Oku kuvakala kukuhle kakhulu ukuba kube yinyaniso, yintoni ingxaki?Ukuwelda kudla ngokufuneka ukwenza phantse nantoni na ukusuka kwenye yeendidi ezingaphezu kwe-150 zentsimbi engenasici.I-Welding insimbi engenasici ngumsebenzi onzima.Eminye yale miba ibandakanya ubukho bechromium oxide, indlela yokulawula igalelo lobushushu, yeyiphi inkqubo yokuwelda enokusetyenziswa, indlela yokuphatha i-chromium enehexavalent kunye nendlela yokuyenza ngokufanelekileyo.
Nangona ubunzima be-welding kunye nokugqiba le nto, insimbi engenasici ihlala idumile kwaye ngamanye amaxesha inketho kuphela kumashishini amaninzi.Ukwazi indlela yokuyisebenzisa ngokukhuselekileyo kunye nexesha lokusebenzisa inkqubo ye-welding nganye kubalulekile kwi-welding eyimpumelelo.Oku kunokuba ngundoqo kumsebenzi ophumelelayo.
Ke kutheni le nto ukuwelda intsimbi engenastainless ingumsebenzi onzima kangaka?Impendulo iqala kwindlela eyadalwa ngayo.Intsimbi ethambileyo, ekwabizwa ngokuba yintsimbi ethambileyo, idityaniswe nobuncinci be-chromium eyi-10.5% ukuvelisa intsimbi engatyiwayo.I-chromium eyongeziweyo yenza umaleko wechromium oxide kumphezulu wentsimbi, othintela uninzi lweentlobo ze-corrosion kunye nomhlwa.Abavelisi bongeza amanani ahlukeneyo echromium kunye nezinye izinto kwintsimbi ukuguqula umgangatho wemveliso yokugqibela, kwaye emva koko basebenzise inkqubo yeedijithi ezintathu ukwahlula amabakala.
Iintsimbi ezingenastainless eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziswayo ziquka i-304 kunye ne-316. Eyona xabiso liphantsi kwezi yi-304, equlethe i-chromium ye-18 ekhulwini kunye ne-8 ekhulwini ye-nickel kwaye isetyenziswa kuyo yonke into ukusuka kwi-trim yemoto ukuya kwizixhobo zasekhitshini.I-316 insimbi engenasici iqulethe i-chromium encinci (i-16%) kunye ne-nickel ngaphezulu (i-10%), kodwa iqulethe i-2% ye-molybdenum.Le khompawundi inika i-316 insimbi engenasici ukuchasana okongeziweyo kwiikloridi kunye nezisombululo zeklorini, okwenza kube lolona khetho lufanelekileyo kwiindawo zaselwandle kunye namashishini amachiza kunye namachiza.
Umaleko wechromium oxide unokuqinisekisa umgangatho wentsimbi engatyiwayo, kodwa yiloo nto eyenza ukuba iintsimbi ziphazamiseke.Esi sithintelo esiluncedo sandisa ukunyanzeliswa komphezulu wesinyithi, sinciphisa ukubunjwa kwe-weld pool ye-liquid.Impazamo eqhelekileyo kukunyusa igalelo lobushushu, njengoko ubushushu obuninzi bunyusa umbane we-puddle.Nangona kunjalo, oku kunokuchaphazela kakubi insimbi engenasici.Ubushushu obuninzi bunokubangela i-oxidation eyongezelelweyo kwaye i-wap okanye itshise ngesiseko sesinyithi.Idityaniswe nentsimbi yentsimbi esetyenziswa kumashishini amakhulu anjengombhobho wemoto, oku kuba yinto ephambili.
Ubushushu butshabalalisa ngokugqibeleleyo ukuxhathisa kwe-corrosion yensimbi engenasici.Ubushushu obuninzi kakhulu busetyenziswa xa i-weld okanye ubushushu obungqongileyo buchaphazele indawo (HAZ) bujika bube bubende.Intsimbi engaxutywanga ene-oxidized ivelisa imibala emangalisayo ukusuka kwigolide eluthuthu ukuya kumnyama omnyama nomfusa.Le mibala yenza umzekeliso omhle, kodwa inokubonisa i-welds enokuthi ingahlangabezani neemfuno ze-welding.Ezona nkcukacha zingqongqo aziwuthandi umbala weweld.
Kuyamkelwa ngokubanzi ukuba i-gas-shielded tungsten arc welding (GTAW) ifaneleke kakhulu kwintsimbi engenasici.Ngokwembali, oku bekuyinyaniso ngengqiqo ngokubanzi.Oku kuseyinyani xa sizama ukuzisa loo mibala inesibindi ekulukeni kobugcisa ukuze ihlangabezane nemigangatho ephezulu yomgangatho kumashishini afana namandla enyukliya kunye ne-aerospace.Nangona kunjalo, iteknoloji ye-inverter ye-welding yanamhlanje yenze i-gas metal arc welding (GMAW) umgangatho wemveliso yensimbi engenasici, kungekhona nje iinkqubo ezizenzekelayo okanye zerobhothi.
Ekubeni i-GMAW iyinkqubo yokuxheshiswa kwe-semi-automatic, ibonelela ngezinga eliphezulu lokubeka, elinceda ukunciphisa igalelo lobushushu.Abanye abachwephesha bathi kulula ukuyisebenzisa kune-GTAW kuba ixhomekeke kancinci kubuchule bomtshisi kunye nangaphezulu kwisakhono somthombo wamandla wokuwelda.Le yindawo yokuphonononga, kodwa uninzi lwale mihla ye-GMAW yamandla isebenzisa iilayini ze-synergy ezicwangcisiweyo.Ezi nkqubo zenzelwe ukuseta iiparameters ezifana nezangoku kunye ne-voltage, kuxhomekeke kwintsimbi yokuzalisa efakwe ngumsebenzisi, ubukhulu bezinto eziphathekayo, uhlobo lwegesi kunye nobubanzi bocingo.
Ezinye ii-inverters zinokuhlengahlengisa i-arc kuyo yonke inkqubo ye-welding ukuze ihlale ivelisa i-arc echanekileyo, ibambe izikhewu phakathi kwamacandelo, kwaye igcine isantya esiphezulu sokuhamba ukuhlangabezana nemigangatho yemveliso kunye nomgangatho.Oku kuyinyani ngokukodwa kwi-automated okanye i-robotic welding, kodwa iyasebenza nakwi-welding manual.Ezinye izixhobo zombane kwimarike zibonelela ngojongano lwesikrini esichukumisayo kunye nolawulo lwetotshi ukuseta lula.
I-Welding insimbi engenasici ngumsebenzi onzima.Eminye yale miba ibandakanya ubukho bechromium oxide, indlela yokulawula igalelo lobushushu, yeyiphi inkqubo yokuwelda enokusetyenziswa, indlela yokuphatha i-chromium enehexavalent kunye nendlela yokuyenza ngokufanelekileyo.
Ukukhetha igesi efanelekileyo ye-GTAW ngokuqhelekileyo ixhomekeke kumava okanye ukusetyenziswa kovavanyo lwe-welding.I-GTAW, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-tungsten inert gas (TIG), kwiimeko ezininzi isebenzisa kuphela igesi engasebenziyo, idla ngokuba yi-argon, i-helium, okanye umxube wazo zombini.Isitofu esingafanelekanga sokukhusela igesi okanye ukushisa kunokubangela ukuba nayiphi na i-weld ibe yi-domed ngokugqithiseleyo okanye i-rope-like, kwaye oku kuya kuthintela ukuxubana nentsimbi ejikelezileyo, kubangele i-weld engabonakaliyo okanye engafanelekanga.Ukumisela ukuba ngowuphi umxube olungele i-weld nganye kunokuthetha uvavanyo oluninzi kunye nempazamo.Imigca yemveliso ekwabelwana ngayo ye-GMAW inceda ukunciphisa ixesha elichithiweyo kwizicelo ezitsha, kodwa xa olona mgangatho ungqongqo ufuneka, indlela ye-welding ye-GTAW ihlala iyindlela ekhethwayo.
Ukuwelda intsimbi engatyiwayo kubangela ingozi empilweni kwabo banetotshi.Ingozi enkulu ibangelwa ngumphunga okhutshwe ngexesha lenkqubo ye-welding.I-chromium eshushu ivelisa ikhompawundi ebizwa ngokuba yihexavalent chromium, eyaziwa ngokonakalisa inkqubo yokuphefumla, izintso, isibindi, ulusu kunye namehlo kwaye ibangele umhlaza.Abashicileli kufuneka bahlale benxibe izixhobo zokukhusela, kubandakanywa nesixhobo sokuphefumla, kwaye baqinisekise ukuba igumbi lingena umoya ngaphambi kokuba baqalise ukuwelda.
Iingxaki ngentsimbi engatyiwayo azipheli emva kokuba ukuwelda kugqityiwe.Insimbi engenasici nayo ifuna ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kwinkqubo yokugqiba.Ukusebenzisa ibrashi yentsimbi okanye ipolishi yokupolisha engcoliswe yintsimbi yekhabhoni inokonakalisa umaleko okhuselayo wechromium oxide.Nangona umonakalo ungabonakali, ezi zingcolisi zingenza imveliso egqityiweyo ikwazi ukugqwala okanye enye i-corrosion.
UTerrence Norris yiNjineli yeeNkqubo eziPhezulu kwiFronius USA LLC, 6797 Fronius Drive, Portage, IN 46368, 219-734-5500, www.fronius.us.
URhonda Zatezalo ngumbhali osebenza yedwa weCrearies Marketing Design LLC, 248-783-6085, www.crearies.com.
Itekhnoloji ye-inverter ye-welding yanamhlanje yenze i-gas i-GMAW ibe ngumgangatho wemveliso yensimbi engenasici, kungekhona nje iinkqubo ezizenzekelayo okanye zerobhothi.
I-WELDER, eyayifudula ibizwa ngokuba yi-Practical Welding Today, imele abantu bokwenene abenza iimveliso esizisebenzisayo nesisebenza ngazo yonke imihla.Eli phephancwadi belisoloko linceda abantu abadibanisa iintsimbi kuMntla Merika ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-20.
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