Inqaku loMhleli: Qho ngonyaka.Iimpawu zobunjineli bezeMigodi kwi-Industrial Minerals Review.Kukho abantu abaliqela abatyale ixesha elininzi bephuhlisa imathiriyeli yalo mba, ngelixa besenza owabo umsebenzi.Enkosi kubahleli boPhononongo loNyaka lweziMbiwa zezoShishino, uSihlalo kunye noSekela Sihlalo weKomiti yobuGcisa yeCandelo leeMbiwa zeMigodi kunye ne-Aggregates, kunye nababhali beprofayili yempahla yorhwebo.
U-Rajesh Raitani ilungu le-SME le-Cytec Industries Inc. kwaye usihlalo weKomiti yezobuGcisa kwi-Industrial Minerals kunye ne-Aggregates Division.
Uncedo lwabo lwenze ukuba kube nokwenzeka lo mbandela kaJulayi we-Industrial Minerals. Egameni labafundi bam, abahleli bayabulela kubo.
Iinkampani ezine - i-HC Spinks Clay Co., Inc., i-Imerys.Old Hickory Clay Co. kunye ne-Unimin Corp. - Udongwe lwebhola lwemigodi kwiindawo ezine kwi-2013.Ngokwedatha yokuqala, imveliso yi-1 metric toni (i-1.1 yezigidi zeetoni ezimfutshane) kunye nexabiso eliqikelelwayo le-47 yezigidigidi. I-45,1 yezigidi.Tennessee ngumvelisi ohamba phambili, obala i-64% yemveliso yasekhaya, ilandelwa yi-Texas.Mississippi kunye neKentucky.About 67% yemveliso yodongwe yebhola iyonke yi-air flotation, i-22% i-coarse okanye udongwe olutyumkileyo, kwaye i-11% yi-slurry yamanzi.
Ngo-2013, abavelisi bodongwe bebhola basekhaya bathengisa udongwe kwezi marike zilandelayo: umgangatho we-ceramic kunye neethayile zodonga (44%);ezithunyelwa ngaphandle (21%);izixhobo zococeko (18%);iintlobo ngeentlobo zeeseramikhi (9%);ngokusetyenziswa kokuphela kwiNdlela ka-2012 kunye nemarike yangoku, izigcwalisi, izandisi kunye nezibophelelo kunye nokusetyenziswa okungachazwanga (4% nganye) .Ezinye iimarike zibala ngaphantsi kwe-1% yodongwe lwebhola eseleyo ethengisiweyo okanye esetyenzisiweyo.Intengiso echazwe ukuveliswa kwe-fiberglass okanye i-fiberglass eninzi, izicelo zokuzalisa kunye ne-binder zinokuthi zibe yintloko ye-kaolin yodongwe egayiweyo okanye abathengi.
Ngokophando lwangaphambili lwabavelisi bodongwe lwebhola yasekhaya, ixabiso eliphakathi lodongwe lwebhola yasekhaya lalijikeleze i-US $ 47 / t (i-$ 43 / t) ngo-2013, xa kuthelekiswa ne-US $ 46 / t ($ 42 / t) ngo-2012. Amaxabiso eyunithi yokuthumela ngaphandle kunye nodongwe lokungenisa ibhola ayeyi-$ 126 / t (i-$ 13331 / t) kunye ne-$ 1331 / t ngokulinganayo ukuya ku-$ 62 / t ($ 56 / st) kunye ne-$ 314 / t (i-$ 285 / st) ngo-2013) ngo-2012, ngokulandelanayo.Ixabiso leyunithi yezinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle ezininzi zanda ngo-2013, kunye nokuthunyelwa kwe-tonnage ephantsi, ixabiso eliphezulu lokuthumela ngaphandle liphindwe kabini kwi-2013 xa kuthelekiswa ne-avareji ye-avareji ye-2012 ephezulu, i-avareji ye-avareji ye-douvannage. ukuthunyelwa kwempahla ngo-2013 kubalele ukunyuka kwexabiso lokungenisa elizweni.
Ngokutsho kwe-US Census Bureau, iitoni ze-4,681 (iitoni ezingama-516) zodongwe zebhola zingeniswe kwi-2013, ezixabisa i-$ 174,000, xa kuthelekiswa neetoni ze-436 (iitoni ezingama-481) ezixabisa i-$ 137,000 ngo-2012.Ininzi yodongwe lwebhola yayingeniswa e-United Kingdom.I-US Census Bureau yabika ukuba i-exports kwi-2013 yayiyi-52.2 carats (ii-57,500 iitoni ezimfutshane) ezixabisa i-6.6 yezigidi zeedola, xa kuthelekiswa ne-74 carats (iitoni eziyi-81.600) ngo-2012, Ixabiso le-4.58 yezigidi zeedola. Iindawo eziphambili zodongwe ezithunyelwa ngaphandle ziyehla, i-European transmission 8 i-European Niguas, i-European transmission 8 yaseBelgium, i-European Nigua Ukuthunyelwa kwebhola yodongwe e-US. Abavelisi base-US banika ingxelo ngokuphindwe kabini ukuya kathathu ukuthunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle njenge-US Census Bureau.Ngokokubalwa kweenkcukacha-manani zorhwebo ezipapashwe yi-Mexican Ministry of Economy, ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kodongwe lwebhola lwetoni enkulu ethunyelwe isuka e-United States isiya eMexico ingahlelwa njenge-kaolin.
Imbonakalo yeshishini lodongwe lwebhola kukukhula kwentengiso njengoko uqoqosho lwase-US luqhubeka nokuchacha kwi-recession.In 2013, ulwakhiwo lwentengiso kunye nemisebenzi yolwakhiwo lwendawo yokuhlala yayibaluleke kakhulu kwintengiso yodongwe yebhola ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwabo ekwenzeni iithayile ze-ceramic kunye ne-sanitary ware.I-US Census Bureau yabika i-923,000 yeyunithi yezindlu yabucala iqala ngo-2013, ukunyuka kwe-2018 kwi-2018, xa kuthelekiswa ne-2018, i-2012. ixabiso lezakhiwo zokuhlala kunye nezakhiwo ezingezizo zokuhlala ezigqitywe ngo-2013 zonyuka ngeepesenti ze-5 ukuya kwi-898 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ukusuka kwi-857 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngo-2012. Ukongeza, imiba yokuvalwa iyasonjululwa kwiindawo ezininzi zase-United States, ukunciphisa inani lamakhaya angenamntu kwiimarike.Nangona oku kuphuculwa, izindlu ziqala phantsi kwamanqanaba angaphambi kokudodobala koqoqosho.
Iintengiso zasekhaya ibhola udongwe nazo achatshazelwa ukungenisa iimveliso ngodongwe ibhola-based ezifana iithayile kunye ware sanitary.In 2013, inani iithayile kumazwe angaphandle lehla ukusuka $62.1 million kwi 5.86 square metres (63.1 million square feet) ngo 2012 ukuya 5.58 square metres (60.1 million tales square metres). ikhowudi yethule 6907.10.00, 6908.10.10, 6908.10.20, 6908.10.50 Ngokwehla umyalelo umthamo, China (22%);Mexico (21%);I-Itali kunye neTurkey (i-10% nganye);eBrazil (7%);Colombia, Peru and Spain (5% ngalinye) .Ukungeniswa kwempahla yococeko kwanda ukusuka kwi-25.2 yezigidi ngo-2012 ukuya kwi-29.7 yezigidi ngo-2013.I-China ibalelwa kwi-14.7 yezigidi (49%) ye-US sanitaryware yokungenisa ngo-2013, kunye ne-Mexico 11.6 yezigidi (39%) imveliso ye-ceramic tilers ye-ceramic yasekhaya ihlawula i-tiles ye-ceramic ye-ceramic engaphantsi kwe-Ball ball yaseMexico. abavelisi bodongwe kunabo bavela eTshayina, njengoko abavelisi base-US ngabona baboneleli ngodongwe bebhola kwishishini le-ceramic yaseMexico.Ukwanda komsebenzi wokwakha kubonisa ukuba ukukhula kweentengiso zodongwe zebhola yasekhaya ngo-2014 kusenokuba kufana no-2013.
Phantse yonke i-bauxite esetyenziswa e-United States ithengiswa kumazwe angaphandle. I-Alabama, i-Arkansas, kunye ne-Georgia zivelisa ixabiso elincinci le-bauxite kunye nodongwe lwe-bauxite ukwenzela ukusetyenziswa kwe-metallurgical.
I-Metallurgical grade bauxite (i-coarse dry) yokungenisa kumazwe angaphandle iye yafikelela kwi-9.8 yeetoni ze-metric (i-10.1 yezigidi zeetoni eziqhelekileyo) ngo-2013, i-5% iyancipha ukusuka kwi-2012 yokuthengisa ngaphandle. I-Jamaica (48%). I-Guinea (i-26%) kunye ne-Brazil (i-25%) yayingababoneleli abaphezulu kwi-US ngo-10 ukuya ku-2013, ngo-2013, ngo-2013, ngo-2013. ) i-refractory grade calcined bauxite ithe yangeniswa kumazwe angaphandle, inyuka ngama-58% unyaka nonyaka.
Ukungeniswa kumazwe angaphandle kwe-refractory grade calcined bauxite yanda xa kuthelekiswa no-2012, okukhokelela ekuzalisweni ngokutsha kwempahla njengoko ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwemveliso ye-bauxite-based refractory yehla xa kuthelekiswa no-2012.Imveliso yentsimbi yasekhaya, eyona nto isetyenziswa kakhulu kwimveliso ye-bauxite-based refractory, yawa malunga ne-2% ngo-2013 kunye nomthombo omkhulu we-2013 (i-yana ye-2013%) kunye ne-2013 . I-US yerefractory-grade calcined bauxite yokungenisa elizweni.
Ukungeniswa kwamanye amazwe kwe-non-refractory grade calcined bauxite iyonke i-455 carats (501,500 iitoni ezimfutshane) ngo-2013, ukwanda kwe-40% ngaphezu kokungenisa ngaphandle kwe-2012. Ukukhula kubangelwe kusetyenziso olwandisiweyo lwe-bauxite kwisamente, ishishini le-oyile njenge-propant ye-hydraulic ne-steel fracturing (28%) yase-Australia (280%), i-Australia Guyana (28%) ne-brazil fracturing. eyona mithombo ingundoqo.
Ngo-2013, iUnited States yathumela ngaphandle 9-carat (9,900 st) refractory grade calcined bauxite, ukwanda 40% ngaphezu 2012 kumazwe angaphandle, kunye Canada (72%) kunye Mexico (7%) eyona ndawo ekuya kuyo. Ngo-2013, iUnited States yathumela isixa esingabalulekanga se-non-refractory ye-1, malunga ne-3 ye-refractory ye-1, malunga ne-1 ye-refractory ye-1, malunga ne-1 ye-refractory ye-1, malunga ne-14 ye-refractory 0 iitoni ezimfutshane) ngo-2012. Ukuthunyelwa kwe-bauxite eyomileyo kumanye amazwe kuye kwaphantse kwafikelela kwiitoni ezingama-4,000 (iitoni ezimfutshane ezingama-4,400), ukwehla nge-59% ukusuka kowama-2012, kunye neCanada (82%) eyona ndawo iphambili ekusingwa kuyo.
Ukuveliswa kwe-alumina yasekhaya kuqikelelwa kwi-4.1 yeetoni ze-metric (i-4.6 yezigidi zeetoni ezimfutshane) ngo-2013, phantsi kwe-7% ukusuka kwi-2012. Ukuncipha kwakungenxa yemveliso ephantsi kwi-Ormet Corp.'s 540 t / y (595,000 st) Burnside, eLos Angeles yokucocwa. s GmbH kwaye yaphinda yaqala phakathi kuDisemba.
Iyonke yokuthunyelwa kwe-alumina ngo-2013 yayiyi-2.05 yeetoni ze-metric (i-2.26 yezigidi zeetoni eziqhelekileyo), ukwanda kwe-8% ngaphezu kwe-2012 yokungenisa i-alumina. , IKhanada (35%), i-Egypt (17%) kunye ne-Iceland (13%) zezona ndawo ziphambili.
Itotali yokusetyenziswa kwe-bauxite yasekhaya (kwisiseko ekrwada esomileyo esilinganayo) ngo-2013 kuqikelelwa kwi-9.8 mt (i-10.1 yezigidi zeetoni eziqhelekileyo), i-2% ephezulu kunongowama-2012. Koku, malunga ne-8.8 yeetoni ze-metric (i-9.1 yezigidi zeetoni eziqhelekileyo) yasetyenziselwa ukuvelisa i-alumina.6% engaphantsi kunonyaka odlulileyo. kunye nakwishishini leoli, imveliso yentsimbi kunye nonyango lwamanzi.
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-alumina yasekhaya iyonke yoshishino lwe-aluminium ngo-2013 yayiyi-3.89 yeetoni ze-metric (i-4.29 yezigidi zeetoni eziqhelekileyo), ukuncipha kwe-6% ukusuka kwi-2012.In 2013, amanye amashishini e-United States adla malunga ne-490 kilotons (i-540,000 yeetoni eziqhelekileyo) ye-alumina yokunciphisa ukusuka kwi-21% ye-alumina, i-alumina 20, i-alumina 20, i-20. isamente, iiseramikhi kunye neekhemikhali.
Amaxabiso e-bauxite ethunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle nangaphandle ayahluka ngomthombo, indawo ekuyiwa kuyo kunye nebakala.Amaxabiso eyunithi ye-refractory grade calcined bauxite esuka kwimithombo emikhulu ngo-2013 ayeyi-$813/t ($737/st) esuka eBrazil (up 5%) kunye ne-$480/t ($435/st) esuka kwi-China $40 (ezantsi kancinane) ukusuka e-China i-$40 (ezantsi kancinci)
Amaxabiso e-non-refractory grade calcined bauxite engeniswe kwimithombo emikhulu asuka kwi-$56/t ($51/st) e-Australia (ezantsi nge-20%) ukuya kwi-$65/t ($59/st) eGrisi (inyuke nge-12%) ngo-2013. ye-alumina evela kumazwe angaphandle ngo-2013 yayiyi-$ 396 / t (i-$ 359 / st), i-3% ephantsi kune-2012 2012. Ixabiso eliphakathi kwe-alumina ethunyelwe ngaphandle kwe-US yawa nge-11% ukuya kwi-$ 400 ngo-2013 xa kuthelekiswa namaxabiso e-2012 / t ($ 363 / st).
Amaxabiso e-aluminiyam aqhubekile ngo-2013 de kwaba yikota yokuqala ka-2014. Amaxabiso e-aluminiyam aphantsi kunye neendleko eziphezulu zombane zikhankanywe njengezizathu zokuvalwa kwesinyibilikisi se-aluminium yokuqala yasekhaya ngo-2013 kunye nesibhengezo sokuvalwa kwesinye isinyibilikisi se-aluminium yokuqala kwikota yokuqala ka-2014. abanyibilikisi nababoneleli bamandla bafikelele kwizivumelwano zobonelelo lombane. Nangona kunjalo, abanini bezinye izinyibilikisi ezibini bazama ukuthetha-thethana ngezivumelwano zombane ukuze kuthotywe amaxabiso ombane.
Nangona ixabiso le-aluminium lizinzile kwikota yokuqala ye-2014, imfuno ye-alumina iya kuxhomekeka kwizivumelwano zonikezelo lwamandla amatsha kunye nezinye izinyibilikisi.Ngelixa amaxabiso egesi yendalo yase-US eqhubekile nokunyuka kulo nyaka uphelileyo, amaxabiso aphantsi kulindeleke ukuba aqhubeke nokubonelela ngeendleko zeendleko kubacokisi be-alumina basekhaya kwi-2014.
Ukungeniswa kwamanye amazwe kwe-refractory-grade calcined bauxite kulindeleke ukuba kuxhomekeke kwimveliso yentsimbi, kodwa ukutshintshwa kwentsimbi nge-aluminiyam ngabenzi beemoto abafuna ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwamafutha kusenokwenzeka ukunciphisa imfuno yentsimbi kunye neemveliso ezilahlayo zokwenziwa kwentsimbi.
Kwi-2013, imboni ye-bentonite yahlala ingatshintshi kwi-2012. Imveliso ye-US epheleleyo kunye neentengiso zaziyi-4.95 yeetoni ze-metric (i-5.4 yezigidi zeekholomu), xa kuthelekiswa neetoni ze-4.98 (i-5.5 yezigidi zeekholomu) kwi-2012.Imveliso ye-bentonite eyandisiweyo ilawulwa yi-Wyoming, ilandelwa yi-Utah. , Ukubuyiselwa kwe-US kunye nokudodobala koqoqosho lwehlabathi (2007-2009) kwabonakala kuphelele kakhulu.Noko kunjalo, imveliso yezindlu kunye nokusetyenziswa kokwakhiwa kwe-bentonite ehambelanayo ekugqibeleni kuyaqala ukuchacha.EMntla Melika (e-US naseKhanada), i-sodium bentonite edumbileyo ilawula i-bentonite ye-calcium engadumbanga, i-accounting ngaphezu kwe-97% ye-bentonite yonke imarike ye-bentonite eyenzeka e-Arizona, i-Arizona Ukusetyenziswa kwe-bentonite enganyukiyo i-foundry sand binders, unyango lwamanzi kunye nokucoca.
Ehlabathini lonke, umvelisi oyintloko we-sodium activated bentonite yiGreece.China, Egypt kunye ne-India.AMCOL (eyayisakuba yi-American Colloid Co.) ihlala ingumvelisi ohamba phambili we-sodium bentonite malunga ne-40% yesabelo semarike, ngelixa i-BPM Minerals LLC (i-subsidiary ye-Halliburton) ine-30% yesabelo semarike yase-US.Abanye abavelisi abakhulu be-sodium bentonite baqala ukuveliswa kwe-sodium bentonite, i-Black Bentonite iqalile ukuvelisa i-Hill-Benni entsha. I-2013.I-Wyo-Ben Inc. ivule umgodi omtsha kufuphi ne-Thermopolis, e-Wyoming.Iindawo zokugcina idiphozithi zilindeleke ukuba zihlale ubuncinane iminyaka eyi-10 ukuya kwe-20. Iindleko zezinto eziluhlaza zahlala zizinzile, ngelixa izinga lomthwalo welori lingatshintshi kwi-2013.
I-bentonite ye-Grilling-grade ye-oyile kunye ne-gas drilling kunye nokubuyisela yayiyeyona ndlela inkulu yokusetyenziswa kwe-bentonite eyandisiweyo kwi-2013, ivelisa malunga neetoni ze-1.15 ze-metric (i-1.26 yezigidi zeetoni ezimfutshane) .Inani lee-rigs ezisebenzayo zaqhubeka zanda ngo-2013, ziqinisekisa ukubuyiswa kweoli kunye negesi yokugaya.
Imakethi yokufunxa inkunkuma yesilwanyana esinekeyiki yimarike yesibini ngobukhulu kwigranular eyandisiweyo yebentonite.Nangona inkitha yenkunkuma yezilwanyana zasekhaya ifikelele kwi-1.24 yeetoni zemetric (1.36 yezigidi zeetoni zemetric) ngo-2005, iye yaguquguquka phakathi kwe-1.05 kunye ne-1.08 yeetoni zeemetric (1.15 kunye ne-1.19 yezigidi zeetoni ze-1. (I-1.15 yezigidi zeetoni zeemitha) kwi-2013 mt).
I-iron ore pellets ye-bentonite eyandisiweyo yayiyeyesithathu kwimarike enkulu, ikhula kwi-550 kilotons (i-606.000 iitoni ezimfutshane) kwi-2013 njengoko imfuno yensimbi yanda kwi-US auto kunye nemveliso yezixhobo ezinzima.
Ukususela ngo-2011, umyinge we-bentonite eyandisiweyo esetyenziswa njenge-binder kwisanti ye-foundry yensimbi kunye nezinye izinyithi zidlula i-500 carats (i-550,000 iitoni ezimfutshane) .Ukuveliswa kweemveliso ezitsha akuzange kube nefuthe kakhulu kwezi marike ezine ze-bentonite ezinkulu ezine zegranular kunye nomgubo.
Imarike ye-bentonite yezicelo zobunjineli boluntu, ihlelwe ngokwahlukileyo ukusuka ku-2005, yayiyi-175 carats (i-192,000 iitoni ezimfutshane), ebonisa ukuba imarike yaqala ukubuyisela ukuhla koqoqosho lwe-2008.Ukuvalwa kwamanzi kunye nokutywinwa kwemarike ye-bentonite yaqhubeka ikhula kunye noshishino lokwakha olulandela ukudodobala koqoqosho lwase-US, lufikelela kwi-12500 enye yee-carats ezincinci kwi-12500 . I-ed bentonites yokuncamathelisa, ukutya kwezilwanyana, izihluzi kunye nezihluzi, kunye nezinye izicelo azikabuyi kwakhona ukusuka kuqoqosho luka-2008.
Inxalenye encinci yemarike ye-bentonite ikhethekileyo kwisiphuzo kunye nokucaciswa kwewayini kunye nemveliso ye-organoclay.AMCOL, i-Southern Clay Products, i-Sud Chemie kunye ne-Elementis Specialties Inc. ilandela i-bentonite nanocomposite market.Elementis yandisa isityalo sayo esandisiweyo se-hectorite kwi-Newbury Springs, eCalifornia, ngaphezu kwexabiso leminyaka emininzi okanye i-ejenti yangaphambili, iqhubela phambili i-doublement ephantsi okanye iqhube i-ejenti yangaphambili. iimveliso ze-ganoclay ezifana ne-Bentone 910, i-Bentone 920 kunye ne-Bentone 990 ye-oyile-based drilling fluids.
Ukusukela ukudodobala koqoqosho lwehlabathi ngo-2008, izinga lotshintshiselwano lwedola yase-US liye lanceda ukudumba ukuthunyelwa kwe-bentonite kumazwe angaphandle.Ngo-2013, abavelisi be-bentonite basekhaya babika ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwe-950 carats (i-1.05 yezigidi zeetoni ezimfutshane) ze-bentonite zokwemba udaka, izibophelelo zesanti ye-Foundry kunye nezinye iimarike ezahlukeneyo.
I-Bismuth yinto enzima kakhulu enxulumene nekhemikhali kwi-antimony.Yimveliso yelothe kunye ne-tungsten extraction, kunye nomlinganiselo omncinci we-copper kunye ne-tin.I-Antimony yinto ekhaphukhaphu yekhemikhali.Iyi-by-product yokutsalwa kweentsimbi ezifana nelothe, isilivere kunye negolide.Usetyenziso oluphambili lwe-bismuth kunye ne-antimony njenge-compound.
I-Bismuth kunye ne-antimony compounds kunye ne-non-metallic isebenzisa i-akhawunti yokusetyenziswa kwezi zinto zekhemikhali.Ayisetyenziswanga njengesinyithi okanye i-alloy.
Elona qela likhulu lokusetyenziswa kwe-bismuth liqela lemichiza, elibandakanya amayeza afana ne-Pepto Bismol (i-bismuth subsalicylate), izithambiso zamehlo ezinempembelelo ye-pearlescent (i-bismuth oxychloride), i-catalysts, kunye nezinye iikhemikhali ezisetyenziswa njengepeyinti (Bismuth Vanadate Yellow).
Elona qela lilandelayo libalulekileyo lokusetyenziswa kokuphela kwe-bismuth liqela lokongeza i-metallurgical, ukwakheka kwalo kuthintela i-crystallization yegraphite kwi-carbon supersaturated steel metal etyhidiweyo, ikhuthaza ukwenziwa kwentsimbi, ubhedu kunye ne-aluminiyamu yasimahla, kwaye ikhuthaza ukugquma iyunifomu kwi-galvanizing.Kuzo zonke izicelo zeli qela lokongeza, i-bismuth ayisebenzi njenge-alloyist okanye i-alloyist, kunokuba isebenze njenge-alloyist okanye i-allota. ukuphendula okanye iipropathi.I-Steel idinga kuphela i-0.1% ye-bismuth okanye i-selenium yobuchule obuhle.Xa kuthelekiswa nala maqela okusetyenziswa kokugqibela, iqela le-alloy ye-bismuth libalelwa kuphela inani elincinci le-bismuth kwaye lisetyenziswe kwi-alloys fusible, enye i-alloys ephantsi yokunyibilika, kunye nezixhobo.
Ukusetyenziswa okukhulu kwe-antimony njenge-flame retardant, ngokukodwa kunyango lweplastiki, i-adhesives kunye ne-textiles.I-Antimony oxide inendima ekhethekileyo njenge-gas-phase free radical quencher kwi-flame retardants, kwizinto ezahlukeneyo ezinkulu ze-halogenated ezisetyenziswa njenge-flame retardants.
Olunye udidi lweemveliso ezingezona zetsimbi lusetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-pigments kunye neglasi (kubandakanywa ne-ceramics) .I-Antimony oxide kwiiglasi ezininzi kunye neekeramics zisebenza njenge-opacifier, kodwa i-antimony kwiiglasi ezikhethekileyo ingabacacisa.Iqela le-antimony lead kunye ne-alloy liquka ngokuyinhloko i-antimony lead esetyenziswa kwi-petroli-powered automotive.
Ukurisayiklishwa kwakhona kususela kwinto ephantse ibe yinto engenakwenzeka (ibismuth kumayeza esisu kunye nezithambiso kuba isasazwe ngokupheleleyo) ukuya kubunzima obuncitshisiweyo, obufana ne-antimony kwi-flame retardants, i-metallurgical additives kunye ne-bismuth kwi-galvanizing, i-antimony kwi-glass Bismuth kwi-Additives kunye ne-Catalysts.Eyona ndlela ilula, ilula kwaye inexabiso eliphantsi yokuphinda usebenzise i-bismuth kwi-alloys e-fusible kunye nezinye i-alloys kunye ne-antimony kwiipleyiti ze-antimony zebhetri.
Ukuthengwa kwe-bismuth metal yase-US yahlala ingatshintshi ngo-2012 kunye no-2013 kwiitoni eziyi-1,699 (i-1,872 iitoni ezimfutshane) kunye ne-1,708 yeetoni (iitoni ezimfutshane eziyi-1,882) i-Antimony oxide, eyona nto ingeniswe ngumthamo, yayiyi-20.7 carats (22,801. 0 tons) ngo-2013, ukunyuka okuncinci.Iinyanga ezimbini zedatha ye-2014 ibonisa ukuba le pateni iyaqhubeka.I-United States Geological Survey (USGS) ayisayi kupapasha uphando lwayo lokusetyenziswa kwe-bismuth ngekota.
I-2011 (eyapapashwa mva nje) yonyaka yokusetyenziswa kokuphela kokusetyenziswa kwe-bismuth eUnited States yayingama-222 eetoni (iitoni ezingama-245) kwiqela le-metallurgical additive kunye neetoni ezingama-54 (iitoni ezingama-59) ze-bismuth alloys.Ibhalansi ikakhulu yeekhemikhali, i-6681 (736 st).
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-antimony ebonakalayo ye-USGS e-United States yayiyi-21.7 carats (i-23,900 iitoni ezimfutshane) kwi-2012 kunye ne-24 carats (i-26,500 iitoni ezimfutshane) kwi-2013.
Ngokungabikho kwedatha eninzi, iziphumo ze-2013 ze-bismuth zatshintshile kancinci.Kwi-antimony, ukuphonononga idatha eqingqiweyo, ukusetyenziswa ngo-2013 kufuneka kube malunga ne-10% ephezulu kune-2012.Ngo-2014, i-bismuth ibonakala ingahlala ingatshintshi kwaye i-antimony iyancipha kancane.
Izimbiwa ezine zenza ama-90 ekhulwini eebhorati ezisetyenziswa kumashishini ehlabathini lonke—iborate yesodium, icalcium tin nepotassium;i-calcium borate, i-calcium stearate;kunye ne-calcium sodium borate, colemanite.Borax yinto emhlophe yikristale emhlophe eyaziwa ngokuba yi-sodium tetraborate decahydrate, eyenzeka ngokwemvelo kwi-mineral tin.Boric acid yintsimbi engenambala, eqinileyo yekristale ethengiswa kubugcisa, ummiselo wombuso kunye nomgangatho okhethekileyo kwifomu yegranular okanye umgubo, ngokufuthi njenge-anhydrous boric acid.Iidiphozithi zeBorate zinxulunyaniswa nedepozithi enkulu ye-volcanic yase-US kunye nedepozithi enkulu ye-volcanic e-US kunye ne-volcanic enkulu ye-volcanic. I-ron.CA, i-Alpine Belt yaseMzantsi Asia, i-Andean Belt yaseMzantsi Melika.Umgangatho wobutyebi okanye ugcino ludla ngokulinganiswa ngokwe-boron trioxide (B,0,) nomxholo olinganayo.
Ngo-2013 imveliso yase-US yeeminerali ze-boron kunye neekhompawundi zenyuka kancinci ukusuka ngo-2012;Iitotali zigcinwa ukunqanda ukubhengezwa kwedatha yomnini wenkampani. Iinkampani ezimbini kuMazantsi eKhalifoniya zivelisa iiminerali zeboron, ikakhulu i-sodium borate.Rio Tinto Borax, icandelo eliphethwe ngokupheleleyo le-UK-based Rio Tinto Minerals pic, likhupha undoqo wamatye kunye netin-calcium ngokusebenzisa iindlela zokumbiwa komngxuma ovulekileyo kwiimveliso ze-boraries ze-borari ezikwi-boratese ye-sodium okanye i-Carlifonia. yam kwaye ithunyelwe ngololiwe okanye ilori kubathengi baseMntla Melika okanye ithengiswe kumazwe ngamazwe ngePort of Los Angeles.Iibhoti ezikhethekileyo, ezifana nezolimo, izinto zokukhusela iinkuni kunye neemveliso ezilahla idangatye, ziveliswa eWilmington, CA, eBorax.plant.Searles Valley Minerals, Inc. (SVM) ivelisa iborax kunye ne-boric acid ukusuka kwipotassium kunye ne-sodium ye-sodium ye-borarles brittles eCalifornia kwiziko le-Tsarlesv na kunye nezityalo zaseWestend, ezi brines zisulungekiswa zibe yi-anhydrous, i-decahydrate kunye ne-borax pentahydrate.
Iiminerali ze-Boron kunye neekhemikhali zisetyenziselwa ikakhulu kumntla we-United States kunye nempuma ye-United States.Imilinganiselo yokusabalalisa i-boron compounds echithwe e-United States kwi-2013 yayiyiglasi kunye neekeramics, i-80%;iisepha, izicoci, neeblitshi, 4%;ezolimo, 4%;i-enamels kunye ne-glazes, i-3% kunye nezinye izinto ezisetyenziswayo, i-9%.I-Boron isetyenziswe kwiglasi njengesongezo sokunciphisa ukwanda kwe-thermal;ukuphucula amandla, ukumelana neekhemikhali, kunye nokuqina;kunye nokubonelela ngokuxhathisa ukungcangcazela, ubushushu obuphezulu, kunye nobushushu bobushushu.
I-Boron yeyona nto isetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-micronutrient kwezolimo, ngakumbi ukukhuthaza ukuveliswa kwembewu.Izichumisi ze-Boron ziphuma ikakhulu kwi-borax kunye ne-monetite, ezinokuhanjiswa ngokutshizwa okanye ngamanzi okunkcenkceshela ngenxa yokunyibilika kwawo okuphezulu kwamanzi.
Ukuthunyelwa kwe-sodium borate yase-US yayiyi-650 kt (716,000 st) kwi-2013, ukunyuka okuncinci ukusuka kwi-646 kt (712,000 st) kwi-2012. Ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwe-boric acid kwahlala kungatshintshi kwi-190 kt (209,000 st) . I-10 / t (i-$ 740 / st) kwi-2013. Ummkeli oyintloko wokuthunyelwa kwe-boric acid kwi-2013 yayiyi-South Korea, i-accounting ye-20 yepesenti. I-Boric acid yokungenisa ngaphandle kwe-2013 yayiyi-53 kilotons (iitoni ezingama-59,000), malunga ne-4% ephantsi kune-2012. Malunga ne-3% ye-asidi ye-asidi evela kwi-3 ye-asidi ye-3 ye-bout 64 ye-asidi ye-3 ye-asidi ye-3 ye-boric ye-boric evela kwi-2013 ye-asidi ye-3. ngo 2013 kwaba $687/t ($623/st), ukusuka $782/1 ($709/st) ngo 2012.
I-Turkey kunye ne-United States iholele ihlabathi kwimveliso ye-borate kwi-2013.Ngaphandle kwemveliso yase-US, ubunzima be-borate yehlabathi buqikelelwa kwi-4.9 yeetoni ze-metric (i-5.4 yezigidi zeetoni ezimfutshane) kwi-2013, i-11 yepesenti yokunyuka kwe-2012.
I-Argentina ingumvelisi omkhulu we-boron ore eMzantsi Melika.Ukwanda kwakutshanje kwimveliso ye-borate e-Argentina, ngakumbi i-boric acid, ubukhulu becala kubangelwa yimfuno eyongeziweyo yeebhorati ezivela kumashishini e-ceramic kunye neglasi e-Asia naseMntla Melika.