Inqaku loMhleli: Qho ngonyaka.Iimpawu zobunjineli bezeMigodi kwi-Industrial Minerals Review.Kukho abantu abaliqela abatyale ixesha elininzi bephuhlisa imathiriyeli yalo mba, ngelixa besenza owabo umsebenzi.Enkosi kubahleli boPhononongo loNyaka lweziMbiwa zezoShishino, uSihlalo kunye noSekela Sihlalo weKomiti yobuGcisa yeCandelo leeMbiwa zeMigodi kunye ne-Aggregates, kunye nababhali beprofayili yempahla yorhwebo.
U-Rajesh Raitani ilungu le-SME le-Cytec Industries Inc. kwaye usihlalo weKomiti yezobuGcisa kwi-Industrial Minerals kunye ne-Aggregates Division.
Uncedo lwabo lwenze ukuba kube nokwenzeka lo mbandela kaJulayi we-Industrial Minerals. Egameni labafundi bam, abahleli bayabulela kubo.
Iinkampani ezine - i-HC Spinks Clay Co., Inc., i-Imerys.Old Hickory Clay Co. kunye ne-Unimin Corp. - Udongwe lwebhola lwemigodi kwiindawo ezine kwi-2013.Ngokwedatha yokuqala, ukuveliswa kwe-1 metric toni (i-1.1 yezigidi zeetoni ezimfutshane) kunye nexabiso eliqikelelweyo le-47 yezigidigidi. 2012, ezixabisa kwi $45.1 million.Tennessee yi umvelisi ophambili, accounting for 64% imveliso yasekhaya, ilandelwa Texas.Mississippi kunye Kentucky.About 67% yebhola iyonke imveliso yodongwe yi-air flotation, 22% irhabaxa okanye udongwe olutyumkileyo, kwaye 11% ludaka lwamanzi.
Ngo-2013, abavelisi bodongwe bebhola basekhaya bathengisa udongwe kwezi marike zilandelayo: umgangatho we-ceramic kunye neethayile zodonga (44%); ezithunyelwa ngaphandle (21%); izixhobo zococeko (18%); iintlobo ngeentlobo zeeseramikhi (9%); ngokusetyenziswa kokuphela kwiNdlela ka-2012 kunye nemarike yangoku, izigcwalisi, izandisi kunye nezibophelelo kunye nokusetyenziswa okungachazwanga (4% nganye) .Ezinye iimarike zibala ngaphantsi kwe-1% yodongwe lwebhola eseleyo ethengisiweyo okanye esetyenzisiweyo.Intengiso echazwe ukuveliswa kwe-fiberglass okanye i-fiberglass eninzi, izicelo zokuzalisa kunye ne-binder zinokuthi zibe yintloko ye-kaolin yodongwe egayiweyo okanye abathengi.
Ngokophando lwangaphambili lwabavelisi bodongwe bebhola yasekhaya, ixabiso eliphakathi lodongwe lwebhola yasekhaya lalijikeleze i-US $ 47 / t (i-$ 43 / t) ngo-2013, xa kuthelekiswa ne-US $ 46 / t ($ 42 / t) ngo-2012. Amaxabiso eyunithi yokuthumela ngaphandle kunye nodongwe lokungenisa ibhola lwaluyi-$ 126 / t (i-$ 13337 / st) kunye ne-$ 1337 / t. I-2013, xa kuthelekiswa ne-$ 62 / t (i-$ 56 / st) kunye ne-$ 314 / t (i-$ 285 / st) kwi-2013) ngo-2012, ngokulandelanayo.Ixabiso leyunithi yexabiso lezinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle ezininzi liye landa ngo-2013, kunye nokuthunyelwa kweetoni eziphantsi, ixabiso eliphezulu lokuthumela ngaphandle liphindwe kabini kwi-2013 i-avareji yokuthumela ngaphandle kwe-2013. imithwalo ephantsi, ixabiso eliphezulu ngo-2013 libalele ukunyuka kwexabiso lokungenisa elizweni.
Ngokutsho kwe-US Census Bureau, iitoni ze-4,681 (iitoni ze-516) zodongwe zebhola zingeniswe kwi-2013, ezixabisa i-$ 174,000, xa kuthelekiswa neetoni ze-436 (iitoni ezingama-481) ezixabisa i-$ 137,000 ngo-2012.Ininzi yodongwe lwebhola yayingeniswa e-United Kingdom. I-US Census Bureau yabika ukuba i-exports kwi-2013 yayiyi-52.2 carats (ii-57,500 iitoni ezimfutshane) ezixabisa i-6.6 yezigidi zeedola, xa kuthelekiswa ne-74 carats (iitoni eziyi-81.600) ngo-2012, Zixabisa i-$ 4.58 yezigidi. Iindawo eziphambili zodongwe ezithunyelwa ngaphandle ziyehla, i-European transmissions yase-Europe, i-European Niguas, i-European Nigua I-58 pesenti yebhola yodongwe lwase-US oluthunyelwa ngaphandle.Abavelisi base-US banika ingxelo ngokuphindwe kabini ukuya kathathu ukuthunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle njenge-US Census Bureau.Ngokokubalwa kwezibalo zorhwebo ezipapashwe yi-Mexican Ministry of Economy, ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kodongwe lwebhola lwetoni enkulu ethunyelwe isuka eUnited States ukuya eMexico ingahlelwa njenge-kaolin.
Umbono wemboni yodongwe yebhola kukwanda kweentengiso njengoko uqoqosho lwase-US luqhubeka nokubuyisela kwi-recession.In 2013, ulwakhiwo lwezorhwebo kunye nemisebenzi yolwakhiwo lwendawo yokuhlala yayibaluleke kakhulu kwintengiso yodongwe yebhola ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwabo ekwenzeni iithayile ze-ceramic kunye ne-sanitary ware.I-US Census Bureau yabika ukuba i-923,000 iyunithi yezindlu yangasese iqala ngo-2013, xa kuthelekiswa ne-2018, xa kuthelekiswa no-2018, Ipesenti ze-18 ukwanda.Ixabiso lezakhiwo zokuhlala kunye nezakhiwo ezingezizo zokuhlala ezigqitywe ngo-2013 zonyuke ngeepesenti ezi-5 ukuya kwi-898 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ukusuka kwi-857 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngo-2012.Ukongezelela, imiba yokuvalwa iyasonjululwa kwiindawo ezininzi zase-United States, ukunciphisa inani lamakhaya angenamntu kwimarike.Nangona olu phuculo, ukuthotywa kwezindlu kusengaphantsi kwangaphambili.
Ukuthengiswa kwasekhaya kwebhola yodongwe kuchaphazeleka ngokungeniswa kwemveliso yodongwe esekelwe kumazwe angaphandle njengeethayile kunye ne-sanitary ware.In 2013, ukuthengiswa kwethayile kwawa ukusuka kwi-62.1 yezigidi zeedola kwi-5.86 square metres (63.1 million square feet) ngo-2012 ukuya kwi-5.58 square metres (60.1 million square feet. Ikhowudi yeShedyuli 6907.10.00, 6908.10.10, 6908.10.20, 6908.10.50 Ngokwehla komthamo, iChina (22%); Mexico (21%); I-Itali kunye neTurkey (i-10% nganye); eBrazil (7%); IColombia, iPeru neSpain (5% nganye).Ukungeniswa kwempahla yococeko kwanda ukusuka kwi-25.2 yezigidi ngo-2012 ukuya kwi-29.7 yezigidi ngo-2013.I-China ithathe i-14.7 yezigidi (49%) ye-US sanitaryware ethunyelwa ngaphandle ngo-2013, kunye ne-Mexico 11.6 yezigidi (39%). ingqalelo abavelisi basekhaya ibhola yodongwe kunabo bavela China, njengoko abavelisi US abona baboneleli ngodongwe ibhola engundoqo kushishino Mexican ceramic.Ukwanda umsebenzi wolwakhiwo lubonisa ukuba ukukhula iintengiso zodongwe ibhola ibhola yasekhaya ngo-2014 inokuba malunga efanayo 2013.
Phantse yonke i-bauxite esetyenziswa e-United States ithengiswa kumazwe angaphandle. I-Alabama, i-Arkansas, kunye ne-Georgia zivelisa ixabiso elincinci le-bauxite kunye nodongwe lwe-bauxite ukwenzela ukusetyenziswa kwe-metallurgical.
I-Metallurgical grade bauxite (i-coarse dry) ukuthengiswa ngaphandle kwe-9.8 metric tonnes (i-10.1 yezigidi zeetoni eziqhelekileyo) ngo-2013, i-5% yehla ukusuka kwi-2012 yokuthengisa ngaphandle. I-Jamaica (48%).I-Guinea (i-26%) kunye ne-Brazil (i-25%) yayingababoneleli abaphezulu kwi-US ngo-2013, ngo-2013-rat. (i-144,400 yeetoni ezimfutshane) i-refractory grade calcined bauxite yangeniswa kumazwe angaphandle, ulwando lwama-58% unyaka nonyaka.
Ukungeniswa kwe-refractory grade calcined bauxite yanda xa kuthelekiswa no-2012, okukhokelela ekuzalisweni kwempahla njengoko ukuthunyelwa kwemveliso ye-bauxite-based refractory yehla xa kuthelekiswa no-2012. Imveliso yensimbi yasekhaya, eyona nto isetyenziswa kakhulu kwimveliso ye-refractory esekelwe kwi-bauxite, yawa malunga ne-2% ngo-2013 kunye ne-2013 2013 , i-yana pesenti ye-2013. (44%) zezona mithombo ziphambili zokungeniswa ngaphandle kwe-US refractory-grade calcined bauxite.
Ukungeniswa ngaphandle kwe-non-refractory grade calcined bauxite iyonke i-455 carats (501,500 iitoni ezimfutshane) ngo-2013, ukwanda kwe-40% ngaphezu kwe-2012. Ukukhula kubangelwe kusetyenziso olwandisiweyo lwe-bauxite kwisamente, ishishini le-oyile njenge-propant ye-hydraulic ne-fracturing ye-Australia (3, i-28%), i-AustraliaGuyana kunye ne-fracturing ye-28%). (20%) ibiyeyona mithombo iphambili.
Ngo-2013, iUnited States yathumela ngaphandle i-9-carat (9,900 st) i-refractory grade calcined bauxite, i-40% yokwanda ngaphezu kokuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwe-2012, kunye ne-Canada (72%) kunye ne-Mexico (7%) iindawo eziphambili zokusingwa. (14,300 iitoni ezimfutshane) ngo-2012.Ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwe-bauxite eyomileyo eyomileyo kuye kwafikelela kwiitoni eziphantse zibe yi-4,000 (iitoni ezimfutshane ezingama-4,400), ukwehla nge-59% ukusuka kowama-2012, kunye neCanada (82%) eyona ndawo iphambili.
Ukuveliswa kwe-alumina yasekhaya kuqikelelwa kwi-4.1 yeetoni ze-metric (i-4.6 yezigidi zeetoni ezimfutshane) kwi-2013, phantsi kwe-7% ukusuka kwi-2012. Ukuncipha kwakungenxa yemveliso ephantsi kwi-Ormet Corp.'s 540 t / y (595,000 st) Burnside, eLos Angeles yokucocwa. yathengiswa kwiAlmatis GmbH kwaye yaphinda yaqala phakathi kuDisemba.
Iyonke yokuthunyelwa kwe-alumina ngo-2013 yayiyi-2.05 yeetoni ze-metric (i-2.26 yezigidi zeetoni eziqhelekileyo), ukwanda kwe-8% ngaphezu kwe-2012 ye-alumina. ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe.Phakathi kwabo, iCanada (35%), i-Egypt (17%) kunye ne-Iceland (13%) zezona ndawo ziphambili.
Itotali yokusetyenziswa kwe-bauxite yasekhaya (kwisiseko esikrwada esomileyo esilinganayo) ngo-2013 kuqikelelwa kwi-9.8 mt (i-10.1 yezigidi zeetoni eziqhelekileyo), i-2% ephezulu kunonyaka wama-2012. Koku, malunga ne-8.8 yeetoni ze-metric (i-9.1 yezigidi zeetoni eziqhelekileyo) yasetyenziselwa ukuvelisa i-alumina.6% engaphantsi kunonyaka odlulileyo. refractories, kunye nakwishishini leoli, imveliso yentsimbi kunye nonyango lwamanzi.
Iyonke ukusetyenziswa alumina lwasekhaya kushishino aluminiyam ngo-2013 kwaba 3.89 iitoni metric (4.29 million iitoni umgangatho), ukuncipha 6% ukusuka 2012.Alumina idliwe ngamanye amashishini e-US malunga 490 kilotons (540,000 iitoni standard) ngo-2013 ukuncipha ukusuka 160% 1 kusetyenziswa alumina, i-160% 2013 ukuncipha, i-alumina 2013 iquka i-160%. iibrasives, isamente, iiseramikhi kunye neekhemikhali.
Amaxabiso e-bauxite ethunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle nangaphandle ayahluka ngomthombo, indawo ekuyiwa kuyo kunye nebakala.Amaxabiso eyunithi yomgangatho we-refractory calcined bauxite ukusuka kwimithombo emikhulu ngo-2013 yayiyi-$813/t ($737/st) esuka eBrazil (up 5%) kunye ne-$480/t ($435/st) esuka kwi-40 yedola yase-China (ezantsi kancinane) kunye ne-$401 kancinci).
Amaxabiso e-non-refractory grade calcined bauxite engeniswe kwimithombo emikhulu asuka kwi-$56/t ($51/st) e-Australia (ezantsi nge-20%) ukuya kwi-$65/t ($59/st) eGrisi (inyuke nge-12%) ngo-2013. 2012.Ixabiso eliqhelekileyo le-alumina ethunyelwa ngaphandle kwi-2013 yayiyi-$ 396 / t (i-$ 359 / st), i-3% ephantsi kune-2012 2012. Ixabiso eliqhelekileyo le-alumina elithunyelwa ngaphandle ukusuka e-US lehla nge-11% ukuya kwi-$ 400 ngo-2013 xa kuthelekiswa nexabiso le-2012 / t ($ 363 / st) .
Amaxabiso e-aluminiyam aqhubekile ngo-2013 de kwaba yikota yokuqala ka-2014. Amaxabiso e-aluminiyam aphantsi kunye neendleko eziphezulu zombane zikhankanywe njengezizathu zokuvalwa kwesinyibilikisi se-aluminiyam yasekhaya enye ngo-2013 kunye nesibhengezo sokuvalwa kwesinye isinyibilikisi se-aluminium yokuqala kwikota yokuqala ka-2014. izinyibilikisi ze-aluminium kunye nabanikezeli bamandla bafikelele kwizivumelwano zokubonelela ngombane. Nangona kunjalo, abanini bezinye izinyibilikisi ezimbini bazama ukuthetha-thethana ngezivumelwano zamandla ukuze banciphise amaxabiso ombane.
Nangona ixabiso le-aluminium lizinzile kwikota yokuqala ye-2014, imfuno ye-alumina iya kuxhomekeka kwizivumelwano zonikezelo lwamandla amatsha kunye nezinye izinyibilikisi.Ngelixa amaxabiso egesi yendalo yase-US eqhubekile nokunyuka kulo nyaka uphelileyo, amaxabiso aphantsi kulindeleke ukuba aqhubeke nokubonelela ngeendleko zeendleko kubacokisi be-alumina basekhaya kwi-2014.
Ukungeniswa kwamanye amazwe kwe-refractory-grade calcined bauxite kulindeleke ukuba kuxhomekeke kwimveliso yentsimbi, kodwa ukutshintshwa kwentsimbi nge-aluminiyam yi-automakers ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwamafutha kunokunciphisa imfuno yentsimbi kunye nemveliso ye-refractory yokwenza i-steelmaking.
Kwi-2013, imboni ye-bentonite yahlala ingatshintshi kwi-2012. Imveliso ye-US epheleleyo kunye neentengiso zaziyi-4.95 yeetoni ze-metric (i-5.4 yezigidi zeetoni zeemitha), xa kuthelekiswa ne-4.98 yeetoni ze-metric (i-5.5 yezigidi zeetoni) kwi-2012.Ukuveliswa kwe-bentonite eyandisiweyo ilawulwa yi-Wyom.Oregon.Oregon. Colorado.Ngo-2011, ukubuyiswa kwe-US kunye nokudodobala kwehlabathi (2007-2009) kubonakala kuphelele kakhulu.Nangona kunjalo, imveliso yezindlu kunye nokusetyenziswa kolwakhiwo lwe-bentonite ehambelanayo ekugqibeleni iqala ukubuyisela.Emntla Melika (e-US naseKhanada), i-sodium bentonite edumbileyo ilawula i-bentonite ye-calcium engadumbanga, ibalwa ngaphezu kwe-97 yemveliso ye-bentonite ye-bentonite. I-Alabama, i-Mississippi, i-Arizona, i-California kunye ne-Nevada.Ezona zinto zisetyenziswayo ze-bentonite ezinganyukiyo zi-binders zesanti ezifunyenweyo, ukunyangwa kwamanzi kunye nokucoca.
Ehlabathini lonke, umvelisi oyintloko we-sodium activated bentonite yiGreece.China, Egypt kunye ne-India.AMCOL (eyayisakuba yi-American Colloid Co.) ihlala ingumvelisi ohamba phambili we-sodium bentonite malunga ne-40% yesabelo semarike, ngelixa i-BPM Minerals LLC (i-subsidiary ye-Halliburton) ine-30% yesabelo semarike yase-US.Abanye abavelisi abakhulu be-sodium bentonite, i-Black Bentonite entsha kunye ne-Black Bentonite yi-MI-BenLLC entsha. abavelisi baqala ukwakhiwa ngo-2013. I-Wyo-Ben Inc. yavula umgodi omtsha kufuphi ne-Thermopolis, e-Wyoming. Ukugcinwa kwediphozithi kulindeleke ukuba kuhlale ubuncinane iminyaka eyi-10 ukuya kwe-20. Iindleko zezinto eziluhlaza zahlala zizinzile, ngelixa izinga lomthwalo welori lingazange litshintshwe kwi-2013.
I-bentonite ye-Grilling-grade ye-oyile kunye ne-gas drilling kunye nokubuyisela yayiyeyona ndlela inkulu yokusetyenziswa kwe-bentonite eyandisiweyo kwi-2013, ivelisa malunga neetoni ze-1.15 ze-metric (i-1.26 yezigidi zeetoni ezimfutshane) .Inani lee-rigs ezisebenzayo zaqhubeka zanda ngo-2013, ziqinisekisa ukubuyiswa kweoli kunye negesi yokugaya.
Imarike yokufunxa inkunkuma yesilwanyana esinekeyiki yimarike yesibini enkulu yegranular eyandisiweyo yebentonite.Nangona inkitha yenkunkuma yezilwanyana zasekhaya ifikelele kwi-1.24 yeetoni zeemetric (1.36 yezigidi zeetoni zemetric) ngo-2005, iye yaguquguquka phakathi kwe-1.05 kunye ne-1.08 yeetoni zeemetric (1.15 kunye ne-1.19 yezigidi zeetoni) kwimarike malunga ne-1.19 yezigidi zeetoni. I-1.05 yeetoni zeemetric (i-1.15 yezigidi zeetoni zeemetric) ngo-2013 mt).
I-iron ore pellets ye-bentonite eyandisiweyo yayiyeyesithathu kwimarike enkulu, ikhula kwi-550 kilotons (i-606.000 iitoni ezimfutshane) kwi-2013 njengoko imfuno yensimbi yanda kwi-US auto kunye nemveliso yezixhobo ezinzima.
Ukususela ngo-2011, umyinge we-bentonite eyandisiweyo esetyenziswa njenge-binder kwisanti ye-foundry yensimbi kunye nezinye izinyithi zidlula i-500 carats (i-550,000 iitoni ezimfutshane) .Ukuveliswa kweemveliso ezitsha akuzange kube nefuthe kakhulu kwezi marike ezine ze-bentonite ezinkulu ezine zegranular kunye nomgubo.
Imarike ye-bentonite yezicelo zobunjineli boluntu, ihlelwe ngokwahlukileyo ukusuka kwi-2005, yayiyi-175 carats (i-192,000 iitoni ezimfutshane), ebonisa ukuba imarike yaqala ukuchacha kwi-recession ye-2008.I-marketing waterproofing kunye nokutywinwa kwe-bentonite market iqhubekile ukukhula kunye noshishino lokwakha emva kokudodobala koqoqosho lwase-US, ukufikelela kwi-12500 carats (i-12500 carats). imarike yezinye i-bentonites ezincinci ezandisiweyo zokuncamathelisa, ukutya kwezilwanyana, izihluzi kunye nezihluzi, kunye nezinye izicelo azikabuyi kudodobala koqoqosho ngo-2008.
Inxalenye encinci yemarike ye-bentonite ikhethekileyo kwisiphuzo kunye nokucaciswa kwewayini kunye nemveliso ye-organoclay.AMCOL, i-Southern Clay Products, i-Sud Chemie kunye ne-Elementis Specialties Inc. ilandela i-bentonite nanocomposite market.Elementis yandisa isityalo sayo esandisiweyo se-hectorite e-Newbury Springs, eCalifornia, ngaphezu kwe-multi-year-powerful efficiently, iqhubela phambili i-multi-year-energy. ukuphuhlisa ixabiso eliphantsi iimveliso organoclay ezifana Bentone 910, Bentone 920 kunye Bentone 990 ulwelo oyile-based sokomba.
Ukusukela ukudodobala koqoqosho lwehlabathi ngo-2008, izinga lotshintshiselwano lwedola yase-US liye lanceda ukudumba ukuthunyelwa kwe-bentonite kumazwe angaphandle.Ngo-2013, abavelisi be-bentonite basekhaya babika ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwe-950 carats (i-1.05 yezigidi zeetoni ezimfutshane) ye-bentonite yokwemba udaka, izibophelelo zesanti ye-Foundry kunye nezinye iimarike ezixubileyo.
I-Bismuth yinto enzima kakhulu enxulumene nekhemikhali kwi-antimony.Yimveliso yelothe kunye ne-tungsten extraction, kunye nomlinganiselo omncinci we-copper kunye ne-tin.I-Antimony yinto ekhaphukhaphu yekhemikhali.Iyi-by-product yokutsalwa kweentsimbi ezifana nelothe, isilivere kunye negolide.Usetyenziso oluphambili lwe-bismuth kunye ne-antimony njenge-compound.
I-Bismuth kunye ne-antimony compounds kunye ne-non-metallic isebenzisa i-akhawunti yokusetyenziswa kwezi zinto zekhemikhali.Ayisetyenziswanga njengesinyithi okanye i-alloy.
Elona qela likhulu lokusetyenziswa kwe-bismuth liqela lemichiza, elibandakanya amayeza afana ne-Pepto Bismol (i-bismuth subsalicylate), izithambiso zamehlo ezinempembelelo ye-pearlescent (i-bismuth oxychloride), i-catalysts, kunye nezinye iikhemikhali ezisetyenziswa njengepeyinti (Bismuth Vanadate Yellow).
Elona qela lilandelayo libalulekileyo lokusetyenziswa kwe-bismuth liqela lokongeza i-metallurgical, ukwakheka kwalo kuthintela icrystallization yegraphite ukusuka kwi-carbon supersaturated metal etyhidiweyo, ikhuthaza ukwenziwa kwentsimbi, ubhedu kunye ne-aluminiyamu yasimahla, kwaye ikhuthaza ukugquma iyunifomu kwi-galvanizing.Kuzo zonke izicelo zeli qela lokongeza, i-bismuth ayisebenzi njenge-allotayist, kodwa ayisebenzi njenge-allotayist. ikhuthaza okanye ivelise ukusabela okanye iimpawu ezithile.I-Steel idinga kuphela i-0.1% ye-bismuth okanye i-selenium yobuchule obuhle.Xa kuthelekiswa nala maqela okusetyenziswa kokugqibela, iqela le-alloy ye-bismuth i-akhawunti kuphela encinci ye-bismuth kwaye isetyenziswe kwi-fusible alloys, enye i-alloys ephantsi yokunyibilika, kunye nezixhobo.
Ukusetyenziswa okukhulu kwe-antimony njenge-flame retardant, ngokukodwa kunyango lweplastiki, i-adhesives kunye ne-textiles.I-Antimony oxide inendima ekhethekileyo njenge-gas-phase free radical quencher kwi-flame retardants, kwizinto ezahlukeneyo ezinkulu ze-halogenated ezisetyenziswa njenge-flame retardants.
Olunye udidi lweemveliso ezingezona zetsimbi lusetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-pigments kunye neglasi (kubandakanywa ne-ceramics) .I-Antimony oxide kwiiglasi ezininzi kunye neekeramics zisebenza njenge-opacifier, kodwa i-antimony kwiiglasi ezikhethekileyo ingabacacisa.Iqela le-antimony lead kunye ne-alloy liquka ngokuyinhloko i-antimony lead esetyenziswa kwi-petroli-powered automotive.
Ukurisayiklishwa kwakhona kususela kwinto ephantse ibe yinto engenakwenzeka (ibismuth kumayeza esisu kunye nezithambiso kuba isasazwe ngokupheleleyo) ukuya kubunzima obuncitshisiweyo, obufana ne-antimony kwi-flame retardants, i-metallurgical additives kunye ne-bismuth kwi-galvanizing, i-antimony kwi-glass Bismuth kwi-Additives kunye ne-Catalysts. Eyona ndlela ilula, ilula kwaye inexabiso eliphantsi yokuphinda usebenzise i-bismuth kwi-alloys e-fusible kunye nezinye i-alloys kunye ne-antimony kwiipleyiti ze-antimony zebhetri.
Ukuthengwa kwe-bismuth metal yase-US yahlala ingatshintshi kakhulu ngo-2012 kunye no-2013 kwiitoni ze-1,699 (i-1,872 iitoni ezimfutshane) kunye ne-1,708 yeetoni (i-1,882 iitoni ezimfutshane) i-Antimony oxide, eyona nto ingeniswe ngumthamo, yayiyi-20.7 carats (22,800tal. (i-24,100 yeetoni) kwi-2013, ukunyuka okuncinci.Iinyanga ezimbini zedatha ye-2014 ibonisa ukuba le pateni iyaqhubeka.I-United States Geological Survey (USGS) ayisayi kupapasha uphando lokusetyenziswa kwe-bismuth ngekota.
I-2011 (eyapapashwa mva nje) yonyaka yokusetyenziswa kokuphela kokusetyenziswa kwe-bismuth eUnited States yayiziitoni ezingama-222 (iitoni ezingama-245) zeqela lezongezelelo zesinyithi kunye neetoni ezingama-54 (iitoni ezingama-59) ze-bismuth alloys.Ibhalansi ikakhulu yeekhemikhali, i-6681 (736 st).
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-antimony ebonakalayo ye-USGS e-United States yayiyi-21.7 carats (i-23,900 iitoni ezimfutshane) kwi-2012 kunye ne-24 carats (ii-26,500 iitoni ezimfutshane) kwi-2013.
Ngokungabikho kwedatha eninzi, iziphumo ze-2013 ze-bismuth zatshintshile kancinci.Kwi-antimony, ukuphonononga idatha eqingqiweyo, ukusetyenziswa ngo-2013 kufuneka kube malunga ne-10% ephezulu kune-2012.Ngo-2014, i-bismuth ibonakala ingahlala ingatshintshi kwaye i-antimony iyancipha kancane.
Izimbiwa ezine zenza ama-90 ekhulwini eebhorati ezisetyenziswa kumashishini ehlabathini lonke—iborate yesodium, icalcium tin nepotassium; calcium borate, duomolite; kunye ne-calcium sodium borate, sodalite.Borax yinto emhlophe yikristale emhlophe eyaziwa ngokuba yi-sodium tetraborate decahydrate, eyenzeka ngokwemvelo kwiminerali ye-tin.Boric acid yinto engenambala, eqinileyo yekristale ethengiswa kubugcisa, ummiselo wombuso kunye nomgangatho okhethekileyo kwifomu yegranular okanye umgubo, ngokuphindaphindiweyo njenge-anhydrous boric acid.Iidiphozithi zeBorate zinxulunyaniswa ne-volcanic ye-volcanic enkulu kakhulu kunye nomsebenzi we-volcanic wase-US kunye ne-volcanic enkulu ye-moja Intlango kufuphi ne-boron.CA, iAlpine Belt yaseMzantsi Asia, i-Andean Belt yaseMzantsi Melika.Umgangatho wemithombo okanye ugcino ludla ngokulinganiswa ngokwe-boron trioxide (B,0,) yalo mxholo olinganayo.
Ngo-2013 imveliso yase-US yeeminerali ze-boron kunye neekhompawundi zenyuka kancinci ukusuka ngo-2012; Iitotali zigcinwa ukunqanda ukubhengezwa kwedatha yomnini wenkampani.Iinkampani ezimbini kuMazantsi eKhalifoniya zivelisa iiminerali zeboron, ikakhulu isodiyam borate.Rio Tinto Borax, icandelo eliphethwe ngokupheleleyo le-UK-based Rio Tinto Minerals pic, likhupha undoqo wamatye kunye netin-calcium ngokusebenzisa iindlela zokumbiwa kwemigodi evulekileyo kwimveliso ye-borate ye-sodium okanye i-Carlifonia. iindawo zokuhluza ezikufutshane nomgodi kwaye zithunyelwe ngololiwe okanye ngelori kubathengi baseMntla Melika okanye zithengiswa kumazwe ngamazwe ngePort of Los Angeles.Iibhorati ezikhethekileyo, ezifana nezolimo, izinto ezigcina iinkuni kunye neemveliso ezithintela ilangatye, ziveliswa eWilmington, CA, eBorax.plant.Searles Valley Minerals, Inc. (SVM) ivelisa iborax kunye ne-boric acid kwi-sodium ye-boric acid kwi-sodium ye-boric acid kwi-sodium ye-searles, i-sodium ye-sodium kwi-searles. California.Kwizityalo ze-SVM's Trôna kunye ne-Westend, ezi zityalo zixutywe zibe yi-anhydrous, i-decahydrate kunye ne-borax pentahydrate.
Iiminerali ze-Boron kunye neekhemikhali zisetyenziselwa ikakhulu kumntla we-United States kunye nempuma ye-United States.Imilinganiselo yokusabalalisa i-boron compounds echithwe e-United States kwi-2013 yayiyiglasi kunye neekeramics, i-80%; iisepha, izicoci, neeblitshi, 4%; ezolimo, 4%; i-enamels kunye ne-glazes, i-3% kunye nezinye izinto ezisetyenziswayo, i-9%.I-Boron isetyenziswe kwiglasi njengesongezo sokunciphisa ukwanda kwe-thermal; ukuphucula amandla, ukumelana neekhemikhali, kunye nokuqina; kunye nokubonelela ngokuxhathisa ukungcangcazela, ubushushu obuphezulu, kunye nobushushu bobushushu.
I-Boron yeyona nto isetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-micronutrient kwezolimo, ngakumbi ukukhuthaza ukuveliswa kwembewu.Izichumisi ze-Boron ziphuma ikakhulu kwi-borax kunye ne-monetite, ezinokuhanjiswa ngokutshizwa okanye ngamanzi okunkcenkceshela ngenxa yokunyibilika kwawo okuphezulu kwamanzi.
Ukuthunyelwa kwe-sodium borate yase-US yayiyi-650 kt (716,000 st) kwi-2013, ukunyuka okuncinci ukusuka kwi-646 kt (712,000 st) kwi-2012. Ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwe-boric acid kwahlala kungatshintshi kwi-190 kt (209,000 st) . I-2012 ukuya kwi-$ 910 / t (i-$ 740 / st) ngo-2013. Ummkeli oyintloko wokuthunyelwa kwe-boric acid kwi-2013 yayinguMzantsi Korea, i-akhawunti ye-20 yepesenti. Ukungenisa kwe-asidi ye-boric kwi-2013 yayiyi-53 kilotons (i-59,000 tonnes), malunga ne-4% ngaphantsi kwe-3% ye-201 ye-asidi ye-2012. yavela eTurkey.Ixabiso leyunithi yokungeniswa kwe-boric acid kwi-2013 yayiyi-$ 687 / t ($ 623 / st), ukusuka kwi-$ 782 / 1 (i-$ 709 / st) kwi-2012.
I-Turkey kunye ne-United States iholele ihlabathi kwimveliso ye-borate kwi-2013.Ngaphandle kwemveliso yase-US, ubunzima be-borate yehlabathi buqikelelwa kwi-4.9 yeetoni ze-metric (5.4 yezigidi zeetoni) kwi-2013, i-11 yepesenti yokunyuka kwe-2012.
I-Argentina ingumvelisi omkhulu we-boron ore eMzantsi Melika.Ukwanda kwakutshanje kwimveliso ye-borate e-Argentina, ngakumbi i-boric acid, ubukhulu becala kubangelwa yimfuno eyongeziweyo yeebhorati ezivela kumashishini e-ceramic kunye neglasi e-Asia naseMntla Melika.