Umbono ka-Anish Kapoor womfanekiso oqingqiweyo weSango leLifu kwiMillennium Park yaseChicago kukuba ufana nemekyuri elulwelo, ebonisa kakuhle isixeko esisingqongileyo.Ukufezekisa oku kupheleleyo ngumsebenzi wothando.
“Into ebendifuna ukuyenza ngeMillennium Park yayikukuquka isibhakabhaka saseChicago… ukuze abantu babone amafu edada kuyo kwaye ezi zakhiwo zide kakhulu zibonakaliswa emsebenzini., umthathi-nxaxheba, umbukeli uya kukwazi ukungena kweli gumbi linzulu kakhulu, elithi ngengqiqo lizibonakalise ngokwalo ngendlela efanayo nendlela inkangeleko yomsebenzi eyenziwa ngayo kwimbonakalo yesixeko esisingqongileyo,” igcisa elidumileyo lehlabathi laseBritani.Anish Kapoor, Cloud Gate umkroli
Ukujonga indawo ezolileyo yalo mfanekiso uqingqiweyo wensimbi engenasici, kunzima ukuqikelela ukuba ingakanani isinyithi kunye nesibindi esifihla phantsi komhlaba.I-Cloud Gate ifihla amabali angaphezu kwe-100 abenzi bentsimbi, abasiki, abashicileli, abalungisi, iinjineli, amagcisa, iifitter, iifitters kunye nabaphathi - ngaphezulu kweminyaka emi-5 ekwenzeni.
Abaninzi basebenza iiyure ezinde, basebenza kwiindibano zocweyo phakathi kobusuku, bamisa iintente kwindawo yokwakha kwaye basebenza nzima kumaqondo okushisa angama-110 kwiisuti ezipheleleyo zeTyvek® kunye nesiqingatha semaski.Abanye basebenza ngokuchasene nomxhuzulane, bejinga kwiintambo zokubopha, ukubamba izixhobo, nokusebenza kwiindawo ezimtyibilizi.Yonke into ihamba kancinci (kwaye ikude ngaphaya) ukwenza okungenakwenzeka.
Ingqikelelo yomkroli weConcreting u-Anish Kapoor welifu elidadayo kwi-110-tonne, i-66-foot-ubude, i-33-foot-high umkroli wentsimbi ecocekileyo yayingumsebenzi wePerformance Structures Inc., ifemu yokuvelisa.(PSI), Oakland, California, kunye MTH, Villa.Park, Illinois.Kwisikhumbuzo sayo se-120th, i-MTH yenye yezona zinto zindala zentsimbi kunye neekontraka zeglasi kwindawo yaseChicago.
Iimfuno zokuphunyezwa kweprojekthi ziya kuxhomekeka ekusebenzeni kobugcisa, ubuchule, izakhono zoomatshini kunye nobuchule bokwenza iinkampani zombini.Zenziwe ngokwesiko kwaye zakhiwe nezixhobo zeprojekthi.
Ezinye zeengxaki zale projekthi zisuka kubume bayo obugophe ngendlela engaqhelekanga – ichaphaza okanye inkaba ejonge phezulu – kwaye ezinye zisuka kubukhulu bayo obupheleleyo.Imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yakhiwa ziinkampani ezimbini ezahlukeneyo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo eziqelelene ngamawaka eekhilomitha, nto leyo eyenza iingxaki zothutho kunye neendlela zokusebenza.Iinkqubo ezininzi ekufuneka zenziwe ebaleni kunzima ukuzenza kumgangatho wevenkile, singasathethi ke ebaleni.Ubunzima obukhulu buvela nje ngenxa yokuba isakhiwo esinjalo asizange senziwe ngaphambili.Ke, akukho khonkco, akukho sicwangciso, akukho mephu yendlela.
U-Ethan Silva we-PSI unamava abanzi kwisakhiwo se-hull, okokuqala kwiinqanawa kwaye kamva kwezinye iiprojekthi zobugcisa, kwaye ufanelekile ukwenza imisebenzi ekhethekileyo yokwakha i-hull.U-Anish Kapoor ucele abaphumelele kwifiziksi kunye nobugcisa ukuba babonelele ngemodeli encinci.
“Ngoko ndenze umfuziselo weemitha ezi-2 x 3, iqhekeza eligudisiweyo neligobileyo eligudileyo, laze lathi, ‘Owu, uyenzile, nguwe wedwa oyenzileyo,’ kuba sele ineminyaka emibini ikhangela.Fumana umntu oza kwenza, ”utshilo uSilva.
Isicwangciso sokuqala yayikukuba i-PSI yenze kwaye yakhe umfanekiso oqingqiweyo ngokupheleleyo kwaye emva koko ithumele yonke iqhekeza emazantsi oLwandlekazi lwePasifiki ngePanama Canal nangasentla ecaleni koLwandlekazi lweAtlantiki kunye neSt. Lawrence Seaway ukuya kwizibuko eLake Michigan.U-Edward Ulir, i-CEO ye-Millennium Park Inc. Ngokwengxelo, inkqubo yokuthutha eyenzelwe ngokukodwa iya kumsa eMillennium Park.Iingxaki zexesha kunye nokusebenza kunyanzelise ukuba ezi zicwangciso zitshintshe.Ngaloo ndlela, iipaneli ezigobileyo kufuneka zikhuselwe ukuthutha kunye nelori ukuya eChicago, apho i-MTH yahlanganisa i-substructure kunye ne-superstructure, kwaye idibanisa iipaneli kwi-superstructure.
Ukugqiba kunye nokupholisha ii-welds zeSango leMafu ukuze zibonakale zingenamthungo yayiyenye yezona zinto zinzima kakhulu zokufakela kunye nokuhlanganisana kwisiza.Inkqubo ye-12-step igqityiwe ngokusetyenziswa kwe-blush ekhanyayo, efana ne-jewelry polish.
"Ngokusisiseko, sisebenze kule projekthi malunga neminyaka emithathu sisenza ezi nxalenye," kusho uSilva.“Ngumsebenzi onzima lo.Kuthatha ixesha elininzi ukufumanisa indlela yokwenza kunye nokwenza iinkcukacha;uyazi, ukuzisa nje imfezeko.Indlela esisebenzisa ngayo itekhnoloji yekhompyuter kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwentsimbi endala kukudityaniswa kobuchwephesha bokubumba kunye ne-aerospace..”
Wathi kunzima ukwenza into enkulu kangaka kwaye inzima ngokuchaneka okuphezulu.Awona macwecwe makhulu ayenomlinganiselo weenyawo ezisi-7 ububanzi kunye neemitha ezili-11 ubude kwaye anobunzima obuziikhilogram ezingama-1,500.
"Ukwenza wonke umsebenzi weCAD kunye nokudala imizobo yokwenyani yevenkile yomsebenzi yiprojekthi enkulu ngokwayo," utsho uSilva.“Sisebenzisa itekhnoloji yekhompyuter ukulinganisa iipleyiti kunye nokuvavanya ngokuchanekileyo imilo kunye nokugoba kwazo ukuze zihlangane ngokuchanekileyo.
“Senze ukulinganisa kwekhompyuter saza sayahlulahlula,” utshilo uSilva."Ndisebenzise amava am ekwakheni iqokobhe kwaye bendinemibono malunga nendlela yokwahlulahlula iimilo ukuze imigca yomthungo isebenze ukuze sifumane ezona ziphumo zisemgangathweni."
Amanye amacwecwe asisikwere, amanye amile okwephayi.Okukhona bekufutshane kwinguqu ebukhali, ngakumbi i-pie-shaped kunye ne-radius enkulu ye-radial transition.Kwinxalenye ephezulu zithe tyaba kwaye zikhulu.
I-plasma inqumla i-1/4 ukuya kwi-3/8-intshi ubukhulu be-316L yensimbi engenasici, uSilva uthi, eyomeleleyo ngokwaneleyo ngokwayo.“Owona mceli mngeni kukunika amacwecwe amakhulu ukugoba okuthe ngqo.Oku kwenziwa ngokubunjwa okuchanekileyo kunye nokwenziwa kwesakhelo senkqubo yeembambo kwi-slab nganye.Ngale ndlela, sinokubona ngokuchanekileyo imilo ye-slab nganye. ”
Iibhodi zigqitywe kwii-roller ze-3D eziye zaqulunqwa yi-PSI kwaye zenziwe ngokukodwa ukuqengqeleka kwezi bhodi (jonga umzobo 1).“Kufana nomzala weerola zaseBritane.Sibaqengqa sisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obufanayo namaphiko,” utshilo uSilva.Ukugoba ipaneli nganye ngokuyihambisa ngasemva naphambili kwii-roller, ukulungelelanisa uxinzelelo kwii-roller de iipaneli zibe ngaphakathi kwe-0.01 "yesayizi oyifunayo.Ngokutsho kwakhe, ukuchaneka okuphezulu okufunekayo kwenza kube nzima ukwenza amaphepha ngokufanelekileyo.
I-welder ke idibanisa i-flux-core wire kwisakhiwo senkqubo yangaphakathi yeembambo."Ngokoluvo lwam, i-flux-coreed wire yindlela entle kakhulu yokudala intsimbi engenasici," uyachaza uSilva."Oku kukunika iiwelds ezikumgangatho ophezulu ugxile kwimveliso kunye nenkangeleko entle."
Zonke iindawo zebhodi zenziwe ngesanti ngesandla kwaye zixutywe kumatshini ukuze zinqumle ukuya kwiwaka le-intshi ukuze zilingane (jonga umzobo 2).Qinisekisa imilinganiselo ngomlinganiselo ochanekileyo kunye nezixhobo zokuskena ngelaser.Ekugqibeleni, ipleyiti ipholiswe kwisibuko kwaye igqunywe ngefilimu ekhuselayo.
Malunga nesithathu seepaneli, kunye nesiseko kunye nesakhiwo sangaphakathi, zahlanganiswa kwindibano yovavanyo ngaphambi kokuba iipaneli zithunyelwe zisuka e-Auckland (jonga amanani 3 kunye ne-4).Ucwangcise inkqubo yokuplanga kwaye umthungo wadibanisa iibhodi ezininzi ezincinci ukuze zihlangane.“Ngoko xa siyidibanisa eChicago, besisazi ukuba iya kulunga,” utshilo uSilva.
Ubushushu, ixesha kunye nokungcangcazela kwetroli kunokubangela ukuba iphepha eliqengqelekayo likhululeke.I-ribbed grating ayiklanyelwe nje ukwandisa ukuqina kwebhodi, kodwa nokugcina imilo yebhodi ngexesha lokuthutha.
Ngoko ke, xa i-mesh yokuqinisa ingaphakathi, ipleyiti iphathwa ngobushushu kwaye ipholile ukukhulula uxinzelelo lwempahla.Ukuthintela ngakumbi umonakalo kuhambo, ii-cradles zenziwe kwisitya ngasinye kwaye emva koko zilayishwe kwizikhongozeli, malunga nezine ngexesha.
Izikhongozeli zaye zalayishwa ngeemveliso ezigqityiweyo, malunga nezine ngexesha, kwaye zathunyelwa eChicago kunye nabasebenzi be-PSI ukuze bafakwe kunye nabasebenzi be-MTH.Omnye wabo ngumsebenzi wezothutho olungelelanisa ezothutho, kwaye omnye ngumphathi kwindawo yobugcisa.Usebenza yonke imihla nabasebenzi be-MTH kwaye unceda ukuphuhlisa itekhnoloji entsha njengoko kufuneka."Ngokuqinisekileyo, wayeyingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yenkqubo," kusho uSilva.
U-Lyle Hill, uMongameli we-MTH, wathi i-MTH Industries ekuqaleni yayinikwe umsebenzi wokubambelela kwi-sculpture ethereal emhlabeni kwaye ifake i-superstructure, emva koko i-welding sheets kuyo kwaye yenza isanti yokugqibela kunye nokupholisha, ngoncedo lwe-PSI yoLawulo loBugcisa.umfanekiso oqingqiweyo uthetha ulungelelwaniso phakathi kobugcisa kunye nokusebenza, ithiyori kunye nenyani, ixesha elifunekayo kunye nexesha elicwangcisiweyo.
U-Lou Czerny, usekela-mongameli we-MTH wobunjineli kunye nomphathi weprojekthi, uthe wayenomdla kwiprojekthi ekhethekileyo.“Ngokolwazi lwethu, izinto ziyenzeka kule projekthi ingazange yenziwe ngaphambili okanye engazange iqwalaselwe ngaphambili,” utshilo uCerny.
Kodwa ukusebenza kumsebenzi wokuqala wohlobo lwayo kufuna ubuchule obuguquguqukayo kwisayithi ukujongana neengxaki ezingalindelekanga kwaye uphendule imibuzo evela endleleni:
Uncamathela njani i-128 yeepaneli zentsimbi elingana nemoto kwi-superstructure esisigxina ngelixa unxibe iiglavu zabantwana?Indlela yokuthengisa imbotyi enkulu efana ne-arc ngaphandle kokuthembela kuyo?Ndingangena njani kwiweld ngaphandle kokukwazi ukuwelda ngaphakathi?Indlela yokufezekisa ukugqiba kwesibuko esigqibeleleyo se-welds yensimbi engenasici kwintsimi?Kwenzeka ntoni xa ubethwa ngumbane?
UCzerny uthe into yokuqala ebonisa ukuba le yayiza kuba yiprojekthi entsonkothileyo kuxa kwaqaliswa ukwakhiwa nokufakwa kwezixhobo ezixabisa iiponti ezingama-30 000.Isakhiwo sentsimbi esixhasa umzobo.
Nangona i-zinc ephezulu yesakhiwo ebonelelwe yi-PSI ukudibanisa isiseko se-substructure yayilula ukwenza, i-platform ye-substructure yayinesiqingatha ngaphezu kwendawo yokutyela kunye nesiqingatha ngaphezu kwendawo yokupaka imoto, nganye kwindawo ephakamileyo.
“Ke isiseko luhlobo lwe-cantilevered kwaye luyashukuma,” utshilo uCzerny."Apho sibeke uninzi lwale ntsimbi, kubandakanywa nasekuqaleni kwe-slab ngokwayo, kuye kwafuneka sinyanzelise i-crane kumngxuma oziimitha ezi-5."
U-Czerny uthe basebenzise isixokelelwano se-ankile esiphucuke kakhulu, kubandakanywa nenkqubo yokuqinisa esebenza ngoomatshini efana naleyo isetyenziswa emigodini yamalahle kunye nezinye iiankile zeekhemikhali.Emva kokuba isiseko sesakhiwo sensimbi sigxininiswe kwikhonkrithi, i-superstructure kufuneka yakhiwe apho igobolondo iya kufakwa khona.
"Saqala ukufaka inkqubo ye-truss ngokusebenzisa ezimbini ezinkulu ezenziwe nge-o-intsimbi ye-304 yensimbi engenasici-enye ekupheleni komntla wesakhiwo kunye neyomzantsi," kusho uCzerny (jonga uMzobo 3).Izangqa ziboshwe nge-intersecting tubular trusses.I-subframe ye-ring core ihlulwe kwaye ifakwe kwi-GMAW, i-welding ye-rod kunye ne-welded stiffeners.
“Ngoko kukho i superstructure enkulu engazange yabonwa mntu;yeyobume bobume kuphela,” utshilo uCzerny.
Ngaphandle kweenzame ezilungileyo zokuyila, ubunjineli, ukuvelisa kunye nokufakela onke amacandelo afunekayo kwiprojekthi yase-Auckland, lo mfanekiso uqingqiweyo awukaze ubonwe ngaphambili kwaye iindlela ezintsha zihlala zikhatshwa zii-burrs kunye nemikrwelo.Ngokufanayo, ukuthelekisa ingcamango yokwenziwa kwenkampani kwenye akulula njengokudlulisa ikhuni.Ukongeza, umgama okhoyo phakathi kweesayithi ubangele ukulibaziseka kokuhanjiswa, okwenza kube sengqiqweni ukuvelisa kwisiza.
“Ngelixa indibano kunye neenkqubo zokuwelda zazicwangcisiwe e-Auckland kwangethuba, iimeko zesiza zifuna wonke umntu abe nobuchule,” utshilo uSilva."Kwaye abasebenzi bombutho bahle ngokwenene."
Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa zokuqala, inkqubo yemihla ngemihla ye-MTH yayikukumisela ukuba yintoni na equkwa ngumsebenzi wosuku kunye nendlela yokwenza ngcono amanye amacandelo endibano ye-subframe, kunye nezinye ii-struts, "izothuso", iingalo, izikhonkwane, kunye nezikhonkwane.U-Er uthe iintonga zepogo ziyafuneka ukudala inkqubo yecala yethutyana.
“Luyilo oluqhubekayo lokubhabha kunye nenkqubo yokuvelisa ukugcina izinto zihamba kwaye zifike ebaleni ngokukhawuleza.Sichitha ixesha elininzi sihlela into esinayo, kwezinye iimeko siyila ngokutsha kwaye siyiyila ngokutsha, size sivelise iindawo esizifunayo.
“NgoLwesibini siza kuba nezinto ezili-10 ekufuneka sizise kule ndawo ngolwesiThathu,” utshilo u-Hill.“Sinomsebenzi omninzi wexesha elongezelelekileyo kunye nomsebenzi omninzi evenkileni owenziwe ezinzulwini zobusuku.”
"Malunga neepesenti ze-75 zamacandelo okunqunyanyiswa kwe-sideboard zenziwe okanye ziguqulwe kwintsimi," kusho uCzerny.Kangangezihlandlo eziliqela sagqiba kwelokuba sigqibezele iiyure ezingama-24.Bendisevenkileni kwabetha u2,3 am ndagoduka ndayohlamba, ndathatha ngo 5:30 ndisemanzi..”
Inkqubo yokunqunyanyiswa okwethutyana ye-MTN yokudibanisa i-hull inezipringi, ii-struts kunye neentambo.Onke amakhonkco phakathi kwamacwecwe adityaniswe okwethutyana kunye.“Ngoko ke sonke isakhiwo sidityaniswe ngoomatshini, sixhonywe ngaphakathi kwiitrasi ezingama-304,” utshilo uCzerny.
Baqala ukusuka kwidome kwisiseko somfanekiso oqingqiweyo we-omgala - "inkaba yenkaba".Idome yanqunyanyiswa kwiitrasi kusetyenziswa inkqubo yethutyana yenkxaso yespring spring yamanqaku amane, equka ukuxhoma, iintambo kunye nesprings.UCzerny uthe intwasahlobo ibonelela "nge-bounce" njengoko iibhodi ezininzi zongezwa.Imithombo ke ihlengahlengiswa ngokusekelwe kubunzima bongezwa yipleyiti nganye ukulinganisa yonke into eqingqiweyo.
Ibhodi nganye ye-168 inenkqubo yayo yenkxaso yokumiswa kwentwasahlobo eneengongoma ezine ngoko ixhaswa ngabanye endaweni."Ingcamango ayiyiyo yokuvavanya ngokugqithiseleyo nawaphi na amalunga kuba loo malungu ahlanganiswe ukuze afezekise i-gap ye-0 / 0," kusho uCerny."Ukuba ibhodi ibetha ibhodi engaphantsi inokukhokelela kwimfazwe kunye nezinye iingxaki."
Njengobungqina bokuchaneka kwe-PSI, indibano ilungile kakhulu ngokudlala okuncinci."I-PSI yenze umsebenzi oncomekayo wokwenza iipaneli," utshilo uCzerny.“Ndibazukisa kuba, ekugqibeleni, ufanelekile ngokwenene.Izixhobo zilungile ngokwenene, nto leyo kum imnandi nje.Sithetha ngokoqobo malunga namawaka e-intshi.Ipleyiti edibeneyo inomphetho ovaliweyo.”
“Xa begqiba ukuhlanganisa, abantu abaninzi bacinga ukuba yenziwe,” utshilo uSilva, kungekuphela nje ngenxa yokuba imithungo iqinile, kodwa ngenxa yokuba iindawo ezidityaniswe ngokupheleleyo kunye neepleyiti ezikhazimlisiweyo zesipili ziyadlala ukubonisa okumngqongileyo.Kodwa i-butt seams iyabonakala, i-mercury engamanzi ayinayo i-seams.Ukongeza, umfanekiso oqingqiweyo kufuneka udityaniswe ngokupheleleyo ukugcina ingqibelelo yesakhiwo kwizizukulwana ezizayo, utshilo uSilva.
Ukugqitywa kweSango leLifu kwafuneka kulibaziseke ngexesha lokuvulwa okukhulu kwepaki ngokwindla ka-2004, ngoko ke u-omhalus waba liGTAW eliphilayo, kwaye oku kwaqhubeka iinyanga ezininzi.
“Uyakwazi ukubona amabala amancinane amdaka macala onke kwisakhiwo, ezingabadibanisi be-TIG,” utshilo uCzerny.“Siqale ukubuyisela iintente ngoJanuwari.”
"Umngeni omkhulu olandelayo wemveliso kule projekthi yayikukudibanisa i-seam ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ukuchaneka kwemilo ngenxa yokunciphisa i-welding," kusho uSilva.
Ngokutsho kweCzerny, i-plasma welding inika amandla ayimfuneko kunye nokuqina kunye nomngcipheko omncinci kwiphepha.Umxube we-98% ye-argon kunye ne-2% ye-helium iyona nto ingcono ekunciphiseni ukungcola kunye nokuphucula ukudibanisa.
I-Welders isebenzisa i-keyhole ye-plasma ye-welding techniques usebenzisa imithombo yamandla ye-Thermal Arc® kunye neetrektara ezikhethekileyo kunye neendibano zetotshi eziyilwe kwaye zisetyenziswe yi-PSI.