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Ukuthatha i-Sui-Chongqing kaloliwe ithambeka njengento yophando, ukumelana nomhlaba, i-electrochemistry (i-corrosion potential, i-redox potential, i-gradient enokwenzeka kunye ne-pH), i-anion yomhlaba (iityuwa ezinyibilikayo zizonke, i-Cl-, i-SO42- kunye) kunye neSondlo somhlaba. ivandlakanywa ngokwezalathi zomntu ngamnye kunye nezalathi ezibanzi zomhlaba owenziweyo.Xa kuthelekiswa nezinye izinto, amanzi anempembelelo enkulu kwi-corrosion ye-slope protection net, elandelwa ngumxholo we-anion.Itotali yetyuwa enyibilikayo inefuthe eliphakathi kwi-corrosion ye-slope protection net, kunye ne-stray current ine-moderate protection ye-corrosion ye-corrosion ye-corrosion yomhlaba. zaphononongwa ngokutsha, kwaye umhlwa kwithambeka eliphezulu ubuphakathi, kwaye umhlwa kumbindi naphantsi kumathambeka womelele.Indalo ephilayo emhlabeni yayinxulunyaniswa kakhulu nokuthambekela okunokubakho.Initrogen ekhoyo, potassium ekhoyo kunye nephosphorus ekhoyo zazinxulunyaniswa kakhulu neeanion.
Xa ukwakhiwa koololiwe, oohola bendlela kunye neendawo zogcino lwamanzi, ukuvuleka kweentaba kudla ngokungenakuthintelwa.Ngenxa yeentaba ezisemzantsi-ntshona, ulwakhiwo lukaloliwe lwaseTshayina lufuna ukugrumba kakhulu kwentaba.Utshabalalisa umhlaba wokuqala kunye nezityalo, udala amathambeka atyhilekileyo amatye.Le meko ikhokelela ekukhukulisekeni komhlaba kunye nokukhukuliseka komhlaba, ngaloo ndlela isoyikisa ukukhukuliseka kweendlela zikaloliwe, ngakumbi i-Mayway1. Inyikima ye-Wenchuan ka-2008. Ukudilika komhlaba kuye kwaba yintlekele esasazwe ngokubanzi kunye nenyikima enkulu1.Kuvavanyo lwe-2008 yeekhilomitha ze-4,243 yeendlela eziphambili ze-trunk kwiPhondo laseSichuan, kwakukho iintlekele ze-1,736 zenyikima enkulu kwiindonga zendlela kunye neendonga zokugcina i-slope, i-akhawunti ye-39.76% yobude obupheleleyo be-evaluation.Ilahleko yezoqoqosho ngokuthe ngqo ukusuka kumonakalo wendlela ye-Glohazard idlule i-528 yezigidigidi ze-postquarter. ingahlala ubuncinane iminyaka eyi-10 (inyikima yaseTaiwan) kwaye nangona nje iminyaka engama-40-50 (inyikima yaseKanto eJapan) 4,5.Gradient yeyona nto ichaphazela ingozi yenyikima6,7.Ngoko ke, kuyimfuneko ukugcina i-slope yendlela kunye nokomeleza ukuzinza kwayo.Izityalo zidlala indima engenakulinganiswa kwi-slope landscapeslopeslopeslopeslope kunye ne-eclopeslopeslopeslopeslopeslopeslope. s ayinayo imfumba yezinto zezondlo ezifana ne-organic matter, initrogen, phosphorus, nepotassium, kwaye ayinayo imo yomhlaba eyimfuneko ekukhuleni kwezityalo.Ngenxa yezinto ezifana ne-slope enkulu kunye nokhukuliseko lwemvula, umhlaba we-slope ulahleka ngokulula.Imeko ye-slope inzima, ayinayo imiqathango efunekayo yokukhula kwezityalo, kunye nokunqongophala kwe-slope ukugquma komhlaba kunye ne-slope exhasa umhlaba. iteknoloji yokubuyisela ithambeka eliqhelekileyo kwilizwe lam. Umhlaba owenziweyo osetyenziselwa ukutshiza wakhiwe ngamatye atyunyuziweyo, umhlaba wasefama, iindiza, isichumisi esixubeneyo, iarhente yokugcina amanzi kunye nokuncamathelisa (izinto ezincamathelayo ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ziquka isamente yasePortland, iglu ephilayo kunye ne-asphalt emulsifier) ​​kwi-proportion ye-rockbe yokuqala, kunye ne-wire bar proportion yokuqala. rivets kunye neebholiti iankile, kwaye ekugqibeleni ukutshiza umhlaba eyenziweyo equlathe imbewu kwithambeka kunye sprayer ekhethekileyo.I 14# umnatha diamond-emilise yentsimbi egutyungelwe ngokupheleleyo isetyenziswa ikakhulu, kunye nomgangatho umnatha 5cm × 5cm kunye nobubanzi 2mm. Umnatha metal ivumela matrix umhlaba ukuba wenze i-ilitye eliqinileyo phezu komhlaba ilitye le-monolithic slab ngenxa yokuba i-corote yomhlaba i-monolithic i-slab ngokwawo. , kunye neqondo lomhlwa lixhomekeke kwiimpawu zomhlaba.Uvandlakanyo lwemiba yokuthotywa komhlaba lubaluleke kakhulu xa kuvavanywa ukhukuliseko lwesinyithi olubangelwa ngumhlaba kunye nokuphelisa iingozi zokudilika komhlaba.
Iingcambu zezityalo kukholelwa ukuba zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuzinziseni ithambeka kunye nolawulo lokhukuliseko10,11,12,13,14. Ukuzinzisa amathambeka ngokuchasene nokukhukuliseka komhlaba ongekho nzulu, uhlaza lunokusetyenziswa kuba iingcambu zezityalo zinokuwulungisa umhlaba ukunqanda ukudilika komhlaba15,16,17. iinkqubo zeengcambu ezisecaleni zezityalo ezisebenza njengemfumba eziqinisayo emhlabeni.Uphuhliso lweepateni zolwakhiwo lweengcambu luqhutywa zijene, kwaye okusingqongileyo komhlaba kudlala indima eqinisekileyo kwezi nkqubo.I-Corrosion ukuya kwisinyithi iyahluka ngokwemeko-bume yomhlaba20.Iqondo lokudleka kwesinyithi emhlabeni linokususela ekunyibilikeni ngokukhawuleza ukuya kutsho kwisiphumo sendalo esineggiligible i-artificial ye-Artiformation21 yendalo yokwenene eyahlukileyo. ion phakathi kokusingqongileyo kwangaphandle kunye nezinto eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo ngaphezu kwamashumi ezigidi zeminyaka22,23,24.Ngaphambi kokuba uhlaza lwemithi lwenze inkqubo yeengcambu ezizinzileyo kunye ne-ecosystem, nokuba i-mesh yesinyithi idityaniswe ne-rock slope kunye nomhlaba owenziweyo unokusebenza ngokukhuselekileyo unxulumene ngqo nophuhliso loqoqosho lwendalo, ukhuseleko lobomi kunye nokuphuculwa kokusingqongileyo kwendalo.
Nangona kunjalo, ukubola kwesinyithi kunokukhokelela kwilahleko enkulu.Ngokophando olwenziwa eChina ekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1980 ngoomatshini bemichiza kunye namanye amashishini, ilahleko ebangelwa kukuhlwa kwesinyithi ibalelwa kwi-4% yexabiso lemveliso lilonke.Ngoko ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukufunda indlela yokubola kunye nokuthatha amanyathelo okukhusela, ulwakhiwo lwe-solidsolism kunye nolwakhiwo lwe-solidsolism microrganisms yezoqoqosho. i-abolites inokonakalisa izinto, kwaye imisinga elahlekileyo inokubangela ukubola.Ngoko ke, kubalulekile ukuthintela ukubola kwesinyithi esingcwatywe emhlabeni.Okwangoku, uphando malunga nokugqwala kwesinyithi esingcwatywayo kugxininise kakhulu (1) kwizinto ezichaphazela i-corrosion yensimbi engcwatywayo25;(2) iindlela zokukhusela isinyithi26,27;(3) iindlela zokugweba zenqanaba lokubola kwesinyithi28;Ukonakala kumajelo osasazo ahlukeneyo.Nangona kunjalo, yonke imihlaba kuphononongo yayiyeyendalo kwaye ihambe neenkqubo ezaneleyo zokubunjwa komhlaba.Nangona kunjalo, akukho ngxelo ngokhukuliseko lomhlaba owenziweyo wamathambeka amatye kaloliwe.
Xa kuthelekiswa namanye amajelo eendaba e-corrosion, umhlaba owenziweyo uneempawu ze-illiquidity, heterogeneity, seasonality and regionality.I-Corrosion ye-Metal kwimihlaba eyenziweyo ibangelwa ukusebenzisana kwe-electrochemical phakathi kwesinyithi kunye nemihlaba eyenziweyo.Ukongezelela kwizinto ezizalwa, izinga lokubola kwesinyithi nalo lixhomekeke kwimeko engqongileyo. ion kunye nesiqulatho se-ion yesinyithi, i-pH, i-microbes yomhlaba30,31,32.
Kwiminyaka engama-30 yokusebenza, umbuzo wendlela yokugcina umhlaba owenziwe ngokusisigxina kumathambeka amatye kube yingxaki33.Iityholo okanye imithi ayinakukhula kwezinye iithambeka emva kweminyaka eyi-10 yokhathalelo lwezandla ngenxa yokhukuliseko lomhlaba.Ubumdaka obuphezu komnatha wesinyithi buhlanjwe kwezinye iindawo.Ngenxa yokugrumba ngaphezulu kwaqhawuka, ezinye iintsimbi zophando zalahleka phantsi kwazo zonke iintsimbi, kwaye ezinye zalahleka. kwithambeka likaloliwe umhlwa igxile ikakhulu kumhlwa kwisikhululo esisezantsi sikaloliwe igridi esezantsi, ilahleko yangoku eveliswa nguloliwe olula, kunye nokubola kweebhulorho zikaloliwe34,35, imizila kunye nezinye izixhobo zesithuthi36.Akukhange kubekho ngxelo yokudleka kwesikhululo sikaloliwe sesiseko segridi. ukuthambeka kukaLoliwe weSuiyu, ojolise ekucingeleni ukubola kwesinyithi ngokuvavanya iipropati zomhlaba kunye nokubonelela ngesiseko sethiyori kunye nesenokwenzeka sokubuyiselwa kwenkqubo yendalo yomhlaba kunye nokubuyiselwa okwenziweyo.I-Slope eyenziweyo.
Indawo yovavanyo ikwindawo enenduli yaseSichuan (30°32′N, 105°32′E) kufuphi neSikhululo sikaLoliwe saseSuining. Le ndawo imi kumbindi weSichuan Basin, ineentaba eziphantsi neenduli, kunye nesakhiwo esilula sokwakheka komhlaba kunye nomhlaba othe tyaba. ple isanti kunye nelitye lodaka.Ingqibelelo ihlwempuzekileyo, kwaye ilitye liyisakhiwo esine-blocky.Indawo yokufunda inemozulu yemozulu efumileyo ye-monsoon eneempawu zonyaka ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, ihlobo elishushu, ikwindla emfutshane kunye nobusika ekupheleni.Imvula ininzi, izibonelelo zokukhanya kunye nobushushu zininzi, ixesha elide leqhwa lide (iintsuku ezingama-285 ze-avareji yi-avareji yenyanga ye-4 ° C, i-avareji yeentsuku ze-285, i-avareji yenyanga ye-4 °, i-avareji yenyanga ye-4 °, i-avareji yenyanga ye-4 °, i-avareji ye-285 mild, i-avareji yenyanga ye-4 °. EyeThupha) yi-27.2 ° C, kwaye ubushushu obukhulu kakhulu yi-39.3 ° C. Eyona nyanga ibanda kakhulu nguJanuwari (iqondo lobushushu eliqhelekileyo ngu-6.5 ° C), olona bushushu buncinci buncinci ngu -3.8 ° C, kunye nemvula yonyaka yi-920 mm, igxininise ngoJulayi no-Agasti.Imvula entwasahlobo, ehlotyeni, ekwindla nasebusika iyahluka kakhulu.Umlinganiselo wemvula kwixesha ngalinye lonyaka yi-19-21%, 51-54%, 22-24% kunye ne-4-5% ngokulandelelanayo.
Indawo yophando yindawo ethambekileyo malunga ne-45 ° kwithambeka le-Yu-Sui Railway eyakhiwe ngo-2003. Ngo-Epreli 2012, ijonge emazantsi ngaphakathi kwe-1 km yeSikhululo sikaLoliwe saseSuining.I-slope yendalo yayisetyenziswa njengolawulo.Ukubuyiselwa kwe-ecological kwi-slope kuthatha iteknoloji yokutshiza umhlaba wangaphandle we-topdressing ye-ecological restoration.Ngokobude be-slope yecala likaloliwe, i-slope inokwahlulwa ibe yi-upslope, i-slope ephakathi kunye ne-downslope (Umfanekiso 2). ungcoliseko iimveliso umhlwa komhlaba metal mesh, sisebenzisa kuphela umhlakulo wentsimbi estainless ukuthatha umhlaba 0-8cm.Iziphindaphindo ezine zamiselwa indawo kwithambeka ngalinye, kunye 15-20 isampuli random amanqaku replicate.Replicate nganye ngumxube we-15-20 ngokucokisekileyo uzimisele ukusuka kwisampulu yesampulu engacwangciswanga i-0-shaped umva iigrem. i-tory kwi-polyethylene ziplock bags for processing.Umhlaba womiswe ngokwemvelo, kwaye igrabile kunye nezilwanyana kunye neentsalela zezityalo ziyacholwa, zityunyuzwe ngentonga ye-agate, kwaye zihluzwe nge-20-mesh, i-100-mesh ye-nylon sieve ngaphandle kwamasuntswana arhabaxa.
Ukumelana nomhlaba kwalinganiswa ngu-VICTOR4106 umvavanyi wokumelana nomgangatho oveliswe yiShengli Instrument Company;ukuxhathisa umhlaba kwalinganiswa entsimini;ukufuma komhlaba kulinganiswe ngendlela yokomisa.Isixhobo se-DMP-2 esiphathwayo sedijithali semv/pH sibonisa igalelo eliphezulu lokuthintela umlinganiselo wokutya komhlaba.Itharensi enokwenzeka kunye nesakhono se-redox zigqitywe yi-DMP-2 ephathekayo yedijithali mv/pH, ityuwa iyonke enyibilikayo emhlabeni igqitywe yindlela yokomisa eshiyekileyo, indlela ye-chloride igqitywe ngomxholo womhlaba we- chloride i- ionti ye- chloride igqitywe ngendlela ye- ion ye- chloride ngo- kuqulathwe ngumhlaba we- chloride. indlela ye-EDTA yeTitration engathanga ngqo, indlela ye-double indicator titration yokumisela i-carbonate yomhlaba kunye ne-bicarbonate, i-potassium dichromate oxidation yokufudumeza indlela yokujonga umhlaba ophilayo, isisombululo se-alkaline indlela yokusasazwa kwe-alkaline yokumisela umhlaba we-alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen, H2SO4-HClO4 digestion Indlela ye-Mo-Sb colorimetric Iyonke i-phosphorus emhlabeni kunye ne-fosforasi ekhoyo emhlabeni kunye ne-fosforasi ekhoyo ye-3O ye-fosforasi ekhoyo kwi-osen5 yendlela ekhoyo emhlabeni. kunye nomxholo opheleleyo we potassium emhlabeni wamiselwa yi-sodium hydroxide fusion-flame photometry.
Idatha yovavanyo yayiqale i-systematized.SPSS Statistics 20 yayisetyenziselwa ukwenza intsingiselo, ukuphambuka okusemgangathweni, indlela enye ye-ANOVA, kunye nohlalutyo lokulungelelaniswa kwabantu.
Itheyibhile ye-1 ibonisa iimpawu ze-electromechanical, anions kunye nezondlo zomhlaba ezinamathambeka ahlukeneyo.I-corrosion potential, i-resistivity yomhlaba kunye nempuma-ntshona ye-gradient ye-slopes ehlukeneyo yayibalulekile (P <0.05) .I-redox enokwenzeka yokuhla, i-mid-slope kunye ne-slope yendalo yayibalulekile (P <0.05 ukuba i-randi i-redox, i-rabential, i-redox ye-slope, i-redox ye-slope, i-redox ye-slope, i-redox ye-slope, i-redox ye-redox ye-slope, i-rab-socular, i-redox ye-redox ye-slope. ukuthambeka, kuphezulu > ezantsi kwithambeka eliphakathi. Ixabiso le-pH lomhlaba lalikulandelelwano lwe-downslope> uphill> middle slope>natural slope.Itotali yetyuwa enyibilikayo, ithambeka lendalo laliphezulu kakhulu kunethambeka likaloliwe (P <0.05) isiphumo esiphakathi ekudlekeni kwesinyithi.Umthamo wezinto eziphilayo zomhlaba wawungowona uphezulu kwithambeka lendalo kunye nelona lisezantsi kwithambeka lokuhla (P <0.05).Umthamo wenitrogen uwonke wawungowona uphezulu kwithambeka eliphakathi kunye nelona lisezantsi kwithambeka elinyukayo;umxholo wenitrogen okhoyo wawungowona uphezulu kwithambeka elisezantsi naphakathi, kunye nelona lisezantsi kwithambeka lendalo;isiqulatho senitrogen esipheleleyo kuloliwe onyukayo kunye nokwehla kwethambeka bekusezantsi, kodwa umxholo wenitrogen okhoyo ubuphezulu.Oku kubonisa ukuba isantya sokunyuka nokuhla kwenitrogen yenitrogen yendalo iyakhawuleza.Umthamo we potassium okhoyo uyafana nephosphorus ekhoyo.
I-Soil resistivity isalathiso esibonisa ukuhanjiswa kombane kunye ne-parameter esisiseko yokugweba i-corrosion.Izinto ezichaphazela ukuxhathisa komhlaba ziquka ukufuma, umxholo wetyuwa onyibilikayo, i-pH, ukuthungwa komhlaba, ubushushu, umxholo wezinto eziphilayo, ubushushu bomhlaba, kunye nokuqina.Ngokuthetha ngokubanzi, imihlaba ene-resistantivity ephantsi i-corrosion ngakumbi, kwaye ngokuphambeneyo. Iikhrayitheriya zokuvavanya ibakala kwisalathiso ngasinye37,38.
Ngokweziphumo zovavanyo kunye nemigangatho yelizwe lam (Itheyibhile 1), ukuba ukubola komhlaba kuvavanywa kuphela ngokumelana nomhlaba, umhlaba okwindawo ethambekileyo udleka kakhulu;umhlaba okwithambeka elisezantsi udlakadlaka ngokuphakathi;ukudleka komhlaba kumbindi wethambeka kunye nethambeka lendalo lisezantsi xa lithelekiswa nelinen.
I-resistivity yomhlaba yokuthambeka okunyukayo isezantsi kakhulu kunezinye iindawo zethambeka, ezinokubangelwa lukhukuliseko lwemvula.Umhlaba ongaphezulu kwi-upslope uqukuqela ukuya kwithambeka eliphakathi namanzi, ukuze umnatha wokhuseleko wesinyithi ophakamileyo usondele kumhlaba ongaphezulu.Eminye imingxuma yesinyithi yayidityaniswe kwisiza kwaye ixhaphake emoyeni;izithuba zeemfumba zaziyi-3m;Ubunzulu bokuqhuba imfumba bungaphantsi kwe-15cm.I-mesh yentsimbi engenanto kunye ne-peeling rust inokuphazamisa iziphumo zokulinganisa.Ngoko ke, akuthembeki ukuvavanya ukubola komhlaba kuphela nge-index resistivity index.Kuvavanyo olubanzi lwe-corrosion, ukuxhathisa umhlaba we-upslope akuqwalaselwa.
Ngenxa yokufuma okuphakamileyo, umoya ofumileyo ongapheliyo kummandla weSichuan ubangela ukuba umnatha wesinyithi ovezwe emoyeni udle umhlwa ngakumbi kunomnatha wesinyithi ongcwatywe emhlabeni. Kwangaxeshanye, ukukhula kwezityalo nako kunokuphucula umgangatho womhlaba kunye nokwandisa umxholo we-humus emhlabeni, ongenakugcina kuphela amanzi, kodwa ukubonelela ngendawo efanelekileyo yokukhula kunye nokuzala kwezilwanyana kunye nezityalo, ngaloo ndlela kunciphisa ilahleko yomhlaba. Ngoko ke, kwinqanaba lokuqala lokwakha, imbewu eninzi yomthi kufuneka ihlwayelwe kwi-upslope, kunye ne-agent egcina amanzi eyongeziweyo, i-agent egcina amanzi yongezwa, ukhuseleko lomhlaba ngokuqhubekayo kufuneka lugqunywe ngokuqhubekayo kunye nefilimu. amanzi.
Ubunakho bomhlwa yinto ebalulekileyo echaphazela ukubola komnatha wokukhusela ukuthambeka kumnatha wemigangatho emithathu, kwaye inempembelelo enkulu kwithambeka elinyukayo (Itheyibhile 2) s sebenzisa inkqubo yezothutho lukawonke-wonke.Ngophuhliso lwenkqubo yezothutho, inkqubo yezothutho kaloliwe yelizwe lam iphumelele umbane omkhulu, kunye nokudleka kweentsimbi ezingcwatyiweyo okubangelwa kukuvuza okuthe ngqo okukhoyo koololiwe bombane akunakungahoywa.Okwangoku, ukuthambekela okunokubakho komhlaba kunokusetyenziswa ukumisela ukuba umhlaba uqulethe umbane olahlekileyo/umhlaba olahlekileyo. iphantsi;xa i-gradient enokwenzeka ikuluhlu lwe-0.5 mv / m ukuya kwi-5.0 mv / m, i-current stray current iphakathi;xa i-gradient enokwenzeka ingaphezu kwe-5.0 mv/m, inqanaba langoku elilahlekileyo liphezulu.Uluhlu oludadayo lwe-gradient enokwenzeka (EW) ye-mid-slope, i-slope ephezulu kunye ne-down-slope iboniswe kuMzobo 3. Ngokoluhlu olujikelezayo, kukho imisinga ephakathi elahlekileyo kwimpuma-ntshona-ntshona-ntshona-ntshona-ntshona-ntshona-ntshona-ntshona-ntshona-ntshona. echaphazela ukubola kweemeshes zentsimbi kumbindi wethambeka nakumazantsi-slope, ngakumbi kwi-mid-slope.
Ngokubanzi, amandla e-redox yomhlaba (Eh) ngaphezulu kwe-400 mV abonisa isakhono se-oxidizing, ngaphezulu kwe-0-200 mV yisakhono sokunciphisa esiphakathi, kwaye ngaphantsi kwe-0 mV sikhulu isakhono sokunciphisa. Okukhona usezantsi amandla e-redox yomhlaba, kokukhona ukudleka okukhulu kwe-microorganisms zomhlaba ukuya kwi-metals44.Kuyenzeka ukuqikelela intsingiselo ye-corxro ye-redox yomhlaba enokubakho ifunyenwe kwi-microbial enokubakho yomhlaba. amathambeka ayengaphezu kwe-500 mv, kwaye nenqanaba lokutya lalincinci kakhulu.Ibonisa ukuba imeko yokungena komoya yomhlaba kumhlaba othambekileyo ilungile, nto leyo engabangeli ukudleka kwee microorganisms ze anaerobic emhlabeni.
Izifundo zangaphambili ziye zafumanisa ukuba impembelelo ye-pH yomhlaba ekukhukulisekeni komhlaba ibonakala.Ngokuguquguquka kwexabiso le-pH, izinga lokubola kwezinto zetsimbi lichaphazeleka kakhulu.I-pH yomhlaba inxulumene ngokusondeleyo nommandla kunye ne-microorganisms kumhlaba45,46,47. Ngokuqhelekileyo, umphumo we-pH yomhlaba kwi-corrosion yezixhobo zetsimbi kwi-alkaline ye-alkaline yonke impembelelo yomhlaba ocacileyo we-alkaline yomhlaba wonke awukho umhlaba ocacileyo we-alkaline. ye-pH kwi-corrosion ye-mesh yensimbi ibuthathaka.
Njengoko kunokubonwa kwiThebhile 3, uhlalutyo lokulungelelaniswa lubonisa ukuba i-redox enokwenzeka kunye ne-slope position ihambelana ngokufanelekileyo (R2 = 0.858), i-corrosion potential and potential gradient (SN) ihambelana ngokuphawulekayo (R2 = 0.755), kunye ne-redox enokwenzeka kunye ne-gradient enokwenzeka (SN0) ngokuphawulekayo (R20 = SN0).Kwakukho ulungelelwaniso olubi phakathi kwe-pH enokubakho kunye ne-pH (R2 = -0.724) .Indawo ye-slope ihambelana ngokufanelekileyo kunye ne-redox enokuthi ibe khona.Oku kubonisa ukuba kukho ukungafani kwi-microenvironment yeendawo ezahlukeneyo ze-slope, kunye ne-microorganisms zomhlaba zihambelana ngokusondeleyo ne-redox enokuthi i-redox48, 49, 50. Le-pH i-50 enokuthi i-pH i-redox, i-redox 50 ngokuphawulekayo. amaxabiso ayengasoloko etshintsha ngokuhambelanayo ngexesha lenkqubo ye-redox yomhlaba, kodwa wayenobudlelwane obungalunganga bomgca.I-Metal corrosion potential ingamela isakhono esinxulumeneyo sokufumana kunye nokulahlekelwa kwee-electron.Nangona amandla okubola anxulunyaniswa ngokufanelekileyo kunye ne-gradient enokwenzeka (SN), ukuthambekela okunokwenzeka kunokubangelwa ukulahlekelwa lula kwee-electron ngesinyithi.
Isiqulatho somhlaba setyuwa enyibilikayo sisonke sisondelelene nokugqwesa komhlaba. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukuphakama kwetyuwa yomhlaba, ukuthoba ukuxhathisa komhlaba, ngaloo ndlela kwandisa ukuxhathisa komhlaba. Kwi-electrolyte yomhlaba, kungekhona kuphela i-anions kunye noluhlu oluhlukeneyo, kodwa neempembelelo zokuhlwa ziyi-carbonates, i-chlorides kunye ne-sulfates. okunokwenzeka kwisinyithi kunye nokunyibilika kweoksijini yomhlaba53.
Uninzi ion ezinyibilikayo ityuwa-dissociated ion emhlabeni musa nxaxheba ngokuthe ngqo reactions electrochemical, kodwa kuchaphazela ukubola kwesinyithi ngokusebenzisa resistivity umhlaba.Iphezulu ityuwa yomhlaba, kokukhona ukuqina komhlaba conductivity kunye nokukhukuliseka komhlaba.Umxholo wetyuwa yomhlaba wethambeka lendalo uphezulu kakhulu kunolo lwethambeka likaloliwe, elinokuba ngenxa yento yokuba ubutyebi bendalo kunye ne-conductivity yendalo, i-conductivity yendalo. .Esinye isizathu sinokuba i-slope yendalo ifumene ukubunjwa komhlaba ovuthiweyo (impahla yomzali womhlaba eyenziwe yi-rock weathering), kodwa umhlaba we-slope kaloliwe uqulunqwe ngamaqhekeza amatye atyumkileyo njenge-matrix "yomhlaba wokufakelwa", kwaye awuzange uqhube inkqubo eyaneleyo yokubunjwa komhlaba.Izimbiwa azikhululwa.Ukongezelela, i-ion zetyuwa kumhlaba onzulu wemithambeka yendalo yenyuka ngesenzo se-capillary ngexesha lokunyuka komphezulu kwaye zaqokelelana kumhlaba ongaphezulu, okubangele ukwanda komxholo we-ion yetyuwa kumhlaba ongaphezulu.
Iiyoni ezintle (ezifana ne-K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+, njl.) zinefuthe elincinane kwi-corrosion yomhlaba, ngelixa i-anion idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo ye-electrochemical ye-corrosion kwaye inempembelelo ebalulekileyo kwi-corrosion yensimbi.Okukhona isiqulatho se-Cl− siphezulu, kokukhona ukonakala komhlaba womelele.I-SO42− ayikhuthazi nje kuphela ukubola kwentsimbi, kodwa ikwabangela ukubola kwezinye izinto zekhonkrithi54. Kwakhona yonakalisa intsimbi.Kuthotho lwemifuniselo yomhlaba eneasidi, izinga lokudleka lifunyaniswe lilingana nobumuncu bomhlaba55.Ikloride ekwaziyo ukuxutywa netyuwa engundoqo kunye ne-sulccelete engundoqo yetyuwa metals.Izifundo zibonise ukuba ukulahleka kwesisindo se-corrosion ye-carbon steel kwimihlaba ye-alkaline iphantse ilingane nokongezwa kwe-chloride kunye ne-sulfate ions56,57.Lee et al.ifumanise ukuba i-SO42- inokuthintela umhlwa, kodwa ikhuthaze uphuhliso lwemingxuma esele yenzekile58.
Ngokomgangatho wovandlakanyo lokudleka komhlaba kunye neziphumo zovavanyo, isiqulatho se-ion yekloridi kwisampulu yomhlaba wethambeka ngalinye ubungaphezu kwe-100 mg/kg, nto leyo ebonisa ukudleka okuqinileyo komhlaba. Isiqulatho se-ion yesulfate yazo zombini iindawo ezithambekayo zokunyuka nokuhla zazingaphezulu kwe-200 mg/kg nangaphantsi kwe-500 mg/kg kwimodethi ye-sulfate ephakathi emhlabeni I-pe ingaphantsi kwe-200mg / kg, kwaye ukubola komhlaba kubuthathaka.Xa i-medium medium iqulethe i-concentration ephezulu, iya kuthatha inxaxheba kwi-reaction kunye nokuvelisa isikali se-corrosion ebusweni be-electrode yensimbi, ngaloo ndlela iyancipha i-corrosion reaction.Njengoko ukugxila kunyuka, isikali sinokuphuka ngokukhawuleza, ngaloo ndlela siphuthumise kakhulu izinga lokubola;njengoko ugxininiso luqhubeka lukhula, umlinganiselo we-corrosion ugubungela umphezulu we-electrode yensimbi, kwaye izinga lokubola libonisa ukucotha kwakhona kwakhona59. Uphononongo lufumene ukuba isixa esisemhlabeni sasiphantsi kwaye ngoko sasinempembelelo encinci kwi-corrosion.
NgokweThebhile 4, unxulumano phakathi kwethambeka kunye neeanion zomhlaba lubonise ukuba kukho unxulumano olubalulekileyo phakathi kwe-slope kunye ne-chloride ion (R2=0.836), kunye nonxulumano olubonakalayo oluhle phakathi kwethambeka kunye neetyuwa ezinyibilikayo zizonke (R2=0.742).
Oku kucebisa ukuba ukubaleka komphezulu kunye nokhukuliseko lomhlaba lunokuba noxanduva lotshintsho kwiityuwa ezinyibilikayo zizonke emhlabeni.Kwabakho unxulumano olubalulekileyo phakathi kweetyuwa ezinyibilikayo zizonke kunye nee-ion zekloridi, nto leyo enokuba ngenxa yokuba iityuwa ezinyibilikayo zizonke ziyichibi le-ion zekloridi, kunye nesiqulatho seetyuwa ezinyibilikayo zizonke zimisela isiqulatho se-chloride enyibilikayo ekwaziyo ukubangela umahluko we-chloride emhlabeni. inxalenye yemesh yesinyithi.
Izinto eziphilayo, i-nitrogen epheleleyo, i-nitrogen ekhoyo, i-phosphorus ekhoyo kunye ne-potassium ekhoyo zizinto ezisisiseko zomhlaba, ezichaphazela umgangatho womhlaba kunye nokufunxwa kwezondlo yinkqubo yeengcambu.Izondlo zomhlaba ziyinto ebalulekileyo echaphazela i-microorganisms emhlabeni, ngoko kuyafaneleka ukufunda ukuba kukho ulungelelwaniso phakathi kwezondlo zomhlaba kunye ne-corrosion yesinyithi. iminyaka yokuqokelelana kwezinto eziphilayo.Ngenxa yobungcali bomhlaba owenziweyo, kuyimfuneko ukuqonda kakuhle izondlo ezisemhlabeni owenziweyo.
Uphando lubonisa ukuba umxholo wezinto eziphilayo ngowona uphezulu kumhlaba we-slope wendalo emva kwenkqubo yokwakheka komhlaba wonke.I-low-slope ye-organic content content yayiyeyona iphantsi kakhulu.Ngenxa yempembelelo yemozulu kunye nokuhamba komhlaba, izondlo zomhlaba ziya kuqokelela kwi-slope ephakathi kunye ne-down-slope, zenza umaleko obunzima we-humus.Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa ye-slope encinci ye-slope ye-microcomplete ephantsi, ngenxa ye-stalk stalky kunye ne-slope encinci yomhlaba. Organisms.Uphando lufumanise ukuba i-mid-slope kunye ne-down-slope ukugquma kwezityalo kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo ziphezulu, kodwa i-homogeneity yayiphantsi, nto leyo inokukhokelela ekusasazweni okungalinganiyo kwezondlo ezingaphezulu.I-humus engqindilili igcina amanzi kunye nezinto eziphilayo zomhlaba ezisebenzayo.Konke oku kukhawulezisa ukubola kwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni.
Ialkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen content of the up-slope, middle-slope and down-slope railways was high than the natural slope, ebonisa ukuba iorganic nitrogen mineralization rate of the slope sikaloliwe was very high than that of the natural slope.The small-slope and down-slope railways was above that of the slope yendalo, ebonisa ukuba organic nitrogen mineralization rate of the slope sikaloliwe was very high than that of the natural slope.I-amancinci amasuntswana, kokukhona ingazinzi ngakumbi i-substitute it is an slope to the organisation of the comporganism, i-arganism, i-arganism, i-microorganism, i-microorganism, i-microorganism elula kunye ne-arganism elula Ichibi elikhulu le-mineralized organic nitrogen60,61.Ngokuvumelana neziphumo zophononongo lwe-62, umxholo we-particle aggregates encinci emhlabeni we-slopes kaloliwe wawuphezulu kakhulu kunalowo we-natural slopes.Ngoko ke, amanyathelo afanelekileyo kufuneka athathwe ukunyusa isiqulatho sesichumiso, i-organic matter kunye ne-nitrogen kumhlaba kaloliwe ofumanekayo kunye ne-phosphorus ekhoyo ukuze kuphuculwe umhlaba kaloliwe okhoyo kunye ne-phosphorus. I-potassium ebangelwe kukuqengqeleka komphezulu ibalelwa kuma-77.27% ukuya kuma-99.79% elahleko iyonke yethambeka likaloliwe. Ukubaleka kwamanzi kusenokuba ngoyena mqhubi welahleko yezondlo ekhoyo kwimihlaba ethambekileyo63,64,65.
Njengoko kubonisiwe kwiThebhile 4, kwakukho ukulungelelaniswa okubalulekileyo phakathi kwendawo ye-slope kunye ne-phosphorus ekhoyo (R2 = 0.948), kunye nokuhambelana phakathi kwendawo ye-slope kunye ne-potassium ekhoyo yayifana (R2 = 0.898) .Ibonisa ukuba indawo ye-slope ichaphazela umxholo we-phosphorus ekhoyo kunye ne-potassium ekhoyo emhlabeni.
I-Gradient yinto ebalulekileyo echaphazela isiqulatho sezinto eziphilayo zomhlaba kunye nokutyetyiswa kwenitrogen66, kwaye i-gradient incinci, isantya esikhulu sokutyebisa.Ukutyebisa umhlaba, ilahleko yezondlo yayibuthathaka, kunye nefuthe lendawo ye-slope kumxholo wezinto eziphilayo zomhlaba kunye nokutyebisa kwenitrogen epheleleyo kwakungabonakali. ye phosphorus ekhoyo kunye ne potassium ekhoyo emhlabeni.Ngoko ke, bekukho unxulumano olubalulekileyo phakathi kwendawo yethambeka kunye ne phosphorus ekhoyo, kunye nendawo yokuthambeka kunye ne potassium ekhoyo.
Ukuze kucaciswe ubudlelwane phakathi kwezondlo zomhlaba kunye nokubola komhlaba, kuyimfuneko ukuhlalutya ulungelelwaniso.Njengoko kubonisiwe kwiThebhile 5, amandla e-redox ahambelana kakhulu ne-nitrogen ekhoyo (R2 = -0.845) kwaye ihambelana ngokufanelekileyo kunye ne-phosphorus ekhoyo (R2 = 0.842) kunye ne-potassium ekhoyo. ezinye iimpawu ezibonakalayo kunye neekhemikhali zomhlaba, kwaye emva koko zichaphazela uchungechunge lweempawu zomhlaba.Ngoko ke, yinto ebalulekileyo ekumiseleni isalathiso sokuguqulwa kwesondlo somhlaba67.Iimpawu ze-redox ezahlukeneyo zingabangela iimeko ezahlukeneyo kunye nokufumaneka kwezinto zesondlo.Ngoko ke, amandla e-redox anonxibelelwano olubalulekileyo kunye ne-nitrogen ekhoyo, i-phosphorus ekhoyo kunye ne-potassium ekhoyo.
Ukongeza kwiipropati zesinyithi, amandla okubola anxulumene neepropati zomhlaba.Ikhono lokubola lalinxulunyaniswa ngokubi kakhulu kunye ne-organic matter, ebonisa ukuba i-organic matter ibe nefuthe elibalulekileyo kwi-corrosion potential.Ukongezelela, i-organic matter yayinxulunyaniswa kakubi kakhulu kunye ne-gradient enokwenzeka (SN) (R2=-0.713) kunye ne-sulfate ion echaphazelayo (i-R61 = organic) kunye nomxholo we-sulfate (SNdic) kunye nomxholo we-sulfate. I-sulfate ion..Kwakukho unxulumano olubi olubalulekileyo phakathi kwe-pH yomhlaba kunye ne-potassium ekhoyo (R2 = -0.728).
I-nitrogen ekhoyo yayinxulunyaniswa kakubi kakhulu neetyuwa ezinyibilikayo zizonke kunye nee-ion ze-chloride, kunye ne-phosphorus ekhoyo kunye ne-potassium ekhoyo yayinxulunyaniswa ngokufanelekileyo kunye neetyuwa ezinyibilikayo zizonke kunye ne-chloride ion. inxulumene ne-sulfate ion, kwaye inxulumene kakhulu nebicarbonate, ebonisa ukuba i-nitrogen iyonke yaba nefuthe kumxholo wesulfate kunye nebicarbonate.Izityalo zinemfuno encinci ye-ion yesulfate kunye ne-ion ye-bicarbonate, ngoko ke uninzi lwazo lukhululekile emhlabeni okanye lufunxwa yi-colloids yomhlaba. , ukwandisa ngokufanelekileyo isiqulatho senitrogen kunye ne-humus ekhoyo emhlabeni kuluncedo ekunciphiseni ukubola komhlaba.
Umhlaba yinkqubo enezakhiwo ezintsonkothileyo kunye neempawu.Ukubola komhlaba sisiphumo sentshukumo ye-synergistic yezinto ezininzi.Ngoko ke, indlela yokuhlola ebanzi isetyenziswa ngokubanzi ukuvavanya ukubola komhlaba. Ngokubhekiselele “kwiKhowudi yoPhando lobuNjineli beGeotechnical” (GB50021-94) kunye neendlela zovavanyo lweNethiwekhi yoVavanyo lwe-Soil Corrosion Test Network, ibakala lokubola komhlaba linokuhlolwa ngokubanzi ngokuhambelana nolu mgangatho ubuthathaka, ukuvandlakanywa kobuthathaka, ukuvandlakanywa komgangatho olandelayo: akukho mhlwa ophakathi okanye umhlwa owomeleleyo;(2) ukuba akukho mhlwa owomeleleyo, uvandlakanywa njenge-corrosion ephakathi;(3) ukuba kukho indawo enye okanye ezimbini ezinomhlwa owomeleleyo, kuvavanywa ukuba kukho umhlwa owomeleleyo;(4) ukuba kukho iindawo ezi-3 okanye ngaphezulu zomhlwa owomeleleyo, uvandlakanywa njengobugxwayiba obuqinileyo bomhlwa onzima.
Ngokokunganyangeki komhlaba, amandla e-redox, isiqulatho samanzi, isiqulatho setyuwa, ixabiso le-pH, kunye nomxholo we-Cl- kunye ne-SO42, amanqanaba okumhlwa kweisampulu zomhlaba kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zamathambeka aye avavanywa ngokubanzi.
Umhlwa onokubakho ngumba obalulekileyo ochaphazela umhlwa womnatha wokhuseleko lwethambeka.Umhlwa onokubakho kumathambeka amathathu onke angaphantsi kune -200 mv, enempembelelo enkulu ekumdleni komnatha wesinyithi onyukayo.Ithambeka elinokubakho lingasetyenziselwa ukugweba ubukhulu bento elahlekileyo yangoku kukuwohloka kwesinyithi esisembindini kunye nokunyuka kwentsimbi okusembindini okubalulekileyo okuchaphazela umhlaba. Umthamo wetyuwa onyibilikayo uphelele kwimihlaba ephezulu, ephakathi nasezantsi yonke ibingaphezu kwe-500 mg/kg, kwaye isiphumo sokudleka kumnatha wokukhusela ukuthambeka besiphakathi. Isiqulatho samanzi omhlaba sisizathu esibalulekileyo esichaphazela ukudleka kweentsimbi zentsimbi kwithambeka eliphakathi kunye nefuthe elibi kwithambeka nakwithambeka eliphantsi .Izondlo zininzi kakhulu kumhlaba ophakathi kwe-slope, ebonisa ukuba kukho imisebenzi ye-microbial rhoqo kunye nokukhula kwezityalo ngokukhawuleza.
Uphando lubonisa ukuba amandla omhlwa, ukuthambeka okunokubakho, isiqulatho setyuwa esinyibilikayo sisonke kunye nesiqulatho samanzi zezona zinto zichaphazela ukubola komhlaba kumathambeka amathathu, kwaye ukubola komhlaba kuvavanywa njengonamandla. Iluncedo ekunciphiseni ukudleka komhlaba, ukwenza lula ukukhula kwezityalo, kwaye ekugqibeleni uzinzise ithambeka.
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