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Iifilimu ze-Biofilm ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo ekuphuhlisweni kwezifo ezingapheliyo, ngakumbi xa kuziwa kwizixhobo zonyango.Le ngxaki inika umngeni omkhulu kuluntu lwezonyango, njengoko i-antibiotics eqhelekileyo inokutshabalalisa kuphela i-biofilms ukuya kwinqanaba elincinci kakhulu.Ukuthintela ukubunjwa kwe-biofilm kuye kwakhokelela ekuphuhlisweni kweendlela ezahlukeneyo zokugqoka kunye nezinto ezintsha.Ezi ndlela zobuchule zijolise ekwambeseni umphezulu ngendlela ethintela ukwenziwa kwebhayofilm.I-Vitreous metal alloys, ngakumbi ezo ziqulethe i-copper kunye ne-titanium metals, ziye zaba zizonambiso ezifanelekileyo zokulwa neentsholongwane.Kwangaxeshanye, ukusetyenziswa kwetekhnoloji yokutshiza ebandayo kuye kwanda njengoko kuyindlela efanelekileyo yokulungisa izinto ezinobushushu bobushushu.Inxalenye yenjongo yolu phando yayikukuphuhlisa iglasi entsha ye-antibacterial film metallic eyenziwe yi-Cu-Zr-Ni ternary isebenzisa ubuchule bokubumba oomatshini.Umgubo ongqukuva owenza imveliso yokugqibela usetyenziswa njengemathiriyeli ekrwada yokutshiza okubandayo kwemigangatho yentsimbi engenakutyiwa kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi.I-Metal glass coated substrates zakwazi ukunciphisa kakhulu ukubunjwa kwe-biofilm ubuncinane kwi-log ye-1 xa kuthelekiswa nentsimbi engenasici.
Kuyo yonke imbali yoluntu, naluphi na uluntu lukwazile ukuphuhlisa nokukhuthaza ukuqaliswa kwezixhobo ezitsha ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zalo ezithile, okubangele ukwanda kwemveliso kunye nokuhlelwa kuqoqosho lwehlabathi1.Ihlala ichazwa kubuchule bomntu bokuyila izixhobo kunye nezixhobo zokuvelisa, kunye nokuyila ukuvelisa kunye nokubonakalisa izinto eziphathekayo ukufezekisa impilo, imfundo, ishishini, uqoqosho, inkcubeko kunye nezinye iindawo ukusuka kwelinye ilizwe okanye ummandla ukuya kwelinye.Inkqubela-phambili iyalinganiswa kungakhathaliseki ilizwe okanye ummandla2.Kwiminyaka engama-60, izazinzulu zezixhobo ziye zachitha ixesha elininzi kumsebenzi omnye ophambili: ukukhangela izinto ezintsha neziphambili.Uphando lwakutsha nje lujolise ekuphuculeni umgangatho kunye nokusebenza kwezinto ezikhoyo, kunye nokudibanisa kunye nokuqulunqa iintlobo ezintsha ngokupheleleyo zezinto.
Ukongezwa kwezinto ezixutywayo, ukuguqulwa kwe-microstructure yezinto eziphathekayo kunye nokusetyenziswa kweendlela zonyango ezishushu, zoomatshini okanye ze-thermomechanical ziye zakhokelela ekuphuculeni okubonakalayo kumatshini, iikhemikhali kunye neempawu ezibonakalayo zezinto ezahlukeneyo.Ukongeza, iikhompawundi ezingaziwayo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku zenziwe ngempumelelo.Ezi nzame zizingisayo ziye zavelisa usapho olutsha lwemathiriyeli entsha ngokudibeneyo eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Advanced Materials2.I-nanocrystals, i-nanoparticles, i-nanotubes, amachaphaza e-quantum, i-zero-dimensional, i-amorphous metallic glasses, kunye ne-high-entropy alloys yimizekelo nje yezinto eziphambili ezivele kwihlabathi ukususela phakathi kwekhulu leminyaka edlulileyo.Ekwenzeni nasekuphuhliseni ama-alloys amatsha aneempawu eziphuculweyo, zombini kwimveliso yokugqibela nakwinqanaba eliphakathi lokuveliswa kwayo, ingxaki yokungalungelelani isoloko yongezwa.Njengesiphumo sokungeniswa kobuchule obutsha bokuvelisa obuvumela ukutenxa okubalulekileyo kwi-equilibrium, udidi olutsha olutsha lwe-alloys ye-metastable, eyaziwa ngokuba ziiglasi zetsimbi, lufunyenwe.
Umsebenzi wakhe eCaltech ngo-1960 wayiguqula ingqikelelo yealloyi zesinyithi xa wayedibanisa iAu-25 kwi.% Ingxubevange yeSi glassy ngokuqinisa ngokukhawuleza ulwelo malunga nesigidi seedigri ngomzuzwana.4 Ukufunyaniswa kukaNjingalwazi uPaul Duves akuzange kubonise nje ukuqala kwembali yeeglasi zentsimbi (MS), kodwa kwakhona kwakhokelela ekubeni kutshintshe indlela abantu abacinga ngayo ngeengxube zesinyithi.Ukusukela kuphando lokuqala lobuvulindlela ekudityanisweni kwengxubevange ye-MS, phantse zonke iiglasi zesinyithi ziye zafunyanwa ngokupheleleyo kusetyenziswa enye yezi ndlela zilandelayo: (i) ukuqina ngokukhawuleza kokunyibilika okanye umphunga, (ii) ukuphazamiseka kwe-atomic lattice, (iii) ukusabela kwe-amorphization yemeko eqinileyo phakathi kwezinto ezicocekileyo zentsimbi kunye (iv) nokutshintshwa kwesigaba esiqinileyo sezigaba ze-metastable.
Ii-MG zihlukaniswa ngokungabikho komyalelo we-athomu wexesha elide elihambelana neekristale, oluyimpawu ecacileyo yeekristale.Kwihlabathi lanamhlanje, inkqubela enkulu yenziwe kwintsimi yeglasi yentsimbi.Ezi zizixhobo ezitsha ezineempawu ezinomdla ezinomdla kungekuphela nje kwifiziksi yombuso oqinileyo, kodwa nakwi-metallurgy, i-surface chemistry, itekhnoloji, ibhayoloji, kunye nezinye iindawo ezininzi.Olu hlobo olutsha lwezinto eziphathekayo luneempawu ezahlukileyo kwiintsimbi ezinzima, okwenza kube ngumviwa onomdla kwizicelo zobuchwepheshe kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo.Zineempawu ezibalulekileyo: (i) i-ductility ephezulu yomatshini kunye namandla esivuno, (ii) amandla ombane aphezulu, (iii) ukunyanzeliswa okuphantsi, (iv) ukuxhathisa okungaqhelekanga, (v) ukuzimela kobushushu.Ukuqhuba 6.7.
I-Mechanical alloying (MA)1,8 yindlela entsha noko, eyaziswa okokuqala ngo-19839 nguProf. KK Kok noogxa bakhe.Bavelise i-amorphous Ni60Nb40 powders ngokusila umxube wezinto ezicocekileyo kwiqondo lokushisa elikufutshane kakhulu kwiqondo lokushisa.Ngokwesiqhelo, ukusabela kwe-MA kwenziwa phakathi kwediffusion bonding yomgubo osabelayo kwireactor, edla ngokwenziwa ngentsimbi engatyiwayo, ibe yingqusho yebhola.10 (Umfanekiso 1a, b).Ukusukela ngoko, le ndlela yokusabela yemeko eqinileyo eyenziwe ngoomatshini isetyenziselwe ukulungisa i-amorphous/metallic glass alloy powders entsha isebenzisa i-low (Fig. 1c) kunye ne-high-energy ball mills kunye ne-rod mills11,12,13,14,15,16.Ngokukodwa, le ndlela isetyenziselwe ukulungiselela iinkqubo ezingenakulinganiswa ezifana neCu-Ta17 kunye neendawo eziphezulu zokunyibilika kwe-alloys ezifana ne-Al-transition metal (TM, Zr, Hf, Nb and Ta) 18,19 kunye ne-Fe-W20 iinkqubo., engenakufumaneka ngokusebenzisa iindlela zokupheka eziqhelekileyo.Ukongeza, i-MA ithathwa njengenye yezona zixhobo ezinamandla kakhulu ze-nanotechnological kwimveliso yesikali se-nanocrystalline kunye ne-nanocomposite powder particles ye-metal oxides, i-carbides, i-nitrides, i-hydrides, i-carbon nanotubes, i-nanodiamonds, kunye nokuzinza okubanzi usebenzisa indlela ephezulu.1 kunye nezigaba ze-metastable.
I-Schematic ebonisa indlela yokuyila esetyenziselwa ukulungisa i-Cu50 (Zr50-xNix)/SUS 304 yentsimbi yeglasi yokugquma kolu phononongo.(a) Ukulungiswa kwe-MC ye-alloy powders kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-Ni x (x; i-10, i-20, i-30, i-40 kwi-.%) isebenzisa indlela yokugaya ibhola ye-low-energy.(a) Isixhobo sokuqalisa silayishwa kwisilinda sesixhobo kunye neebhola zentsimbi zesixhobo kwaye (b) zitywinwe kwibhokisi yeglavu ezaliswe yiHeatmosphere.(c) Imodeli ecacileyo yesitya sokusila ebonisa intshukumo yebhola ngexesha lokusila.Imveliso yokugqibela yomgubo efunyenwe emva kweeyure ezingama-50 yayisetyenziselwa ukugquma i-SUS 304 substrate (d).
Xa kuziwa kumphezulu wemathiriyeli yobuninzi (i-substrates), ubunjineli bomphezulu bubandakanya uyilo kunye nokuguqulwa komphezulu (substrates) ukubonelela ngeempawu ezithile ezibonakalayo, zekhemikhali, kunye nezobugcisa ezingekho kwimathiriyeli yoqobo.Ezinye zeepropathi ezinokuthi ziphuculwe ngokufanelekileyo ngonyango lomphezulu zibandakanya i-abrasion, i-oxidation kunye ne-corrosion resistance, i-coefficient of friction, i-bioinertness, iipropati zombane kunye ne-thermal insulation, ukubiza nje ezimbalwa.Umgangatho womphezulu unokuphuculwa ngeendlela zetsimbi, oomatshini okanye iikhemikhali.Njengenkqubo eyaziwayo, ukugquma kuchazwa nje njengomaleko omnye okanye ngaphezulu kwemathiriyeli efakwe ngobuqhetseba kumphezulu wento eninzi (substrate) eyenziwe kwenye imathiriyeli.Ke ngoko, iingubo zokwaleka zisetyenziswa ngokuyinxenye ukufezekisa iipropati ezinqwenelekayo zobugcisa okanye zokuhombisa, kunye nokukhusela imathiriyeli kwintsebenziswano elindelekileyo yeekhemikhali kunye nomzimba kunye nokusingqongileyo23.
Iindlela ezahlukeneyo kunye nobuchule bunokusetyenziswa ukufaka iileya ezifanelekileyo zokukhusela ukusuka kwi-micrometers ezimbalwa (ngaphantsi kwe-10-20 ye-micrometers) ukuya kwii-micrometers ezingaphezu kwama-30 okanye iimilimitha ezininzi ngobukhulu.Ngokuqhelekileyo, iinkqubo zokugubungela zingahlulwa zibe ngamacandelo amabini: (i) iindlela zokugubungela ezimanzi, kubandakanywa i-electroplating, i-electroplating, kunye ne-hot dip galvanizing, kunye (ii) neendlela zokugqoka ezomileyo, ezibandakanya i-soldering, i-hardfacing, i-deposition vapor deposition (PVD).), i-chemical vapor deposition (CVD), ubuchule bokutshiza nge-thermal, kunye neendlela zakutshanje zokutshiza ezibandayo 24 (Figure 1d).
Ii-Biofilm zichazwa njengeentsholongwane ezincanyathiselwe ngokungaguqukiyo kumphezulu kwaye zijikelezwe ziipolymers eziveliswa ngokwazo ze-extracellular (EPS).Ukwenziwa kwe-biofilm ekhule kakhulu kunokukhokelela kwilahleko enkulu kumashishini amaninzi, kubandakanya ukwenziwa kokutya, iinkqubo zamanzi, kunye nokhathalelo lwempilo.Kubantu, ngokuqulunqwa kwe-biofilms, ngaphezu kwe-80% yamatyala e-microbial infections (kuquka i-Enterobacteriaceae kunye ne-Staphylococci) kunzima ukuyiphatha.Ukongezelela, ii-biofilms ezivuthiweyo ziye zaxelwa ukuba ngamaxesha e-1000 axhatshazwa kunyango lwe-antibiotic xa kuthelekiswa neeseli zebhaktheriya zeplanktonic, ezibhekwa njengomngeni omkhulu wonyango.Ngokwembali, izinto zokugquma umphezulu we-antimicrobial ezivela kwiikhompawundi eziqhelekileyo eziphilayo zisetyenzisiwe.Nangona izinto ezinjalo zihlala ziqulethe izinto ezinobuthi ezinokuthi zibe yingozi ebantwini, i-25,26 le nto inokunceda ukuphepha ukuhanjiswa kwebhaktheriya kunye nokuthotywa kwezinto.
Ukuxhathisa okuxhaphakileyo kwebhaktheriya kunyango lwe-antibiotics ngenxa yokwenziwa kwe-biofilm kukhokelele kwisidingo sokuphuhlisa i-antimicrobial membrane egqunywe umphezulu onokuthi usetyenziswe ngokukhuselekileyo27.Ukuphuhliswa kwendawo ebonakalayo okanye yeekhemikhali echasene ne-adhesive apho iiseli zebhaktheriya azikwazi ukubopha kwaye zenze i-biofilms ngenxa yokubambelela yindlela yokuqala kule nkqubo27.Itekhnoloji yesibini kukuphuhlisa iingubo ezihambisa iikhemikhali ze-antimicrobial kanye apho zifuneka khona, ngobuninzi obugxininisekileyo kunye nokulungelelaniswa.Oku kuphunyezwa ngophuhliso lwezixhobo zokugquma ezizodwa ezifana negraphene/germanium28, idayimane emnyama29 kunye ne-ZnO30-doped diamond-like-like carbon coatings ezikwaziyo ukumelana neebhaktheriya, iteknoloji eyenza uphuhliso lwetyhefu kunye nokuxhathisa ngenxa yokwakheka kwe-biofilm.Ukongeza, iingubo eziqulethe iikhemikhali ezibulala iintsholongwane ezibonelela ngokhuseleko lwexesha elide ekungcolisekeni kwebhaktheriya ziya zithandwa kakhulu.Ngelixa zonke iinkqubo ezintathu zikwazi ukwenza umsebenzi we-antimicrobial kwiindawo ezigqunyiweyo, nganye inesethi yayo yokunciphisa ekufuneka iqwalaselwe xa kuphuhliswa isicwangciso sesicelo.
Iimveliso ezikhoyo ngoku kwimarike ziphazanyiswa kukunqongophala kwexesha lokuhlalutya kunye nokuvavanya iingubo ezikhuselayo zezithako ezisebenzayo zebhayoloji.Iinkampani zibanga ukuba iimveliso zabo ziya kubonelela abasebenzisi ngemiba efunekayo yokusebenza, nangona kunjalo, oku kuye kwaba ngumqobo kwimpumelelo yeemveliso ezikhoyo ngoku kwimarike.Iikhompawundi ezivela kwisilivere zisetyenziswa kuninzi lwee-antimicrobials ezikhoyo ngoku kubathengi.Ezi mveliso ziyilelwe ukukhusela abasebenzisi ekuvezweni okunokuba yingozi kwiintsholongwane ezincinci.Ukulibaziseka kwempembelelo ye-antimicrobial kunye ne-toxicity ehambelanayo yeekhompawundi zesilivere zonyusa uxinzelelo kubaphandi ukuba baphuhlise enye indlela engenabungozi36,37.Ukudala i-antimicrobial coating yehlabathi esebenza ngaphakathi nangaphandle ihlala ingumngeni.Oku kuza nemingcipheko yempilo nokhuseleko enxulumeneyo.Ukufumanisa i-agent ye-antimicrobial engenabungozi kangako ebantwini kunye nokucinga indlela yokuyifaka kwi-coating substrates kunye nobomi obude beshelufu yinjongo efunwa kakhulu38.Izinto zamva nje ze-antimicrobial kunye ne-antibiofilm zenzelwe ukubulala ibhaktheriya kwinqanaba elisondeleyo okanye ngokudibana ngokuthe ngqo okanye emva kokukhululwa kwe-arhente esebenzayo.Banokukwenza oku ngokuthintela ukunamathela kwebhaktheriya yokuqala (kubandakanywa nokuthintela ukubunjwa kweprotheni phezu komhlaba) okanye ngokubulala ibhaktheriya ngokuphazamisa udonga lweseli.
Ngokusisiseko, ukugquma komphezulu yinkqubo yokusebenzisa omnye umaleko kumphezulu wecandelo ukuphucula iimpawu zomphezulu.Injongo yokwaleka komhlaba kukutshintsha i-microstructure kunye/okanye ukubunjwa kommandla okufutshane nomphezulu wecandelo39.Iindlela zokugquma ubuso zinokwahlulwa zibe ziindlela ezahlukeneyo, ezishwankathelwa kumfanekiso 2a.Iingubo zinokwahlulwa zibe ziindidi ze-thermal, iikhemikhali, zomzimba kunye ne-electrochemical ngokuxhomekeke kwindlela esetyenzisiweyo ukudala i-coating.
(a) Iseti ebonisa obona buchule bokwenza umphezulu ongundoqo, kunye (b) nezinto eziluncedo nezingeloncedo ezikhethiweyo zendlela yesitshizi esibandayo.
Itekhnoloji yokutshiza ebandayo inokufana kakhulu kunye nobuchule bokutshiza bemveli.Nangona kunjalo, kukwakho ezinye iipropathi eziphambili ezisisiseko ezenza inkqubo yokutshiza ebandayo kunye nezixhobo zokutshiza ezibandayo zohluke ngokukodwa.Itekhnoloji yokutshiza ebandayo isekwisiqalo, kodwa inekamva elihle.Kwezinye iimeko, iimpawu ezikhethekileyo zokutshiza okubandayo zinika inzuzo enkulu, ukoyisa imida yeendlela eziqhelekileyo zokutshiza i-thermal.Iyoyisa imida ebalulekileyo yeteknoloji yesitshizi se-thermal, apho umgubo kufuneka unyibilike ukuze ufakwe kwi-substrate.Ngokucacileyo, le nkqubo yokwaleka yemveli ayifanelekanga kakhulu kwiqondo lobushushu izinto ezifana nanocrystals, nanoparticles, amorphous kunye neeglasi metallic40, 41, 42. Ukongezelela, izinto zokugquma i-thermal spray zihlala zinezinga eliphezulu le-porosity kunye ne-oxides.Iteknoloji yokutshiza ebandayo ineenzuzo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo kwi-teknoloji yokutshiza i-thermal, njengokuba (i) igalelo elincinci lokushisa kwi-substrate, (ii) ukuguquguquka ekukhetheni i-substrate yokugqoka, (iii) akukho kuguqulwa kwesigaba kunye nokukhula kweenkozo, (iv) amandla aphezulu okubambelela1 .39 (Umfanekiso 2b).Ukongeza, izinto zokugquma ezibandayo zinokumelana ne-corrosion ephezulu, amandla aphezulu kunye nokuqina, ukuhanjiswa kombane okuphezulu kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu41.Nangona iingenelo zenkqubo yokutshiza ebandayo, le ndlela isenayo imiqobo, njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 2b.Xa ugubungele i-ceramic powders ecocekileyo efana ne-Al2O3, i-TiO2, i-ZrO2, i-WC, njl., indlela yokutshiza ebandayo ayinakusetyenziswa.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-ceramic / i-metal composite powders ingasetyenziswa njengezinto ezibonakalayo zokwaleka.Okufanayo kuya kwezinye iindlela zokutshiza nge-thermal.Imiphezulu enzima kunye nengaphakathi lombhobho kusenzima ukutshiza.
Ukuqwalasela ukuba umsebenzi okhoyo ujoliswe ekusebenziseni i-metallic vitreous powders njengezinto zokuqala zokugubungela, kuyacaca ukuba ukutshiza okuqhelekileyo kwe-thermal akunakusetyenziselwa le njongo.Oku kungenxa yokuba i-metallic vitreous powders ikhazimla kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu1.
Uninzi lwezixhobo ezisetyenziswa kumashishini ezonyango kunye nokutya zenziwe kwi-austenitic stainless steel alloys (SUS316 kunye ne-SUS304) kunye nomxholo we-chromium we-12 ukuya kwi-20 wt.% yokuveliswa kwezixhobo zotyando.Kuyavunywa ngokubanzi ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwesinyithi sechromium njengento edibeneyo kwi-alloys yensimbi kunokuphucula kakhulu ukuxhatshazwa kwe-corrosion ye-alloys yensimbi eqhelekileyo.I-alloys yensimbi engenasici, nangona i-corrosion resistance resistance, ayinayo i-antimicrobial properties38,39.Oku kuchasene nokunganyangeki kwabo okuphezulu.Emva koko, kunokwenzeka ukuqikelela ukuphuhliswa kosulelo kunye nokuvuvukala, okubangelwa kakhulu ukunamathela kwebhaktheriya kunye nekholoni ebusweni bezinto zensimbi ezingenasici.Ubunzima obubalulekileyo bunokuthi buvele ngenxa yobunzima obubalulekileyo obunxulumene nokunamathela kwebhaktheriya kunye neendlela zokubunjwa kwe-biofilm, ezinokuthi zikhokelela kwimpilo engafanelekanga, enokuthi ibe nemiphumo emininzi enokuthi ichaphazele ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo kwimpilo yabantu.
Olu phononongo sisigaba sokuqala seprojekthi exhaswa ngemali yiKuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Science (KFAS), contract no.I-2010-550401, ukuphanda ukuba nokwenzeka kokuvelisa i-metallic glassy Cu-Zr-Ni powders ternary usebenzisa iteknoloji ye-MA (itafile).I-1) Ukuveliswa kwefilimu ye-antibacterial ye-SUS304 yokukhusela ifilimu / i-coating.Inqanaba lesibini leprojekthi, eliza kuqalisa ngoJanuwari 2023, liya kufunda ngokubanzi iimpawu ze-galvanic corrosion kunye ne-mechanical properties yenkqubo.Uvavanyo oluneenkcukacha lwe-microbiological kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zebhaktheriya ziya kwenziwa.
Eli nqaku lixubusha umphumo we-Zr alloy content kwi-glass forming ability (GFA) ngokusekelwe kwiimpawu ze-morphological and structure.Ukongeza, iipropathi zokulwa ne-antibacterial yeglasi yentsimbi egqunywe ngumgubo / i-SUS304 composite nayo yaxoxwa.Ukongeza, umsebenzi oqhubekayo uye wenziwa ukuphanda ukuba nokwenzeka kokuguqulwa kwesakhiwo somgubo weglasi yentsimbi eyenzekayo ngexesha lokutshiza okubandayo kwindawo yolwelo epholileyo kwiinkqubo zeglasi ezenziwe ngentsimbi.I-Cu50Zr30Ni20 kunye ne-Cu50Zr20Ni30 i-alloys yeglasi yensimbi isetyenziswe njengemizekelo emeleyo kolu phononongo.
Eli candelo libonisa utshintsho lwe-morphological kwi-powders ye-elemental Cu, i-Zr kunye ne-Ni ngexesha lokugaya ibhola eliphantsi lamandla.Iinkqubo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo ezibandakanya i-Cu50Zr20Ni30 kunye ne-Cu50Zr40Ni10 ziya kusetyenziswa njengemizekelo eyimifanekiso.Inkqubo ye-MA inokwahlulwa ibe ngamanqanaba amathathu ahlukeneyo, njengoko kubonakaliswe yi-metallographic characterization ye powder efunyenwe kwinqanaba lokugaya (umzobo 3).
Iimpawu ze-Metallographic ze powders of alloys mechanical (MA) ezifunyenwe emva kwezigaba ezahlukeneyo zokugaya ibhola.I-Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) imifanekiso ye-MA kunye ne-Cu50Zr40Ni10 powders efunyenwe emva kokugaya ibhola yamandla aphantsi kwe-3, i-12 kunye ne-50 iiyure iboniswe kwi-(a), (c) kunye (e) ye-Cu50Zr20Ni30 inkqubo, ngelixa i-MA efanayo.Imifanekiso ehambelanayo yenkqubo yeCu50Zr40Ni10 ethathwe emva kwexesha iboniswe kwi (b), (d), kunye (f).
Ngexesha lokugaya ibhola, amandla e-kinetic asebenzayo anokudluliselwa kwi-powder yensimbi ichaphazeleka ngokudibanisa iiparitha, njengoko kuboniswe kuMzobo 1a.Oku kuquka ukungqubana phakathi kweebhola kunye nomgubo, ukunyanzeliswa kwe-shear yomgubo oxinge phakathi okanye phakathi kwemidiya yokusila, iimpembelelo ezivela kwiibhola eziwayo, ukucheba kunye nokuguga okubangelwa ukutsalwa komgubo phakathi kwemizimba ehambayo yebhola lebhola, kunye ne-wave wave edlula kwiibhola eziwayo ezisasazeka ngenkcubeko elayishiwe (Umfanekiso 1a). Элементарные порошки Cu, Zr и Ni были сильно деформированы из-за холодной сварки на ранней стадии МА (3 ч), что привело к образованим iAметре). I-elemental Cu, i-Zr, kunye ne-Ni powders zikhubazeke kakhulu ngenxa ye-welding ebandayo kwisigaba sokuqala se-MA (3 h), eyakhokelela ekwakhiweni kwamaqhekeza amakhulu omgubo (> 1 mm ububanzi).La masuntswana adityanisiweyo amakhulu abonakaliswe ngokubunjwa kwamanqwanqwa atyebileyo ezinto ezixubeneyo (Cu, Zr, Ni), njengoko kubonisiwe kwifig.3a,b.Ukunyuka kwexesha le-MA ukuya kwi-12 h (inqanaba eliphakathi) kwakhokelela ekunyuseni kwamandla e-kinetic yebhola lebhola, okukhokelela ekuqhekekeni kwepowder edibeneyo ibe yipowder encinci (ngaphantsi kwe-200 μm), njengoko kuboniswe kwi-Fig. 3c, isixeko.Ngeli nqanaba, i-shear force esetyenzisiweyo ikhokelela ekwakhiweni kwendawo entsha yesinyithi ene-Cu, i-Zr, i-Ni hint layers, njengoko kubonisiwe kwi-Fig. 3c, d.Njengomphumo wokugaya iileyile kwi-interface ye-flakes, ukuphendulwa kwesigaba esiqinileyo kwenzeka ngokubunjwa kwezigaba ezintsha.
Kwincopho yenkqubo ye-MA (emva kwe-50 h), i-metallography ye-flake yayingabonakali (Umfanekiso 3e, f), kunye ne-mirrorography yesibuko yabonwa kwindawo epholisiweyo yomgubo.Oku kuthetha ukuba inkqubo ye-MA yagqitywa kwaye isigaba sokusabela esisodwa sadalwa.Ukubunjwa kwe-elemental yemimandla eboniswe kwiMifanekiso.I-3e (I, II, III), f, v, vi) yamiselwa ngokusebenzisa i-field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) ngokudibanisa ne-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS).(IV).
Kwitafile.I-2 ye-elemental concentrations ye-alloying elements iboniswa njengepesenti yobunzima bubonke bommandla ngamnye okhethiweyo kwifig.3e, f.Ukuthelekisa ezi ziphumo kunye neengqungquthela zokuqala ze-Cu50Zr20Ni30 kunye ne-Cu50Zr40Ni10 ezinikwe kwiThebhile 1 ibonisa ukuba ukubunjwa kwezi mveliso zimbini zokugqibela zisondele kakhulu kwiingoma eziqingqiweyo.Ukongeza, amaxabiso ahambelanayo wamacandelo emimandla edweliswe kuMfanekiso 3e,f ayicebisi ukuwohloka okubalulekileyo okanye ukwahluka ekubunjweni kwesampulu nganye ukusuka komnye ummandla ukuya komnye.Oku kungqinwa yinto yokuba akukho tshintsho ekuqulunqweni ukusuka komnye ummandla ukuya komnye.Oku kubonisa ukuveliswa komgubo wealloyi ofanayo njengoko kubonisiwe kwiThebhile 2.
I-FE-SEM micrographs ye-Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) i-powder yokugqibela yemveliso yafunyanwa emva kwamaxesha e-50 MA, njengoko kuboniswe kwi-Fig. 4a-d, apho i-x i-10, i-20, i-30 kunye ne-40.%, ngokulandelanayo.Emva kwesi sinyathelo sokugaya, i-powder aggregates ngenxa yesiphumo se-van der Waals, esikhokelela ekubunjweni kweengqungquthela ezinkulu ezibandakanya amasuntswana e-ultrafine kunye nobubanzi be-73 ukuya kwi-126 nm, njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 4.
Iimpawu ze-morphological ze-Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) powders ezifunyenwe emva kweeyure ezingama-50 ze-MA.Kwiinkqubo zeCu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30, Cu50Zr10Ni40, imifanekiso ye-FE-SEM yeepowder ezifunyenwe emva kwe-50 MA iboniswe kwi (a), (b), (c), kunye (d), ngokulandelanayo.
Phambi kokulayisha iipowders kwi-feeder yokutshiza ebandayo, zaqala zafakwa i-sonicated kwibakala lohlalutyo lwe-ethanol imizuzu eyi-15 kwaye zomiswa kwi-150 ° C. iiyure ezi-2.Eli nyathelo kufuneka lithathwe ukulwa ngempumelelo ne-agglomeration, edla ngokubangela iingxaki ezininzi ezinzulu kwinkqubo yokwaleka.Emva kokugqitywa kwenkqubo ye-MA, uphando olongezelelweyo lwenziwa ukuphanda i-homogeneity ye-alloy powders.Kwikhiwane.I-5a–d ibonisa ii-micrographs ze-FE-SEM kunye nemifanekiso ye-EDS ehambelanayo ye-Cu, i-Zr kunye ne-Ni i-alloying elements ye-Cu50Zr30Ni20 i-alloy ethathwe emva kwe-50 h ixesha M, ngokulandelanayo.Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba i-alloy powders efunyenwe emva kwesi sinyathelo i-homogeneous, njengoko ingabonakali nakuphi na ukuguquguquka kokwakheka ngaphaya kwenqanaba le-nanometer, njengoko kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 5.
I-Morphology kunye nokusabalalisa kwendawo yezinto kwi-MG Cu50Zr30Ni20 powder efunyenwe emva kwe-50 MA nge-FE-SEM / Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS).(a) I-SEM kunye ne-X-ray ye-EDS yomfanekiso we (b) Cu-Kα, (c) Zr-Lα, kunye (d) no-Ni-Kα.
Iipateni ze-X-ray ze-diffraction ye-mechanical alloyed Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30, kunye ne-Cu50Zr20Ni30 powders efunyenwe emva kwe-50-yure ye-MA iboniswe kwiiFig.6a–d, ngokulandelelanayo.Emva kwesi sigaba sokugaya, zonke iisampuli ezinezigxina ezahlukeneyo ze-Zr zinezakhiwo ze-amorphous ezineempawu ze-halo diffusion pattern eziboniswe kwi-Fig.
Iipateni ze-X-ray diffraction ye-Cu50Zr40Ni10 (a), Cu50Zr30Ni20 (b), Cu50Zr20Ni30 (c), kunye ne-Cu50Zr20Ni30 (d) iipowders emva kwe-MA kwi-50 h.Ipatheni ye-halo-diffusion yabonwa kuzo zonke iisampuli ngaphandle kokukhetha, ebonisa ukubunjwa kwesigaba se-amorphous.
Isisombululo esiphezulu se-electron microscopy (FE-HRTEM) sisetyenziselwe ukujonga utshintsho lwesakhiwo kunye nokuqonda isakhiwo sendawo somgubo ophuma kwibhola lokusila ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo e-MA.Imifanekiso ye powders efunyenwe yindlela ye-FE-HRTEM emva kokuqala (6 h) kunye nezigaba eziphakathi (18 h) zokugaya i-Cu50Zr30Ni20 kunye ne-Cu50Zr40Ni10 powders ziboniswe kwiMifanekiso.7a, ngokulandelelana.Ngokomfanekiso oqaqambileyo wentsimi (i-BFI) yomgubo ofunyenwe emva kwe-6 h ye-MA, i-powder iqulethwe ngeenkozo ezinkulu ezinemida ecacileyo ye-fcc-Cu, i-hcp-Zr, kunye ne-fcc-Ni, kwaye akukho zibonakaliso zokubunjwa kwesigaba sokuphendula, njengoko kuboniswe kumfanekiso we-7a.Ukongezelela, ipateni edibeneyo ekhethiweyo yendawo ye-diffraction (i-SADP) ethathwe kummandla ophakathi (a) ibonakalise iphethini ebukhali ye-diffraction (Umfanekiso we-7b) ebonisa ubukho be-crystallites enkulu kunye nokungabikho kwesigaba esisebenzayo.
Iimpawu zesakhiwo sendawo ye-MA powder efunyenwe emva kokuqala (6 h) kunye nezigaba eziphakathi (18 h).(a) Isisombululo esiphezulu sokuhanjiswa kwe-electron microscopy (FE-HRTEM) kunye (b) ne-diffractogram yendawo ekhethiweyo ehambelanayo (i-SADP) ye-Cu50Zr30Ni20 powder emva konyango lwe-MA kwiiyure ze-6.Umfanekiso we-FE-HRTEM we-Cu50Zr40Ni10 ofunyenwe emva kweeyure ze-18 ze-MA uboniswe kwi-(c).
Njengoko kubonisiwe kwifig.I-7c, ukunyuka kwexesha le-MA ukuya kwi-18 h kukhokelela kwiziphene ezinzulu ze-lattice ngokudibanisa nokuguqulwa kweplastiki.Kule nqanaba eliphakathi kwenkqubo ye-MA, iziphene ezahlukahlukeneyo zivela kwi-powder, kubandakanywa iziphene zokupakisha, iziphene ze-lattice, kunye neziphene zamanqaku (umzobo 7).Ezi ziphene zibangela ukuqhekeka kweenkozo ezinkulu ecaleni kwemida yeenkozo zibe ziincinci ezincinci kune-20 nm ngobukhulu (Fig. 7c).
Isakhiwo sendawo ye-Cu50Z30Ni20 powder egayiweyo kwi-36 h MA ibonakaliswe ngokuqulunqwa kwe-ultrafine nanograins efakwe kwi-amorphous matrix encinci, njengoko kuboniswe kwi-Fig.Uhlalutyo lwendawo lwe-EMF lubonise ukuba i-nanoclusters eboniswe kwiiFig.I-8a idibene ne-Cu, i-Zr kunye ne-Ni powder alloys engaphendulwanga.Umxholo we-Cu kwi-matrix yahluka ukusuka kwi- ~ 32 kwi-% (indawo ehluphekileyo) ukuya kwi- ~ 74 kwi-% (indawo ecebileyo), ebonisa ukubunjwa kweemveliso ezingafaniyo.Ukongezelela, i-SADPs ehambelanayo ye powders efunyenwe emva kokugaya kule nyathelo ibonisa i-halo-diffusion phase amorphous rings edibanisayo kunye namanqaku abukhali ahambelana nezi zinto zingaphathwanga, njengoko kuboniswe kwi-Fig. 8b.
Iimpawu zezakhiwo ze-Nanoscale zendawo ezingaphaya kwe-36 h-Cu50Zr30Ni20 powder.(a) Umfanekiso oqaqambileyo wentsimi (BFI) kunye (b) i-SADP ye-Cu50Zr30Ni20 powder efunyenwe emva kokugaya i-36 h MA.
Ngasekupheleni kwenkqubo ye-MA (50 h), i-Cu50 (Zr50-xNix), i-X, i-10, i-20, i-30, kunye ne-40 kwi-% powders, ngaphandle kokukhetha, ine-labyrinthine morphology yesigaba se-amorphous, njengoko kuboniswe kumfanekiso.Akukho nanye inqaku le-diffraction okanye iipateni ezibukhali ze-annular ezifunyaniswe kwi-SADS ehambelanayo yokwakheka ngalunye.Oku kubonisa ukungabikho kwentsimbi ye-crystalline engaphendulwanga, kodwa kunoko ukubunjwa kwe-amorphous alloy powder.Ezi-SADPs zihambelanayo ezibonisa iipatheni ze-halo diffusion nazo zisetyenziswe njengobungqina bokuphuhliswa kwezigaba ze-amorphous kwimveliso yokugqibela.
Isakhiwo sendawo yemveliso yokugqibela yenkqubo ye-Cu50 MS (Zr50-xNix).I-FE-HRTEM kunye neepatheni ezihambelanayo ze-nanobeam diffraction (NBDP) ye (a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30, kunye (d) Cu50Zr10Ni40 efunyenwe emva kwe-50 h ye-MA.
Ukusebenzisa i-calorimetry ye-scanning ehlukeneyo, ukuzinza kwe-thermal ye-glass transition yeqondo lokushisa (Tg), ummandla we-supercooled liquid (ΔTx) kunye nobushushu be-crystallization (Tx) yafundwa ngokuxhomekeke kumxholo we-Ni (x) kwi-Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) inkqubo ye-amorphous.(DSC) iipropati kwi-He gas flow.Iingqungquthela ze-DSC ze-powders ze-Cu50Zr40Ni10, i-Cu50Zr30Ni20, kunye ne-Cu50Zr10Ni40 i-amorphous alloys efunyenwe emva kwe-MA ye-50 h iboniswe kwiiFig.10a, b, e, ngokulandelelanayo.Ngelixa i-DSC curve ye-amorphous Cu50Zr20Ni30 iboniswa ngokwahlukileyo kwi-Fig. 10th inkulungwane Okwangoku, isampuli ye-Cu50Zr30Ni20 ishushu kwi ~ 700 ° C kwi-DSC iboniswe kwi-Fig. 10g.
Ukuzinza kwe-thermal ye-Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) i-MG powders efunyenwe emva kwe-MA kwiiyure ze-50 inqunywe yiqondo lokushisa lokutshintsha kweglasi (Tg), ukushisa kwe-crystallization (Tx) kunye nommandla we-supercooled liquid (ΔTx).I-Thermograms of differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) powders of Cu50Zr40Ni10 (a), Cu50Zr30Ni20 (b), Cu50Zr20Ni30 (c), kunye (e) Cu50Zr10Ni40 MG alloy powders emva kwe-MA iiyure ezingama-50.Ipatheni ye-X-ray diffraction (XRD) ye-Cu50Zr30Ni20 isampuli efudunyezwe ukuya kwi-~700 ° C kwi-DSC iboniswe kwi-(d).
Njengoko kubonisiwe kwi-Figure 10, i-DSC curves yazo zonke iingoma ezine-nickel concentrations ezahlukeneyo (x) zibonisa iimeko ezimbini ezahlukeneyo, enye i-endothermic kunye ne-exothermic.Isiganeko sokuqala se-endothermic sihambelana ne-Tg, kwaye okwesibini sinxulumene ne-Tx.Indawo yespan ethe tye ekhoyo phakathi kwe-Tg ne-Tx ibizwa ngokuba yindawo yolwelo epholileyo (ΔTx = Tx – Tg).Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba i-Tg kunye ne-Tx ye-Cu50Zr40Ni10 isampuli (umzobo 10a) ibekwe kwi-526 ° C kunye ne-612 ° C itshintshe umxholo (x) ukuya kwi-20 kwi-% ukuya kwicala eliphantsi lokushisa kwe-482 ° C kunye ne-563 ° C.°C ngokunyusa umxholo we-Ni (x), ngokulandelelanayo, njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 10b.Ngenxa yoko, i-ΔTx Cu50Zr40Ni10 iyancipha ukusuka kwi-86 ° С (Umfanekiso 10a) ukuya kwi-81 ° С yeCu50Zr30Ni20 (Umfanekiso 10b).Kwi-alloy ye-MC Cu50Zr40Ni10, ukuhla kwamaxabiso e-Tg, Tx, kunye ne-ΔTx kumanqanaba e-447 ° С, 526 ° С, kunye ne-79 ° С nayo yabonwa (umzobo 10b).Oku kubonisa ukuba ukwanda komxholo we-Ni kukhokelela ekunciphiseni ukuzinza kwe-thermal ye-MS alloy.Ngokuchasene noko, ixabiso le-Tg (507 ° C) ye-MC Cu50Zr20Ni30 i-alloy iphantsi kune-alloy ye-MC Cu50Zr40Ni10;nangona kunjalo, i-Tx yayo ibonisa ixabiso elinokuthelekiswa nayo (612 °C).Ngoko ke, i-ΔTx inexabiso eliphezulu (87 ° C) njengoko kubonisiwe kwifig.Inkulungwane ye-10
Inkqubo ye-Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) ye-MC, usebenzisa i-alloy ye-Cu50Zr20Ni30 MC njengomzekelo, i-crystallizes ngokusebenzisa i-peak exothermic ebukhali kwi-fcc-ZrCu5, i-orthorhombic-Zr7Cu10, kunye ne-orthorhombic-ZrNi i-crystalline phases (Fig. 10c).Olu tshintsho lwesigaba ukusuka kwi-amorphous ukuya kwi-crystalline luqinisekiswe nguhlalutyo lwe-X-ray ye-diffraction yesampuli ye-MG (umzobo we-10d) oshushu kwi-700 ° C kwi-DSC.
Kwikhiwane.I-11 ibonisa iifoto ezithathiweyo ngexesha lenkqubo yokutshiza ebandayo eyenziwa kumsebenzi wangoku.Kule sifundo, iinqununu ze-metal glassy powder ezenziwe emva kwe-MA kwiiyure ze-50 (usebenzisa i-Cu50Zr20Ni30 njengomzekelo) zisetyenziswe njengento eluhlaza ye-antibacterial, kunye ne-stainless steel plate (SUS304) yayifakwe i-spray spray.Indlela yokutshiza ebandayo yakhethwa yokwambathisa kuthotho lwetekhnoloji yesitshizi se-thermal kuba yeyona ndlela isebenzayo kuthotho lwetekhnoloji yokutshiza ye-thermal apho ingasetyenziselwa izinto ezibuthathaka zetsimbi ze-metastable ezifana ne-amorphous kunye ne-nanocrystalline powders.Ayixhomekekanga kwisigaba.iinguqu.Le yeyona nto iphambili ekukhetheni le ndlela.Inkqubo yokubeka ebandayo iqhutyelwa ngokusebenzisa i-high-velocity particles eziguqula amandla e-kinetic amaqhekeza kwi-deformation yeplastiki, i-deformation kunye nobushushu phezu kwempembelelo kunye ne-substrate okanye iinqununu ezifakwe ngaphambili.
Iifoto zasebaleni zibonisa inkqubo yesitshizi esibandayo esisetyenziswe kumalungiselelo amahlanu alandelelanayo eMG/SUS 304 ku-550°C.
Amandla e-kinetic amasuntswana, kunye nomfutho weqhekeza ngalinye ngexesha lokubunjwa kwengubo, kufuneka iguqulwe ibe kwezinye iindlela zamandla ngokusebenzisa iindlela ezifana ne-deformation yeplastiki (iinqununu eziphambili kunye nokusebenzisana kwe-interparticle kwi-matrix kunye nokusebenzisana kweengqungquthela), amaqhina aphakathi kwezinto eziqinileyo, ukujikeleza phakathi kweengqungquthela, ukuguqulwa kunye nokunciphisa amandla kwi-incomedne kunye nokunciphisa amandla e-incomed, yonke i-incomed kunye nokunciphisa amandla e-incomed. deformation amandla, isiphumo iya kuba ukungqubana elastic, nto leyo ethetha ukuba amasuntswana nje gxuma emva kwempembelelo.Kuye kwaphawulwa ukuba i-90% yempembelelo yamandla esetyenziswe kwi-particle / substrate material iguqulwa ibe yindawo yokushisa ye-40.Ukongezelela, xa uxinzelelo lwempembelelo lusetyenziswa, amanqanaba aphezulu eplastiki afunyenwe kwi-particle / substrate contact region ngexesha elifutshane kakhulu41,42.
I-deformation yeplastiki ngokuqhelekileyo ithathwa njengenkqubo yokutshatyalaliswa kwamandla, okanye kunoko, njengomthombo wokushisa kwingingqi ye-interfacial.Nangona kunjalo, ukunyuka kweqondo lokushisa kummandla odibeneyo ngokuqhelekileyo akwanelanga ukwenzeka kokunyibilika kwe-interface okanye ukuvuselela okubalulekileyo kokusasazeka kwe-athomu.Akukho mpapasho owaziwayo ngababhali oye waphanda isiphumo seempawu zezi ntsimbi ze-vitreous powders kwi-adhesion yomgubo kunye nokuhlalisa okwenzekayo xa usebenzisa iindlela zokutshiza ezibandayo.
I-BFI ye-MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 i-alloy powder ingabonwa kwi-Fig. 12a, eyayifakwe kwi-substrate ye-SUS 304 (umzobo 11, 12b).Njengoko kunokubonwa kumzobo, ii powders ezigqunyiweyo zigcina isakhiwo sazo sokuqala se-amorphous njengoko zinesakhiwo esithambileyo se-labyrinth ngaphandle kweempawu zekristale okanye iziphene ze-lattice.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umfanekiso ubonisa ubukho besigaba sangaphandle, njengoko kubonakaliswe yi-nanoparticles efakwe kwi-MG-coated powder matrix (Umfanekiso 12a).Umzobo we-12c ubonisa i-indexed nanobeam diffraction pattern (NBDP) ehambelana nommandla I (Figure 12a).Njengoko kubonisiwe kwifig.I-12c, i-NBDP ibonisa ipateni ebuthathaka ye-halo-diffusion yesakhiwo se-amorphous kwaye ihlala kunye neendawo ezibukhali ezihambelana ne-crystalline enkulu ye-cubic metastable isigaba se-Zr2Ni kunye nesigaba se-tetragonal CuO.Ukuqulunqwa kwe-CuO kunokuchazwa nge-oxidation ye powder xa usuka kwi-nozzle ye-spray gun ukuya kwi-SUS 304 emoyeni ovulekileyo kwi-supersonic flow.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-devitrification ye-metal glassy powders ibangele ukubunjwa kwezigaba ezinkulu ze-cubic emva kokunyangwa kwe-spray ebandayo kwi-550 ° C kwi-30 min.
(a) Umfanekiso we-FE-HRTEM womgubo weMG ofakwe kwi (b) i-SUS 304 substrate (Figure inset).Isalathiso se-NBDP sesimboli engqukuva eboniswe ku-(a) iboniswe ku-(c).
Ukuvavanya le ndlela enokwenzeka yokwenziwa kwe-cubic Zr2Ni nanoparticles enkulu, uvavanyo oluzimeleyo lwenziwa.Kulo vavanyo, iipowders zatshizwa kwi-atomizer kwi-550 ° C kwicala le-SUS 304 substrate;nangona kunjalo, ukumisela isiphumo se-annealing, i-powders yasuswa kwi-strip ye-SUS304 ngokukhawuleza (malunga ne-60 s).).Olunye uchungechunge lwezilingo lwenziwa apho umgubo ususwe kwi-substrate malunga nemizuzwana ye-180 emva kokusetyenziswa.
Amanani 13a, b abonisa iScanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) ibala elimnyama (DFI) imifanekiso yezinto ezimbini ezifafaziweyo ezifakwe kwi-SUS 304 substrates ze-60 kunye ne-180, ngokulandelanayo.Umfanekiso wepowder ofakwe kwimizuzwana ye-60 awunazo iinkcukacha ze-morphological, ezibonisa ukungabi nasici (Umfanekiso 13a).Oku kwaqinisekiswa kwakhona yi-XRD, ebonisa ukuba ulwakhiwo olupheleleyo lwale powders lwaluyi-amorphous, njengoko kuboniswe yi-diffraction ebanzi yeprayimari kunye neyesibini ephakamileyo eboniswe kwi-Figure 14a.Oku kubonisa ukungabikho kwe-metastable / mesophase precipitates, apho i powder igcina isakhiwo sayo sokuqala se-amorphous.Ngokwahlukileyo, i-powder efakwe kwiqondo lokushisa elifanayo (550 ° C) kodwa ishiywe kwi-substrate ye-180 ibonise ukubekwa kweenkozo ze-nanosized, njengoko kuboniswe ngeentolo kwi-Fig. 13b.