Sisebenzisa iikuki ukuphucula amava akho.Ngokuqhubeka nokukhangela le ndawo, uyavumelana nokusebenzisa kwethu iikuki.Iinkcukacha ezongezelelweyo.
Iinkqubo ezicocekileyo okanye ezicocekileyo zamachiza omphunga zibandakanya iijenereyitha, iivalvu zolawulo, imibhobho yokuhambisa okanye imibhobho, imigibe ye-thermodynamic okanye i-equilibrium thermostatic traps, i-pressure gauges, i-pressure reducers, i-valve yokhuseleko kunye ne-accumulators volumetric.
Uninzi lwala malungu enziwe nge-316 L yensimbi engenasici kwaye aqulethe i-gaskets ye-fluoropolymer (ngokuqhelekileyo i-polytetrafluoroethylene, eyaziwa ngokuba yiTeflon okanye i-PTFE), kunye ne-semi-metal okanye ezinye izinto ze-elastomeric.
Ezi zixhobo ziyakwazi ukubola okanye ukuthotywa ngexesha lokusetyenziswa, okuchaphazela umgangatho we-Clean Steam (CS) egqityiweyo.Iprojekthi echazwe ngokweenkcukacha kweli nqaku ivavanye imizekelo yensimbi engenasici ukusuka kwizifundo ezine zenkqubo ye-CS, ivavanye umngcipheko weempembelelo ezinokubakho zomhlwa kwinkqubo kunye neenkqubo zobunjineli ezibalulekileyo, kwaye zivavanyelwe iinxalenye kunye nesinyithi kwi-condensate.
Iisampulu zemibhobho edlekayo kunye namalungu enkqubo yokuhambisa zibekwe ukuze kuphandwe ngemveliso yokuthotywa komhlwa.9 Kwimeko nganye ethile, iimeko ezahlukeneyo zomphezulu ziye zavavanywa.Ngokomzekelo, i-blush eqhelekileyo kunye nemiphumo yokubola yavavanywa.
Imiphezulu yeesampulu zereferensi yavavanyelwa ubukho beediphozithi eziblush kusetyenziswa uhlolo olubonakalayo, iAuger electron spectroscopy (AES), i-electron spectroscopy yohlalutyo lwekhemikhali (ESCA), i-electron microscopy yokuskena (SEM) kunye ne-X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).
Ezi ndlela zinokutyhila iimpawu ezibonakalayo kunye ne-athomu ye-corrosion kunye neediphozithi, kunye nokumisela izinto eziphambili ezichaphazela iipropati ze-technical fluids okanye iimveliso zokuphela.Nye
Iimveliso ze-Corrosion zensimbi engagqwali zingathatha iindlela ezininzi, ezifana ne-carmine layer ye-iron oxide (emdaka okanye ebomvu) kumphezulu ongezantsi okanye ngaphezu komgangatho we-iron oxide (emnyama okanye engwevu)2.Ukukwazi ukufudukela ezantsi.
I-iron oxide layer (i-black blush) inokujiya ngokuhamba kwexesha njengoko iidiphozithi zibonakala ngakumbi, njengoko kungqinwa ngamasuntswana okanye iidiphozithi ezibonakalayo kwimigangatho yegumbi le-sterilization kunye nezixhobo okanye izikhongozeli emva kokuvalwa komphunga, kukho ukufuduka.Uhlalutyo lwelebhu yeesampulu ze-condensate lubonise indalo esasaziweyo yodaka kunye nobungakanani besinyithi esinyibilikayo kwi-CS fluid.ezine
Nangona kukho izizathu ezininzi zale nto, i-generator ye-CS idla ngokuba ngumnikeli oyintloko.Akuqhelekanga ukufumana i-iron oxide ebomvu (emdaka / ebomvu) kumphezulu kunye ne-iron oxide (emnyama / engwevu) kwimingxuma ehamba kancinci ngenkqubo yokusabalalisa i-CS.6
Inkqubo yokusabalalisa i-CS yi-branching configuration eneendawo ezininzi zokusetyenziswa eziphela kwiindawo ezikude okanye ekupheleni kwentloko eyintloko kunye neentloko ezincinci zesebe.Inkqubo inokubandakanya inani labalawuli ukunceda ukuqalisa uxinzelelo / ukuncitshiswa kobushushu kwiindawo ezithile zokusetyenziswa ezinokuthi zibe ngamanqaku okubola.
I-Corrosion inokuthi yenzeke kwimigibe yoyilo olucocekileyo olubekwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kwisistim ukususa i-condensate kunye nomoya ukusuka kumphunga ococekileyo ohambayo ngomgibe, umbhobho osezantsi / ukukhupha imibhobho okanye i-condensate header.
Kwiimeko ezininzi, ukufuduka okubuyela umva kunokwenzeka apho iidiphozithi zomhlwa zikhula phezu komgibe kwaye zikhule zinyuke zibe ngaphaya kwemibhobho emeleneyo okanye abaqokeleli-ndawo yokusetyenziswa;umhlwa owenzeka kwimigibe okanye ezinye iinxalenye zinokubonwa phezulu komthombo kunye nemfuduko engaguqukiyo ezantsi nomlambo.
Amanye amacandelo ensimbi engenasici nawo abonisa amanqanaba aphakathi ukuya kumanqanaba aphezulu ezakhiwo zetsimbi, kubandakanya i-delta ferrite.Iikristale zeFerrite zikholelwa ukuba zinciphisa ukuxhathisa ukubola, nangona zinokubakho kwi-1-5% encinci.
I-Ferrite nayo ayinakumelana nokugqwala njenge-austenitic crystal structure, ngoko iya kukhethwa ngokufanelekileyo.Iiferrites zinokubonwa ngokuchanekileyo nge-ferrite probe kunye ne-semi-chanekile ngemagnethi, kodwa kukho imida ebalulekileyo.
Ukususela ekusekweni kwenkqubo, ngokugunyaziswa kokuqala, kunye nokuqaliswa kwejenereyitha entsha ye-CS kunye nemibhobho yokusasaza, kukho inani lezinto ezinegalelo ekudlekeni:
Ngokuhamba kwexesha, izinto ezidlekayo ezifana nezi zinokuvelisa iimveliso zokudleka xa zidibana, zidityaniswe, kwaye zidibana nemixube yentsimbi nentsimbi.I-soot emnyama idla ngokubonwa kuqala kwijenereyitha, emva koko ibonakala kwi-generator discharge piping kwaye ekugqibeleni kuyo yonke inkqubo yokusabalalisa i-CS.
Uhlalutyo lwe-SEM lwenziwa ukuveza i-microstructure ye-corrosion by-products egubungela yonke indawo kunye neekristale kunye nezinye iinqununu.Imvelaphi okanye indawo engaphantsi apho iinqununu zifunyenwe zihluka ukusuka kumabakala ahlukeneyo esinyithi (umzobo 1-3) kwiisampuli eziqhelekileyo, ezizezi: i-silica / isinyithi, i-sandy, i-vitreous, i-homogeneous deposits (umzobo 4).I-bellows ye-steam trap bellows nayo yahlalutywa (Fig. 5-6).
Uvavanyo lwe-AES yindlela yokuhlalutya esetyenziselwa ukumisela ikhemistri engaphezulu yensimbi engenasici kunye nokuxilonga ukuxhathisa kwayo kwi-corrosion.Ikwabonisa ukuwohloka kwefilimu yokwenziwa kunye nokwehla koxinzelelo lwechromium kwifilim esenziwayo njengoko umphezulu usiba mbi ngenxa yokuhlwa.
Ukubonakalisa ukubunjwa kwe-elemental yobuso besampulu nganye, i-AES scans (iiprofayili zoxinaniso lwezinto ezingaphezulu kobunzulu) zisetyenzisiwe.
Indawo nganye esetyenziselwa ukuhlalutya kwe-SEM kunye nokwandiswa kuye kwakhethwa ngononophelo ukubonelela ngolwazi oluvela kwimimandla eqhelekileyo.Uphononongo ngalunye lubonelele ngolwazi olusuka kumaleko ambalwa aphezulu emolekyuli (kuqikelelwa kwii-angstroms ezili-10 [Å] ngomaleko) ukuya kubunzulu bengxubevange yesinyithi (200–1000 Å).
Izixa ezibalulekileyo zentsimbi (Fe), i-chromium (Cr), i-nickel (Ni), i-oksijini (O) kunye nekhabhoni (C) zirekhodwe kuyo yonke imimandla yeRouge.Idatha ye-AES kunye neziphumo zichazwe kwicandelo lophando.
Iziphumo ze-AES ezipheleleyo zeemeko zokuqala zibonisa ukuba i-oxidation enamandla ivela kwiisampuli ezinoxinzelelo oluphezulu ngokungaqhelekanga lwe-Fe kunye ne-O (i-iron oxides) kunye nomxholo ophantsi we-Cr phezu komhlaba.Le idiphozithi ebomvu iphumela ekukhululweni kwamasuntswana anokuthi angcolise imveliso kunye nemiphezulu edibana nemveliso.
Emva kokuba i-blush isusiwe, iisampuli "ezigqithisiweyo" zibonise ukubuyiswa okupheleleyo kwefilimu ye-passive, kunye ne-Cr ifikelela kumanqanaba aphezulu oxinaniso kune-Fe, kunye ne-Cr: i-Fe surface ratio ukusuka kwi-1.0 ukuya kwi-2.0 kunye nokungabikho kwe-iron oxide.
Imiphezulu eyahlukeneyo erhabaxa yahlalutywa kusetyenziswa i-XPS/ESCA ukuthelekisa i-elemental concentrations kunye ne-spectral oxidation states of Fe, Cr, sulfur (S), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), kunye ne-O. kunye ne-C (itafile A).
Kukho umahluko ocacileyo kumxholo we-Cr ukusuka kumaxabiso asondele kumaleko wokudlula ukuya kumaxabiso asezantsi afumaneka kwisiseko sealloys.Amanqanaba e-iron kunye nechromium afunyenwe kumphezulu amele ubukhulu obahlukeneyo kunye namabakala e-rouge deposits.Iimvavanyo ze-XPS zibonise ukonyuka kwe-Na, C okanye i-Ca kwiindawo ezirhabaxa xa kuthelekiswa neendawo ezicociweyo nezingafakwanga.
Uvavanyo lwe-XPS lubonise amanqanaba aphezulu e-C kwintsimbi ebomvu (emnyama) ebomvu kunye ne-Fe (x) O (y) (i-iron oxide) ebomvu.Idatha ye-XPS ayiloncedo ekuqondeni utshintsho lomphezulu ngexesha lokubola kuba ivavanya zombini intsimbi ebomvu kunye nesiseko sesinyithi.Uvavanyo olongezelelweyo lwe-XPS oluneesampuli ezinkulu luyafuneka ukuvavanya ngokufanelekileyo iziphumo.
Ababhali bangaphambili babenobunzima bokuvavanya idatha ye-XPS.I-10 Ukuqwalaselwa kwentsimi ngexesha lokususwa kubonise ukuba umxholo wekhabhoni uphezulu kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo ususwe ngokucoca ngexesha lokucubungula.Ii-micrographs ze-SEM ezithathwe ngaphambi nangemva konyango lokususa imibimbi zibonisa umonakalo ongaphezulu owenziwe ngala ma-diphozithi, kuquka i-pitting kunye ne-porosity, echaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukubola.
Iziphumo ze-XPS emva kwe-passivation zibonise ukuba i-Cr: Umlinganiselo womxholo we-Fe phezu komhlaba wawuphezulu kakhulu xa ifilimu ye-passivation yenziwe ngokutsha, ngaloo ndlela inciphisa izinga lokubola kunye nezinye iziphumo ezimbi kumphezulu.
Iisampulu zekhuphoni zibonise ukwanda okukhulu kwi-Cr: Fe ratio phakathi kwendawo "njengoko injalo" kunye nomhlaba ogqithisiweyo.I-Cr yokuqala: Imilinganiselo ye-Fe yavavanywa kuluhlu lwe-0.6 ukuya kwi-1.0, ngelixa i-post-post-passivation ratios isuka kwi-1.0 ukuya kwi-2.5.Amaxabiso eentsimbi ze-electropolished kunye ne-passivated stainless ziphakathi kwe-1.5 kunye ne-2.5.
Kwiisampuli ezixhomekeke kwi-post-processing, ubunzulu obukhulu be-Cr: Fe ratio (esekelwe usebenzisa i-AES) ukusuka kwi-3 ukuya kwi-16 Å.Bathelekisa kakuhle nedatha evela kwizifundo zangaphambili ezipapashwe nguColeman2 kunye noRoll.9 Umphezulu wazo zonke iisampulu zinemigangatho eqhelekileyo ye-Fe, i-Ni, i-O, i-Cr, kunye ne-C. Amanqanaba aphantsi e-P, Cl, S, N, Ca, kunye ne-Na afunyenwe kwiisampuli ezininzi.
Ezi ntsalela ziqhelekile kwizicoci zeekhemikhali, amanzi acociweyo, okanye i-electropolishing.Emva kohlalutyo olongezelelweyo, ungcoliseko oluthile lwe-silicon lufunyenwe kumphezulu kunye nakumanqanaba ahlukeneyo e-austenite crystal ngokwayo.Umthombo ubonakala unomxholo we-silica wamanzi / umphunga, iipolisi ze-mechanical, okanye inyibilikisiwe okanye i-etched sight glass kwi-cell generation ye-CS.
Iimveliso zeCorrosion ezifunyenwe kwiinkqubo ze-CS zixelwa ukuba ziyahluka kakhulu.Oku kungenxa yeemeko ezahlukeneyo zezi nkqubo kunye nokubekwa kwamacandelo ahlukeneyo afana ne-valve, imigibe kunye nezinye izixhobo ezinokukhokelela kwiimeko ezinobungozi kunye neemveliso zokubola.
Ukongeza, izinto ezitshintshiweyo zihlala zingeniswa kwisixokelelwano esingagqithiswanga ngokufanelekileyo.Iimveliso ze-Corrosion nazo zichaphazeleka kakhulu kuyilo lwe-generator ye-CS kunye nomgangatho wamanzi.Ezinye iintlobo zeeseti zejenereyitha ziphinda zisebenze ngelixa ezinye zizikhanyisi ze-tubular.Iijenereyitha ze-CS ngokuqhelekileyo zisebenzisa izikrini zokuphela ukususa ukufuma kumphunga ococekileyo, ngelixa ezinye iijeneretha zisebenzisa i-baffles okanye i-cyclones.
Ezinye zivelisa ipatina yentsimbi ephantse iqine kumbhobho wokuhambisa kunye nentsimbi ebomvu ewugqumayo.Ibhloko ebhidekileyo yenza ifilim yentsimbi emnyama ene-iron oxide blush ngaphantsi kwaye idala isenzeko sesibini esiphezulu somphezulu ngendlela ye-sooty blush ekulula ukuyisula ngaphandle.
Njengomthetho, idiphozithi efana ne-ferruginous-soot-like ibonakale ngakumbi kune-iron-red one, kwaye ihamba ngakumbi.Ngenxa yokunyuka kwemeko ye-oxidation yentsimbi kwi-condensate, i-sludge eyenziwa kumjelo we-condensate ezantsi kumbhobho wokusabalalisa ine-iron oxide sludge phezu kwe-sludge yensimbi.
I-iron oxide blush idlula kumqokeleli we-condensate, ibonakala kwi-drain, kwaye umaleko ongaphezulu ukhuhla ngokulula kumphezulu.Umgangatho wamanzi udlala indima ebalulekileyo ekubunjweni kweekhemikhali ze-blush.
Umxholo ophezulu we-hydrocarbon ukhokelela kwi-soot eninzi kwi-lipstick, ngelixa umxholo ophezulu we-silica uphumela kumxholo ophezulu we-silica, okhokelela kuluhlu olugudileyo okanye olukhazimlayo lwe-lipstick.Njengoko bekutshiwo ngaphambili, iiglasi zokujonga kwinqanaba lamanzi zikwathanda ukubola, zivumela inkunkuma kunye ne-silica ukuba ingene kwinkqubo.
Umpu ngunobangela wenkxalabo kwiinkqubo zomphunga njengoko iileya ezishinyeneyo zinokwenza amasuntswana.La masuntswana akhoyo kumphezulu womphunga okanye kwisixhobo sokuvala umphunga.La macandelo alandelayo achaza imiphumo enokubakho yechiza.
I-As-Is SEMs kwiMifanekiso ye-7 kunye ne-8 ibonisa ubume be-microcrystalline yeklasi ye-2 carmine kwimeko ye-1. I-matrix edibeneyo ye-iron oxide crystals eyenziwe phezu komhlaba ngendlela ye-residue ecocekileyo.Imiphezulu engacocekanga kunye ne-passivated ibonise umonakalo owenziwe ngumhlwa obangela ukuthungwa komhlaba okurhabaxa kunye ne-porous kancinane njengoko kubonisiwe kwiSazobe 9 kunye ne-10.
NPP scan kwifig.I-11 ibonisa imo yokuqala yendawo yokuqala kunye ne-iron oxide enzima kuyo. I-passivated surface kunye ne-derouged surface (Umfanekiso we-12) ibonisa ukuba ifilimu ye-passive ngoku inomxholo ophakamileyo we-Cr (umgca obomvu) ngaphezu kwe-Fe (umgca omnyama) kwi> 1.0 Cr: Fe ratio. I-passivated surface kunye ne-derouged surface (Umfanekiso we-12) ibonisa ukuba ifilimu ye-passive ngoku inomxholo ophakamileyo we-Cr (umgca obomvu) ngaphezu kwe-Fe (umgca omnyama) kwi> 1.0 Cr: Fe ratio. Пассивированная и обесточенная поверхность (рис. 12) указывает на то, что пассивная пленка теперь имеет повышенное содержанисся Крупение я) при соотношении Cr:Fe > 1,0. I-passivated and de-energized surface (Fig. 12) ibonisa ukuba ifilimu ye-passive ngoku inomxholo owandisiweyo we-Cr (umgca obomvu) xa kuthelekiswa ne-Fe (umgca omnyama) kwi-Cr: Fe> 1.0.钝化和去皱表面（图12）表明，钝化膜现在的Cr（红线) Cr(红线）含量高于Fe（黑线），Cr:Fe 比率> 1.0. Пассивированная и морщинистая поверхность (рис. 12) показывает, что пассивированная пленка теперь имеет более высокое содержания C. ри соотношении Cr:Fe > 1,0. I-passivated surface kunye ne-wrinkled surface (Umfanekiso we-12) ubonisa ukuba ifilimu ye-passivated ngoku inomxholo ophezulu we-Cr (umgca obomvu) kune-Fe (umgca omnyama) kwi-Cr: Fe ratio> 1.0.
Ifilim ebhityileyo (< 80 Å) edlulayo yechromium oxide ifilimu ikhusela ngakumbi kunekhulu le-angstrom engqindilili yentsimbi ye-oxide film ejiyileyo evela kwisiseko sesinyithi kunye nomaleko wesikali esinomxholo wentsimbi ongaphezulu kwama-65%.
Ukwakhiwa kweekhemikhali zomphezulu ogqithisiweyo kunye noshwabeneyo ngoku uthelekiseka nezinto ezigudisiweyo ezigqithisiweyo.Intlenga kwimeko yoku-1 yintlenga yodidi lwesi-2 ekwaziyo ukubunjwa kwindawo;njengoko iqokelelana, kwenziwa amasuntswana amakhulu afuduka nomphunga.
Kule meko, i-corrosion ebonisiweyo ayiyi kukhokelela kwiziphene ezinzulu okanye ukuwohloka komgangatho ophezulu.Ukushwabana okuqhelekileyo kuya kunciphisa umphumo onobungozi phezu komhlaba kunye nokuphelisa ukufuduka okunamandla kwamasuntswana anokuthi abonakale.
Kwi-Figure 11, iziphumo ze-AES zibonisa ukuba iileya ezingqindilili kufuphi nomphezulu zinamanqanaba aphezulu e-Fe kunye ne-O (500 Å ye-iron oxide; imigca eluhlaza ye-lemon kunye ne-blue, ngokulandelanayo), ukutshintshela kumanqanaba e-doped ye-Fe, i-Ni, i-Cr, kunye ne-O. Fe yoxinaniso (umgca ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka) iphezulu kakhulu kunayo nayiphi na enye isinyithi, inyuka ukusuka kwi-35% kumphezulu ukuya kwi-6% kwi-alloy.
Phezulu, umgangatho we-O (umgca oluhlaza okhanyayo) usuka phantse kwi-50% kwi-alloy ukuya phantse ku-zero kubukhulu befilimu ye-oxide engaphezu kwe-700 Å. Amanqanaba e-Ni (umgca oluhlaza) kunye ne-Cr (umgca obomvu) aphantsi kakhulu kumphezulu (< 4%) kwaye anyuke ukuya kumanqanaba aqhelekileyo (11% kunye ne-17%, ngokulandelanayo) kubunzulu be-alloy. Amanqanaba e-Ni (umgca oluhlaza) kunye ne-Cr (umgca obomvu) aphantsi kakhulu kumphezulu (< 4%) kwaye anyuke ukuya kumanqanaba aqhelekileyo (11% kunye ne-17%, ngokulandelanayo) kubunzulu be-alloy. Уровни Ni (темно-зеленая линия) kunye ne Cr (красная линия) чрезвычайно низки на поверхности (<4%) kunye neqela leenguquko (7%) лава. Amanqanaba e-Ni (umgca oluhlaza omnyama) kunye ne-Cr (umgca obomvu) aphantsi kakhulu kumphezulu (<4%) kwaye anyuke ukuya kumanqanaba aqhelekileyo (11% kunye ne-17% ngokulandelanayo) enzulu kwi-alloy.表面的Ni（深绿线）和Cr（红线）水平极低（<4%），而在合金深度处增加到正常水1到正常水1到正常水1到正常水1.表面的Ni（深绿线）和Cr（红线）水平极低（<4%），而在合金深度处增加到歌常水划1 Уровни Ni (темно-зеленая линия) и Cr (красная линия) на поверхности чрезвычайно низки (<4%) kunye neCr (красная линия) уровня 1% hayi). Amanqanaba e-Ni (umgca oluhlaza omnyama) kunye ne-Cr (umgca obomvu) kwindawo ephantsi kakhulu (<4%) kwaye anyuke ukuya kumanqanaba aqhelekileyo anzulu kwi-alloy (11% kunye ne-17% ngokulandelanayo).
Umfanekiso we-AES kwifig.I-12 ibonisa ukuba i-rouge (i-iron oxide) ikhutshwe kwaye ifilimu ye-passivation ibuyiselwe.Kwinqanaba eliphambili le-1 Å, inqanaba le-Cr (umgca obomvu) liphezulu kunenqanaba le-Fe (umgca omnyama), oyifilimu yokwenziwa.Ekuqaleni, umxholo we-Ni kumphezulu wawuyi-9%, ukhula ngo-60-70 Å ngaphezu kwenqanaba le-Cr (± 16%), kwaye emva koko wenyuka kwinqanaba le-alloy ye-200 Å.
Ukuqala kwi-2%, umgangatho wekhabhoni (umgca oluhlaza) wehla ukuya kwi-zero kwi-30 Å. Inqanaba le-Fe liphantsi ekuqaleni (< 15%) kwaye kamva lilingana nenqanaba le-Cr kwi-15 Å kwaye liyaqhubeka nokunyuka kwinqanaba le-alloy ngaphezu kwe-65% kwi-150 Å. Inqanaba le-Fe liphantsi ekuqaleni (< 15%) kwaye kamva lilingana nenqanaba le-Cr kwi-15 Å kwaye liyaqhubeka nokunyuka kwinqanaba le-alloy ngaphezu kwe-65% kwi-150 Å. Уровень Fe вначале низкий (< 15%), позже равен уровню Cr при 15 Å и продолжает увеличиваться до уровня сплава более 65% при 15. Inqanaba le-Fe liphantsi ekuqaleni (< 15%), kamva lilingana nenqanaba le-Cr kwi-15 Å kwaye liyaqhubeka nokunyuka ukuya kwi-65% ye-alloy level kwi-150 Å. Fe 含量最初很低(< 15%)，后來在15 Å 时等于Cr 含量，并在150 Å 时继续增加到超过采65% . Fe 含量最初很低(< 15%)，后來在15 Å 时等于Cr 含量，并在150 Å 时继续增加到超过采65% . Содержание Fe изначально низкое (< 15 %), позже оно равняется содержанию Cr при 15 Å и продолжает увеличиваться до содержание 5 % ‧ . Umxholo we-Fe uqale uphantsi (< 15%), kamva ulingana nomxholo we-Cr kwi-15 Å kwaye uyaqhubeka nokunyuka kuze kube yilapho umxholo we-alloy ungaphezulu kwe-65% kwi-150 Å.Amanqanaba e-Cr anyuka ukuya kwi-25% yomhlaba kwi-30 Å kwaye ayancipha ukuya kwi-17% kwi-alloy.
Inqanaba le-O eliphakamileyo kufuphi nomphezulu (umgca oluhlaza okhanyayo) wehla ukuya kwi-zero emva kobunzulu be-120 Å.Olu hlalutyo lubonise ifilimu ephuhliswe kakuhle yokwenziwa komphezulu.Iifoto ze-SEM kumfanekiso we-13 kunye ne-14 zibonisa ubume bekristale oburhabaxa, oburhabaxa kunye ne-porous bomphezulu we-1 kunye ne-2 ye-iron oxide layers.Umphezulu oshwabeneyo ubonisa isiphumo somhlwa kwindawo erhabaxa engaphelelanga (Amanani 18-19).
Iindawo ezigqithisiweyo kunye nezishwabeneyo eziboniswe kumanani 13 kunye ne-14 azikwazi ukumelana ne-oxidation enzima.Amanani 15 kunye ne-16 abonisa ifilimu ye-passivation ebuyiselweyo kwindawo yentsimbi.