Njani ca0u not00e0mm0?Ngokuqinisekileyo, kuya kuba shushu, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo kuyayibetha ingqele kwaye wenze ixesha elininzi yo00ur.Kwi-Engine Builder, iqela lethu belixakekile lindwendwela iminyhadala yomdyarho, imiboniso, ukutyelela abavelisi beenjini kunye neevenkile, kunye nomsebenzi wethu wesiqhelo womxholo.
Xa kungekho phini lokubeka kwindawo yesigqubuthelo sexesha okanye kwityala lexesha, okanye xa umngxuma wokukhomba ungangeni kakuhle ephinini.Thatha isidambisi-manzi esidala uze usihlabe esantini ukuze sikwazi ukutyibilika phezu kwempumlo yekranki.Yisebenzise ukukhusela isigqubuthelo ngokuqinisa iibholithi.
Nokuba ungumakhi we-injini ochwepheshile, umkhandi okanye umenzi wemoto, okanye umntu othanda iinjini, iimoto zogqatso kunye neemoto ezikhawulezayo, umakhi we-injini unento yakho.Iimagazini zethu zoshicilelo zibonelela ngeenkcukacha zobugcisa kuyo yonke into odinga ukuyazi malunga neshishini leenjini kunye neemarike zalo ezahlukeneyo, ngelixa iinketho zethu zencwadana zikugcina unolwazi ngeendaba zamva nje kunye neemveliso, ulwazi lobugcisa kunye nabangaphakathi kwishishini.Nangona kunjalo, unokufumana konke oku kuphela ngokubhalisela.Bhalisa ngoku ukuze ufumane ushicilelo lwenyanga kunye/okanye ushicilelo lwedijithali lweMagazini yabakhi beNjini, kunye nencwadana yethu yeVeki ye-Engine Builders, i-Weekly Engine Newsletter okanye i-Weekly Diesel Newsletter ngqo kwi-inbox yakho.Uya kugqunywa ngamandla ehashe kungekudala!
Nokuba ungumakhi we-injini ochwepheshile, umkhandi okanye umenzi wemoto, okanye umntu othanda iinjini, iimoto zogqatso kunye neemoto ezikhawulezayo, umakhi we-injini unento yakho.Iimagazini zethu zoshicilelo zibonelela ngeenkcukacha zobugcisa kuyo yonke into odinga ukuyazi malunga neshishini leenjini kunye neemarike zalo ezahlukeneyo, ngelixa iinketho zethu zencwadana zikugcina unolwazi ngeendaba zamva nje kunye neemveliso, ulwazi lobugcisa kunye nabangaphakathi kwishishini.Nangona kunjalo, unokufumana konke oku kuphela ngokubhalisela.Bhalisa ngoku ukuze ufumane ushicilelo lwenyanga kunye/okanye ushicilelo lwedijithali lweMagazini yabakhi beNjini, kunye nencwadana yethu yeVeki ye-Engine Builders, i-Weekly Engine Newsletter okanye i-Weekly Diesel Newsletter ngqo kwi-inbox yakho.Uya kugqunywa ngamandla ehashe kungekudala!
Ngalo lonke uhlobo lweeoyile kwimarike kulo lonke uhlobo olucingelwayo kunye noqwalaselo lweenjini, ungahlela njani kuyo yonke le nto kwaye ukhethe leyo inika iziphumo ozifunayo?
Njengoko ingcali yethu yeoli ehlala kuyo uJohn Martin (owayesakuba nguLubrizol Scientist) wayishwankathela: Kwi-60s kunye ne-70s, ioli yayijoliswe lula.Imeko ngoku inzima.
Iimoto zeemoto zabagibeli (PCMO) ziye zatshintsha ezininzi kule minyaka.Nangona kunjalo, impembelelo enkulu ekusebenzeni kwabavelisi beenjini kukuncitshiswa kwe-800 ppm ye-anti-wear additive eyaziwa ngokuba yi-ZDDP (zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate), ngenxa yempembelelo yayo eyingozi kubaguquli be-catalytic.Ukuqulunqwa kweoli yangaphambili kuqulethwe ukuya kuthi ga kwi-1200-1500 ppm ZDDP.
Uqulunqo lwePCMO lwamva nje lwenzelwe ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kombhobho kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwamafutha.Kwakhona kuye kwafuneka bandise ubomi be-catalytic converter, engeyongxaki kwi-injini yomdyarho.Malunga no-1996, ii-OEM ezininzi zazisa iinjini ze-OHV ezinabalandeli be-roller ukunciphisa imfuno yamanqanaba aphezulu ezongezo ezichasene nokunxiba.Kuze kube ngoko, ii-injini zokusebenza eziphezulu ukusuka ekuqaleni kwe-90s zingasebenzisa i-oyile efanayo njengeenjini zesitokhwe ngaphandle kwemiphumo.Namhlanje, ukuba usebenzisa ioli yesitalato (i-API evunyiweyo) kwizicelo ezininzi zokusebenza eziphezulu, ayiyi kukwazi ukuphatha umthwalo, ngakumbi xa i-flat tappet camshafts ingaphumeleli.
Ngenxa ye-ZDDP ephantsi kwi-PCMO, abanye abakhi bee-injini kunye nee-hobbyists batshintshele kwi-diesel kunye nokugxila okuphezulu.Noko ke, iingcali zilumkisa ngelokuba i-1,200 ppm (efumaneka kwipetroli yedizili) isenokuba kufutshane noko kufunwa ngabavelisi beenjini.Uninzi lweembaleki eziqhelekileyo zingasebenzisa amafutha edizili koomatshini bokusebenza okuphantsi.Kodwa ukuba ufuna ukucudisa onke amandla, ukubheja kwakho kukusebenzisa ioyile eyenzelwe loo njongo (kulapho ioyile yomdyarho ingena khona).
Ezinye zezongezo zedizili ezinceda ukugcina i-soot ekunqunyanyisweni zisenokungalungeli iimoto zomdyarho kwaye zinokushiya amandla athile xa kuthelekiswa neoyile yomdyarho.Iingcali zeoyile yomdyarho zithi iioyile zabo zibonelela ngokhuseleko olungcono lokunxiba kuneoyile eyenzelwe i-API kwaye inceda ukunyusa amandla kuba iphinda inciphise ukuchasana kwangaphakathi (i-friction).
I-Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) kunye neenjini ze-Turbocharged Direct Injection (TGDI) zibangela ukuba abavelisi basokole ukufumana izisombululo zesantya esisezantsi sokutshisa kwangaphambili (LSPI).Ii-OEMs zisebenza kunye nabavelisi beoli (API kunye ne-ILSAC) ukuphuhlisa imigangatho emitsha yokujongana nalo mbandela.Uluhlu olutsha lwe-API/ILSAC, olubizwa ngokuba yi-GF-6, luya kuqaliswa ngoMeyi kulo nyaka, kodwa lusekude kakhulu.Iimvavanyo ezintathu zeenjini ezintsha kwafuneka ziphuhliswe kwaye zonke iimvavanyo ezindala zihlaziywe.I-injini yovavanyo esetyenziselwa uvavanyo oludala ihlaziyiwe ukumela ngakumbi okwenzekayo namhlanje.
Lilonke, kukho iimvavanyo ezintsha ezisixhenxe ezijolise kwi-GF-6.Kukho iindlela ezine zovavanyo lwangoku lwe-ASTM Series III, IV, V, kunye ne-VI.Iimvavanyo ezintathu ezitsha zibandakanya uvavanyo oluhlaziyiweyo lwe-Sequence VI ye-oyile ye-viscosity ephantsi efanelekileyo kunye novavanyo lwe-Sequence IX yokunxiba i-chain ye-LSPI kunye ne-X.
Ngokutsho kwe-API, ezininzi iimvavanyo ze-GF-5 ziye zaphela.Kukho iinxalenye ezininzi ze-injini endala.Ke ngoko, i-API ikwadinga ukuvavanywa ngolunye uvavanyo olutsha.Ulandelelwano lwe-IIIH luthathe indawo ye-IIIG yokulandelelana kwaye luvavanyo lwe-oxidation kunye nemvula.Olu vavanyo luhlaziywe ukuze lusebenzise injini ye-2012 FCA 3.6L ye-port fuel injection (PFI).Uvavanyo lwe-IIIG lusebenzise i-GM 3800 V6 injini eyayekwa kwi-1996.
Uvavanyo lwe-VH luthatha indawo ye-VG kwaye lolunye lolona vavanyo ludala usebenzisa i-Ford 4.6L V8 ka-1994 phantsi kwe-GF-5.Uvavanyo lokutshintsha okwangoku kusetyenziswa i-Ford 4.6L ka-2013 ukuvavanya amandla ayo okukhusela amacandelo enjini kwi-sludge kunye nevanishi.Ukulandelelana kwe-IVB yikhamera kunye novavanyo lokunxiba kwi-injini ye-1.6L ye-4-cylinder ye-Toyota.Olu vavanyo lolunye uvavanyo lwe-IVA lwangoku.
Uvavanyo olutsha lwe-LSPI kusetyenziswa injini ye-Ford 2.0L GDI EcoBoost, oluvavanyo olutsha lwe-timing chain wear.Uvavanyo lokunxiba lwetsheyini lumisela ukuba ukuvuthela ngenxa yokuncitshiswa kwepetroli kunye nokungcoliseka kwe-oyile kunokukhokelela ekwandeni kokunxitywa kwekhonkco.Injini ye-Ford ye-2.0 litre nayo iza kusetyenziselwa uvavanyo.
Ulandelelwano VIE uvavanyo uqoqosho fuel isebenzisa 2012 GM 3.6L injini endaweni 2008 2.6L Cadillac.Olu vavanyo lulinganisa indlela uqoqosho lwamafutha anokuphuculwa ngayo.Enye inguqulelo yolu vavanyo (Ulandelelwano lwe-VIF) lulinganisa uqoqosho lwamafutha xa usebenzisa i-oyile ye-viscosity ephantsi.
Ukongeza ukudideka, i-API/ILSAC iye yahlula i-GF-6 kwiinkcukacha ezimbini: i-GF-6A kunye ne-GF-6B.I-GF-6A iyahambelana nezithuthi ngoku ezisebenzisa i-SN PLUS okanye iResource Conserving SN.I-viscosity yaloo mafutha yi-0W-20 kuphela.Iza kugxila ekupheliseni ukunxitywa kwekhonkco kunye ne-LSPI, kunye neenjini zamva nje ze-GDI kunye ne-GTDI.
I-injini yamva nje iya kuhamba ngakumbi, ifuna i-0W-16 (oko kukuthi iToyota yangoku kunye neHonda).Abadlali be-reenactors kuya kufuneka bathathele ingqalelo kakhulu njengoko ukusebenzisa ioyile engalunganga kunokukhokelela kwiingxaki ekuhambeni kwexesha.Isimboli entsha ye-API iya kusetyenziswa ukutyumba i-GF-6B.Uphawu, olukhangeleka ngakumbi njengekhaka kune-API yendabuko ye-Starburst, iya kuba phambi kwebhotile yeoli.
Obunye ubunzima kwindlela ii-oyile zomdyarho ezithengiswa ngayo namhlanje kukuba abavelisi bee-injini kunye neembaleki kufuneka bathathe isigqibo sokuba zeziphi iinkampani zeoyile abanokuzithemba kuba akukho nkcazelo ithelekisekayo.Oku akunakutshintsha nanini na kungekudala njengoko ioyile yomdyarho iyintengiso ye-niche xa kuthelekiswa nobukhulu bemarike yeemoto zabahambi.Iimvavanyo zaselabhoratri ziyafuneka ukuyichaza njengodidi.Oku kukodwa akwenzeki kwiinkampani ezininzi zeoyile.Ukuba basebenza kunye njenge-API / ILSAC mhlawumbi bangayenza?Unengqondo.
Iingcali zilumkisa malunga nokusukela i-oyile ye-ppm ephezulu ngokungathi yi-grail engcwele, kuba ithetha kakhulu ngakumbi.Isixa sesefu esisetyenzisiweyo kunye nebhalansi yezongezo ze-antiwear ngomnye umahluko omkhulu phakathi komdyarho kunye neoyile yesitalato.Ii-detergents zihlambulula injini yeediphozithi zekhabhoni kunye neediphozithi, ezibaluleke kakhulu kwiinjini zesitalato ezisebenza ngeenaliti ezimfutshane kunye nokushisa okuphantsi kokusebenza.Kodwa ii-injini zomdyarho azifuni kucoceka kangako kuba zivuthela rhoqo.
Malunga ne-85% ye-oyile ye-injini yenziwe ngenye okanye umxube wamaqela amahlanu e-oyile yesiseko.I-oyile yesiseko seqela I zezona zisulungekileyo kwaye zisetyenziswa kwiioyile ezinobunzima obuthe ngqo.Iqela lesibini linokungcola okumbalwa kwaye lihlanjululwe ngakumbi.Isetyenziswe kwiioli eziqhelekileyo ze-multigrade.I-oyile yesiseko yeQela III ihlelwa njengeyokwenziwa kuba iphuculwa ngakumbi.Group IV base oyile PAO (polyalphaolefin) iikhompawundi, lo gama iqela V ngokusisiseko nantoni na awela kumaqela amane okuqala.
Uninzi lweeoyile zomdyarho zinee-oyile ezisisiseko zokwenziwa okanye imixube, kodwa ezinye iioyile zezimbiwa ezikumgangatho ophezulu nazo ziyasetyenziswa namhlanje.Ukusebenzisa iioyile zokwenziwa aziyi kuphucula ukusebenza, kodwa azikhathaleli kangako ubushushu.Nangona kunjalo, ii-oyile ezisisiseko zokwenziwa zitshintshele kwioyile ye-viscosity esezantsi ukunciphisa ukulahleka kwamandla eparasitic, eyona iluncedo kakhulu kumdyarho.
Ukubunjwa kweekhemikhali zezongezo kunye nokubunjwa ngokubanzi kubaluleke ngakumbi kuneentlobo zomntu ngamnye we-oyile yesiseko.Awukwazi ukugweba ngokufanelekileyo ioli esekelwe kwisithako esinye okanye ezibini.Izixhobo zokwenziwa zivumela i-injini ukuba isebenze kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu kwaye yandise amaxesha okutshintsha kwe-oyile, kodwa ii-oyile zeminerali zisenokusetyenziswa kumdyarho.I-oyile yesiseko seminerali ibone impumelelo ngakumbi kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo.Ioyile zokwenziwa zigqithisa i-oyile yamaminerali kubushushu obugqithisileyo kunye neemeko ezibandayo, kodwa azisoloko zilolona khetho lulungileyo.Ioyile yeminerali iqhele ukuba yeyona ndlela ifikelelekayo ngakumbi, ngakumbi ukuba uyikhupha rhoqo.
Njengabakhweli kunye nabakhi beenjini, sihlala sikhangela iindlela zokunyusa amandla kunye ne-revs.Nangona kunjalo, ukwandisa amandla kunye ne-rpm kwandisa umthwalo kwifilimu yokuthambisa ekufuneka i-oyile ibambe phakathi kweendawo zentsimbi.Iinkampani zeoyile yomdyarho ziphuhlisa izithambisi ezinokuthwala imithwalo ephezulu kwiifilim ezincinci zeoyile kunangaphambili.Zenzelwe ukuphatha imithwalo ephezulu ngaphandle kokunyuka kokunxiba, eyona ngxaki inkulu.Asikhuthazi ibhrendi enye okanye enye apha, kodwa iibrendi eziqhuba ngcono zinamava kunye novavanyo lokungqina ukuba ziyayenza le nto bebefanele ukuyenza.
Umdyarho kunye nemizi-mveliso yeemoto isekude ukusuka kwi-60s kunye ne-70s (abaninzi abayibiza ngokuba ziintsuku zabo zozuko).Njengoko yonke into esuka kwiibhrashi zethu zamazinyo ukuya kwiifowuni iya isiba nzima ngakumbi, ubuncinci ioyile yemoto ayizi nosetyenziso okwangoku.EB