Mekhoa e fapaneng ea liteko (Brinell, Rockwell, Vickers) e na le mekhoa e tobileng ea morero o tlas'a teko.Teko ea Rockwell T e loketse ho hlahloba li-tubes tsa lerako le khanyang ka ho khaola tube ka bolelele le ho hlahloba lerako ho tloha ka hare ho bophara ho e-na le bophara bo ka ntle.
Ho odara li-tubing ho batla ho tšoana le ho ea lebenkeleng la likoloi le ho odara koloi kapa teraka.Kajeno, likhetho tse ngata tse teng li lumella bareki ho etsa koloi ea hau ka mekhoa e fapaneng - mebala e ka hare le kantle, liphutheloana tsa ka hare, likhetho tsa setaele sa kantle, khetho ea powertrain, le sistimi ea molumo e batlang e qothisana lehlokoa le sistimi ea boithabiso ea lapeng.Ka lebaka la likhetho tsena kaofela, u kanna oa se khotsofatsoe ke maemo a koloi.
Liphaephe tsa tšepe li joalo feela.E na le likhetho kapa litlhaloso tse likete.Ho phaella ho litekanyo, tlhaloso e thathamisa lik'hemik'hale le lisebelisoa tse' maloa tsa mechine tse kang bonyane ba matla a lihlahisoa (MYS), ultimate tensile strength (UTS), le elongation e fokolang pele e hlōleha.
Leka ho odara koloi ka tšobotsi e le 'ngoe ("Ke hloka koloi e nang le transmission ea automatic") 'me u ke ke ua fihla hole le morekisi.O tlameha ho tlatsa foromo ea odara ka likhetho tse ngata.Pipe ke eona feela - e le hore u fumane phala e nepahetseng bakeng sa kopo, moetsi oa liphaephe o hloka boitsebiso bo bongata ho feta ho thatafala.
Ho thata hakae ho fetoha sebaka se tsebahalang sa thepa e meng ea mochini?Mohlomong e qalile ka moetsi oa liphaephe.Hobane tlhahlobo ea boima e potlakile, e bonolo, ebile e hloka lisebelisoa tse batlang li le theko e tlaase, hangata barekisi ba li-tube ba sebelisa liteko tsa boima ho bapisa li-tubes tse peli.Ho etsa tlhahlobo ea boima, sohle seo ba se hlokang ke bolelele bo boreleli ba phala le setopo sa teko.
Ho thatafala ha li-tube ho amana hantle le UTS, 'me e le molao oa letsoho, liperesente kapa mekhahlelo ea liperesente li thusa ho hakanya MYS, kahoo ho bonolo ho bona hore na tlhahlobo ea boima e ka ba moemeli ea loketseng thepa e meng.
Hape, liteko tse ling li batla li rarahane. Le hoja tlhahlobo ea boima bo nka motsotso feela mochine o le mong, MYS, UTS le tlhahlobo ea elongation e hloka ho lokisetsa sampole le matsete a bohlokoa ho thepa e kholo ea laboratori.
Sena ha se bolele hore baetsi ba liphaephe tse entsoeng ka boenjiniere ha ba sebelise tlhahlobo ea boima. Ho bolokehile ho bolela hore batho ba bangata ba etsa joalo, empa hobane ba etsa liteko tsa ho pheta-pheta le tlhahlobo ea ho ikatisa lisebelisoa tsohle tsa bona tsa tlhahlobo, ba tseba hantle mefokolo ea teko.
Ke hobane'ng ha u lokela ho tseba ka MYS, UTS le bonyane elongation?Li bontša hore na tube e tla itšoara joang kopanong.
MYS ke matla a fokolang a bakang deformation ea ka ho sa feleng ea thepa.Haeba u leka ho koba terata e otlolohileng (joaloka seaparo sa seaparo) hanyenyane le ho lokolla khatello, e 'ngoe ea lintho tse peli e tla etsahala: e tla khutlela boemong ba eona ba pele (e otlolohileng) kapa e tla lula e kobehile.Haeba e ntse e otlolohile, ha u e-s'o fete MYS.
Hona joale, sebelisa li-pliers ho koala lipheletsong tse peli tsa mohala.Haeba u ka tabola terata ka likotoana tse peli, u feta UTS ea eona. U beha tsitsipano e ngata ho eona 'me u na le likhoele tse peli ho bontša boiteko ba hao bo fetang ba motho.Haeba bolelele ba pele ba terata ke lisenthimithara tse 5,' me bolelele ba bobeli ka mor'a ho hlōleha bo eketsa ho fihlela ho lisenthimithara tse 6, terata e lekanyelitsoe ka lisenthimithara tse 2, terata ea 2 e bolelele ba 2 inch. ntlha ea ho hloleha, empa eng kapa eng - mohopolo oa terata oa hula o bontša UTS.
Mehlala ea tšepe ea photomicrograph e hloka ho khaoloa, e benngoe, 'me e behoe ho sebelisoa tharollo e nang le asiti e bonolo (hangata nitric acid le joala (nitroethanol)) ho etsa hore lijo-thollo li bonahale.
Ho thatafala ke teko ea hore na thepa e arabela joang ka tšusumetso.Ak'u inahanele u kenya sekhechana se sekhutšoane sa phala ka har'a sekoti se nang le mehlahare e nang le serrated ebe u fetola sekoti hore se koale.Ho phaella tabeng ea ho batalatsa tube, mehlahare ea li-vise e boetse e siea li-indent ka holim'a tube.
Ke kamoo teko ea boima bo sebetsang kateng, empa ha e thata hakaalo.Teko ena e na le boholo ba tšusumetso e laoloang le khatello e laoloang.Mathata ana a holofatsa bokaholimo, ho etsa hore ho be le ho indentation kapa ho indentation.Boholo kapa botebo ba ho indentation bo etsa qeto ea ho thatafala ha tšepe.
Bakeng sa ho hlahloba tšepe, liteko tse tloaelehileng tsa ho thatafala ke Brinell, Vickers, le Rockwell. E 'ngoe le e 'ngoe e na le sekala sa eona, 'me ba bang ba na le mekhoa e mengata ea teko, joalo ka Rockwell A, B, le C. Bakeng sa liphaephe tsa tšepe, ASTM Specification A513 e bua ka teko ea Rockwell B (e khutsufalitsoeng e le HRB kapa RB).Teko ea Rockwell B e lekanya phapang pakeng tsa tšepe e kenang ka pele ho 61-inch le bophara ba tšepe e nyenyane. mojaro oa 100 kgf. Sephetho se tloaelehileng sa tšepe e bonolo e tloaelehileng ke HRB 60.
Materials sciences know that hardness is linearly related to UTS.Ka hona, boima bo fanoeng bo ka bolela esale pele UTS.Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, bahlahisi ba li-tube ba tseba hore MYS le UTS lia amana.Bakeng sa pipe e cheselitsoeng, MYS ka tloaelo ke 70% ho ea ho 85% ea UTS. Chelete e nepahetseng e itšetlehile ka mokhoa oa ho etsa tube.The hardness of HRB 6s0 square square, UTS 600 pounds per UTS ) le MYS ea 80%, kapa 48,000 PSI.
Tlhaloso e tloaelehileng ka ho fetisisa ea liphaephe ha ho etsoa ka kakaretso ke boima bo boholo. Ho phaella ho boholo, moenjiniere o ne a amehile ka ho totobatsa phala ea welded electric resistance welded (RW) pipe ka har'a sebaka se setle sa ho sebetsa, se ka etsang hore ho be le boima bo boholo ba mohlomong HRB 60 ho fumana mokhoa oa ho etsa karolo ea ho taka.
Ea pele, boima ba HRB 60 ha bo re bolelle haholo.Ho bala HRB 60 ke palo e se nang dimension. Thepa e lekantsoeng ka HRB 59 e bonolo ho feta thepa e lekiloeng ka HRB 60, le HRB 61 e thata ho feta HRB 60, empa ke bokae? sebaka (e lekantsoeng bohole ho latela nako), kapa UTS (e lekantsoeng ka liponto ka lisenthimithara tse lisekoere).Ho bala HRB 60 ha e re bolelle letho le tobileng.Ena ke thepa ea thepa, empa e se thepa ea 'mele. Ea bobeli, teko ea boima ha e lokele ho pheta-pheta kapa ho hlahisa hape ke mofuta oa teko.Ka mor'a hore boemo bo lekanyetsoe, bo ke ke ba lekanyetsoa lekhetlo la bobeli ho netefatsa liphetho.Ho pheta-pheta teko ha ho khonehe.
Sena ha se bolele hore tlhahlobo ea boima ha e na thuso.Ha e le hantle, e fana ka tataiso e ntle bakeng sa UTS ea thepa, 'me ke teko e potlakileng le e bonolo ho e etsa.Leha ho le joalo, bohle ba amehang ho hlakisang, ho reka le ho etsa li-tubes ba lokela ho hlokomela mefokolo ea eona e le tlhahlobo ea teko.
Hobane phala e "tloaelehileng" ha e hlalosoe hantle, ha ho hlokahala, baetsi ba liphaephe ba atisa ho e fokotsa ho ea ho mefuta e 'meli e sebelisoang ka ho fetisisa ea liphaephe tsa tšepe le liphaephe tse hlalositsoeng ho ASTM A513: 1008 le 1010. Esita le ka mor'a ho felisa mefuta e meng eohle ea li-tube, menyetla ea mekhoa ea mechine ea mefuta ena e 'meli ea li-tube e bulehile haholo.
Ka mohlala, tube e hlalosoa e le bonolo haeba MYS e le tlase 'me e telele e phahame, e leng se bolelang hore e sebetsa hantle ka ho tsitsisa, ho kheloha le ho behoa ho feta tube e hlalosoang e le thata, e nang le MYS e batlang e phahame le e telele e batlang e le tlaase.
Elongation ka boeona ke ntlha e 'ngoe e nang le tšusumetso e kholo lits'ebetsong tsa lipeipi tsa bohlokoa.Li-tubes tse nang le bolelele bo phahameng li ka mamella matla a thata;lisebelisoa tse nang le bolelele bo tlase li brittle, ka hona, li na le mathata a mofuta oa mokhathala.
Ke hobane'ng ha thepa ea mechine ea li-tubes e fapana hakaale?Pele, metsoako ea lik'hemik'hale e fapane.Tšepe ke tharollo e tiileng ea tšepe le carbon le lisebelisoa tse ling tsa bohlokoa.Ho nolofatsa, re tla sebetsana feela le liphesente tsa carbon mona.Liathomo tsa carbon li nka sebaka sa tse ling tsa liathomo tsa tšepe, ho etsa sebopeho sa kristale sa tšepe.ASTM 1008 is an all-grade 0 carbon with a all-grade 0 carbon content. e hlahisa thepa e ikhethang ha khabone ka tšepe e le tlase haholo.ASTM 1010 e hlalosa khabone e pakeng tsa 0.08% le 0.13%.Liphapang tsena ha li bonahale li le kholo, empa li kholo hoo li ka etsang phapang e kholo libakeng tse ling.
Ea bobeli, phala ea tšepe e ka etsoa kapa ea etsoa 'me ka mor'a moo ea sebetsoa ka mekhoa e supileng e fapaneng ea tlhahiso.ASTM A513 e amanang le tlhahiso ea liphaephe tsa ERW e thathamisa mefuta e supileng:
Haeba metsoako ea lik'hemik'hale tsa tšepe le mehato ea ho etsa li-tube ha e na phello ho thatafala ha tšepe, ke eng?Ho araba potso ena ho bolela ho hlahloba lintlha.Potso ena e botsa lipotso tse ling tse peli: Ke lintlha life, 'me li haufi hakae?
Lintlha tse mabapi le lithollo tse etsang litšepe ke karabo ea pele. s li monngoa ke lijo-thollo.Tsena tsohle li etsahala boemong ba microscopic hobane boholo ba lijo-thollo tsa tšepe bo boholo bo ka bang 64 µ kapa bophara ba lisenthimithara tse 0.0025. Ha thollo e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe e tšoana le e latelang, ha e tšoane.Li fapana hanyenyane ka boholo, libopeho le carbon content. Khokahano pakeng tsa lijo-thollo e bitsoa moeli oa lijo-thollo.
U lokela ho sheba hole hakae ho bona lijo-thollo tse hlokomelehang? Ho hōlisa 100x, kapa pono ea motho ea 100x, ho lekane.Leha ho le joalo, ho sheba feela tšepe e sa sebetsoeng ka makhetlo a 100 matla ha a senole haholo.Sampole e lokiselitsoe ka ho bentša sampuli le ho khabisa bokaholimo ka acid (hangata nitric acid le joala) e bitsoang nitchant.
Ke lithollo le lesela la tsona la ka hare tse khethollang matla a tšusumetso, MYS, UTS le bolelele boo tšepe e ka mamellang pele e hlōleha.
Mehato ea ho etsa litšepe, joalo ka ho kolobisoa ha sekhahla ho chesang le ho batang, ho kenya khatello ka har'a sebopeho sa lijo-thollo;haeba li fetola sebōpeho ka ho sa feleng, sena se bolela hore khatello ea kelello e holofatsa lijo-thollo.Mehato e meng ea ho lokisa, e kang ho khoaela tšepe hore e be likhoele, ho e phutholla, le ho holofatsa lithollo tsa tšepe ka leloala la li-tube (ho etsa le boholo ba tube).Mohatsela o toroeang tube holim'a mandrel o boetse o beha khatello holim'a thepa, joalo ka ha ho etsa mehato ea tlhahiso e kang ho theha le ho kobeha.
Mehato e ka holimo e senya ductility ea tšepe, e leng bokhoni ba eona ba ho mamella khatello ea kelello (ho hula-open).Tšepe e fetoha brittle, e bolelang hore ho ka etsahala hore e robehe haeba u ntse u tsoela pele ho sebetsa ho eona.Elongation ke karolo e le 'ngoe ea ductility (compressibility ke e' ngoe) .Ke habohlokoa ho utloisisa hore ho hlōleha hangata ho etsahala nakong ea khatello ea kelello, eseng ka lebaka la khatello e phahameng ea khatello ea khatello ea kelello. e theha habonolo tlas'a khatello ea khatello - ke ductile - e leng molemo.
Konkreite e na le matla a phahameng a ho hatella empa ductility e tlaase ha e bapisoa le konkreite.Thepa ena e fapane le ea tšepe.Ke ka lebaka leo konkreite e sebelisetsoang litsela, mehaho le litselana hangata li kenngoa ka rebar.Sephetho ke sehlahisoa se nang le matla a lisebelisoa tse peli: tlas'a tsitsipano, tšepe e matla,' me tlas'a khatello, konkreite.
Nakong ea ho sebetsa ho batang, ha ductility ea tšepe e fokotseha, boima ba eona bo eketseha.Ka mantsoe a mang, e tla thatafala.Ho itšetlehile ka boemo, sena se ka ba molemo;leha ho le joalo, e ka 'na ea e-ba bothata kaha ho thatafala ho lekanngoa le brittleness.Ke hore, ha tšepe e ntse e thatafala, e fetoha e fokolang;ka hona, ho ka etsahala hore e hlolehe.
Ka mantsoe a mang, mohato o mong le o mong oa ts'ebetso o ja tse ling tsa ductility ea pipe.E ntse e thatafala ha karolo e sebetsa, 'me haeba e le thata haholo ha e le hantle ha e na thuso.Bothata ke brittleness,' me tube ea brittle e ka 'na ea hlōleha ha e sebelisoa.
Na moetsi o na le boikhethelo tabeng ee?Ka bokhuts'oane, e.Khetho eo ke ea boselamose, 'me leha e se mohlolo, e haufi le boselamose kamoo u ka e fumanang.
Ka mantsoe a layman, annealing e tlosa liphello tsohle tsa khatello ea kelello 'meleng ka tšepe.Ts'ebetso ena e futhumatsa tšepe ho khatello ea maikutlo kapa mocheso oa recrystallization, ka tsela eo ho felisa ho senyeha.Ho itšetlehile ka mocheso o itseng le nako e sebelisoang ts'ebetsong ea annealing, mokhoa ona o tsosolosa tse ling kapa tsohle tsa eona.
Ho pholisa le ho laoloa ho khothalletsa kholo ea lijo-thollo. Sena se molemo haeba sepheo e le ho fokotsa ho brittleness ha thepa, empa khōlo e sa laoleheng ea lijo-thollo e ka nolofatsa tšepe haholo, ea etsa hore e se ke ea sebelisoa bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea eona e reretsoeng.
Re lokela ho theola lintlha tsa boimana? no.Litšobotsi tsa boima li bohlokoa haholo-holo e le ntlha ea litšupiso ha ho etsoa liphaephe tsa tšepe. Tekanyo e sebetsang, boima ke e 'ngoe ea litšobotsi tse 'maloa tse lokelang ho hlalosoa ha ho etsoa thepa ea tubular le ho hlahlojoa ha ho e-ba le thepa ('me e lokela ho ngoloa ka thepa e' ngoe le e 'ngoe).
Leha ho le joalo, hase teko ea 'nete bakeng sa lisebelisoa tse tšoanelehang (ho amohela kapa ho hana). Ho phaella ho boima, bahlahisi ka linako tse ling ba lokela ho hlahloba thepa ho fumana thepa e meng e amehang, e kang MYS, UTS, kapa bonyane ba bolelele, ho itšetlehile ka tšebeliso ea tube.
Wynn H. Kearns is responsible for regional sales for Indiana Tube Corp., 2100 Lexington Road, Evansville, IN 47720, 812-424-9028, wkearns@indianatube.com, www.indianatube.com.
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