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Re tlaleha bopaki ba a active seafloor uplift and gas emissions miles `maloa offshore from the port of Naples (Italy).Pockmarks, mounds and craters are features of the seafloor.These formations emela litlhōrō tsa shallow crustal structures, including pagodas, faults and folds that affect the seabed the Seasons and the folds that affect the seabed the Seasons and the folds that affect the Seafloor of the Seafloor. melts and crustal rocks.Ho ka etsahala hore likhase tsena li tšoana le tse fepang tsamaiso ea hydrothermal ea Ischia, Campi Flegre le Soma-Vesuvius, e fana ka maikutlo a hore ho na le mohloli oa mantle o kopantsoeng le maro a crustal ka tlas'a Kou ea Naples.Katoloso le ho phunyeha ha metsi ho bakoang ke ho phahamisa khase le mokhoa oa khatello ea khatello ho hloka hore ho be le ho phahama kapa ho phahama ha khatello ea metsi, ho phahama kapa ho phahama ha khatello ea metsi. lipontšo tsa meferefere e seng ea seretse se chesang e ka phatlalatsang ho foqoha ha seretse se chesang le/kapa ho phatloha ha metsi.
Ho ntšoa ha hydrothermal (metsi a chesang le khase) ho tsoa botebong ba leoatle ke karolo e tloaelehileng ea matsoapo a bohareng ba leoatle le mathōko a lipoleiti tse kobehang (ho kenyeletsoa le likarolo tse ka tlas'a metsi tsa li-arcs tsa lihlekehleke), athe ho ntšoa ha metsi a batang a khase (chlatrates) hangata ke liluloaneng tsa kontinenteng le mathōkong a se nang letho, 5,2,3, 2. ho na le mehloli ea mocheso (magma reservoirs) ka har'a bokaholimo ba continental le/kapa mantle libaka tse kang sebaka se foqohang seretse se chesang sa Naples Italy (~ Baahi ba limilione tse 1) ba bohlokoa bakeng sa ho hlahloba libaka tse ka bang teng tsa ho foqoha ha seretse se chesang. Ho foqoha ha seretse se chesang ho sa tebang. Ho feta moo, le hoja likarolo tsa morphological tse amanang le ho ntšoa ha khase e tebileng ea leoatle kapa ea hydrate li tsebahala haholo ka lebaka la thepa ea tsona ea jeoloji le ea baeloji, mekhelo ke likarolo tse 'maloa tse amanang le metsi, ntle le likarolo tse 'maloa tse amanang le Letša. , re hlahisa lintlha tse ncha tsa bathymetric, seismic, water column, le geochemical data bakeng sa sebaka se ka tlas'a metsi, morphologically le sebopeho se rarahaneng se anngoeng ke ho tsoa ha khase Koung ea Naples (Southern Italy), hoo e ka bang lik'hilomithara tse 5 ho tloha boema-kepeng ba Naples. Lintlha tsena li ile tsa bokelloa nakong ea SAFE_2014 (August 2014 (August 2014) the Rfloor cruise definition and the Rfloor 2014 the Rflour cruise and crurani. Ho ba le mesi e tsoang, ho batlisisa mehloli ea maro a ntšang moea, ho tseba le ho supa mekhoa e laolang ho phahama ha khase le phetoho e amanang le eona, le ho buisana ka litlamorao tsa ho foqoha ha seretse se chesang.
Kou ea Naples e theha moeli o ka bophirimela oa Plio-Quaternary, NW-SE e telele ea Campania tectonic depression13,14,15.EW ea Ischia (hoo e ka bang ka 150-1302 AD), Campi Flegre crater (hoo e ka bang ka 300-1538) le Soma-Vesuvius (ho tloha ka leboea ho 19360 AD) le Soma-Vesuvius (ho tloha ka leboea ho 19360 AD). ka boroa e moeling oa Hloahloeng ea Sorrento (Setšoantšo sa 1a). Kou ea Naples e angoa ke NE-SW le liphoso tsa bobeli tsa NW-SE tse kholo (Setšoantšo sa 1) 14, 15.Ischia, Campi Flegrei le Somma-Vesuvius li khetholloa ka ho hlahisa mocheso oa metsi, ho fetoha ha mobu, le ho teba ha tšisinyeho ea lefatše, ho tsieleha ha tšisinyeho ea lefatše, ho tsieleha ha tšisinyeho ea lefatše, le ho sisinyeha ha lefatše, le ho sisinyeha ha lefatše. 1982-1984, ka phahamiso ea limithara tse 1.8 le litšisinyeho tsa lefatše tse likete). Laola tsamaiso ea sedimentary ea Kou ea Naples.Boemo bo tlaase ba leoatle boemong ba ho qetela ba leqhoa (18 ka) bo lebisitse ho theoheng ha tsamaiso ea sedimentary e sa tebang ea lebopong, e ileng ea tlatsoa ka mor'a liketsahalo tsa transgressive nakong ea Late Pleistocene-Holocene rona (Feie.1b).
(a) Litokisetso tsa sebopeho le sebopeho sa shelefo ea kontinente le Kou ea Naples 15, 23, 24, 48. Matheba ke litsi tse kholo tsa seretse se chesang sa metsing;mela e mefubelu e emela liphoso tse kholo.(b) Bathymetry ea Kou ea Naples e nang le masoba a mokelikeli a lemohileng (matheba) le mesaletsa ea melapo ea litšisinyeho tsa lefatše (mela e metšo) .Mela e mosehla ke litselana tsa mela ea litšisinyeho tsa lefatše L1 le L2 e tlalehiloeng ho Setšoantšo sa 6.Meeli ea Banco della Montagna (The lines of yellow-square marks) Bdshed by blues (BdshedM) tšoaea libaka tsa liprofaele tsa kholomo ea metsi a acoustic, 'me liforeimi tsa CTD-EMBlank, CTD-EM50 le ROV li tlalehiloe ho Feiga.
Ho ipapisitsoe le lintlha tse fumanoeng nakong ea SAFE_2014 (August 2014) cruise (bona Methods), mochine o mocha oa Digital Terrain Model (DTM) oa Kou ea Naples e nang le qeto ea 1 m e hahiloe. sebopeho se kang dome, sebakeng seo se tsejoang e le Banco della Montagna (BdM) .Fig.1a,b).BdM e hola botebong ba limithara tse ka bang 100 ho isa ho tse 170, limithara tse 15 ho isa ho tse 20 ka holim'a sebaka se potolohileng leoatle. The BdM dome e bontšitse morphology e kang tutulu ka lebaka la 280 subcircular to oval mounds (Figure 2a), 665 cones, le 30 mound mound of 30 mound and a 30 mound of 30 circular (2mm) e na le 30m. le 1,800 m, ka ho latellana. The circularity [C = 4π (area/perimeter2)] ea litutulu e fokotsehile ka ho eketseha ha pherimitha (setšoan. 2b) .Axial ratios bakeng sa litutulu li ne li le pakeng tsa 1 le 6.5, ka litutulu tse nang le axial ratio> 2 e bonts'a sekhahla se ratoang sa N45 ° 5 ° E 1 ho feta N45 ° E + 1 ho feta N45 ° E + 1 ho feta °E otla ( Setšoantšo sa 2c).Likhoune tse le 'ngoe kapa tse tsamaellanang li teng sefofaneng sa BdM le ka holim'a tutulu (setšoantšo sa 3a,b) meeli ea sebaka sa BdM (setšoantšo sa 4a,b);tsela e sa atolositsoeng ea NW-SE e sebakeng se bohareng sa BdM.
(a) Moetso oa sebaka sa dijithale (boholo ba sele ea 1 m) ea dome ea Banco della Montagna (BdM).(b) Perimitha le ho pota-pota ha litutulu tsa BdM.(c) Axial ratio le angle (tsebiso) ea axis e kholo ea ellipse e lekanang hantle ka ho fetesisa e potolohileng tutulu.Phoso e tloaelehileng ea Moetso oa Digital0;04 Terrain ke m.0 m.00liphoso tse tloaelehileng tsa ho pota-pota le ho pota-pota ke 4.83 m le 0.01, ka ho latellana, le liphoso tse tloaelehileng tsa axial ratio le angle ke 0,04 le 3.34 °, ka ho latellana.
Dintlha tsa dikhouno tse hlwauweng, dikreite, ditutulu le mekoti sebakeng sa BdM tse ntshitsweng ho DTM ho Setshwantsho sa 2.
(a) Likhoune tsa ho tsamaisana sebakeng se bataletseng sa leoatle;(b) likhoune le mekoti holim’a litutulu tse tšesaane tsa NW-SE;(c) li-pockmarks sebakeng se kolobisitsoeng hanyenyane.
(a) Phatlalatso ea sebaka ea li-craters tse lemohuoeng, likoti, le khase e tsoang.(b) Ho teteana ha sebaka sa li-craters le likoti tse tlalehiloeng ho (a) (nomoro/0.2 km2).
Re khethile likhase tse 37 sebakeng sa BdM ho tloha ho ROV water column echo sounder images le litebello tse tobileng tsa sebaka sa leoatle se fumanoeng nakong ea SAFE_2014 cruise ka August 2014 (Figure 4 le 5). The acoustic anomalies ea mesi ena e bontša libopeho tse otlolohileng tse otlolohileng tse nyolohang ho tloha leoatleng la 12 ho ea holimo. Libakeng tse ling, li-acoustic anomalies li ile tsa theha "terene" e batlang e tsoela pele.Maqhubu a bubble a hlokometsoeng a fapana haholo: ho tloha ho sa khaotseng, bubble e teteaneng e phalla ho ea ho liketsahalo tsa nakoana (Supplementary Movie 1) .Tlhahlobo ea ROV e lumella ho netefatsa pono ea ketsahalo ea likhahla tsa metsi a leoatleng le ho totobatsa li-pockmarks tse nyenyane holim'a libaka tse ling tsa orange. dikanale reactivate emissions.The vent morpholoji e bontša lekhalo le chitja ka holimo le se nang mollo kholomong ea metsi.The pH e kholomong ea metsi ka holim'a ntlha ea ho qhala e bonts'itse ho theoha ho hoholo, ho bonts'a maemo a asiti haholoanyane sebakeng sa heno (Feie.5c, d) . Haholo-holo, pH e ka holimo ho khase ea BdM ka botebo ba limithara tse 75 e fokotsehile ho tloha ho 8.4 (ka botebo ba limithara tse 70) ho ea ho 7.8 (ka botebo ba limithara tse 75) (Fig. 5c), athe libaka tse ling tsa Koung ea Naples li ne li e-na le litekanyetso tsa pH pakeng tsa 0 le 160 m ka har'a . mocheso oa metsi le letsoai li ne li haella libakeng tse peli ka hare le ka ntle ho sebaka sa BdM sa Kou ea Naples. Ka botebo ba 70 m, mocheso ke 15 ° C 'me letsoai le ka ba 38 PSU (Fig. 5c,d). maro a futhumetseng le brine.
(a) Fensetere ea phumano ea profaele ea kholomo ea metsi a acoustic (echometer Simrad EK60) .Letlapa le otlolohileng le letala le tsamaellanang le lelakabe la khase le lemohuoang ho tsoa ha mokelikeli oa EM50 (hoo e ka bang 75 m ka tlase ho bophahamo ba leoatle) sebakeng sa BdM;matšoao a multiplex a tlase le a leoatle a boetse a bontšoa (b) a bokelloa ka koloi e laoloang ka thōko sebakeng sa BdM Setšoantšo se le seng se bontša crater e nyenyane (selika-likoe se letšo) se pota-potiloeng ke sediment se khubelu ho ea ho lamunu. ho tsoa ha mokelikeli EM50 (phanele c) le ka ntle ho phanele ea sebaka sa ho tsoa ha Bdm (d).
Re ile ra bokella mehlala e meraro ea khase e tsoang sebakeng sa thuto pakeng tsa Phato 22 le 28, 2014.the), 'me o ne a le ngata (<0. 052 le <0.016 MMOL / MOEL, ka ho latellana). Mol. Metsoako e nang le sebatho le seea-le-moea). Boleng ba 1 tse 36 Db.r / RA AFTIT (kamora ho lokisa tšilafalo ea moea ka "6), tlhahiso ea khase ea BdM e bapisoa le ea Ischia, Campi Flegrei le Somma-Vesuvius fumaroles. Setšoantšo sa 6 se boetse se tlaleha melapo ea ho kopanya likhopolo pakeng tsa mehloli e meraro e fapaneng ea carbon e ka 'nang ea ameha tlhahisong ea khase ea BdM: ho qhibiliha ha mantle-derived melts, organic-rich rich sediments, le Bdvolcted the sampuli ea li-camppi tse tharo tsa lik'hemik'hale tsa lik'hemik'hale tse nang le lik'hemik'hale tse nang le lik'hemik'hale tse entsoeng ka mantle, le li-sediments tse nang le carbonate tse entsoeng ka carbonates tse tharo. es, ke hore, ho kopanya pakeng tsa likhase tsa mantle (tseo ho nahanoang hore li ruisitsoe hanyenyane ka carbon dioxide e amanang le li-MORB tsa khale ka morero oa ho lumellana le data) le liketso tse bakoang ke crustal decarbonization The sephetho sa lefika la khase.
Li-hybrid line lipakeng tsa sebopeho sa mantle le litho tsa ho qetela tsa li-limestone le li-organic sediments li tlalehoa hore li bapisoe .
Likarolo tsa seismic L1 le L2 (Figs. 1b le 7) li bontša phetoho pakeng tsa BdM le distal stratigraphic tatellano ea Somma-Vesuvius (L1, Fig. 7a) le Campi Flegrei (L2, Fig. 7b) libaka tse foqohang seretse se chesang. e bonts'a li-subparallel reflectors tsa boemo bo phahameng ho isa boemong bo itekanetseng le ho tsoela pele ka mahlakoreng (Setšoantšo sa 7b, c) . Lera lena le kenyelletsa mahlahahlaha a leoatleng a hulisoang ke tsamaiso ea Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) 'me e na le lehlabathe le letsopa23. Lera le ka tlaase la PS (Fig. 7b-d) le khetholloa ka moferefere ho ea ho li-columns le li-columns tse nang le li-columns kapa li-moound tsa hora. s (Setšoantšo sa 7d) .Tsena li-geometri tse kang diapir li bontša ho kenella ha lintho tse bonahalang tsa PS ho li-depositi tse ka holimo tsa MS.Uplift e ikarabella bakeng sa ho thehoa ha mameno le liphoso tse amang lera la MS le ho fetela holimo ha matsatsi a kajeno a BdM seafloor (setšoan M ka lebaka la boteng ba lera le tletseng khase (GSL) le koahetsoeng ke maemo a mang a ka hare a tatellano ea MS (Feie.7a). Li-gravity cores tse bokelletsoeng ka holimo ho BdM tse lumellanang le lera la seismic le bonaletsang li bontša hore karolo e ka holimo ea 40 cm e na le lehlabathe le behiloeng morao tjena ho fihlela joale;) 24,25 le likhechana tsa pumice tse tsoang ho phatloha ho hoholo ha Campi Flegrei ea "Naples Yellow Tuff" (14.8 ka) 26. Karolo e hlakileng ea lesela la PS e ke ke ea hlalosoa ka mekhoa ea ho kopanya moferefere e le 'ngoe, hobane lihlopha tse ferekaneng tse amanang le ho ritsa ha mobu, ho phalla ha seretse le pyroclasticdples ea pyroclastic, ka ntle ho moo ho fumanoang metsi a pyroclastic, ka ntle ho sebaka sa 2. 24.Re etsa qeto ea hore li-seismic facies tsa BdM PS tse hlokometsoeng hammoho le ponahalo ea subsea outcrop PS layer (setšoantšo sa 7d) se bonahatsa ho phahama ha khase ea tlhaho.
(a) Pina e le 'ngoe ea sesmic profile L1 (navigation trace in Fig. 1b) displaying a columnar (pagoda) tlhophiso ea sebaka.Pagoda e na le chaotic deposits ea pumice le lehlabathe.Lera le tletseng khase le teng ka tlas'a pagoda le tlosa tsoelo-pele ea formations tse tebileng.-L1b) Singmic trace profil. ho petsoha le ho phethoha ha litutulu tse ka tlas'a leoatle, marine (MS), le li-deposit tsa lehlabathe la pumice (PS).(c) Lintlha tsa deformation ho MS le PS li tlalehoa ka (c,d). Ha re nka lebelo la 1580 m/s sebakeng se ka holimo-limo, 100 ms e emela hoo e ka bang 80 m sekaleng se otlolohileng.
Litšobotsi tsa morphological le tsa sebopeho sa BdM li ts'oana le masimo a mang a subsea hydrothermal le khase hydrate lefatšeng ka bophara2,12,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34' me hangata li amahanngoa le ho phahamisa (likotla le litutulu) le Phallo ea khase (li-cones, likoti le taolo e hlophisitsoeng ka mokhoa o hlophisitsoeng). (Litšoantšo tsa 2 le 3).Tlhaloso ea sebaka sa litutulu, likoti le masoba a sebetsang a fana ka maikutlo a hore kabo ea tsona e laoloa ka mokhoa o itseng ke ho robeha ha liphello tsa NW-SE le NE-SW (Setšoantšo sa 4b) .Tsena ke literaeke tse ratoang tsa litsamaiso tsa liphoso tse amang Campi Flegrei le Somma-Vesuvius libaka tse foqohang seretse se chesang le sebaka se itseng sa Gulf of the Gulf of the Gulf of the Haidrorge. Ka hona, Campi Flegrei crater35. Ka hona re etsa qeto ea hore liphoso le ho robeha Koung ea Naples li emela tsela e ratoang ea ho falla ha khase holimo, e leng tšobotsi e arolelanoang ke mekhoa e meng e laoloang ka mokhoa oa hydrothermal system36,37.Habohlokoa, li-cones le likoti tsa BdM li ne li sa amahanngoa kamehla le litutulu (Feie.3a, c).Sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore litutulu tsena ha li hlile ha li emele li-precursors tsa ho thehoa ha mekoti, joalo ka ha bangoli ba bang ba khothalelitse libaka tsa khase ea hydrate32,33.Liqeto tsa rona li tšehetsa khopolo-taba ea hore tšitiso ea sediment ea dome seafloor hase kamehla e lebisang ho thehoeng ha mekoti.
Likhase tse tharo tse bokelletsoeng li bonts'a likhemikhale tse tloaelehileng tsa maro a hydrothermal, haholo-holo CO2 e nang le likhase tse fokotsang (H2S, CH4 le H2) le li-hydrocarbons tse bobebe (haholo-holo benzene le propylene)38,39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 5pheric as gases at S1, 42, 42, 42, 42, 43, 43, 42, 42, 42, 42, 42, 42, 43, 42, 42, 42, 42, 42, 42, 42, 42, 42, 42, 42, 4, 4, 4,, tse sa lebelloang hore li be teng mesing ea likepe tse tsamaeang ka tlas'a metsi, e kanna ea ba ka lebaka la tšilafalo e tsoang moeeng o qhibilihisitsoeng metsing a leoatle a kopanang le likhase tse bolokiloeng ka mabokoseng a polasetiki a sebelisetsoang ho etsa lisampole, kaha li-ROV li ntšoa fatše ho tloha botebong ba leoatle ho ea leoatleng hore li fetohele matla. - mehloli ea sepakapaka, tumellanong le tšimoloho e ka sehloohong ea hydrothermal ea likhase tsena. Tšimoloho ea hydrothermal-volcanic ea khase ea BdM e tiisoa ke CO2 le He contents le li-isotopic tsa bona. Li-isotopi tsa carbon (δ13C-CO2 ho tloha -0.93% ho ea +0.4%) le CO2 (0 × 1 × 1) boleng ba CO2/0 × 1 × 1. 10) fana ka maikutlo a hore disampole tsa BdM ke tsa mokhoa o tsoakiloeng oa fumaroles ho pota-pota litho tsa pheletso ea Kou ea Naples le decarbonization Kamano e teng pakeng tsa likhase tse hlahisoang ke karabelo (Setšoantšo sa 6) . Ka ho khetheha, mehlala ea khase ea BdM e teng hammoho le mokhoa oa ho kopanya hoo e batlang e le sebaka se tšoanang le sa maro a tsoang haufi le Somma-Vecanovus ea haufi le Somma-Vecanovus ea haufi le Somma-Vecanovus e haufi le Somma-Vecanovus fumaroles, tse haufi le qetellong ea seaparo sa mantle.Somma-Vesuvius le Campi Flegrei li na le 3He/4He values ​​​​(R/Ra pakeng tsa 2.6 le 2.9) ho feta BdM (R/Ra pakeng tsa 1.66 le 1.96;Letlapa la S1) .Sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore ho eketsoa le ho bokelloa ha radiogenic O simolohile mohloling o tšoanang oa magma o ileng oa fepa seretse se chesang sa Somma-Vesuvius le Campi Flegrei.Ho ba sieo ha likaroloana tsa carbon organic carbon tse hlahisoang ke BdM ho fana ka maikutlo a hore li-organic sediments ha li amehe ts'ebetsong ea BdM ea ho senya.
Ho ipapisitsoe le lintlha tse tlalehiloeng kaholimo le liphetho ho tsoa ho mehlala ea liteko ea meaho e kang dome e amanang le libaka tse nang le khase e ngata ea subsea, khatello e tebileng ea khase e ka ikarabella bakeng sa ho theoa ha li-domes tsa BdM tsa lik'hilomithara tse ngata. Leqephe la radius le leholo ho feta deformed soft viscous deposit The vertical maximum displacement w le botenya h ea (Supplementary Fig. S1) .Pdef ke phapang pakeng tsa total pressure le rock static pressure plus water column pressure.At BdM, radius e ka bang 2,500 m, w ke 20 m, and the hmic maximum 0 m 6P = 1 4 D/a4 ho tsoa kamanong, moo D e leng ho satalla ha flexural;D e fanoe ke (E h3)/[12(1 – ν2)], moo E e leng modulus e Monyane oa depositi, ν ke karo-karolelano ea Poisson (~0.5)33.Kaha thepa ea mochini ea mashala a BdM e ke ke ea lekanyetsoa, ​​re beha E = 140 kPa, e leng boleng bo utloahalang bakeng sa boleng ba lehlabathe la 4 M4 ha re nahane ka li-sediment tse 2 tsa lebopong la BdM. ported ka lingoliloeng bakeng sa silty letsopa deposits (300 < E <350,000 kPa)33,34 hobane BDM depositi na haholo-holo lehlabathe, eseng lehlabathe kapa silty letsopa24.Re fumana Pdef = 0.3 Pa, e lumellanang le likhakanyo tsa seafloor uplift process ka gase1 ho ea ho1 hydrate ho ea ho 3 ea likhase tse tlase, ho tloha ho 1 ho ea ho 1 ho ea tlase Ho BdM, ho fokotseha ho sataletseng ka lebaka la ho tlala ha khase ea sediment le/kapa ponahalo ea maqheka a neng a le teng le hona ho ka kenya letsoho ho hloleheng le ho lokolloa ha khase, ho lumella ho thehoa ha meaho ea moea e hlokometsoeng. ing MS marine sediments, e fellang ka litutulu, memeno, liphoso le ho seha ha sedimentary (Feie.7b, c).Sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore 14.8 ho 12 ka pumice ea khale e kene ka har'a lera le lenyenyane la MS ka mokhoa oa ho tsamaisa khase ea holimo. Likarolo tsa morphological tsa sebopeho sa BdM li ka bonoa e le phello ea khatello e feteletseng e entsoeng ke ho tsoa ha mokelikeli o hlahisoang ke GSL.Ho fanoe ka hore ho tsoa ka mafolofolo ho ka bonoa ho tloha ka holim'a metsi a holimo ho 148 m ho ea holimo ho GSL ho ea holimo ho feta 148 m. s 1,700 kPa. Ho falla ho ea holimo ha likhase ka har'a sediments ho boetse ho bile le phello ea lintho tse senyang tse fuperoeng ke MS, ho hlalosa ho ba teng ha li-chaotic sediments ho gravity cores sampled on BdM25.Ho feta moo, overpressure ea GSL e etsa hore ho be le mokhoa o rarahaneng oa ho robeha (polygonative fracture system, polygonative fracture, figlegraphic straly, Figlegraphic stralyb, Figlegraphic strapement, Figlegraphic stragly) , e bitsoang "pagodas"49,50, qalong e ne e bakoa ke liphello tsa bobeli tsa libopeho tsa khale tsa leqhoa, 'me hona joale li hlalosoa e le liphello tsa khase e ntseng e phahama31,33 kapa evaporites50 .Moemong oa k'honthinente oa Campania, li-evaporative sediments li haella, bonyane ka har'a sebaka se ka holimo-limo, ho ka etsahala hore ho be le khōlo e ka holimo-limo ea BM ho ea ho 3 km. ho phahama ha khase ka har'a sediments7), hammoho le lintlha tsa motheo tsa khoheli joalokaha ho tlalehiloe24, moo lehlabathe la kajeno le phatlohang ka 'Pomici Principali'25 le 'Naples Yellow Tuff'26 Campi Flegrei. Ho feta moo, li-depositi tsa PS li ile tsa hlasela le ho holofatsa MS layer e ka holimo-limo (Setšoantšo sa 7d). laola ho thehoa ha pagoda: a) ho teteana ha sediment e bonolo ho fokotseha ha khase e kena ka tlase;b) motsoako oa khase-sediment oa phahama, e leng ho phutha ho hlokometsoeng, ho fosa le ho robeha Ho etsa hore MS deposits (Setšoantšo sa 7) . Mokhoa o tšoanang oa ho theha o 'nile oa etsoa tlhahiso ea li-pagodas tse amanang le li-hydrates tsa khase Leoatleng la South Scotia (Antarctica) . Ka lebaka la ho ba teng ha MS undulations le ho nahana ka stratigraphy ea BdM matla a khoheli konokono, re nahana hore lilemo tsa ho thehoa ha mehaho ea pagoda e ka tlase ho hoo e ka bang 14-12 ka. Ho feta moo, kholo ea mehaho ena e ntse e sebetsa (setšoantšo sa 7d) kaha li-pagoda tse ling li ile tsa hlasela le ho hlahisa letsatsi la B.M.
Ho hloleha ha pagoda ho tšela botebo ba leoatle la kajeno ho bontša hore (a) ho phahama ha khase le/kapa ho khaotsa sebakeng sa ho tsoaka ha seretse sa khase, le/kapa (b) ho phalla ho ka bang teng ka lehlakoreng la motsoako oa seretse sa khase ha ho lumelle tšebetso ea sebaka sa khatello e feteletseng. lebatowa.Phokotso ea sekgahla sa phepelo e ka nna ya amahanngwa le ho eketseha ha boima ba motswako ka lebaka la ho nyamela ha phepelo ya kgase.Diphetho tse akantsweng ka hodimo le ho phahama ho laolwang ke buoyancy-controlled of the pagoda ho re lumella ho hakanya bophahamo ba kholomo ea moea hg. The buoyancy e fanoe ke ΔP = hgg (ρw – ρvity) le greg (29 g) le deg (29 g) le deg) le khase, ka ho latellana.ΔP ke kakaretso ea Pdef e neng e balletsoe pele le khatello ea lithostatic Plith ea poleiti ea sediment, ke hore ρsg h, moo ρs e leng sediment density.Tabeng ena, boleng ba hg e hlokahalang bakeng sa buoyancy e lakatsehang e fanoa ke hg = (Pdef + Plith) set. le h = 100 m (bona ka holimo), ρw = 1,030 kg/m3, ρs = 2,500 kg/m3, ρg ha e na thuso hobane ρw ≫ρg.Re fumana hg = 245 m, boleng bo emelang botebo ba botlaaseng ba GSL.ΔP e hlokehang hore e qhekelle ho feta 2.4 MPa kapa MPM
Sebopeho sa khase ea BdM se lumellana le mehloli ea mantle e fetotsoeng ka ho eketsoa ha metsi a amanang le liketso tsa decarbonization ea majoe a crustal (Fig. 6) . Likamano tse thata tsa EW tsa matlo a BdM le libaka tse foqohang seretse se chesang tse kang Ischia, Campi Flegre le Soma-Vesuvius, hammoho le ho hlophisoa ha metsi ho tloha ka tlas'a metsi, ho fana ka maikutlo a hore li-gases tse tsoang sebakeng se ka tlaase ho li-gases ke li-gases tse hlahisoang ke li-gases tse tsoang libakeng tse ngata tsa Namaples. Mekelikeli e ntseng e eketseha ea crustal e tloha bophirimela (Ischia) ho ea bochabela (Somma-Vesuivus) (Fig. 1b le 6).
Re fihletse qeto ea hore Kou ea Naples, lik'hilomithara tse 'maloa ho tloha koung ea Naples, ho na le mohaho o kang oa dome oa 25 km2 o angoang ke ts'ebetso e sebetsang ea degassing' me e bakoa ke ho behoa ha li-pagodas le lithapo. .Mesebetsi ea ho beha leihlo e lokela ho kengoa ts'ebetsong ho hlahloba tsoelo-pele ea liketsahalo le ho lemoha matšoao a geochemical le geophysical a bontšang tšitiso e ka 'nang ea e-ba teng.
Li-acoustic water column profiles (2D) li ile tsa fumanoa nakong ea SAFE_2014 (August 2014) cruise on the R/V Urania (CNR) by the National Research Council Institute of Coastal Marine Environment (IAMC) .Sampling acoustic e ile ea etsoa ke saense beam-splitting echo sounder Simrad EK60 e ile ea bokelloa ka lebelo la 34 km echo. litšoantšo tsa molumo li ne li sebelisetsoa ho khetholla ho tsoa ha mokelikeli le ho hlalosa ka nepo sebaka sa bona sebakeng sa pokello (pakeng tsa 74 le 180 m bsl) . Lekanya litekanyetso tsa 'mele le lik'hemik'hale ka har'a metsi a metsi a sebelisa li-multiparameter probes (conductivity, mocheso le botebo, CTD) .Data e ile ea bokelloa ho sebelisoa probe ea CTD 911 (SeaBird, ED, Electronics, Electronics, Inca, Electronics, Inca, 27, 2006 software, ESB, Electronics, Inca, 2008, 2000, 2000, 2007, ES, 23.2) .Tlhahlobo ea pono ea botlaaseng ba leoatle e ile ea etsoa ho sebelisoa "Pollux III" (GEItaliana) ROV sesebelisoa (koloi e sebetsang ka thōko) e nang le lik'hamera tse peli (tse tlaase le tse phahameng).
Multibeam data acquisition e ne e etsoa ho sebelisoa 100 KHz Simrad EM710 multibeam sonar system (Kongsberg) .Sistimi e hokahane le mokhoa o fapaneng oa boemo ba lefats'e ho netefatsa liphoso tsa sub-metric sebakeng sa beam s ka nako ea sebele nakong ea ho fumana.Data di sebetswa ka ho sebedisa PDS2000 software (Reson-Thales) ho ya ka International Hydrographic Organization standard (https://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-44_5E.pdf) bakeng sa ho tsamaea le ho lokisoa ha leqhubu.Ho fokotsa lerata ka lebaka la lisebelisoa tsa spikes tse sa tsitsang tsa molumo le ho fokotseha ha molumo ka phoso. ho fumanoa ho etsoa ke seteishene sa keel se haufi le transducer ea li-multi-beam 'me se fumana le ho sebelisa litlaleho tsa nako ea sebele tsa lebelo la molumo ka har'a kholomo ea metsi ka lihora tse ling le tse ling tsa 6-8 ho fana ka lebelo la molumo oa nako ea sebele bakeng sa tsamaiso e nepahetseng ea beam.Dasete eohle e na le hoo e ka bang 440 km2 (0-1200 m botebo) .Data e ne e sebelisetsoa ho fana ka mokhoa oa ho qetela oa TMD TM 1200m2. (Feie.1a) e entsoe ka data ea sebaka (> 0 m ka holim'a bophahamo ba leoatle) e fumanoeng ka boholo ba lisele tsa grid ea 20 ke Setsi sa Sesole sa Italy.
55-k'hilomithara tse phahameng-resolution single-channel seismic data profil, e bokelletsoeng nakong ea maeto a sireletsehileng a leoatle ka 2007 le 2014, e ne e akaretsa sebaka se ka bang lisekoere-k'hilomithara tse 113, ka bobeli ho R/V Urania.Marisk profiles (mohlala, L1 seismic profile, Fig. e na le catamaran ea limithara tse 2.5 moo mohloli le moamoheli li behiloeng teng.Tshaeno ea mohloli e na le tlhōrō e le 'ngoe e ntle e khetholloang ka sekhahla sa maqhubu a 1-10 kHz 'me e lumella ho rarolla li-reflectors tse arohaneng ka 25 cm e nang le mohloli oa 1-6.02 KHz o kenang ho fihlela ho 400 milliseconds ka sediment e bonolo ka tlas'a leoatle, e nang le qeto ea theoretical ea 30 cm. Lisebelisoa tse peli tse sireletsehileng le tsa Marsik li ile tsa fumanoa ka tekanyo ea 0.33 shots / sec ka lebelo la sekepe <3 Kn. Data e ne e sebelisoa ka mokhoa o nepahetseng oa ho sebetsa ka har'a metsi, ho sebelisoa li-software tsa Geoflow tse nepahetseng le ho sebetsa ka mokhoa o nepahetseng. 2-6 KHz bandpass IIR sefa, le AGC.
Khase e tsoang fumarole e ka tlas'a metsi e ne e bokelloa ka tlas'a leoatle ho sebelisoa lebokose la polasetiki le nang le diaphragm ea rabara ka lehlakoreng la eona le ka holimo, le behiloe ka holimo ke ROV holim'a moea. e nang le li-stopcocks tsa Teflon tseo E 'ngoe e neng e tlatsitsoe ka 20 mL ea 5N NaOH solution (Gegenbach-mofuta oa flask) . Mefuta e ka sehloohong ea khase ea acid (CO2 le H2S) e qhibiliha ka tharollo ea alkaline, ha mefuta e tlaase ea khase ea solubility (N2, Ar + O2, CO, H2, He, Ar, hydrolubility gasIn) e ne e bolokoa ka har'a botlolo ea botlolo ea hydrolubility ea hydrolubility ea CH4 le li-bottle tse nyenyane tsa hydrolubility. lyzed by gas chromatography (GC) sebelisa Shimadzu 15A e nang le 10 m bolelele ba 5A molecular sieve column le thermal conductivity detector (TCD) 54. Argon le O2 li ile tsa hlahlojoa ka ho sebelisa Thermo Focus chromatograph ea khase e nang le 30 mCD light capiella le 30 mCD ea molek'hule ea capiella ea lik'hemik'hale e neng e sebelisoa le molek'hule ea 30 mCD capiella ea khabone e neng e sebelisoa. Shimadzu 14A khase ea chromatograph e nang le kholomo ea tšepe e sa hloekang e bolelele ba 10 m e tletseng Chromosorb PAW 80/100 mesh, e koahetsoeng ka 23% SP 1700 le mollo oa ionization detector (FID) .Mokhahlelo oa mokelikeli o ne o sebelisoa bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea 1) CO2, joalo ka. joalo ka, ka mor'a oxidation le 5 mL H2O2 (33%), ka ion chromatography (IC) (IC) (Wantong 761) .Phoso ea tlhahlobo ea titration, tlhahlobo ea GC le IC e ka tlase ho 5%.Ka mor'a mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea ho ntša le ho hloekisa bakeng sa metsoako ea khase, 13C / 12C 12C CO2 e ile ea hlalosoa e le V-12C CO2 (e hlalositsoe ka VB13% CO2) le analytical CO2. Delta S mass spectrometer55,56. Litekanyetso tse sebelisoang ho hakanya ho nepahala ha ka ntle e ne e le Carrara le San Vincenzo marble (ka hare), NBS18 le NBS19 (machabeng), ha phoso ea tlhahlobo le ho ikatisa e ne e le ± 0.05% le ± 0.1%, ka ho latellana.
δ15N (e hlahisoang e le % vs. Air) le litekanyetso tsa 40Ar/36Ar li khethiloe ho sebelisoa Agilent 6890 N gas chromatograph (GC) e kopantsoeng le Finnigan Delta plusXP continuous flow mass spectrometer. Phoso ea tlhahlobo ke: δ15N±0.1%, 36 Arto, 36 Arto, 36 Arto, 36 Arto1%, 36Ar R ke 3He / 4O ile a lekanya ka sampuli le Ra ke karo-karolelano e tšoanang sepakapakeng: 1.39 × 10−6) 57 e ile ea khethoa ka laboratoring ea INGV-Palermo (Italy) 3He, 4He le 20Ne ba ne ba ikemiselitse ho sebelisa li-spectrometer tse peli tsa mokelli (Helix SFT-GVI) 58 Helilysis ea Helix 30 ka mor'a phoso ea Helix le Analysis ea 3. Ne ke <10-14 le <10-16 mol, ka ho latellana.
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