah sifooyinka juqraafiga iyo bayooloji, ka reeban yihiin sifooyinka morphological la xidhiidha biyaha hoose, marka laga reebo kuwa ka dhacaya In Lake 12, waxaa jira xad yar oo diiwaanka biyaha, bacriminta biyaha, iyo kaydka cusub. morphologically iyo qaab dhismeed adag gobolka ay saameeyeen qiiqa gaaska ee Gacanka Naples (Koonfurta Talyaaniga), qiyaastii 5 km u jirta dekedda Naples. Xogtan waxaa la soo ururiyey inta lagu guda jiro SAFE_2014 (August 2014) safar kor R / V Urania. Waxaan ku tilmaami oo fasiraadda dareere ee sagxada badda iyo hababka gaaska ka soo baxa, kaas oo tilmaamaya hab-dhismeedka gaaska ee dib-u-dhiska. kor u kaca gaaska iyo qallafsanaanta la xidhiidha, oo ka wada hadla saamaynta volcanology.
Gacanka Naples wuxuu ka kooban yahay Plio-Quaternary margin galbeedka, NW-SE elongated Campania tectonic depression13,14,15.EW of Ischia (ca. 150-1302 AD), Campi Flegre crater (ca. 300-1538) iyo Soma-Vesuvius 460 ka soo jeeda waqooyiga , halka koonfurta xudduudaha Sorrento Peninsula (Jaantus. 1a) . Gacanka Naples waxaa saameeya NE-SW iyo sare ee NW-SE khaladaadka muhiimka ah (Jaantus. 1) 14,15.Ischia, Campi Flegrei iyo Somma-Vesuvius waxaa lagu gartaa muujinta hydrothermal, qallafsanaanta dhulka, iyo dhacdo qoto dheer ee Campi,18 982-1984, oo leh kor u kaca 1.8 m iyo kumanaan dhulgariir ah) Xakamaynta nidaamka sedimentary ee Gacanka Naples. Heerka hoose ee badda ee ugu badnaan glacial (18 ka) ayaa horseeday dib u noqoshada nidaamka sedimentary ee xeebaha-gacmeedka, kaas oo markii dambe ay buuxiyeen dhacdooyin xad-dhaaf ah intii lagu jiray Late Pleistocene-Holocene. Gaaska submarine gaaska ayaa laga helay agagaarka jasiiradda Ischia iyo Buurta Ischi.1b)
(a) Habaynta qaab-dhismeedka iyo qaab-dhismeedka ee shelf continental iyo Gacanka Naples 15, 23, 24, 48. Dhibcaha waa xarumaha waaweyn ee qarxinta badda hoosteeda;Khadadka cas ayaa u taagan cilladaha waaweyn. stic water column profiles, iyo CTD-EMBlank, CTD-EM50 iyo ROV frames ayaa lagu soo warramey Jaantuska.5
Iyada oo ku saleysan xogta la helay inta lagu guda jiro safarka SAFE_2014 (August 2014) safarka (eeg Hababka), qaab cusub oo Digital Terrain Model (DTM) ee Gacanka Naples oo leh 1 m xallin ayaa la dhisay.DTM waxay muujineysaa in sagxada badda koonfurta ee Dekedda Naples lagu garto si tartiib tartiib ah koonfurta-ujeeda, qaab dhismeedka deegaanka go'ay 5 ≤ 5 ≤ oo loo yaqaan Banco della Montagna (BdM).Sawir.1a,b) .BdM waxay ku koraan qoto dheer oo ku saabsan 100 ilaa 170 mitir, 15 ilaa 20 mitir ka sarreeya sagxadda badda ee ku hareeraysan. BdM dome wuxuu soo bandhigay qaab-dhismeed u eg qaab-dhismeedka sababtoo ah 280 subcircular to mounds oval (Jaantus. 2a), 665 cones, iyo 30 pits iyo 4 dhererka 2. 800 m, siday u kala horreeyaan. Wareegtada [C = 4π (aagga / perimeter2)] ee qulqulka ayaa hoos u dhacay iyada oo la kordhinayo wareegyada sii kordhaya (Jaantus. 2b) .2c).Koofiyado keli ah ama toosan ayaa ku jira diyaaradda BdM iyo dusheeda dusheeda (Jaantus. 3a,b) Habaynta kooniska waxay raacdaa habaynta tuulmooyinka ay ku yaalliin. Calaamadaha jeebabka waxay inta badan ku yaallaan sariiraha badda ee fidsan (Jaantus. 3c) iyo marmar tuulooyin. Cufnaanta bannaan ee koollada iyo calaamadaha jeebabka ayaa muujinaya in xudduudaha waqooyi-bari ee NEM ay muujinayaan in xudduudaha waqooyi-bari ee NEM. aniga (Jaantus. 4a,b);Waddada NW-SE ee yar ee fidsan waxay ku taallaa bartamaha gobolka BdM.
(a) Qaabka dhulka dhijitaalka ah (xajmiga unugga 1 m) ee qubbada Banco della Montagna (BdM) .(b) Wareegga iyo wareega ee mounds BdM.Khaladaadka caadiga ah ee wareega iyo wareega waa 4.83 m iyo 0.01, siday u kala horreeyaan, iyo khaladaadka caadiga ah ee saamiga axial iyo xagal waa 0.04 iyo 3.34 °, siday u kala horreeyaan.
Faahfaahinta koollada la aqoonsaday, jeexjeexyada, tuulmooyinka iyo godadka gobolka BdM ee laga soo saaray DTM ee sawirka 2.
(a) Koontooyinka toosan ee sariir badeed siman;(b) Koonsiyo iyo godadka ku yaal tuulmo caato ah NW-SE;(c) boorsooyinka dusha si khafiif ah loo rusheeyey.
(a) Baaxadda bannaan ee godad la ogaaday, godadka, iyo dareerayaasha gaaska firfircoon.
Waxaan aqoonsanay 37 gaas gaseous gobolka BdM ka ROV column biyaha echo sounder images iyo indho-indheynta tooska ah ee sagxada badda ee la helay inta lagu guda jiro safarka SAFE_2014 ee August 2014 (Jaantus 4 iyo 5) .Acoustic anomalies ee qiiqa kuwanu waxay muujinayaan si toos ah elongated qaabab kacaya oo ku saabsan 2 m. Meelaha qaarkood, anomalies acoustic ayaa sameeyay "tareen" ku dhawaad ​​joogto ah." Tuubooyinka xumbo ee la arkay aad bay u kala duwan yihiin: laga bilaabo qulqulka xumbo cufan ilaa ifafaalaha cimriga gaaban (Filimka Dheeraadka ah 1) s. Qaabka hawo-mareenka wuxuu muujinayaa wareeg wareeg ah oo xagga sare ah oo aan wax olol ahi ka jirin tiirka biyaha. pH ee tiirka biyaha oo ka sarreeya barta dheecaanka ayaa muujisay hoos u dhac weyn, taasoo muujinaysa xaalado aashito ah oo gudaha ah (Sawir.5c, d) . Gaar ahaan, pH ee ka sarreeya dheecaanka gaaska BdM ee 75 m qoto dheer ayaa hoos u dhacay 8.4 (at 70 m qoto dheer) ilaa 7.8 (ee 75 m qoto dheer) (Jaantus. 5c), halka goobaha kale ee Gacanka Naples lahaa pH qiimaha u dhexeeya 0 iyo 160 m ee dhexda qoto dheer iyo 8.5 ee heerkulka badda. ity ayaa ka maqan laba goobood oo gudaha iyo dibadda ah ee BdM ee Gacanka Naples. Qoto dheer ee 70 m, heerkulku waa 15 ° C iyo salinity oo ku saabsan 38 PSU (Jaantus. 5c, d) Cabbiraadda pH, heerkulka, iyo salinity tilmaamay: a) ka qaybgalka dheecaan acidic ee la xidhiidha maqnaanshaha iyo dheecaanka BdM aad u gaabis ah.
(a) Daaqada helitaanka ee astaanta biyaha acoustic (echometer Simrad EK60) .Koox cagaaran oo toosan oo u dhiganta ololka gaaska ee lagu ogaaday dheecaanka dareeraha EM50 (qiyaastii 75 m ka hooseysa heerka badda) oo ku yaal gobolka BdM;calaamadaha Multiparameter ee hoose iyo badda ayaa sidoo kale lagu muujiyay (b) lagu soo ururiyay gaariga fog ee laga hago ee gobolka BdM Sawirka kaliya wuxuu muujinayaa god yar (goobo madow) oo ku wareegsan casaan ilaa orange. EM50 (gule c) iyo meel ka baxsan Bdm aagga laga sii daayo (d).
Waxaan ka soo uruurinay saddex nooc oo gaas ah oo laga soo qaaday goobta daraasadda intii u dhaxaysay Agoosto 22 iyo 28, 2014. Tijaabooyinku waxay muujiyeen iskudhafyo isku mid ah, oo ay ku badan yihiin CO2 (934-945 mmol / mol), oo ay ku xigto qiyaasta N2 (37-43 mmol / mol), CH4 (16-24 mmol/mol) iyo H2S (0.40 mmol) iyo H2S (0.40 mmol) ka yar (<0.052 iyo <0.016 mmol/mol, siday u kala horreeyaan) (Jaantuska 1b; Shaxda S1, Filimka Dheeraadka ah 2) alkanes, aromatics (badanaa benzene), propene iyo baaruud-ku jira xeryahooda (thiophene) .Qiimaha 40Ar / 36Ar waxay ku xiran tahay hawada (295.5), inkastoo muunad EM35 (BdM dome) uu leeyahay qiimaha 304, oo muujinaya xad-dhaaf ah oo ka mid ah 40Ar. The δ15N ratio hawada ka badan + qiyamka u dhexeeya -0.93 in 0.44% vs. V-PDB.R / Ra qiyamka (ka dib markii la saxo wasakhowga hawada iyadoo la isticmaalayo saamiga 4He / 20Ne) waxay ahaayeen inta u dhaxaysa 1.66 iyo 1.94, taas oo muujinaysa joogitaanka qayb weyn oo mantle He.By isku darka helium isotopeotopetolar ah oo dheeraad ah ayaa laga yaabaa in ay ka mid ah CO2 iyo 2. Khariidadda CO2 ee CO2/3He ka soo horjeeda δ13C (Sawir.6). isku xidhka gaaska mantle (kuwaas oo loo malaynayo in ay waxoogaa hodmin ah ku jiraan kaarboon laba ogsaydh marka loo eego MORB-yada qadiimiga ah ujeedaduna tahay in xogta lagu rakibo) iyo falcelinta ay keento decarbonization qolof ah Dhagax gaas ka dhashay.
Khadadka isku-dhafka ah ee u dhexeeya halabuurka mantle iyo xubnaha dhammaadka ah ee dhagaxa nuuradda iyo sediments organic ayaa lagu soo waramayaa in la barbardhigo.Boxes waxay matalaan meelaha fumarole ee Ischia, Campi Flegrei iyo Somma-Vesvius 59, 60, 61. Muunada BdM waxay ku jirtaa isbeddelka isku dhafan ee Volcano Campania. Gaaska endmember ee gaaska isku dhafka ah, kaas oo ah mantburnization gas
Qaybaha seismic L1 iyo L2 (Sawirrada 1b iyo 7) waxay muujinayaan kala-guurka u dhexeeya BdM iyo taxanaha stratigraphic fog ee Somma-Vesuvius (L1, Fig. 7a) iyo Campi Flegrei (L2, Fig. 7b) gobollada volcano.BdM waxaa lagu gartaa joogitaanka laba qaybood ee sare ee Seismic (Fig.7). milicsada baaxadda sare ilaa dhexdhexaadka ah iyo sii wadida lateral (Sawir 7b,c) .Lakabkaan waxaa ka mid ah sediments badda jiiday by Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) nidaamka oo ka kooban ciid iyo clay23. The lakabka hoose ee PS (Jaantus. 7b-d) waxaa lagu gartaa fowdo ah in wajiga hufan ee qaabka of tiirar ama sacadihii sare ee muraayadaha PS. Geometries apir-sida waxay muujinayaan faragelinta walxaha hufan ee PS ee ku jira kaydka MS ee ugu sarreeya.Uplift ayaa mas'uul ka ah samaynta laalaabyada iyo cilladaha saameeya lakabka MS iyo dulsaarka maanta-daaqadaha badda badda ee BdM (Jaantus. 7b-d) .In dhexda MS stratigraphic si cad ayaa loo delaminated in qaybta ENE ee joogitaanka, halka ay sabab u tahay L1 ee lakabka BDG ee ku wajahan qayb ka mid ah gaaska. ) waxaa daboolay qaar ka mid ah heerarka gudaha ee taxanaha MS (Sawir.7a) .Xiradaha cuf-isjiidadka ee laga soo ururiyey xagga sare ee BdM ee u dhiganta lakabka seismic ee hufan waxay tilmaamayaan in 40 sentimitir ee ugu sarreeya uu ka kooban yahay ciid la shubay dhawaan ilaa hadda;) 24,25 iyo jajabyada pumice ee ka soo baxa qarxinta qarxinta Campi Flegrei ee "Naples Yellow Tuff" (14.8 ka) 26. Wajiga hufan ee lakabka PS laguma sharxi karo hababka isku-dhafka fowdada oo kali ah, sababtoo ah lakabyada fowdada ah ee la xidhiidha dhul-goynta, qulqulka dhoobada iyo qulqulka pyroclaust2 ee ka baxsan Napa2 M. 4.Waxaan ku soo gabagabeyneynaa in la arkay BdM PS seismic facies iyo sidoo kale muuqaalka muuqaalka hoose ee lakabka PS (Jaantus. 7d) waxay ka tarjumaysaa kor u kaca gaaska dabiiciga ah.
(a) Hal-track seismic profile L1 (raad navigation ee Jaantuska. 1b) oo muujinaya columnar (pagoda) habayn meel bannaan. Pagoda wuxuu ka kooban yahay kayd fowdo ah pumice iyo ciid iyo deformation of mounds sagxada badda, badda (MS), iyo kaydka ciidda pumice (PS).(c) Faahfaahinta qallafsanaanta MS iyo PS waxaa lagu soo warramey (c,d) .Marka loo eego xawaaraha 1580 m/s ee basaska sare, 100 ms waxay ka dhigan tahay ilaa 80 m miisaanka toosan.
Sifooyinka qaab-dhismeedka iyo qaab-dhismeedka BdM waxay la mid yihiin kuwa kale ee ku-meel-gaadhka ah ee hydrothermal iyo gaaska hydrate beeraha adduunka oo dhan2,12,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34 waxaana inta badan lala xiriiriyaa kor u qaadis (qasamo iyo tuulooyin) iyo gaaska Soo-dejinta (koonooyinka, godad) 2 iyo 3) . Habaynta bannaan ee tuullooyinka, godadka iyo hawo-mareennada firfircoon waxay soo jeedinayaan in qaybintooda qayb ahaan ay gacanta ku hayaan burburka saamaynta NW-SE iyo NE-SW (Jaantus. 4b) 35.Sidaas darteed waxaan ku soo gabagabeyneynaa in cilladaha iyo jabka Gacanka Naples ay ka dhigan yihiin dariiqa la door bidayo ee socdaalka gaaska ee dusha sare, muuqaal ay wadaagaan hababka kale ee hawo-terermal ee qaab dhismeedka kontoroolka 36,37. Waxaa xusid mudan, koontada BdM iyo godadka aan had iyo jeer lala xiriirin tuulmo (Sawir.3a,c) Tani waxay soo jeedinaysaa in tuulmooyinkani aanay daruuri u ahayn inay matalaan horudhacyada samaynta godad, sida qorayaasha kale ay soo jeediyeen aagagga hydrate gaaska32,33. Gabagabadayadu waxay taageertaa mala-awaalka ah in khalkhalka qulqulka qulqulka qulqulka qulqulka qulqulka uusan had iyo jeer u horseedin samaynta godadka.
Saddexda gaas ee la ururiyey waxay muujinayaan saxeexyada kiimikaad ee caadiga ah ee dareeraha kuleyliyaha, kuwaas oo ah CO2 oo leh xaddi la taaban karo oo hoos u dhigaya gaasaska (H2S, CH4 iyo H2) iyo hydrocarbons iftiinka (gaar ahaan benzene iyo propylene) 38,39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45) Lama filayo in ay joogaan qiiqa badda hoostiisa, waxaa laga yaabaa in ay sabab u tahay wasakheynta hawada ku milma biyaha badda ee soo galaya taabashada gaaska lagu kaydiyo sanduuqyada caaga ah ee loo isticmaalo muunad, sida ROVs waxaa laga soo saaraa dabaqa badda si ay badda u fallaagaan. Ilaha mospheric, iyada oo la raacayo asalka ugu sarreeya ee gaasaskan. Hydrothermal-volcanic ee gaaska BdM waxaa xaqiijiyay CO2 iyo waxa ku jira iyo saxiixyadooda isotopic. Kaarboon isotopes (δ13C-CO2 ka -0.93% ilaa +0.4%) iyo CO2/3 wuxuu soo jeedinayaa 1 ilaa × 1) shaybaarada dM waxay ka tirsan yihiin isbeddelka isku dhafan ee fumaroles agagaarka Gacanka Naples 'xubnaha dhamaadka mantle iyo decarbonization Xiriirka ka dhexeeya gaasaska ay soo saaraan fal-celinta (Jaantus 6) . More si gaar ah, shaybaarka gaaska BdM waxay ku yaalaan weheliyaan isbeddelka isku dhafka ah ee qiyaastii isku mid ah sida dareeraha ka soo xiga Campi Flegrei iyo Somma-Veusistal, kuwaas oo u dhow Volca-Veusital dhamaadka gogosha.Somma-Vesuvius iyo Campi Flegrei waxay leeyihiin 3He/4Heer sare (R/Ra inta u dhaxaysa 2.6 iyo 2.9) marka loo eego BdM (R/Ra inta u dhaxaysa 1.66 iyo 1.96;Shaxda S1) .Tani waxay soo jeedinaysaa in isku-darka iyo isku-ururinta shucaaca uu ka yimid isla isha magma ee quudiyay Volcanoes Somma-Vesuvius iyo Campi Flegrei. Maqnaanshaha jajabyada kaarboonka ee la ogaan karo ee BdM qiiqa waxay soo jeedinaysaa in sediments organic aysan ku lug lahayn habka dheef-shiidka ee BdM.
Iyada oo ku saleysan xogta kor lagu sheegay iyo natiijooyinka ka soo baxa moodooyinka tijaabada ah ee qaab-dhismeedka qubbada u eg ee la xidhiidha gobollada qaniga ku ah gaaska hoostiisa, cadaadiska gaaska qoto dheer ayaa laga yaabaa inuu mas'uul ka yahay samaynta qolalka BdM ee cabbirka kilomitirka ah. ka weyn yahay deebaajiga jilicsan ee jilicsan Baroxinta ugu badan ee tooska ah w iyo dhumucda h ee (Sawir Dheeraad ah S1) .Pdef waa farqiga u dhexeeya wadarta cadaadiska iyo cadaadiska dhagaxa dhagaxa ah iyo cadaadiska tiirarka biyaha. At BdM, raadiyaha waa qiyaastii 2,500 m, w waa 20 m, iyo h ugu badnaan lagu qiyaasay = laga bilaabo profile seismic waa qiyaastii 6 Pde lation, halka D ay tahay qallafsanaanta;D waxaa la siiyaa by (E h3) / [12 (1 - ν2)], halkaas oo E uu yahay modules dhallinta ee deebaajiga, ν waa saamiga Poisson's ratio (~ 0.5) 33. Tan iyo sifooyinka farsamada ee sediments BdM aan la qiyaasi karin, waxaan dejinay E = 140 kPa, taas oo ah qiimo macquul ah ee xeebaha ciidda bacaadka ah, 4.4.4.4.1. ed in suugaanta loogu talagalay kaydka dhoobada dhoobada ah (300 Ku guuldareysiga pagoda ee ah in ay ka gudubto sariirta badda ee maanta waxay muujineysaa in (a) kor u kaca gaaska iyo / ama joojinta maxalliga ah ee isku dhafka gaaska-soosaarka, iyo / ama (b) socodka lateral ee suurtogalka ah ee isku-darka gaaska-ku-darka ma ogola habka cadaadiska xad-dhaafka ah ee maxalli ah. Sida laga soo xigtay aragtida diapiir model52, socodka dambe wuxuu muujinayaa dheelitirka taban ee u dhexeeya heerka hoose ee saadka. hoos u dhigista heerka sahayda ayaa laga yaabaa inay la xiriirto kororka cufnaanta isku dhafka sababtoo ah waayitaanka gaaska. Natiijooyinka kor lagu soo koobay iyo kor u kaca kontoroolka kontoroolka ee pagoda waxay noo ogolaaneysaa inaan qiyaasno dhererka tiirarka hawada hg. Buoyancy waxaa bixiya ΔP = hgg (ρw - ρg), halkaas oo g waa cuf-jiid (9.8 mg / sw) iyo gaaska ρities. ΔP waa wadarta Pdef ee hore loo xisaabiyay iyo cadaadiska lithostatic Plith ee saxanka sediment, ie ρsg h, halkaas oo ρs waa cufnaanta sediment. Xaaladdan oo kale, qiimaha hg looga baahan yahay buoyancy la doonayo waxaa la siiyaa hg = (Pdef + Plith) / = g (ρw - In 3M) ​​. eeg kor), ρw = 1,030 kg/m3, ρs = 2,500 kg/m3, ρg waa dayac sababtoo ah ρw ≫ρg. Waxaan helnaa hg = 245 m, qiimaha ka dhigan qoto dheer ee hoose ee GSL.ΔP waa 2.4 MPa, taas oo loo baahan yahay si ay u daadiyaan iyo BM.
Halabuurka gaaska BdM wuxuu la jaan qaadayaa ilaha mantle ee lagu beddelay kordhinta dareeraha la xidhiidha falcelinta decarbonization ee dhagaxyada qolof ah (Jaantus. 6) . Isku-dhafka EW ee qallafsan ee BdM domes iyo volcanoes firfircoon sida Ischia, Campi Flegre, iyo Soma-Vesuvius, oo ay la socdaan halabuurka gaasaska ka soo baxa gobolka oo dhan ayaa soo jeedinaya gaasaska isku dhafan ee hoose ee Naa Dheecaannada qoloftu waxay ka guuraan galbeedka (Ischia) una guuraan bari (Somma-Vesuivus) (Sawirrada 1b iyo 6).
Waxaan ku soo gabagabeynay in Bay of Naples, oo dhowr kiiloomitir u jirta dekedda Naples, waxaa jira 25 km2 qaab-dhismeedka ballaaran ee qubbad-u eg kaas oo saameeya habka firfircoonida firfircoonida leh oo ay sababtay meelaynta pagodas iyo mounds. Hadda, saxeexyada BdM waxay soo jeedinayaan in aan-magmatic-ka ahayn qulqulka qulqulka 53 ayaa laga yaabaa inuu horay u sii daayo dhaqdhaqaaqyada embriyaha / firfircoonida hore ee embriyaha. waa in la hirgeliyaa si loo falanqeeyo horumarka ifafaale iyo in la ogaado geochemical iyo calaamadaha juquraafi ahaaneed ee tilmaamaya khalkhaladaha sixirka ee iman kara.
Acooustic column profiles (2D) ayaa la helay inta lagu guda jiro SAFE_2014 (August 2014) cruise on R/V Urania (CNR) by the National Research Council Institute of Coastal Marine Environment (IAMC).Sampling Acoustic waxaa lagu sameeyey by laydhka sayniska ah-kala qaybsanaanta echo sounder Simrad EK8 kHz celcelis ahaan xogta la duubay ee 3 km. Sawirada echosounder ayaa loo isticmaalay si loo aqoonsado dareeraha dareeraha ah iyo si sax ah u qeexaan meesha ay ku yaalaan aagga ururinta (inta u dhaxaysa 74 iyo 180 m bsl) .Cabir cabbirada jirka iyo kiimikaadka ee tiirka biyaha iyadoo la adeegsanayo tijaabooyinka multiparameter (conductivity, heerkulka iyo qoto dheer, CTD) kormeerka muuqaalka ee sariirta badda ayaa lagu sameeyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo aaladda "Pollux III" (GEItaliana) ROV (gaari meel fog laga maamulo) oo leh laba (qeexitaan hoose iyo sare)
Helitaanka xogta Multibeam waxaa lagu sameeyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo 100 KHz Simrad EM710 multibeam sonar system (Kongsberg) .Nidaamku wuxuu ku xiran yahay nidaamka meelaynta caalamiga ah ee kala duwan si loo hubiyo khaladaadka mitirka hoose ee booska laydhka. Inta lagu guda jiro helitaanka oo ay sameeyeen saldhig keel ah oo ku yaala meel u dhow transducer-beam multi-beam iyo waxay helaan oo ku dabaqaan profiles xawaaraha dhawaaqa wakhtiga dhabta ah ee tiirka biyaha 6-8 saacadood kasta si ay u bixiyaan xawaaraha dhawaaqa wakhtiga dhabta ah ee isteerinka saxda ah.Dhammaan xogta waxay ka kooban tahay qiyaastii 440 km2 (0-1200 m qoto dheer) .1a) waxaa lagu sameeyay xogta dhulka (> 0 m oo ka sarreysa heerka badda) oo laga helay cabbirka unugga 20m ee machadka Geo-Military Institute.
Sawirka xogta seismic-ka ah ee hal-channel ah oo 55-km ah, oo la ururiyay intii lagu jiray badmaaxiinta badweynta 2007 iyo 2014, ayaa daboolay aag qiyaastii 113 kiiloomitir oo laba jibbaaran, labadaba R/V Urania. profiles Marisk (tusaale, L1 seismic profile, Fig. of a 2.5 m catamaran kaas oo isha iyo qaataha waxaa la dhigayaa. Saxiixa isha waxa uu ka kooban yahay hal ugu sarreysa wanaagsan in lagu gartaa in inta jeer ee 1-10 kHz oo u ogolaanaya in la xalliyo milicsada sooca by 25 cm. Safe profiles seismic ayaa la helay iyadoo la isticmaalayo a 1.4 Kj multi-tip Geospark seismic ka kooban yahay software ka mid ah nidaamka "Geotrace". -6.02 KHz ilaha soo gala ilaa 400 millise seconds ee jilicsan jilicsan ee ka hooseeya sariirta badda, oo leh xallin toosan oo toosan oo ah 30 cm. Labada qalab ee Safe iyo Marsik labadaba waxaa lagu helay heerka 0.33 shots / sec oo leh xawaaraha markabka <3 Kn.Data ayaa la farsameeyay oo la soo bandhigay iyadoo la adeegsanayo Geosuite, Allworks waterflowing software-ka soo socda ee Kn. shaandhaynta, iyo AGC.
Gaaska ka soo baxa fumarole biyaha hoostooda waxaa lagu soo ururiyay sagxadda badda iyadoo la adeegsanayo sanduuq balaastiig ah oo ay ku rakiban tahay diaphragm caag ah oo dhinaca sare ah, oo lagu dhejiyay ROV dusheeda hawo-mareenka. Marka xumbooyinka hawada soo galaya sanduuqa ayaa si buuxda u bedelay biyaha badda, ROV waxay ku soo noqotaa qoto dheer oo ah 1 m, iyo quusiyaha ayaa ku wareejinaya gaaska la soo ururiyay iyada oo loo marayo laba caag ah. cocks taas oo Mid ka mid ah waxaa ka buuxsamay 20 mL of 5N NaOH xal (Gegenbach-nooca flask) .The ugu weyn ee noocyada gaaska acid (CO2 iyo H2S) waxaa lagu kala diraa in xal alkaline ah, halka noocyada gaaska milmi yar yahay (N2, Ar + O2, CO, H2, He, Ar, CH4 iyo hydrocarbons light) waxaa lagu kaydiyaa headspace ah chromography. ) iyadoo la isticmaalayo Shimadzu 15A oo lagu rakibay 10 m dheer oo ah 5A tiir shaandho molecular ah iyo qalabka wax-qabadka kulaylka (TCD) 54.Argon iyo O2 ayaa lagu falanqeeyay iyadoo la isticmaalayo chromatograph gaaska Thermo Focus oo lagu rakibay 30 m dheer tiir shaandho molecular iyo TCD.Methane iyo iftiinka hydrocarbons oo ay ku jiraan Chromosorb PAW 80/100 mesh, oo lagu daboolay 23% SP 1700 iyo ionization flame detector (FID) .Wejiga dareeraha ayaa loo isticmaalay falanqaynta 1) CO2, sida, titrated 0.5 N HCl xal (Metrohm Basic Titrino) iyo 2) H2S ka dib chromat chromat, (IC) (IC) (Wantong 761) . Qaladka falanqaynta ee titration, GC iyo IC falanqaynta ayaa ka yar 5% ka dib soo saarista caadiga ah iyo hababka nadiifinta ee isku dhafka gaaska, 13C / 12C CO2 (oo lagu muujiyey sida δ13C-CO2% iyo V-PDB) ayaa la falanqeeyay iyadoo la isticmaalayo a Finningan Delta S55 spectro spectro ayaa la falanqeeyay iyadoo la isticmaalayo qiyaasta ah ee Finningan Delta S55. nzo marble (gudaha), NBS18 iyo NBS19 (caalami ah), halka qaladka falanqaynta iyo soo saarista ay ahaayeen ± 0.05% iyo ± 0.1%, siday u kala horreeyaan.
δ15N (oo lagu muujiyey sida% vs. Hawada) qiyamka iyo 40Ar / 36Ar ayaa lagu go'aamiyey iyadoo la isticmaalayo Agilent 6890 N gaas chromatograph (GC) oo lagu daray Finnigan Delta plusXP joogto ah socodka mass spectrometer. Khaladka falanqayntu waa: δ15N ± 0.1%, 36Ar, R<1% R = 40% 3He/4Wuxuu ku cabiray muunada iyo Ra waa isla saamiga jawiga: 1.39 × 10−6)57 waxaa lagu go'aamiyay shaybaadhka INGV-Palermo (Italy) Ne waa <10-14 iyo <10-16 mol, siday u kala horreeyaan.
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