AISI Super Duplex 2507 neli za kapilari za chuma cha pua
Masafa ya utengenezaji:
bomba la coil ya chuma cha pua
coil ya bomba la chuma cha pua
chuma cha pua neli za coil
bomba la coil ya chuma cha pua
wauzaji wa bomba la chuma cha pua
watengenezaji wa bomba la chuma cha pua
coil ya bomba la chuma cha pua
Kapilari ya chuma cha pua, bomba ndogo ya chuma cha pua hutumiwa sana katika matibabu, fiber-optic, utengenezaji wa kalamu, bidhaa za kulehemu za elektroniki, pamoja na kebo nyepesi, chakula, zabibu, maziwa, vinywaji, duka la dawa na biokemia, urefu tofauti unaweza kutolewa kulingana na ombi.
Mirija ya kapilari yenye kipenyo cha juu cha 0.0158 in., inapatikana katika aina mbalimbali za vyuma vya pua.Mirija ya capillary ya Sandvik ina sifa ya uvumilivu mkali, na uso wa ndani wa zilizopo hauna mafuta, mafuta na chembe nyingine.Hii inahakikisha, kwa mfano, utiririshaji ulioboreshwa na hata wa vimiminika na gesi kutoka kwa kihisi hadi kwa chombo cha kupimia.
Chuma cha pua Mirija iliyofungwa inapatikana katika aina mbalimbali za bidhaa kulingana na mahitaji ya mteja.Licancheng sihe chuma cha pua nyenzo tillverkar svetsade na imefumwa bidhaa tube.Madaraja ya kawaida ni 304 304L 316L(UNS S31603) Duplex 2205 (UNS S32205 & S31803) Super Duplex 2507 (UNS S32750) Incoloy 825 (UNS N08825) Inconel 5 superinless 60 gredi ya 6025 na aloi ya nikeli zinapatikana kwa ombi.
Kipenyo kutoka 3mm (0.118'') hadi 25.4mm (1.00'') OD.Unene wa ukuta kutoka 0.5mm (0.020'') hadi 3mm (0.118''). Mirija inaweza kutolewa katika hali ya bomba la kudhibiti chuma cha pua iliyochujwa au yenye kazi baridi.
Vipimo
Chapa | Liaocheng Sihe CHUMA cha pua |
Unene | 0.1-2.0mm |
Kipenyo | 0.3-20mm (uvumilivu: ±0.01mm) |
Daraja lisilo na pua | 201,202,304,304L,316L,317L,321,310s,254mso,904L,2205,625 n.k. |
Uso Maliza | ndani na nje ni annealing angavu, kusafisha, na imefumwa, hakuna uvujaji. |
Kawaida | ASTM A269-2002.JIS G4305/ GB/T 12770-2002GB/T12771-2002 |
Urefu | 200-1500m kwa kila coil, au Kama mteja anavyohitajika |
Ukubwa wa hisa | 6*1mm ,8*0.5mm ,8*0.6mm,8*0.8mm, 8*0.9mm,8*1mm, 9.5*1mm,10*1mm, ect.. |
Cheti | ISO&BV |
Njia ya kufunga | Mifuko ya kusuka, mifuko ya plastiki n.k. |
Masafa ya programu | hutumika sana katika tasnia ya chakula, vifaa vya vinywaji, mashine ya bia, kibadilisha joto, maziwa/ mfumo wa usambazaji maji, vifaa vya matibabu nishati ya jua, vifaa vya matibabu, anga, anga, mawasiliano, mafuta na tasnia zingine. |
Kumbuka | Lebo ya OEM / ODM / Mnunuzi imekubaliwa. |
Ukubwa wa Coil Tube ya chuma cha pua | ||||||||||||||||
KITU | Daraja | Ukubwa | Shinikizo | Urefu | ||||||||||||
1 | 316L,304L,304 aloi 625 825 2205 2507 | 1/8″×0.025″ | 3200 | 500-35000 | ||||||||||||
2 | 316L,304L,304 aloi 625 825 2205 2507 | 1/8″×0.035″ | 3200 | 500-35000 | ||||||||||||
3 | 316L,304L,304 aloi 625 825 2205 2507 | 1/4″×0.035″ | 2000 | 500-35000 | ||||||||||||
4 | 316L,304L,304 aloi 625 825 2205 2507 | 1/4″×0.049″ | 2000 | 500-35000 | ||||||||||||
5 | 316L,304L,304 aloi 625 825 2205 2507 | 3/8″×0.035″ | 1500 | 500-35000 | ||||||||||||
6 | 316L,304L,304 aloi 625 825 2205 2507 | 3/8″×0.049″ | 1500 | 500-35000 | ||||||||||||
7 | 316L,304L,304 aloi 625 825 2205 2507 | 1/2″×0.049″ | 1000 | 500-35000 | ||||||||||||
8 | 316L,304L,304 aloi 625 825 2205 2507 | 1/2″×0.065″ | 1000 | 500-35000 | ||||||||||||
9 | 316L,304L,304 aloi 625 825 2205 2507 | φ3mm×0.7mm | 3200 | 500-35000 | ||||||||||||
10 | 316L,304L,304 aloi 625 825 2205 2507 | φ3mm×0.9mm | 3200 | 500-35000 | ||||||||||||
11 | 316L,304L,304 aloi 625 825 2205 2507 | φ4mm×0.9mm | 3000 | 500-35000 | ||||||||||||
12 | 316L,304L,304 aloi 625 825 2205 2507 | φ4mm×1.1mm | 3000 | 500-35000 | ||||||||||||
13 | 316L,304L,304 aloi 625 825 2205 2507 | φ6mm×0.9mm | 2000 | 500-35000 | ||||||||||||
14 | 316L,304L,304 aloi 625 825 2205 2507 | φ6mm×1.1mm | 2000 | 500-35000 | ||||||||||||
15 | 316L,304L,304 aloi 625 825 2205 2507 | φ8mm×1mm | 1800 | 500-35000 | ||||||||||||
16 | 316L,304L,304 aloi 625 825 2205 2507 | φ8mm×1.2mm | 1800 | 500-35000 | ||||||||||||
17 | 316L,304L,304 aloi 625 825 2205 2507 | φ10mm×1mm | 1500 | 500-35000 | ||||||||||||
18 | 316L,304L,304 aloi 625 825 2205 2507 | φ10mm×1.2mm | 1500 | 500-35000 | ||||||||||||
19 | 316L,304L,304 aloi 625 825 2205 2507 | φ10mm×2mm | 500 | 500-35000 | ||||||||||||
20 | 316L,304L,304 aloi 625 825 2205 2507 | φ12mm×1.5mm | 500 | 500-35000 | ||||||||||||
Jedwali la shinikizo | ||||||||||||||||
Uteuzi wa nyenzo zinazofaa kwa udhibiti wowote au laini ya sindano ya kemikali inategemea hali ya uendeshaji na tovuti iliyopo.Ili kusaidia katika uteuzi, majedwali yafuatayo yanatoa ukadiriaji wa shinikizo la ndani na vipengele vya marekebisho kwa anuwai ya madaraja ya kawaida na saizi ya neli isiyo imefumwa na svetsade ya pua. | ||||||||||||||||
Shinikizo la juu zaidi (P) kwa TP 316L kwa 100°F (38°C)1) | ||||||||||||||||
Tafadhali rejelea vipengele vya kurekebisha daraja na bidhaa hapa chini. | ||||||||||||||||
Kipenyo cha nje, katika. | Unene wa ukuta, ndani. | Shinikizo la kufanya kazi2) | Shinikizo la kupasuka2) | Kunja shinikizo4) | ||||||||||||
psi (MPa) | psi (MPa) | psi (MPa) | ||||||||||||||
1/4 | 0.035 | 6,600 (46) | 22,470 (155) | 6,600 (46) | ||||||||||||
1/4 | 0.049 | 9,260 (64) | 27,400 (189) | 8,710 (60) | ||||||||||||
1/4 | 0.065 | 12,280 (85) | 34,640 (239) | 10,750 (74) | ||||||||||||
3/8 | 0.035 | 4,410 (30) | 19,160 (132) | 4,610 (32) | ||||||||||||
3/8 | 0.049 | 6,170 (43) | 21,750 (150) | 6,220 (43) | ||||||||||||
3/8 | 0.065 | 8,190 (56) | 25,260 (174) | 7,900 (54) | ||||||||||||
3/8 | 0.083 | 10,450 (72) | 30,050 (207) | 9,570 (66) | ||||||||||||
1/2 | 0.049 | 4,630 (32) | 19,460 (134) | 4,820 (33) | ||||||||||||
1/2 | 0.065 | 6,140 (42) | 21,700 (150) | 6,200 (43) | ||||||||||||
1/2 | 0.083 | 7,840 (54) | 24,600 (170) | 7,620 (53) | ||||||||||||
5/8 | 0.049 | 3,700 (26) | 18,230 (126) | 3,930 (27) | ||||||||||||
5/8 | 0.065 | 4,900 (34) | 19,860 (137) | 5,090 (35) | ||||||||||||
5/8 | 0.083 | 6,270 (43) | 26,910 (151) | 6,310 (44) | ||||||||||||
3/4 | 0.049 | 3,080 (21) | 17,470 (120) | 3,320 (23) | ||||||||||||
3/4 | 0.065 | 4,090 (28) | 18,740 (129) | 4,310 (30) | ||||||||||||
3/4 | 0.083 | 5,220 (36) | 20,310 (140) | 5,380 (37) | ||||||||||||
1) Makadirio pekee.Shinikizo halisi linapaswa kuhesabiwa kwa kuzingatia mambo yote ya mkazo katika mfumo. | ||||||||||||||||
2) Kulingana na mahesabu kutoka kwa API 5C3, kwa kutumia uvumilivu wa ukuta wa +/-10% | ||||||||||||||||
3) Kulingana na hesabu za mwisho za mlipuko wa nguvu kutoka API 5C3 | ||||||||||||||||
4) Kulingana na mahesabu ya kuanguka kwa nguvu ya mavuno kutoka API 5C3 | ||||||||||||||||
Vipengele vya marekebisho ya vikomo vya shinikizo la kufanya kazi1) | ||||||||||||||||
Pw = rejeleo la ukadiriaji wa shinikizo la kufanya kazi kwa TP 316L katika 100°F (38°C).Kuamua shinikizo la kufanya kazi kwa mchanganyiko wa daraja/joto, zidisha Pw kwa kipengele cha kurekebisha. | ||||||||||||||||
Daraja | 100°F | 200°F | 300°F | 400°F | ||||||||||||
(38°C) | (93°C) | (149°C) | (204°C) | |||||||||||||
TP 316L, imefumwa | 1 | 0.87 | 0.7 | 0.63 | ||||||||||||
TP 316L, svetsade | 0.85 | 0.74 | 0.6 | 0.54 | ||||||||||||
Aloi 825, imefumwa | 1.33 | 1.17 | 1.1 | 1.03 | ||||||||||||
Aloi 825, svetsade | 1.13 | 1.99 | 1.94 | 0.88 | ||||||||||||
1) Vipengele vya marekebisho kulingana na mkazo unaokubalika katika ASME. | ||||||||||||||||
Vipengele vya marekebisho kwa vikomo vya shinikizo la kupasuka1) | ||||||||||||||||
Pb = shinikizo la mlipuko la rejeleo kwa TP 316L ifikapo 100°F.Kuamua shinikizo la kupasuka kwa mchanganyiko wa daraja/joto, zidisha Pb kwa kipengele cha kurekebisha. | ||||||||||||||||
Daraja | 100°F | 200°F | 300°F | 400°F | ||||||||||||
(38°C) | (93°C) | (149°C) | (204°C) | |||||||||||||
TP 316L, imefumwa | 1 | 0.93 | 0.87 | 0.8 | ||||||||||||
TP 316L, svetsade | 0.85 | 0.79 | 0.74 | 0.68 | ||||||||||||
Aloi 825, imefumwa | 1.13 | 1.07 | 1 | 0.87 | ||||||||||||
Aloi 825, svetsade | 0.96 | 0.91 | 0.85 | 0.74 | ||||||||||||
1) Vipengele vya marekebisho kulingana na nguvu ya mwisho katika ASME. |
Muundo wa kemikali:
316 bomba la kapilari la chuma cha pua | |||||||||
Daraja | UNS | C | Cr | Ni | Mo | Wengine | |||
max. | |||||||||
TP 316L | S31600/ S31603 | 0.03 | 17.5 | 13 | 2.1 | 0.1 | |||
Mali ya mitambo | |||||||||
Daraja | Kutoa nguvu, | Nguvu ya mkazo, | Kurefusha | ||||||
psi (MPa) | psi (MPa) | % | |||||||
TP 316L | 32,000 (220) | 75,000 (515) | 35 | ||||||
Tabia za kutu | |||||||||
Daraja | UNS | PRE1) | CPT2) F (oC) | Upeo wa H2S3) | CO24) | ||||
TP 316L | S31600/S31603 | 24 | 95 (35) | Hakuna kikomo | + |
▼Daraja la nyenzo za chuma cha pua / mirija iliyosongwa:
Marekani | UJERUMANI | UJERUMANI | UFARANSA | JAPAN | ITALIA | USWIDI | Uingereza | EU | HISPANIA | URUSI |
AISI | DIN 17006 | WN 17007 | AFNOR | JIS | UNI | SIS | BSI | EURONORM | ||
201 | SUS 201 | |||||||||
301 | X 12 CrNi 17 7 | 1.4310 | Z 12 CN 17-07 | SUS 301 | X 12 CrNi 1707 | 23 31 | 301S21 | X 12 CrNi 17 7 | X 12 CrNi 17-07 | |
302 | X 5 CrNi 18 7 | 1.4319 | Z 10 CN 18-09 | SUS 302 | X 10 CrNi 1809 | 23 31 | 302S25 | X 10 CrNi 18 9 | X 10 CrNi 18-09 | 12KH18N9 |
303 | X 10 CrNiS 18 9 | 1.4305 | Z 10 CNF 18-09 | SUS 303 | X 10 CrNiS 1809 | 23 46 | 303S21 | X 10 CrNiS 18 9 | X 10 CrNiS 18-09 | |
303 Se | Z 10 CNF 18-09 | SUS 303 Se | X 10 CrNiS 1809 | 303S41 | X 10 CrNiS 18-09 | 12KH18N10E | ||||
304 | X 5 CrNi 18 10 X 5 CrNi 18 12 | 1.4301 1.4303 | Z 6 CN 18-09 | SUS 304 | X 5 CrNi 1810 | 23 32 | 304S15 304S16 | X 6 CrNi 18 10 | X 6 CrNi 19-10 | 08KH18N10 06KH18N11 |
304 N | SUS 304N1 | X 5 CrNiN 1810 | ||||||||
304 H | SUS F 304H | X 8 CrNi 1910 | X 6 CrNi 19-10 | |||||||
304 L | X 2 CrNi 18 11 | 1.4306 | Z 2 CN 18-10 | SUS 304L | X 2 CrNi 1911 | 23 52 | 304S11 | X 3 CrNi 18 10 | X 2 CrNi 19-10 | 03KH18N11 |
X 2 CrNiN 18 10 | 1.4311 | Z 2 CN 18-10-Az | SUS 304LN | X 2 CrNiN 1811 | 23 71 | |||||
305 | Z 8 CN 18-12 | SUS 305 | X 8 CrNi 1812 | 23 33 | 305S19 | X 8 CrNi 18 12 | X 8 CrNi 18-12 | |||
Z 6 CNU 18-10 | SUS XM7 | X 6 CrNiCu 18 10 4 Kd | ||||||||
309 | X 15 CrNiS 20 12 | 1.4828 | Z 15 CN 24-13 | SUH 309 | X 16 CrNi 2314 | 309S24 | X 15 CrNi 23 13 | |||
309 S | SUS 309S | X 6 CrNi 2314 | X 6 CrNi 22 13 | |||||||
310 | X 12 CrNi 25 21 | 1.4845 | SUH 310 | X 22 CrNi 2520 | 310S24 | 20KH23N18 | ||||
310 S | X 12 CrNi 25 20 | 1.4842 | Z 12 CN 25-20 | SUS 310S | X 5 CrNi 2520 | 23 61 | X 6 CrNi 25 20 | 10KH23N18 | ||
314 | X 15 CrNiSi 25 20 | 1.4841 | Z 12 CNS 25-20 | X 16 CrNiSi 2520 | X 15 CrNiSi 25 20 | 20KH25N20S2 | ||||
316 | X 5 CrNiMo 17 12 2 | 1.4401 | Z 6 CND 17-11 | SUS 316 | X 5 CrNiMo 1712 | 23 47 | 316S31 | X 6 CrNiMo 17 12 2 | X 6 CrNiMo 17-12-03 | |
316 | X 5 CrNiMo 17 13 3 | 1.4436 | Z 6 CND 17-12 | SUS 316 | X 5 CrNiMo 1713 | 23 43 | 316S33 | X 6 CrNiMo 17 13 3 | X 6 CrNiMo 17-12-03 | |
316 F | X 12 CrNiMoS 18 11 | 1.4427 | ||||||||
316 N | SUS 316N | |||||||||
316 H | SUS F 316H | X 8 CrNiMo 1712 | X 5 CrNiMo 17-12 | |||||||
316 H | X 8 CrNiMo 1713 | X 6 CrNiMo 17-12-03 | ||||||||
316 L | X 2 CrNiMo 17 13 2 | 1.4404 | Z 2 CND 17-12 | SUS 316L | X 2 CrNiMo 1712 | 23 48 | 316S11 | X 3 CrNiMo 17 12 2 | X 2 CrNiMo 17-12-03 | 03KH17N14M2 |
X 2 CrNiMon 17 12 2 | 1.4406 | Z 2 CND 17-12-Az | SUS 316LN | X 2 CrNiMoN 1712 | ||||||
316 L | X 2 CrNiMo 18 14 3 | 1.4435 | Z 2 CND 17-13 | X 2 CrNiMo 1713 | 23 53 | 316S13 | X 3 CrNiMo 17 13 3 | X 2 CrNiMo 17-12-03 | 03KH16N15M3 | |
X 2 CrNiMon 17 13 3 | 1.4429 | Z 2 CND 17-13-Az | X 2 CrNiMoN 1713 | 23 75 | ||||||
X 6 CrNiMoTi 17 12 2 | 1.4571 | Z6 CNDT 17-12 | X 6 CrNiMoTi 1712 | 23 50 | 320S31 | X 6 CrNiMoTi 17 12 2 | X 6 CrNiMoTi 17-12-03 | 08KH17N13M2T 10KH17N13M2T | ||
X 10 CrNiMoTi 18 12 | 1.4573 | X 6 CrNiMoTi 1713 | 320S33 | X 6 CrNiMoTI 17 13 3 | X 6 CrNiMoTi 17-12-03 | 08KH17N13M2T 10KH17N13M2T | ||||
X 6 CrNiMoNb 17 12 2 | 1.4580 | Z 6 CNDNb 17-12 | X 6 CrNiMoNb 1712 | X 6 CrNiMoNb 17 12 2 | 08KH16N13M2B | |||||
X 10 CrNiMoNb 18 12 | 1.4583 | X 6 CrNiMoNb 1713 | X 6 CrNiMoNb 17 13 3 | 09KH16N15M3B | ||||||
317 | SUS 317 | X 5 CrNiMo 1815 | 23 66 | 317S16 | ||||||
317 L | X 2 CrNiMo 18 16 4 | 1.4438 | Z 2 CND 19-15 | SUS 317L | X 2 CrNiMo 1815 | 23 67 | 317S12 | X 3 CrNiMo 18 16 4 | ||
317 L | X 2 CrNiMo 18 16 4 | 1.4438 | Z 2 CND 19-15 | SUS 317L | X 2 CrNiMo 1816 | 23 67 | 317S12 | X 3 CrNiMo 18 16 4 | ||
330 | X 12 NiCrSi 36 16 | 1.4864 | Z 12NCS 35-16 | SUH 330 | ||||||
321 | X 6 CrNiTi 18 10 X 12 CrNiTi 18 9 | 1.4541 1.4878 | Z 6 CNT 18-10 | SUS 321 | X 6 CrNiTi 1811 | 23 37 | 321S31 | X 6 CrNiTi 18 10 | X 6 CrNiTi 18-11 | 08KH18N10T |
321 H | SUS 321H | X 8 CrNiTi 1811 | 321S20 | X 7 CrNiTi 18-11 | 12KH18N10T | |||||
329 | X 8 CrNiMo 27 5 | 1.4460 | SUS 329J1 | 23 24 | ||||||
347 | X 6 CrNiNb 18 10 | 1.4550 | Z 6 CNNb 18-10 | SUS 347 | X 6 CrNiNb 1811 | 23 38 | 347S31 | X 6 CrNiNb 18 10 | X 6 CrNiNb 18-11 | 08KH18N12B |
347 H | SUS F 347H | X 8 CrNiNb 1811 | X 7 CrNiNb 18-11 | |||||||
904L | 1.4939 | Z 12 CNDV 12-02 | ||||||||
X 20 CrNiSi 25 4 | 1.4821 | |||||||||
UNS31803 | X 2 CrNiMoN 22 5 | 1.4462 | ||||||||
UNS32760 | X 3 CrNiMoN 25 7 | 1.4501 | Z 3 CND 25-06Az | |||||||
403 | X 6 Kr 13 X 10 Kr 13 X 15 Kr 13 | 1.4000 1.4006 1.4024 | Z 12 C 13 | SUS 403 | X 12 Kr 13 | 23 02 | 403S17 | X 10 Kr 13 X 12 Kr 13 | X 6 Kr 13 | 12Kh13 |
405 | X 6 CrAl 13 | 1.4002 | Z 6 CA 13 | SUS 405 | X 6 CrAl 13 | 405S17 | X 6 CrAl 13 | X 6 CrAl 13 | ||
X 10 CrAl 7 | 1.4713 | Z 8 CA 7 | X 10 CrAl 7 | |||||||
X 10 CrAl 13 | 1.4724 | X 10 CrAl 12 | 10Kh13SYu | |||||||
X 10 CrAl 18 | 1.4742 | X 10 CrSiAl 18 | 15Kh18Syu | |||||||
409 | X 6 CrTi 12 | 1.4512 | Z 6 CT 12 | SUH 409 | X 6 CrTi 12 | 409S19 | X 5 CrTi 12 | |||
X 2 CrTi 12 | ||||||||||
410 | X 6 Kr 13 X 10 Kr 13 X 15 Kr 13 | 1.4000 1.4006 1.4024 | Z 10 C 13 Z 12 C 13 | SUS 410 | X 12 Kr 13 | 23 02 | 410S21 | X 12 Kr 13 | X 12 Kr 13 | 12Kh13 |
410 S | X 6 Kr 13 | 1.4000 | Z 6 C 13 | SUS 410S | X 6 Kr 13 | 23 01 | 403S17 | X 6 Kr 13 | 08Kh13 | |
414 |
Faida ya ubora:
Ubora wa bidhaa zetu kwa njia ya udhibiti katika sekta ya mafuta na gesi huhakikishwa sio tu wakati wa mchakato unaodhibitiwa wa utengenezaji lakini pia kwa njia ya majaribio ya kumaliza ya bidhaa.Mitihani ya kawaida ni pamoja na:
1.Vipimo visivyo na uharibifu
2. Vipimo vya Hydrostatic
3.Vidhibiti vya kumaliza uso
4. Vipimo vya usahihi wa dimensional
5.Flare na vipimo vya coning
6. Upimaji wa mali ya mitambo na kemikali
Maombi ya bomba la caillary
1) Sekta ya vifaa vya matibabu
2) udhibiti wa joto wa viwanda unaoongozwa na joto, sensorer zilizotumiwa bomba, thermometer ya tube
3) bomba la msingi la tasnia ya utunzaji wa kalamu
4) antenna ndogo ya tube, aina mbalimbali za antenna ya chuma cha pua ya usahihi
5) Pamoja na aina ya elektroniki ndogo kipenyo chuma cha pua kapilari
6) Punch ya sindano ya kujitia
7) Saa, picha
8) Bomba la antenna ya gari, antena za bar kwa kutumia zilizopo, tube ya antenna
9) Laser engraving vifaa kutumia chuma cha pua tube
10) Vifaa vya uvuvi, vifaa, Yugan nje na milki ya
11) Chakula na capillary ya chuma cha pua
12) kila aina ya stylus ya simu ya mkononi stylus kompyuta
13) Sekta ya bomba la kupokanzwa, tasnia ya mafuta
14) Printers, sindano ya sanduku la kimya
15) Vuta bomba la chuma cha pua lililoyeyushwa mara mbili linalotumika katika kuunganishwa kwa dirisha
16) Aina ya mirija ya chuma cha pua ya aina mbalimbali ya kipenyo kidogo
17) Kusambaza kwa usahihi na sindano za chuma cha pua
18) Maikrofoni, vichwa vya sauti na kipaza sauti kutumia bomba la chuma cha pua, na kadhalika