I-POWERGEN International Call for Content ivuliwe ngoku!Sifuna izithethi ezivela kwizinto ezisetyenziswayo kunye namashishini okuvelisa amandla.Izihloko ziquka ukuveliswa kwamandla okuqhelekileyo kunye nokuhlaziywa, ukuguqulwa kwedijithali kwezityalo zamandla, ukugcinwa kwamandla, i-microgrids, ukulungelelaniswa kwezityalo, umbane kwisayithi, kunye nokunye.
Ababhali baye baphonononga iinkcukacha zeprojekthi yamandla amatsha amaxesha ngamaxesha, apho abaqulunqi bezityalo bakhetha ngokuqhelekileyo i-304 okanye i-316 yensimbi engenasici kwi-condenser kunye ne-tubing encedisayo yokutshintsha ubushushu. Kwabaninzi, igama elithi stainless steel lidibanisa i-aura ye-corrosion engenakunqotshwa, xa enyanisweni, iintsimbi ezingenastainless ngamanye amaxesha zinokuthi zibe yi-incorrosion ye-incorrosion encitshisiweyo ngenxa yokuba i-ecoraized yasekhaya. amanzi okupholisa ukwakheka kwamanzi okupholisa, kunye neenqaba zokupholisa ezisebenza kwimijikelo ephezulu yoxinaniso, iindlela zokungaphumeleli kwentsimbi enokubakho ziyandiswa.Kwezinye izicelo, uthotho lwe-300 yensimbi engenasici iya kuphila kuphela iinyanga, ngamanye amaxesha iiveki kuphela, ngaphambi kokungaphumeleli.Eli nqaku lijolise kubuncinci kwimiba ekufuneka iqwalaselwe xa ukhetha izixhobo zetyhubhu ye-condenser ukusuka kwimbono yonyango lwamanzi, idlala indima yokumelana nobushushu, idlala indima yokumelana nobushushu bephepha kwimiba yokucocwa kobushushu. amandla oomatshini, kubandakanywa ukukhathala kunye nokuguguleka komhlaba.
Ukongeza i-12% okanye ngaphezulu kwe-chromium kwintsimbi ibangela ukuba i-alloy yenze i-oxide eqhubekayo ekhusela isiseko sesinyithi esingaphantsi.Ngoko ke igama elithi stainless steel.Xa ukungabikho kwezinye izinto zokudibanisa (ingakumbi i-nickel), i-carbon steel iyingxenye yeqela le-ferrite, kwaye iyunithi yayo yeyunithi inomzimba ogxile kwi-cubic (BCC) isakhiwo.
Xa i-nickel yongezwa kumxube we-alloy kwi-concentration ye-8% okanye ngaphezulu, nakwiqondo lokushisa eliphantsi, iseli iya kubakho kwi-cubic face-centered (FCC) isakhiwo esibizwa ngokuba yi-austenite.
Njengoko kuboniswe kwiThebhile ye-1, i-300 ichungechunge lwezinsimbi ezingenasici kunye nezinye i-stainless steels zinomxholo we-nickel ovelisa isakhiwo se-austenitic.
Iintsimbi ze-Austenitic zingqineke zixabiseke kakhulu kwizicelo ezininzi, kubandakanywa njengesixhobo se-superheater ephezulu kunye neetyhubhu zokufudumeza kwi-boilers zamandla.Uluhlu lwe-300 ngokukodwa luhlala lusetyenziswa njengesixhobo semibhobho yokutshintshiselana kobushushu obuphantsi, kubandakanywa ne-condensers yomphezulu womphunga.
Ubunzima obuphambili ngensimbi engenasici, ngokukodwa izinto ezithandwayo ze-304 kunye ne-316, kukuba i-oxide ye-oxide ekhuselayo ihlala itshatyalaliswa ngokungcola emanzini okupholisa kunye neengqungquthela kunye neediphozithi ezinceda ukugxila kwizinto ezingcolileyo.
Ukungcola kwamanzi okupholisa okuqhelekileyo, kunye nenye yezona zinto zinzima kakhulu ukususa ngokwezoqoqosho, i-chloride.Le ion ingabangela iingxaki ezininzi kwiijeneretha ze-steam, kodwa kwi-condensers kunye nabatshintshisi bokushisa abancedisayo, ubunzima obunzima kukuba i-chlorides ekugxininiseni okwaneleyo inokungena kwaye itshabalalise i-oxide ekhuselayo kwinsimbi engenasici, ebangela i-corrosion yendawo, ie.
Ukugqobhoza yenye yeendlela ezichuliweyo zokubola kuba kunokubangela ukungena eludongeni kunye nokusilela kwezixhobo kunye nelahleko encinci yentsimbi.
Izigxina zekloridi akufuneki zibephezulu kakhulu ukuze kubangele ukubola kwemingxuma kwi-304 kunye ne-316 yensimbi engenasici, kunye neendawo ezicocekileyo ezingenazo iidiphozithi okanye iintanda, ubuninzi bekloridi obukhuthazwayo ngoku buthathwa njengobu:
Izinto ezininzi zinokuvelisa ngokulula ukugxilwa kwekloridi ezidlula ezi zikhokelo, zombini ngokubanzi kunye nakwiindawo ezihlala kwindawo.Kuye kwaba yinto enqabileyo kakhulu ukuqala ukuqwalasela kanye-ngokupholisa kwizityalo zamandla amatsha.Ininzi yakhiwe ngeenqaba zokupholisa, okanye kwezinye iimeko, i-condensers epholileyo emoyeni (ACC) I-0 mg/l isebenza ngemijikelo emihlanu yoxinaniso, kwaye umxholo wechloride wamanzi ajikelezayo yi-250 mg/l. Oku kukodwa kufanele kukhuphe i-304 SS. Ukongeza, kwizityalo ezitsha nezikhoyo, kukho imfuneko eyandayo yokutshintsha amanzi amatsha ukutshajwa ngokutsha kwezityalo.Enye indlela eqhelekileyo ngamanzi amdaka kamasipala.Itheyibhile 2 ithelekisa unikezelo lwamanzi amdaka amane.
Qaphela amanqanaba e-chloride eyongeziweyo (kunye nezinye izinto ezingcolileyo, ezifana ne-nitrogen kunye ne-phosphorus, enokunyusa kakhulu ukungcoliswa kwe-microbial kwiinkqubo zokupholisa).
Ingxoxo eyandulelayo isekelwe kwi-corrosion potential of common surfaces metal.Iifractures kunye ne-sediments zitshintsha kakhulu ibali, njengoko zombini zibonelela ngeendawo apho ukungcola kunokugxila khona.Indawo eqhelekileyo yokuqhekeka koomatshini kwi-condensers kunye nokutshintshana kobushushu obufanayo kwi-tube-to-tube sheet junctions.I-Sediment ngaphakathi kwetyhubhu inokudala iintanda kwi-tube, kunye ne-sediment boundary site, kwaye i-sediment boundary site inokusebenza njenge-sediment boundary. intsimbi engaphantsi ixhomekeke kumaleko e-oxide eqhubekayo yokukhusela, iidiphozithi zinokwenza iziza ezihluphekileyo ze-oksijini ezijika indawo eseleyo yentsimbi ibe yi-anode.
Le ngxoxo ingasentla ichaza imiba abayili bezityalo abayiqwalaselayo xa bechaza i-condenser kunye nezixhobo zokutshintsha ubushushu ezincedisayo kwiiprojekthi ezintsha. Ingqondo malunga ne-304 kunye ne-316 SS ngamanye amaxesha ibonakala ngathi "yiloo nto besisoloko siyenza" ngaphandle kokuqwalasela iziphumo zezenzo ezinjalo.Izinto ezizezinye ziyafumaneka ukujongana neemeko zamanzi zokupholisa ngokukrakra.
Before discussing alternative metals, another point must be briefly stated.In many cases, a 316 SS or even a 304 SS performed well during normal operation, but failed during a power outage.In most cases, the failure is due to poor drainage of the condenser or heat exchanger causing stagnant water in the tubes.This environment provides ideal conditions for the growth of microorganisms.Microbial colonies in turn produce corrosive compounds that directly corrode the tubular metal.
Le ndlela, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-corrosion ye-microbially induced (MIC), iyaziwa ngokutshabalalisa imibhobho yensimbi engenasici kunye nezinye iintsimbi kwiiveki.Ukuba umtshintshi wobushushu akakwazi ukuchithwa, kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo ngokucokisekileyo ukujikeleza kwamanzi ngokutshintsha ubushushu kunye nokongeza i-biocide ngexesha lenkqubo. 019 e-Champaign, IL Inikezelwe kwi-39th Electric Utility Chemistry Symposium.)
Kwimekobume engqwabalala ekhankanyiwe ngasentla, kunye nemekobume engqongqo efana namanzi amtyuba okanye amanzi olwandle, enye isinyithi ingasetyenziselwa ukugxotha ukungcola.Amaqela amathathu engxubevange angqineke aphumelele, i-titanium esulungekileyo yorhwebo, i-6% molybdenum austenitic stainless steel kunye ne-superferritic stainless steel. Isakhiwo sekristale esivaliweyo kunye nemodyuli e-elastic ephantsi kakhulu yenza ukuba ichaphazeleke kumonakalo owenziwe ngoomatshini.Le ngxubevange ifaneleke kakhulu ukufakelwa okutsha kunye nezakhiwo zokuxhasa ityhubhu eyomeleleyo.Enye indlela ebalaseleyo yintsimbi ye-super ferritic stainless Sea-Cure®.Ukwakheka kwesi sixhobo kuboniswe ngezantsi.
Intsimbi iphezulu kwi-chromium kodwa iphantsi kwe-nickel, ngoko ke i-ferritic insimbi engenasici kunokuba i-austenitic stainless steel.Ngenxa yomxholo wayo we-nickel ephantsi, ixabisa ngaphantsi kakhulu kunezinye i-alloys.Amandla aphezulu e-Sea-Cure kunye ne-elastic modulus ivumela iindonga ezinqabileyo kunezinye izinto, okubangelwa ukuhanjiswa kobushushu obuphuculweyo.
Iipropati eziphuculweyo zezi zinyithi ziboniswa kwitshati “yePitting Resistance Equivalent Number” itshati, ethi, njengoko negama libonisa, yinkqubo yokuvavanya esetyenziselwa ukumisela ukuxhathisa kwesinyithi esahlukileyo kwi-corrosion.
Omnye weyona mibuzo ixhaphakileyo ngulo "Yintoni eyona nto iphezulu yekloridi enokunyamezela ibakala elithile lensimbi engenasici?"Iimpendulo ziyahluka ngokubanzi.Iizinto zibandakanya i-pH, ubushushu, ubukho kunye nohlobo lweefractures, kunye nokwenzeka kweentlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezisebenzayo.Isixhobo songeziwe kwi-axis efanelekileyo yoMfanekiso 5 ukunceda kwesi sigqibo.Isekelwe kwi-pH engathathi hlangothi, i-35 ° C ehamba ngamanzi ahamba ngokuqhelekileyo afunyenwe kwi-BOP ezininzi kunye nezicelo ze-condensation (ukuthintela ukubunjwa kwediphozithi kunye nokuqulunqwa kwekhemikhali ekhethiweyo kunye ne-PREL formation inokuthi ikhethwe kunye nokwakheka kweekhemikhali ezikhethiweyo). kunye ne-slash efanelekileyo.Inqanaba eliphezulu lekloridi elicetyiswayo linokuthi emva koko limiselwe ngokuzoba umgca othe tye kwi-axis echanekileyo.Ngokubanzi, ukuba i-alloy iya kuqwalaselwa kwi-brackish okanye ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi olwandle, kufuneka ibe ne-CCT engaphezu kwama-25 degrees Celsius njengoko ilinganiswe ngovavanyo lwe-G 48.
Kucacile ukuba ingxubevange super ferritic emelwe yi Sea-Cure® zifaneleke ngokubanzi nkqu izicelo zamanzi olwandle.Kukho enye inzuzo kwezi zinto kufuneka kugxininiswe.Iingxaki umhlwa Manganese ziye zabonwa 304 yaye 316 SS iminyaka emininzi, kubandakanywa kwizityalo ecaleni Ohio River.Kutshanje, abatshintshiselwano ubushushu kwizityalo ecaleni lomlambo iManganese kakuhle uhlaselo lwamanzi e-Mississippi kunye ne-Missouri. Iinkqubo zomhlwa zichongwe njengemanganese dioxide (MnO2) esabela nge-oxidizing biocide ukwenza i-hydrochloric acid phantsi kwediphozithi.I-HCl yeyona nto ihlasela iintsimbi.[WH Dickinson and RW Pick, "Manganese-Dependent Corrosion in the Electric Power Industry";ezithiwe thaca kwiNkomfa yoNyaka ka-2002 ye-NACE, e-Denver, CO.] Iintsimbi ze-Ferritic ziyakwazi ukumelana nale ndlela yokubola.
Ukukhetha izixhobo eziphezulu ze-condenser kunye neetyhubhu zokutshintsha ubushushu akusayi kuthatha indawo yolawulo olufanelekileyo lwekhemistri yonyango lwamanzi.Njengoko umbhali u-Buecker uye wachaza kwinqaku lobunjineli bamandla angaphambili, inkqubo yonyango yeekhemikhali eyilwe ngokufanelekileyo kunye nokusebenza iyafuneka ukuze kuncitshiswe amandla okunyusa, ukubola, kunye nokungcola.Ikhemistri yepolymer iphuma njengendlela enamandla yokulawula i-scanatetrosion ye-phosphate kunye ne-fosphate ye-cool. Ungcoliseko lwe-microbial luye lwaba kwaye luya kuqhubeka luba ngumba obalulekileyo.Ngelixa i-chemistry oxidative kunye ne-chlorine, i-bleach, okanye i-compounds efanayo isisiseko solawulo lwe-microbial, unyango olongezelelweyo lunokuphucula ukusebenza kweenkqubo zonyango.Umzekelo onjalo yikhemistri yokuzinzisa, enceda ukunyusa izinga lokukhululwa kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwe-chlorine-based based oxidizing into eyingozi kwi-oxidizing i-bioxicides ngaphandle kwe-bioxidizing yamanzi. s kunokuba luncedo kakhulu ekulawuleni uphuhliso microbial.Isiphumo kukuba kukho iindlela ezininzi zokuphucula uzinzo kunye nokuthembeka isityalo amandla ukutshintshiselana ubushushu, kodwa zonke inkqubo yahlukile, ngoko ke ucwangciso ngononophelo kunye nothethwano neengcali zoshishino kubalulekile ekukhetheni izinto kunye neenkqubo imichiza.Uninzi lweli nqaku libhalwe ngokwembono yonyango lwamanzi, asibandakanyekanga kwizigqibo eziphathekayo, kodwa siyacelwa ukuba sincede ulawulo lwezixhobo ezisekelwe kwisixhobo kunye nezixhobo ezisekelwe kwisixhobo sokugqibela. inani lemiba echaziweyo kwisicelo ngasinye.
Malunga noMbhali: UBrad Buecker nguMpapasho oPhezulu wezobuGcisa kwi-ChemTreat.Uneminyaka eyi-36 yamava okanye ehlangene noshishino lwamandla, uninzi lwalo kwi-chemistry yokuvelisa umphunga, unyango lwamanzi, ulawulo lomgangatho womoya kunye neSixeko samanzi, ukukhanya kunye namandla (i-Springfield, IL) kunye ne-Kansas City Power & Light Company ifumaneka kwi-La Cygne Station, i-Kansasste acting isityalo samanzi se-supervicker kwaye sichitha iminyaka emibini kwi-superwatering plant. I-BS kwiKhemistry evela kwiYunivesithi yase-Iowa State kunye nomsebenzi owongezelelweyo wekhosi kwi-Fluid Mechanics, i-Energy and Materials Equilibrium, kunye ne-Advanced Inorganic Chemistry.
UDan Janikowski nguMphathi wezobuGcisa kwi-Plymouth Tube.Kwiminyaka eyi-35, uye wabandakanyeka ekuphuhliseni isinyithi, ukuveliswa kunye nokuvavanywa kweemveliso ze-tubular kuquka i-alloys yobhedu, insimbi engenasici, i-nickel alloys, i-titanium kunye ne-carbon steel.Ukuba kunye ne-Plymouth Metro ukususela kwi-2005, u-Janikowski ubambe izikhundla ezahlukeneyo eziphezulu kwi-2010 yoBuchwepheshe.