Njengoko uxinzelelo lweemarike lunyanzela abavelisi beetyhubhu ukuba bafumane iindlela zokunyusa imveliso ngelixa bethobela imigangatho engqongqo yomgangatho, ukukhetha eyona ndlela yokuhlola kunye nenkqubo yenkxaso kubaluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili.Ngelixa abaninzi abavelisi betyhubhu baxhomekeke ekuhlolweni kokugqibela, kwiimeko ezininzi abavelisi basebenzisa uvavanyo oluya phezulu kwindlela yokuvelisa ukufumanisa izinto eziphosakeleyo okanye iinkqubo kwangaphambili.Akukona nje kuphela oku kunciphisa i-scrap, kodwa kwakhona kunciphisa iindleko ezihambelanayo nezixhobo eziguquguqukayo. ukongeza inkqubo yovavanyo olungonakalisi (NDT) kumzi-mveliso yenza ingqiqo yezoqoqosho.
Izinto ezininzi-uhlobo lwezinto eziphathekayo, ububanzi, ubukhulu bodonga, isantya senkqubo kunye nendlela ye-welding okanye ukwenza ityhubhu-inquma uvavanyo oluhle kakhulu.Ezi zinto zichaphazela nokukhethwa kweempawu kwindlela yokuhlola esetyenzisiweyo.
Uvavanyo lwangoku lwe-Eddy (ET) lusetyenziswa kwizicelo ezininzi zemibhobho.Olu luvavanyo olusezantsi lwexabiso eliphantsi kwaye lunokusetyenziswa kwizicelo zemibhobho eludongeni olucekethekileyo, ngokuqhelekileyo ukuya kuthi ga kwi-0.250 intshi eludongeni ubukhulu.Ifanelekile kwizinto ezinomagnetic kunye ne-non-magnetic.
Izinzwa okanye iikhoyili zokuvavanya ziwela kwiindidi ezimbini ezisisiseko: i-wraparound kunye ne-tangential.Iikhoyili ezijikelezayo zihlola yonke i-cross-section ye-tube, ngelixa i-tangential coils ihlola kuphela indawo edibeneyo.
Iikhoyili ezisongayo zibona iziphene kuwo wonke umcu ongenayo, hayi nje ummandla we-weld, kwaye zikholisa ukusebenza ngakumbi xa uvavanya ubungakanani obuncinci kune-intshi ezi-2 ububanzi. Zikwanokunyamezela i-pad drift. Ububi obukhulu kukuba ukudlula umcu ongenayo kwi-mill kufuna amanyathelo angaphezulu kunye nokhathalelo olongezelelweyo lokuyidlula kwi-coil yokuvavanya, i-coil yovavanyo iyasilela. ukuvula ukuvula, ukonakalisa ikhoyili yovavanyo.
Iikhoyili zeTangent zivavanya isahlulo esincinci sesangqa setyhubhu.Kwiinkqubo zedayamitha enkulu, ukusebenzisa iikhoyili zetangential kunokuba iikhoyili ezisongayo ngokuqhelekileyo zivelisa umlinganiselo ongcono wesignali ukuya kwingxolo (umlinganiselo wamandla omqondiso wovavanyo xa uhambelana nomqondiso omileyo ngasemva).Iikhoyili zeTangent nazo azifuni imisonto kwaye kulula ukuyilinganisa phantsi ngaphandle kombhobho wokusila ofanelekileyo ukuba zisetyenziswe kuphela kwindawo yokusila. kwiisayizi ezincinci ukuba indawo ye-weld ilawulwa kakuhle.
Naluphi na uhlobo lwekhoyili lunokuvavanya ukungabikho kokuqhubeka.Uvavanyo lwesiphako, olwaziwa ngokuba yi-void okanye uvavanyo lokungafani, ngokuqhubekayo uthelekisa i-weld kunye nenxalenye esondeleyo yesiseko sesinyithi kwaye inovakalelo kwiinguqu ezincinci ezibangelwa yi-discontinuities.I-Ideal ukufumanisa iziphene ezimfutshane ezifana ne-pinholes okanye i-jump welds, indlela yokuqala esetyenziswa kwi-rolling mill applications.
Uvavanyo lwesibini, indlela epheleleyo, ifumene iimpazamo ze-verbose.Olu hlobo olulula lwe-ET lufuna ukuba umqhubi alungelelanise ngekhompyutha inkqubo kwizinto ezilungileyo.Ukongezelela ekufumaneni utshintsho oluqhelekileyo, oluqhubekayo, luphinde lubone utshintsho kwindonga yodonga.
Ukusebenzisa ezi ndlela zimbini ze-ET akufuneki kube nzima ngakumbi.Ukuba isixhobo sixhotyiswe, zinokusetyenziswa ngaxeshanye kunye nekhoyili yovavanyo olunye.
Okokugqibela, indawo yendawo yomvavanyi ibalulekile.Iimpawu ezifana nobushushu bendawo kunye nokungcangcazela kwelitye (okugqithiselwa kwityhubhu) kunokuchaphazela ukubekwa.Ukubeka icoil yovavanyo kufutshane nebhokisi ye-solder kunika umqhubi ulwazi olukhawulezileyo malunga nenkqubo yokuthengisela.Nangona kunjalo, izinzwa ezikwaziyo ukumelana nobushushu okanye ukupholisa okongeziweyo kunokufuneka.nangona kunjalo, kukho ithuba elikhulu leempembelelo zobuxoki kuba le ndawo izisa inzwa kufutshane nenkqubo yokunqunyulwa, apho kunokwenzeka ukuba ibone i-Vibration ngexesha lokusarha okanye ukucheba.
Uvavanyo lwe-Ultrasonic (UT) lusebenzisa i-pulses yamandla ombane kwaye luyiguqulele kwi-high frequency yesandi samandla.i-orientation ye-sensor inquma ukuba inkqubo ikhangele iziphene okanye ukulinganisa ubuninzi bodonga.Isethi yee-transducers inokudala ulwandlalo lwendawo ye-weld.Indlela ye-UT ayikhawulelwanga yi-tube wall thickness.
Ukusebenzisa inkqubo ye-UT njengesixhobo sokulinganisa, umqhubi kufuneka aqondise i-transducer ukwenzela ukuba i-perpendicular to tube.Amaza omsindo angena kwi-OD kwi-tube, agxobhoze i-ID, abuyele kwi-transducer.Inkqubo ilinganisa ixesha lokuhamba - ixesha elithatha ukuba i-wave wave ukuhamba ukusuka kwi-OD ukuya kwi-ID - kwaye iguqule ixesha libe yimeko yokulinganisa ubuninzi be-miccura yokulinganisa i-miccura eludongeni. 0.001 intshi.
Ukubona iziphene zezinto eziphathekayo, umqhubi ubeka i-transducer kwi-angle e-oblique.Amaza omsindo angena kwi-OD, ahamba aye kwi-ID, abuyele kwi-OD, kwaye ahambe eludongeni ngaloo ndlela.I-welding discontinuity ibangela ukuba i-wave wave ibonakalise;ithatha indlela efanayo yokubuyela kwi-sensor, eyibuyisela kumandla ombane kwaye idale umboniso obonakalayo obonisa indawo yesiphene.Isiginali iphinda idlule kwisango lesiphene, enokuthi ibangele i-alamu ukuba yazise umqhubi okanye ibangele inkqubo yepeyinti ephawula indawo yesiphene.
Iinkqubo ze-UT zingasebenzisa i-transducer enye (okanye i-multiple single crystal transducers) okanye i-transducers ye-pased array.
Ii-UT zemveli zisebenzisa i-crystal transducers enye okanye ngaphezulu.Inani leenzwa kuxhomekeke kubude obulindelekileyo besiphako, isantya somgca kunye nezinye iimfuno zovavanyo.
Uluhlu lwe-UTs lusebenzisa izinto ezininzi ze-transducer kwi-body.The control system ilawula nge-elektroniki amaza omsindo ngaphandle kokubuyisela izinto ze-transducer ukuskena indawo ye-weld.Inkqubo inokwenza imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo, njengokubona iziphene, ukulinganisa ubuninzi bodonga, kunye nokubeka esweni utshintsho kwi-weld zone cleaning.Ezi zokuhlola kunye neendlela zokulinganisa zingenziwa ngokufanayo kwisigaba esifanayo, sinokuthi senziwe ngendlela efanayo kwisigaba. I-lding drift ngenxa yokuba uluhlu lungagquma indawo enkulu kunezoluvo lwendawo ezisisigxina.
Indlela yesithathu ye-NDT, i-Magnetic Leakage (MFL), isetyenziselwa ukuhlola ububanzi obukhulu, udonga olungqingqwa, imibhobho yomgangatho wemagnethi.Ilungele ukusetyenziswa kweoli kunye negesi.
Ii-MFL zisebenzisa i-DC magnetic field eyomeleleyo edlula kwi-tube okanye kwi-tube wall.Amandla ommandla wemagnethi asondela kwi-saturation epheleleyo, okanye indawo apho naluphi na ukwanda kwamandla amagnetizing akuphumeleli ekunyuseni okukhulu kwe-magnetic flux density.Xa imigca yemagnethi idibana nesiphene kwizinto eziphathekayo, ukugqwesa okubangelwa yi-magnetic flux kunokubangela ukuba kuphume okanye i-bubble ukusuka phezulu.
I-probe elula yocingo-inxeba egqithwe kwintsimi yamagnetic inokubona amaqamza anjalo.Njengoko kunjalo nakwezinye izicelo zokungeniswa kwamagnetic, inkqubo ifuna intshukumo ehambelanayo phakathi kwezinto eziphantsi kovavanyo kunye neprobe.Le ntshukumo iphunyezwa ngokujikeleza imagnethi kunye nendibano yeprobe malunga nesangqa setyhubhu okanye umbhobho.Ukwandisa isantya sokucubungula, olu cwangciso lusebenzisa i-probes eyongezelelweyo okanye enye kwakhona.
Iyunithi ye-MFL ejikelezayo ingakwazi ukubona iziphene ze-longitudinal okanye ezinqamlezayo.Ukwahluka kulele ekuqhelaneni kwezakhiwo zemagnetizing kunye neprobe design.Kwiimeko zombini, isihlungi somqondiso siphatha inkqubo yokufumanisa iziphene kunye nokwahlula phakathi kwe-ID kunye neendawo ze-OD.
I-MFL ifana ne-ET kwaye ezimbini ziyancedisana.ET ifanelekile kwiimveliso ezinobunzima bodonga obungaphantsi kwe-intshi ye-0.250, ngelixa i-MFL isetyenziselwa iimveliso ezinobunzima bodonga olukhulu kunolu.
Enye inzuzo ye-MFL phezu kwe-UT kukukwazi ukufumanisa iziphene ezingaphantsi kwe-ideal.Ngokomzekelo, i-MFL iyakwazi ukubona ngokulula iziphene ze-helical.Iziphene kwiindlela ezinjalo ze-oblique zingabonwa yi-UT, kodwa zifuna izicwangciso ezithile ze-angle elindelekileyo.
Unomdla kulwazi oluthe vetshe kwesi sihloko?The Manufacturers and Manufacturers Association (FMA) has more.Ababhali uPhil Meinczinger kunye noWilliam Hoffmann baya kubonelela imini epheleleyo yolwazi kunye nesikhokelo kwimigaqo, ukhetho lwezixhobo, ukuseta kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezi nkqubo.Intlanganiso ibibanjwe ngoNovemba 10 kwikomkhulu leFMA e-Elgin, e-Illinois.
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