Inzuzo inokuzuzwa ngokufumana ingqiqo kumaleko omnye wolwakhiwo lweenkozo olulawula ukuziphatha koomatshini bentsimbi engatyiwayo.Imifanekiso yeGetty
Ukukhethwa kwensimbi engenasici kunye ne-aluminium alloys ngokubanzi kumaziko ajikeleze amandla, i-ductility, i-elongation, kunye nobunzima.Ezi zakhiwo zibonisa indlela iibhloko zokwakha zetsimbi eziphendula ngayo kwimithwalo esetyenzisiweyo.Ziyisalathisi esisebenzayo sokulawula imiqobo yezinto eziluhlaza;oko kukuthi, iya kugoba kangakanani ngaphambi kokuphuka.Impahla ekrwada kufuneka ikwazi ukumelana nenkqubo yokubumba ngaphandle kokuphulwa.
Uvavanyo lwe-tensile elonakalisayo kunye nobulukhuni yindlela ethembekileyo, engabizi kakhulu yokumisela iipropathi zoomatshini.Nangona kunjalo, olu mvavanyo alusoloko lunokuthenjwa xa ubukhulu bezinto ekrwada buqala ukunciphisa ubungakanani besampulu yovavanyo. Uvavanyo lwe-Tensile yeemveliso zentsimbi ecaba kuseluncedo, kodwa iinzuzo zinokufunyanwa ngokujonga nzulu ngakumbi kumaleko omnye wolwakhiwo lweenkozo olulawula indlela yokuziphatha koomatshini.
Iintsimbi zenziwe ngoluhlu lweekristale ezincinci ezibizwa ngokuba yi-grains.Zisasazwa ngokungenamkhethe kulo lonke i-metal.Atoms yezinto ezixubeneyo, ezifana nentsimbi, ichromium, nickel, manganese, isilicon, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus kunye nesalfure kwiintsimbi zeaustenitic stainless, ziyinxalenye yengqolowa enye. ii-electron.
Ukubunjwa kweekhemikhali ze-alloy kumisela ilungiselelo elikhethiweyo le-thermodynamically yee-athom kwiinkozo, ezaziwa ngokuba yi-crystal structure.Iinxalenye ezilinganayo zentsimbi equkethe i-crystal structure ephindaphindayo yenza enye okanye ngaphezulu kweenkozo ezibizwa ngokuba yi-phase.
Abantu abaninzi baqhelene nezigaba zamanzi.Xa amanzi elulwelo engumkhenkce, abe ngumkhenkce oqinileyo.Nangona kunjalo, xa kufikwa kwisinyithi, akukho nje isigaba esinye esiqinileyo.Iintsapho ezithile zealloy zithiywa ngokwezigaba zazo.Phakathi kweentsimbi ezingenasici, i-austenitic 300 series alloys iquka ngokuyintloko i-austenite xa i-annealed00consistin 3 i-stainless staintest 3. tensite kwi-410 kunye ne-420 i-alloys yensimbi engenasici.
Okufanayo kuya kwi-alloys ye-titanium.Igama leqela ngalinye le-alloy libonisa isigaba sazo esiphezulu kwiqondo lokushisa legumbi - i-alpha, i-beta okanye umxube wazo zombini.Kukho ialpha, i-alpha, i-alpha-beta, i-beta kunye ne-alloys ekufutshane ne-beta.
Xa isinyithi solwelo siqina, amasuntswana aqinileyo kwinqanaba elikhethiweyo le-thermodynamically liya kudlula apho uxinzelelo, ubushushu kunye nokwakheka kweekhemikhali zivumela.Oku kudla ngokwenzeka kwiindawo zokuhlangana, njengamakristale omkhenkce kumphezulu wechibi elifudumeleyo ngemini ebandayo. ukubeka iqela leetyhubhu zeRubik ezinobungakanani obuhlukeneyo kwibhokisi.Ityhubhu nganye inelungiselelo legridi yesikwere, kodwa zonke ziya kulungelelaniswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ezingaqhelekanga.I-workpiece yentsimbi eqiniswe ngokupheleleyo iquka uthotho lweenkozo ezibonakala zingenamkhethe.
Ngalo naliphi na ixesha ingqolowa isenziwa, kunokwenzeka ukuba kubekho iziphene zomgca.Ezi ziphene zilahlekile iindawo ze-crystal structure ezibizwa ngokuba yi-dislocations.Ezi zi-dislocations kunye nokuhamba kwazo okulandelayo kwiinkozo kunye nakwimida yeenkozo zisisiseko kwi-ductility yensimbi.
I-cross-section ye-workpiece ixhonywe, iphantsi, iphuculwe kwaye igxininiswe ukujonga ukwakheka kweenkozo.Xa iyunifomu kunye ne-equiaxed, i-microstructures ebonwa kwi-microscope ebonakalayo ibonakala ngathi i-jigsaw puzzle.Enyanisweni, iinkozo zi-dimensional-dimensional, kwaye i-cross-section yengqolowa nganye iya kwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwi-cross-section ye-workpiece.
Xa isakhiwo sekristale sizaliswe zonke iiathom zayo, akukho ndawo yokunyakaza ngaphandle kokwelulwa kweebhondi ze-athomu.
Xa ususa isiqingatha soluhlu lwee-athom, udala ithuba lomnye umqolo wee-athom ukuba utyhutyhe kweso sikhundla, uhambisa ngokufanelekileyo ukukhutshwa.
Xa amandla asebenza kwi-alloy yensimbi, inkqubo ikwandisa amandla.Ukuba amandla aneleyo ongeziweyo abangela ukuguqulwa kweplastiki, i-lattice deforms kunye ne-dislocation entsha ifom.Kubonakala kunengqiqo ukuba oku kufuneka kukhulise i-ductility, njengoko ikhulula indawo eninzi kwaye ngaloo ndlela idala amandla okuqhubela phambili.
Njengoko inani kunye nokugxininiswa kwe-dislocations kwanda, ukuchithwa okungaphezulu nangaphezulu kufakwe kunye, ukunciphisa i-ductility.Ekugqibeleni ukutshatyalaliswa okuninzi kubonakala ukuba ukubunjwa okubandayo akusenakwenzeka.Njengoko ukuchithwa kwe-pinning okukhoyo akukwazi ukuhamba, iibhondi ze-athomu kwi-lattice stretch de ziphule okanye ziphule.Yiyo loo nto i-alloys yensimbi isebenza nzima, kwaye kutheni i-alloys yesinyithi isebenza nzima, kwaye kutheni i-plastic alloys ingakwazi ukuphula, kwaye kutheni kukho ukuchithwa kwesinyithi.
Ukutya okuziinkozo kukwadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekufunyanweni.
Yiba nomfanekiso-ngqondweni womntu ehamba ngemoto kaloliwe exineneyo.Izihlwele zinokucudiswa kuphela ngokushiya izikhewu phakathi kwemiqolo, njengokugxothwa kwi-lattice.Njengoko beqhubela phambili, abantu abasemva kwabo bazalise isithuba esisishiyileyo, ngelixa besenza indawo entsha phambi.Xa befikelela kwelinye isiphelo senqwelo, ulungiselelo lwabakhweli luyatshintsha.Ukuba abaninzi kakhulu, abantu baya kuzama ukudlula kwelinye igumbi kunye neqela elizama ukudlula. iimoto zokuqeqesha, ukubethelela wonke umntu kwindawo.I-dislocations engakumbi ibonakala, kuba nzima ukuba bahambe ngaxeshanye.
Kubalulekile ukuqonda ubuncinci benqanaba lokuguqulwa elifunekayo ukuze kuqalise i-recrystallization.Nangona kunjalo, ukuba isinyithi asinayo amandla okuguqula okwaneleyo ngaphambi kokuba sitshiswe, i-recrystallization ayiyi kwenzeka kwaye iinkozo ziya kuqhubeka zikhula ngaphaya kobukhulu bawo bokuqala.
Iipropati zoomatshini zinokulungelelaniswa ngokulawula ukukhula kweenkozo.
Ukuba ukukhula kweenkozo kuthintelwe, inani eliphezulu leenkozo ezincinci liya kuveliswa. Ezi nkozo zincinci zithathwa njengezona zicolekileyo ngokwendlela yokwakheka kweenkozo.Imida eyongezelelekileyo yeenkozo ithetha intshukumo encinci yokususwa kunye nokomelela okuphezulu.
Ukuba ukukhula okuziinkozo akuthinteli, ukwakheka kweenkozo kuya kuba nzima, iinkozo zikhulu, imida incinci, kwaye amandla aphantsi.
Ubungakanani benkozo budla ngokubhekiswa njengenani elingenayunithi, kwindawo ethile phakathi kwe-5 kunye ne-15. Lo ngumlinganiselo ohambelanayo kwaye unxulumene nomndilili we-diameter yengqolowa.
I-ASTM E112 ichaza iindlela zokulinganisa kunye nokuvavanya ubungakanani bengqolowa.Kubandakanya ukubala inani lengqolowa kwindawo enikezelweyo.Oku ngokuqhelekileyo kwenziwa ngokusika i-cross-section of the raw material, ukugaya kunye nokupholishwa, kwaye emva koko ugxininise nge-asidi ukuveza amasuntswana.Ukubala kwenziwa phantsi kwe-microscope, kwaye ukukhulisa kuvumela ubungakanani obufanelekileyo be-ASTM bungabonisa ubungakanani beenkozo ezifanelekileyo. Kusenokude kube luncedo ukucutha umahluko kwisayizi yeenkozo ukuya kumanqaku amabini okanye amathathu ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okufanayo kuwo wonke umsebenzi.
Kwimeko yokuqina komsebenzi, amandla kunye ne-ductility inobudlelwane obuguquguqukayo.Ubudlelwane phakathi kobukhulu bengqolowa ye-ASTM kunye namandla budla ngokuba yinto enhle kwaye yomelele, ngokubanzi ukunyusa kuhambelana ngokungafaniyo nobukhulu beenkozo ze-ASTM.Nangona kunjalo, ukukhula okuziinkozo okugqithisileyo kunokubangela ukuba izinto "ezifileyo ezithambileyo" zingasebenzi lukhuni ngokufanelekileyo.
Ubungakanani benkozo budla ngokubhekiswa njengenani elingenayunithi, kwindawo ethile phakathi kwe-5 kunye ne-15. Lo ngumlinganiselo ohambelanayo kwaye uhambelana nomyinge we-diameter yeenkozo.Ukuphakama kwexabiso lesayizi yengqolowa ye-ASTM, i-grains eninzi kwindawo yeyunithi.
Ubungakanani obuziinkozo bezinto ezixutyiweyo ziyahluka ngexesha, ubushushu kunye nezinga lokupholisa.I-Annealing idla ngokuqhutywa phakathi kobushushu be-recrystallization kunye ne-melting point ye-alloy.Uluhlu olucetyiswayo lwe-annealing lokushisa kwi-alloy ye-austenitic stainless steel alloy 301 iphakathi kwe-1,900 kunye ne-2,050 degrees Fahrenheit.Iza kuqala i-degrees Fahrenheit ecocekileyo ye-2, i-5 iya kuqalisa i-2, i-5, i-1, i-1, i-1, i-degrees, i-1, i-1, i-1, i-1, i-1, i-1, i-1, i-1, i-1, i-2, i-1, i-1, i-5, i-1. I-tanium kufuneka ifakwe kwi-1,292 degrees Fahrenheit kwaye inyibilike malunga ne-3,000 degrees Fahrenheit.
Ngethuba lokuqhawula, iinkqubo zokubuyisela kunye ne-recrystallization zikhuphisana kunye kuze kube yilapho iinkozo ezihlaziyiweyo zidla zonke iinkozo eziphosakeleyo.Ireyithi ye-recrystallization iyahluka kunye neqondo lokushisa.Xa i-recrystallization igqityiwe, ukukhula kweenkozo kuthatha.I-301 yensimbi engenasici yokusebenza ifakwe kwi-1,900 ° F ngeyure enye iya kuba nesakhiwo sengqolowa esigqwesileyo kunexesha elifanayo le-0 ° ye-workpiece ye-20 efanayo.
Ukuba i-annealing ayibanjelwanga kwi-annealing range efanelekileyo ixesha elide, ukwakhiwa okubangelwayo kunokuba yindibaniselwano yeenkozo ezindala kunye nezitsha.Ukuba iipropati ezifanayo zifunwa kwintsimbi yonke, inkqubo ye-annealing kufuneka ijolise ekufezekiseni i-uniform equiaxed grain structure.I-uniform ithetha ukuba zonke iinkozo zilingana nobukhulu obufanayo, kwaye ukulinganisa kuthetha ukuba baphantse bafana.
Ukufumana i-microstructure efanayo kunye ne-equiaxed microstructure, i-workpiece nganye kufuneka ibonakaliswe kumlinganiselo ofanayo wobushushu ngexesha elifanayo kwaye kufuneka iphole ngesantya esifanayo.Oku akusoloko kulula okanye kunokwenzeka nge-batch annealing, ngoko ke kubalulekile ukuba ubuncinane ulinde de yonke i-workpiece ihluthe kubushushu obufanelekileyo phambi kokubala ixesha lokufunxa.
Ukuba ubungakanani benkozo kunye namandla anxulumene, kwaye amandla ayaziwa, kutheni kubalwa iinkozo, akunjalo?Zonke iimvavanyo ezitshabalalisayo zinokuhlukahlukana.Uvavanyo lwe-tensile, ngakumbi kubunzima obusezantsi, buxhomekeke kakhulu kwisampulu yokulungiselela.Iziphumo zamandla e-tensile ezingabonisi iimpawu zemathiriyeli zokwenyani zinokufumana ukusilela kwangaphambi kwexesha.
Ukuba iipropati azifani kumsebenzi wonke, ukuthatha isampuli yovavanyo lwe-tensile okanye isampulu ukusuka kwelinye icala kusenokungalixeleli ibali lonke.Ukulungiswa kwesampulu kunye novavanyo nako kunokuthatha ixesha.Zingaphi iimvavanyo ezinokwenzeka kwisinyithi esinikiweyo, kwaye zingaphi izikhombisi ezinokwenzeka?
I-Anisotropic, isotropic.I-Anisotropy ibhekisela kwisikhokelo seempawu zemishini.Ukongezelela kumandla, i-anisotropy inokuqondwa kangcono ngokuhlola isakhiwo sengqolowa.
I-uniform kunye ne-equiaxed grain structure kufuneka ibe yi-isotropic, oku kuthetha ukuba ineempawu ezifanayo kuzo zonke iindlela.I-Isotropy ibaluleke kakhulu kwiinkqubo zokudweba ezinzulu apho ugxininiso lubaluleke kakhulu.Xa i-blank itsalwa kwi-mold, i-anisotropic material ayiyi kuhamba ngokufanayo, enokuthi iholele kwisiphene esibizwa ngokuba yi-earring.Icici lenzeka apho inxalenye engaphezulu ye-cupmogeneous structure inokuthi iveze i-grainhouette ye-cuamininghouity. umsebenzi kunye nokunceda ukuxilonga unobangela.
I-annealing eyiyo ibalulekile ekuphunyezweni kwe-isotropy, kodwa kukwabalulekile ukuqonda ubungakanani be-deformation phambi kokuba i-annealing.Njengoko imathiriyeli yeplastiki ikhubaza, iinkozo ziqala ukonakala. Kwimeko yokuqengqeleka okubandayo, ukuguqula ubukhulu ukuya kubude, iinkozo ziya kuba zinde kwicala lokuqengqeleka. inokugcinwa nasemva kokuba i-annealing.Oku kuphumela kwi-anisotropy.Kwizinto ezitsalwe ngokunzulu, ngamanye amaxesha kuyimfuneko ukunciphisa ubungakanani be-deformation ngaphambi kokuba kufakwe i-annealing yokugqibela ukuphepha ukunxiba.
ixolo le-orenji.Ukuchola ayisososiphene somzobo esinzulu kuphela esinxulunyaniswa ne-die.Ixolo le-orenji lenzeka xa kutsalwa imathiriyeli ekrwada enamasuntswana arhabaxa kakhulu.Ukhozo ngalunye lugqwesa ngokuzimeleyo nanjengomsebenzi wekristale yalo orientation.Umahluko kwi-deformation phakathi kweenkozo ezikufutshane neziphumo kwinkangeleko ye-textured efana ne-orenji ye-peel.I-Texture yi-granular yesakhiwo sodonga olutyhidiweyo eludongeni.
Kanye njengeepikseli kwiscreen seTV, esinesakhiwo esicolekileyo, umahluko phakathi kwenkozo nganye iya kuphawuleka kancinci, ngokusebenzayo yandise isisombululo.Ukuchaza iimpawu zoomatshini zizodwa zisenokunganeli ukuqinisekisa ubungakanani benkozo entle ngokwaneleyo ukunqanda umphumo we-orenji yexolo. inokubonwa kwisiphumo se-orange peel kwiindonga zeekomityi ezotyiweyo.
Kwisayizi yengqolowa ye-ASTM ye-8, i-avareji yeenkozo ze-diameter yi-885 µin. Oku kuthetha ukuba nakuphi na ukucutha ubukhulu be-0.00885 intshi okanye ngaphantsi kunokuchatshazelwa sesi siphumo se-microforming.
Nangona iinkozo ezirhabaxa zinokubangela iingxaki ezinzulu zomzobo, ngamanye amaxesha ziyacetyiswa ukuba ziprintwe.Istamping yinkqubo yoguqulo apho indawo engenanto icinezelwe ukuze inike umphezulu ofunekayo, njengekota yobuso bukaGeorge Washington.Ngokungafaniyo nomzobo wocingo, ukunyathela ngokuqhelekileyo akubandakanyi ukuhamba kwezinto ezininzi, kodwa kufuna amandla amaninzi, anokuthi atshintshe umphezulu ongenanto.
Ngenxa yesi sizathu, ukunciphisa uxinzelelo lokuhamba komphezulu ngokusebenzisa i-coarser grain structure kunokunceda ukunciphisa amandla afunekayo ekuzaliseni isikhunta esifanelekileyo.Oku kuyinyaniso ngokukodwa kwimeko yokuprintwa kwamahhala, apho ukuchithwa kweenkozo ezingaphezulu kunokuhamba ngokukhululekile kunokuba kuqokelelwe kwimida yengqolowa.
Iintsingiselo ezixutyushwayo apha ziigeneralizations ezinokuthi zingasebenzi kumacandelo athile.Nangona kunjalo, baye baqaqambisa izibonelelo zokulinganisa kunye nokulinganisa ubungakanani bamasuntswana ekrwada xa kuyilwa iindawo ezintsha ukuphepha imigibe eqhelekileyo kunye nokwandisa iiparamitha zokubumba.
Abavelisi bomatshini besitampu sesinyithi esichanekileyo kunye nokusebenza okunzulu kwisinyithi ukwenza iinxalenye zabo baya kusebenza kakuhle kunye ne-metallurgists kwi-re-rollers echanekileyo yobugcisa enokuthi ibancede baphucule izixhobo ukuya kwinqanaba lokutya okuziinkozo.
I-STAMPING Journal yeyona jenali yoshishino ezinikele ekukhonzeni iimfuno zentengiso yesitampu sesinyithi.Ukusukela ngo-1989, olupapasho belugubungela ubugcisa be-cutting-edge, iintsingiselo zeshishini, ezona ndlela zintle kunye neendaba zokunceda iingcali zokunyathela ukuba ziqhube ishishini labo ngokufanelekileyo.
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