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I-Biofilms iyingxenye ebalulekileyo ekuphuhlisweni kwezifo ezingapheliyo, ngakumbi xa izixhobo zonyango zibandakanyeka.Le ngxaki ibeka umngeni omkhulu kuluntu lwezonyango, njengoko i-antibiotics esemgangathweni inokuphelisa kuphela i-biofilms ukuya kwinqanaba elincinci.Ukuthintela ukubunjwa kwe-biofilm kuye kwakhokelela ekuphuhlisweni kweendlela ezahlukeneyo zokugquma kunye nezinto ezintsha.Ezi ndlela zijolise ekufakeni imiphezulu ngendlela evimbelayo equkethe i-melloystal yeglasi kunye ne-coofiltanium yeglasi kunye ne-copytanium ye-coromytanium. Kwangaxeshanye, ukusetyenziswa kweteknoloji yokutshiza ebandayo kuye kwanda njengoko kuyindlela efanelekileyo yokulungisa izinto eziphathekayo ezinobushushu.Inxalenye yenjongo yolu phononongo yayikukuphuhlisa inoveli ifilimu ye-antibacterial yeglasi yesinyithi eyenziwe nge-ternary Cu-Zr-Ni isebenzisa ubuchule bokucoca ngomatshini. iindawo zentsimbi kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi.Ii-Substrates ezigqunywe ngeglasi yentsimbi ziye zakwazi ukunciphisa kakhulu ukubunjwa kwe-biofilm ubuncinane nge-1 log xa kuthelekiswa nentsimbi engenasici.
Kuyo yonke imbali yoluntu, naluphi na uluntu lukwazile ukuyila kunye nokukhuthaza ukuqaliswa kwemathiriyeli yenoveli ehlangabezana neemfuno zayo ezithile, nto leyo ekhokelele kuphuculo lokusebenza kunye nokubekwa kuqoqosho lwehlabathi jikelele1. Ihlala ibalelwa kubuchule bomntu bokuphuhlisa imathiriyeli kunye nezixhobo zokuyila kunye noyilo lokwenziwa kwemathiriyeli kunye nophawu ukuze kuzuzwe inzuzo kwezempilo, imfundo, ishishini, uqoqosho, inkcubeko kunye nezinye iinkalo ezilinganisiweyo ukusuka kwelinye ilizwe okanye ummandla wePro. 2 Kangangeminyaka engama-60, izazinzulu zezixhobo ziye zanikela ixesha lazo elininzi ekugxininiseni kwinkxalabo enye enkulu: ukusukelwa kwenoveli kunye nemathiriyeli ephambili.
Ukongezwa kwezinto ezixutywayo, ukuguqulwa kwe-microstructure yezinto eziphathekayo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-thermal, mechanical okanye i-thermo-mechanical processing techniques kuye kwaphumela ekuphuculeni okubonakalayo kumatshini, iikhemikhali kunye neempawu ezibonakalayo zezinto ezahlukeneyo.Ngaphezu koko, i-compounds engabonakaliyo iye yaqulunqwa ngempumelelo kule ngongoma.Le migudu eqhubekayo eqhubekayo iqokelele izinto ezintsha zentsapho eyaziwayo njengentsapho entsha, eyaziwa ngokuba yintsapho entsha, eyaziwa ngokuba yintsapho entsha, i-innovative ivelise izinto ezintsha. Izinto eziphathekayo2.I-Nanocrystals, i-nanoparticles, i-nanotubes, amachaphaza e-quantum, i-zero-dimensional, i-amorphous metallic glasses, kunye ne-high-entropy alloys yimizekelo nje yezinto eziphambili ezifakwe kwihlabathi ukususela phakathi kwekhulu lokugqibela. ukuphumeza iindlela ezintsha zokuyila ukutenxa ngokubonakalayo kwi-equilibrium, udidi olutsha lonke lwengxubevange yemetastable, eyaziwa ngokuba ziiglasi zentsimbi, lufunyenwe.
Umsebenzi wakhe eCaltech ngo-1960 weza nenguqu kwingqikelelo yealloyi zesinyithi xa wayedibanisa iglasi yeAu-25 e. izifundo zokuqala zobuvulindlela kwi-synthesis ye-MG alloys, phantse zonke iiglasi zetsimbi ziye zaveliswa ngokupheleleyo ngokusebenzisa enye yezi ndlela zilandelayo; (i) ukuqina okukhawulezileyo kokunyibilika okanye umphunga, (ii) ukuphazamiseka kweatom kwiletisi, (iii) ukuguquguquka komgangatho oqinileyo phakathi kweelementi zentsimbi esulungekileyo, kunye (iv) notshintsho lwemo eqinileyo yezigaba zemetastable.
Ii-MG zihlukaniswa ngokungabikho komyalelo we-athom omde ohambelana neekristale, eziluphawu olucacileyo lwe-crystals.Kwihlabathi lanamhlanje, kuye kwenziwa inkqubela phambili enkulu kwintsimi yeglasi yentsimbi.Zizinto ezinoveli kunye neempawu ezinomdla ezinomdla kungekhona kwi-fiziksi yelizwe eliqinileyo, kodwa nakwi-metallurgy, i-surface chemistry, iteknoloji, umboniso wezinto ezininzi ze-biology yodidi olutsha kunye nezinye izinto ezicacileyo. ingumviwa onomdla kwizicelo zeteknoloji kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo.Baneempawu ezibalulekileyo; (i) i-ductility ephezulu yomatshini kunye namandla esivuno, (ii) ukufikeleleka okuphezulu kwemagneti, (iii) ukunyanzeliswa okuphantsi, (iv) ukuxhathisa okungaqhelekanga kwe-corrosion, (v) ukuzimela kweqondo lokushisa I-conductivity ye-6,7.
I-Mechanical alloying (MA)1,8 bubuchule obutsha, okokuqala baziswa ngo-19839 nguProf. CC Kock kunye noogxa babo.Balungisa i-amorphous Ni60Nb40 powders ngokusila umxube wezinto ezicocekileyo kumaqondo obushushu akufutshane kakhulu kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi. Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-reaction ye-MA iqhutyelwa phakathi kokudibanisa i-diffusive ye-reactant material powders kwi-reactor, ngokuqhelekileyo yenziwe ngensimbi engenasici kwi-ball mill 10 (umzobo 1a, b) .Ukususela ngoko, le ndlela yokuphendula ngomatshini isetyenziselwa ukulungisa inoveli ye-amorphous / metallic glass alloy powders. i-mills11,12,13,14,15, 16. Ngokukodwa, le ndlela isetyenziselwe ukulungiselela iinkqubo ezingenakulinganiswa ezifana neCu-Ta17, kunye neendawo eziphezulu zokunyibilika kwe-alloys ezifana ne-Al-transition metal systems (TM; Zr, Hf, Nb kunye ne-Ta) 18,19 kunye ne-Fe-W20, enokuthi ithathelwe ingqalelo enye indlela ye-MAF, eyona ndlela inamandla yokufumana i-MAF. Izixhobo ze-nanotechnology zokulungiselela i-industrial-scale nanocrystalline kunye ne-nanocomposite powder particles of metal oxides, carbides, nitrides, hydrides, carbon nanotubes, nanodiamonds, Kunye nokuzinza okubanzi ngokusebenzisa indlela ephezulu-phantsi ye-1 kunye nezigaba ze-metastable.
I-Schematic ebonisa indlela yokwenza i-Cu50 (Zr50−xNix) yeglasi yesinyithi (MG) coating/SUS 304 kolu phononongo. (a) Ukulungiswa komgubo we-MG wealloy kunye noxinzelelo lwe-Ni olwahlukileyo x (x; 10, 20, 30 kunye ne-40 kwi-.%) usebenzisa ibhola ene-eneji ephantsi kwisixhobo sokugaya isixhobo kunye nesixhobo sokugaya i-cynder. iibhola, kwaye (b) ivalwe kwibhokisi yeglavu ezaliswe nguHeatmosphere.(c) Imodeli ecacileyo yesitya sokusila ebonisa ukushukuma kwebhola ngexesha lokusila.Imveliso yokugqibela yomgubo efunyenwe emva kweeyure ezingama-50 yayisetyenziselwa ukugquma i-SUS 304 substrate isebenzisa indlela yokutshiza ebandayo (d).
Xa kuziwa kwimiphezulu yezinto ezininzi (i-substrates), ubunjineli bomphezulu bubandakanya ukuyila kunye nokuguqulwa kwemiphezulu (i-substrates) ukubonelela ngeempawu ezithile zomzimba, iikhemikhali kunye nezobugcisa ezingaqukwanga kwimpahla yobuninzi bokuqala. Njengenkqubo eyaziwayo, ukwambathisa kuchazwa ngokulula njengomaleko omnye okanye obuninzi bezinto ezidiphozithwe kumphezulu wento eninzi (substrate) eyenziwe yenye into.Ngoko ke, iileyiti zisetyenziswa ngokuyinxenye ukuphumeza ezona mpawu zinqwenelekayo zobugcisa okanye zokuhombisa, kwakunye nokukhusela imathiriyeli kwizinto ezilindelekileyo kubume bekhemikhali kunye nolwakhiwo olungqongileyo23.
Ukuze ufake iileyile ezifanelekileyo zokukhusela umphezulu kunye nobukhulu obuvela kwi-micrometers ezimbalwa (ngaphantsi kwe-10-20 micrometers) ukuya kwii-micrometers ezingaphezu kwe-30 okanye iimilimitha ezimbalwa, iindlela ezininzi kunye nobuchule bunokusetyenziswa. Ngokubanzi, iinkqubo zokugquma zinokwahlulwa zibe ziindidi ezimbini: (i) iindlela zokugquma ezimanzi, kubandakanywa i-electroplating, i-electroless plating, kunye neendlela zokucoca, kunye ne-galvanizing coating, kunye ne-hot-brading, kunye neendlela zokucoca, kunye ne-galvan-dip. umphezulu, ukubekwa komphunga obonakalayo (PVD), ukubekwa komphunga kwikhemikhali (CVD), ubuchule bokutshiza nge-thermal kunye neendlela zokutshiza ezibandayo zakutshanje 24 (Fig. 1d).
Iifilimu ze-Biofilm zichazwa njengeendawo ezincinci ze-microbial ezinamathele ngokungenakuguquleka kwiindawo ezingaphezulu kwaye zijikelezwe yi-polymers ye-extracellular (EPS) eyenziwe ngokwayo.Ukwakheka kwe-biofilm ekhulile ngokugqithiseleyo kunokukhokelela kwilahleko enkulu kumacandelo amaninzi amashishini, kubandakanywa neshishini lokutya, iinkqubo zamanzi, kunye neendawo zokunakekelwa kwempilo.Kubantu, xa i-biofilms ifom, ngaphezu kwe-80% ye-microbicluding infections kunye ne-Enteteroinfectious infections I-Staphylococci) kunzima ukunyanga.Ngaphezu koko, ii-biofilms ezivuthiweyo ziye zabikwa ukuba ziyi-1000-ixesha elichasene kakhulu nonyango lwe-antibiotic xa kuthelekiswa neeseli zebhaktheriya zeplanktonic, ezithathwa njengomngeni omkhulu wonyango.Izixhobo zokugubungela umphezulu we-Antimicrobial ezivela kwiikhompawundi eziqhelekileyo ze-organic ziye zasetyenziswa ngokwembali.Nangona izinto ezinjalo ezinokuthi zihlale ziqulethe izinto ezinobutyhefu, i-2 inokuthi ikwazi ukuphepha izinto ezinobungozi, i-2 inokuthi i-2 ikwazi ukuphepha izinto ezinobutyhefu. ukuhanjiswa kwebhaktheriya kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kwezinto.
Ukuxhathisa okuxhaphakileyo kwebhaktheriya kunyango lwe-antibiotics ngenxa yokwakheka kwe-biofilm kuye kwakhokelela kwisidingo sokuphuhlisa i-antimicrobial membrane-coated surface enokuthi ifakwe ngokukhuselekileyo27.Uphuhliso lwendawo echasene nekhemikhali echasene nokunamathela apho iiseli zebhaktheriya zithintelwe ukubopha kunye nokwakha i-biofilms ngenxa yokubambelela yindlela yokuqala kule nkqubo yokwenza iteknoloji ye-antimicrobial ehambisa i-antimicrobial yesibini. ngokuchanekileyo apho zifuneka khona, kwiimali ezigxininiswe kakhulu kunye nezilungelelanisiweyo.Oku kufezekiswa ngokuphuhlisa izinto zokugquma ezizodwa ezifana negraphene / germanium28, idayimani emnyama29 kunye ne-ZnO-doped diamond-like carbon coatings30 ezixhathisa kwiibhaktheriya, iteknoloji eyandisa i-Toxicity kunye nophuhliso lokuxhathisa ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwe-biofilm kwi-biofilm formational incorpoating incorpoating i-coatingly incorpoating, i-coatings iyancipha kakhulu. iindawo zokubonelela ngokhuseleko lwexesha elide ekungcoleni kwebhaktheriya ziba zithandwa kakhulu.Nangona zonke iinkqubo ezintathu zikwazi ukuvelisa imiphumo ye-antimicrobial kwiindawo ezigqunyiweyo, nganye inesethi yayo yokulinganiselwa ekufuneka iqwalaselwe xa kuphuhliswa izicwangciso zokusetyenziswa.
Iimveliso ezikhoyo ngoku kwimarike zithintelwa lixesha elaneleyo lokuhlalutya kunye nokuvavanya iingubo zokukhusela kwizinto eziphilayo ezisebenzayo. nangona kunjalo, oku kuye kwaba ngumqobo kwimpumelelo yeemveliso ezikhoyo ngoku kwimarike.Ii-compounds ezivela kwisilivere zisetyenziselwa uninzi lwezonyango ezilwa ne-antimicrobial ngoku ezifumanekayo kubathengi.Ezi mveliso ziphuhliswa ukukhusela abasebenzisi kwimiphumo enokuba yingozi ye-microorganisms.Isiphumo sokulibaziseka kwe-antimicrobial kunye ne-toxicity ehambelanayo yeekhompawundi zesilivere kwandisa uxinzelelo kubaphandi be-antimicrobial ukuba baphuhlise i-37 enobungozi obuncinci bokwenza imisebenzi ye-antimicrobial6. ngaphakathi nangaphandle kusabonakala kungumsebenzi onzima.Oku kungenxa yeengozi ezinxulumene nazo zombini impilo kunye nokhuseleko.Ukufumanisa i-agent ye-antimicrobial engenabungozi kangako ebantwini kunye nokufumanisa indlela yokuyifaka kwii-substrates zokugquma kunye nobomi obude beshelufu yinjongo efunwa kakhulu38.I-antimicrobial yakamuva kunye ne-antimicrobial kunye nezixhobo zoqhagamshelwano eziyilwe ngokuthe ngqo kwi-afterfilm esebenzayo okanye i-anti-bacterial ikhutshwa.Banokukwenza oku ngokuthintela ukunamathela kwebhaktheriya yokuqala (kubandakanywa nokuchasana nokubunjwa kweprotheni phezu komhlaba) okanye ngokubulala ibhaktheriya ngokuphazamisa udonga lweseli.
Ngokusisiseko, ukugquma komhlaba yinkqubo yokubeka enye ingqimba phezu kwendawo yokuphucula iimpawu ezinxulumene nomhlaba.Injongo yokugubungela umphezulu kukulungelelanisa i-microstructure kunye / okanye ukubunjwa kwendawo esondeleyo yecandelo39.Ubuchule bokugquma ubuso bunokwahlulwa kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo, ezishwankathelweyo kwi-Fig.2a.I-2a. indlela esetyenziswa ukwenza ukutyabeka.
(a) Iseti ebonisa iindlela ezingundoqo zokwenza umphezulu osetyenziswayo kumphezulu, kunye (b) nezinto ezilungileyo ezikhethiweyo kunye nobubi bobuchule bokutshiza okubandayo.
Itekhnoloji yokutshiza ebandayo yabelana ngezinto ezininzi ezifanayo kunye neendlela eziqhelekileyo zokutshiza ezishushu. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ezinye iimpawu eziphambili ezenza inkqubo yokutshiza ebandayo kunye nezixhobo zokutshiza ezibandayo ngokukodwa. Itekhnoloji yokutshiza ebandayo isekwindawo yokuqala, kodwa inekamva eliqaqambileyo. Inyibilike ukuze idipozithi kwi-substrate.Ngokucacileyo, le nkqubo yokwaleka yemveli ayifanelekanga kwizinto ezinobushushu obuphantsi kakhulu njenge-nanocrystals, i-nanoparticles, i-amorphous kunye ne-metallic glasses40, 41, 42.Ngaphezu koko, izinto zokugquma kwe-thermal zisoloko zibonisa amanqanaba aphezulu e-porosity kunye ne-oxides.I-Cold spray, i-teknoloji yokutshiza i-input, i-teknoloji igalelo elincinci, iteknoloji yokutshiza i-input, i-technology igalelo elincinci, iteknoloji yokutshiza ininzi. i-substrate, (ii) ukuguquguquka ekukhethweni kwe-substrate yokugqoka, (iii) ukungabikho kokuguqulwa kwesigaba kunye nokukhula okuziinkozo, (iv) amandla ebhondi ephezulu1,39 (umzobo 2b) . Ukongeza, izinto zokugquma ezibandayo zinokumelana nokugqwala okukhulu, amandla aphezulu kunye nobunzima, umbane ophezulu kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu41.Ngokuchaseneyo nenzuzo yokusetyenziswa kwe-spray, i-disavantage ibonakaliswe kwinkqubo yokutshiza, njengoko i-disvantage ibonakaliswe kwinkqubo yokutshiza, i-disvantage ibonakaliswe kwindlela yokutshiza. Umzobo we-2b.Xa ugubungela i-powders ye-ceramic ecocekileyo efana ne-Al2O3, i-TiO2, i-ZrO2, i-WC, njl., indlela yokutshiza ebandayo ayinakusetyenziswa.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-ceramic / i-metal composite powders ingasetyenziselwa njengezinto eziluhlaza zokugquma.Kuyafana nakwezinye iindlela zokutshiza ezishushu.
Ngenxa yokuba umsebenzi wangoku ujolise ekusebenziseni i-metallic glassy powders njengezinto zokugquma ekrwada, kucacile ukuba ukutshiza okuqhelekileyo kwe-thermal akunakusetyenziselwa le njongo.Oku kungenxa yokuba i-metallic glassy powders ikhazimla kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu1.
Uninzi lwezixhobo ezisetyenziswa kumashishini onyango kunye nokutya zenziwe nge-alloys ye-austenitic stainless steel stainless (SUS316 kunye ne-SUS304) kunye nomxholo we-chromium phakathi kwe-12 kunye ne-20 wt% yokuvelisa izixhobo zotyando.Kuyamkelwa ngokubanzi ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-chromium yesinyithi njenge-alloying element kwi-alloying element kwi-alloying element kwi-standard resistance alloys alloys alloys alloys. i-alloys yensimbi, nangona i-corrosion resistance resistance, ayibonisi iimpawu ezibalulekileyo ze-antimicrobial38,39.Oku kuchasene nokumelana nokunyuka kwe-corrosion.Emva koko, ukuphuhliswa kosulelo kunye nokuvuvukala kunokuqikelelwa kwangaphambili, okubangelwa kakhulu ukunamathela kwebhaktheriya kunye nekholoni kumphezulu we-iron stainless. kunokukhokelela ekuwohlokeni kwempilo, okunokuba neziphumo ezininzi ezinokuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungangqalanga impilo yabantu.
Esi sifundo sisigaba sokuqala seprojekthi exhaswa ngemali yi-Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Science (KFAS), Contract No. 2010-550401, ukuphanda ukuba nokwenzeka kokuvelisa i-metallic glassy Cu-Zr-Ni ternary powders usebenzisa iteknoloji ye-MA (Itheyibhile 1 ) yokuveliswa kwefilimu ye-antibacterial / SUS304 ukuqala kwesigaba sesibini sokukhusela kwiprojekthi ye-antibacterial. I-2023, iya kuhlola iimpawu ze-electrochemical corrosion kunye ne-mechanical properties of the system in details.Uvavanyo oluneenkcukacha lwe-microbiological luya kwenziwa kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zebhaktheriya.
Kweli phepha, isiphumo somxholo we-Zr we-alloying element kwisakhono sokwenza iglasi (GFA) kuxoxiwe ngaso ngokusekwe kwiimpawu ze-morphological and structure. Ukongeza, iipropathi zokulwa ne-antibacterial ye-coated metallic glass powder coating/SUS304 composite nazo zaxoxwa. Iinkqubo zeglasi ezenziwe ngentsimbi. Njengemizekelo emeleyo, i-Cu50Zr30Ni20 kunye ne-Cu50Zr20Ni30 i-alloys yeglasi yentsimbi isetyenziswe kolu phando.
Kweli candelo, utshintsho lwe-morphological ye-elemental Cu, i-Zr kunye ne-Ni powders kwi-low-energy ye-ball milling iboniswa.Njengemizekelo ebonisayo, iinkqubo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo ezibandakanya i-Cu50Zr20Ni30 kunye ne-Cu50Zr40Ni10 ziya kusetyenziswa njengemizekelo emeleyo.Inkqubo ye-MA inokwahlulwa ibe ngamanqanaba amathathu ahlukeneyo, njengoko kuboniswe kwisiteji se-metallographic eveliswa ngexesha le-metallographic ye-powder eveliswayo.
Iimpawu ze-Metallographic ze-alloy mechanical alloy (MA) powders ezifunyenwe emva kwezigaba ezahlukeneyo zexesha lokusila ibhola.I-Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) imifanekiso ye-MA kunye ne-Cu50Zr40Ni10 powders efunyenwe emva kwexesha eliphantsi lebhola lokusila ibhola le-3, i-12 kunye ne-50 iboniswe kwi-(a), (c) kwi-Cu0, i-MAZ efanayo, kunye ne-MAZ enye inkqubo ye-MZ20 kunye (e) Imifanekiso ehambelanayo yenkqubo ye-Cu50Zr40Ni10 ethathwe emva kwexesha iboniswe kwi-(b), (d) kunye (f).
Ngexesha lokugaya ibhola, amandla e-kinetic asebenzayo anokudluliselwa kwi-powder yensimbi ichaphazeleka ngokudityaniswa kweeparamitha, njengoko kuboniswe kwi-Fig. 1a.Oku kubandakanya ukungqubana phakathi kweebhola kunye ne-powders, ukuchetywa kwe-compressive ye-powder egxininiswe phakathi okanye phakathi kwemidiya yokugaya, impembelelo yeebhola eziwayo, ukucheba kunye nokugqoka ngenxa yepowder drag phakathi kwebhola ehambayo yokugaya i-falling through the Falling ball balls through the Fall-wave-food I-1a) .I-Elemental Cu, i-Zr, kunye ne-Ni powders zikhubazeke kakhulu ngenxa ye-welding ebandayo kwisigaba sokuqala se-MA (3 h), okubangelwa amaqhekeza amakhulu omgubo (> 1 mm ububanzi) .La maqhekeza amakhulu adibeneyo abonakaliswe ngokuqulunqwa kweengqimba ezingqindilili ze-alloying elements (Cu, Zr, Ni), njengoko kubonisiwe kwi-Fig. time. kubangele ukwanda kwamandla e-kinetic yebhola lebhola, okubangelwa ukubola komgubo odibeneyo ube ngumgubo ocolekileyo (ngaphantsi kwe-200 µm), njengoko kubonisiwe kwi-Fig. 3c, d.Kweli nqanaba, i-shear force esetyenzisiweyo ikhokelela ekubunjweni kwendawo entsha yentsimbi kunye ne-Cu, i-Zr, i-Ni hint layers, njengoko kuboniswe kwi-fig ye-3c, i-fig layer. ukusabela kwenzeka kujongano lweeflakes ukuvelisa izigaba ezitsha.
Kwincopho yenkqubo ye-MA (emva kwe-50 h), i-metallography ene-flaky yayibonakala ngokukhawuleza (Fig. 3e, f), kodwa indawo epholileyo yomgubo ibonise isibuko se-metallography. Oku kuthetha ukuba inkqubo ye-MA igqityiwe kwaye nokudalwa kwesigaba esisodwa sokusabela kwenzekile.Ukwakheka kwe-elemental yemimandla efakwe kwi-Fig. 3e (I, v, II, i-elektroni) i-microscopy (FE-SEM) idityaniswe ne-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) (IV).
KwiThebhile 2, ugxininiso lwe-elemental of alloying elements luboniswa njengepesenti yobunzima bubonke bommandla ngamnye okhethiweyo kwiFig.3e,f.Xa uthelekisa ezi ziphumo neziqalo zokuqanjwa kwe-Cu50Zr20Ni30 kunye ne-Cu50Zr40Ni10 ezidweliswe kwiTheyibhile 1, kunokubonwa ukuba ukuqamba kwezi mveliso zimbini zihambelanayo, ukwakheka kwezi mveliso zimbini ezifanayo. amaxabiso ecandelo lemimandla edweliswe kuMzobo 3e, f ayithethi ukuwohloka okubalulekileyo okanye ukuguquguquka ekubunjweni kwesampulu nganye ukusuka komnye ummandla ukuya kwenye.Oku kungqinwa yinto yokuba akukho tshintsho ekubunjweni kwalo ukusuka komnye ummandla ukuya komnye.Oku kukhomba ukuveliswa komgubo wealloy olinganayo, njengoko kubonisiwe kwiThebhile 2.
I-FE-SEM micrographs yemveliso yokugqibela ye-Cu50(Zr50−xNix) yomgubo ifunyenwe emva kwamaxesha angama-50 MA, njengoko kubonisiwe kumfanekiso 4a–d, apho x yi-10, 20, 30 kunye ne-40 kwi-.%, ngokulandelelana. amasuntswana e-ultrafine anedayamitha ukusuka kwi-73 ukuya kwi-126 nm, njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 4.
Iimpawu ze-Morphological Cu50 (Zr50−xNix) umgubo ofunyenwe emva kwexesha le-MA le-50 h.Kwi-Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30, iinkqubo zeCu50Zr10Ni40, imifanekiso ye-FE-SEM yomgubo ofunyenwe emva kwe-50 MA), (i-MA) amaxesha aboniswe emva kwe-ind) ngokulandelelanayo.
Ngaphambi kokulayisha i-powders kwi-feeder yokutshiza ebandayo, zaqala ukuhlanjululwa kwi-ethanol ye-analytical grade imizuzu ye-15 kwaye zomiswa kwi-150 ° C kwiiyure ze-2. Eli nyathelo kufuneka lithathwe ukulwa ngokuphumelelayo ne-agglomeration edla ngokubangela iingxaki ezininzi ezibalulekileyo kuyo yonke inkqubo yokugquma. I-micrographs ye-FE-SEM kunye nemifanekiso ye-EDS ehambelanayo ye-Cu, i-Zr kunye ne-Ni ye-alloying elements ye-Cu50Zr30Ni20 ingxubevange efunyenwe emva kwe-50 h yexesha le-M, ngokulandelanayo.Kumele kuqatshelwe ukuba i-alloy powders eveliswa emva kwesi sinyathelo i-homogeneous njengoko ingabonakali nakuphi na ukuguquguquka kwe-consoleal ngaphaya kwe-sub-nanometer, njengoko kubonisiwe kwi-sub-inometer.
I-Morphology kunye nokusabalalisa kwe-elemental yendawo ye-MG Cu50Zr30Ni20 powder efunyenwe emva kwamaxesha e-50 MA nge-FE-SEM / i-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) .(a) I-SEM kunye ne-X-ray ye-EDS mapping ye (b) Cu-Kα, (c) Zr-Lα kunye (d) nemifanekiso ye-Ni-Kα.
Iipateni ze-XRD ze-Cu50Zr40Ni10, i-Cu50Zr30Ni20, i-Cu50Zr20Ni30 kunye ne-Cu50Zr20Ni30 powders ezifunyenwe emva kwexesha le-MA le-50 h ziboniswa kumfanekiso we-6a-d, ngokulandelelana. iboniswe kwiSazobe sesi-6.
Iipateni ze-XRD ze (a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30 kunye (d) Cu50Zr20Ni30 powders emva kwexesha le-MA le-50 h. Zonke iisampuli ngaphandle kokukhetha zibonise iphethini ye-halo diffusion, ethetha ukubunjwa kwesigaba se-amorphous.
I-field emission ye-high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (FE-HRTEM) yayisetyenziselwa ukujonga utshintsho lwesakhiwo kunye nokuqonda isakhiwo sendawo yomgubo obangelwa ukugaya ibhola ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo e-MA.FE-HRTEM imifanekiso yeempuphu ezifunyenwe emva kokuqala (6 h) kunye nezigaba (18 h) zokugaya i-Cu50ZrNi00020 ye-powder ye-Cu50Zr30020 iboniswe kwi-Fiy. 7a, c, ngokulandelanayo.Ngokomfanekiso wentsimi oqaqambileyo (BFI) womgubo oveliswe emva kwe-MA​ 6 h, umgubo uqulunqwe ngeenkozo ezinkulu ezinemida echazwe kakuhle yezinto ze-fcc-Cu, i-hcp-Zr kunye ne-fcc-Ni, kwaye akukho mqondiso wokuba isigaba sokuphendula senziwe, njengoko kubonisiwe kwi-Figurlated 7A. ukusuka kummandla ophakathi (a) utyhile iphethini ye-cusp diffraction (Umfanekiso 7b), ebonisa ubukho beekristali ezinkulu kunye nokungabikho kwesigaba esisebenzayo.
Ukubonakaliswa kwesakhiwo sendawo ye-MA powder efunyenwe emva kwezigaba zokuqala (i-6 h) kunye neziphakathi (18 h) izigaba. (a) Ukukhutshwa kwentsimi yesisombululo esiphezulu sokuhanjiswa kwe-electron microscopy (FE-HRTEM), kunye (b) neendawo ezikhethiweyo zepatheni ye-diffraction (SADP) ye-Cu50Zr30Ni20 powder emva konyango lwe-MA lwe-6 h.The40 umfanekiso we-FE-50 we-FE-50 ye-FE-HRTEM0 ye-FE-50 ye-FE-HRTEM00 I-18 iboniswe ku-(c).
Njengoko kuboniswe kwi-Fig 7c, ukwandisa ubude be-MA ukuya kwi-18 h kubangele iziphene ezinzima ze-lattice ezidityaniswe ne-plastic deformation.Ngeli xesha eliphakathi kwenkqubo ye-MA, i-powder ibonisa iziphene ezahlukahlukeneyo, kubandakanywa iziphene ze-stacking, iziphene ze-lattice, kunye neziphene zamanqaku (Umfanekiso 7) .Ezi ziphene zibangela ukuba zibe yi-grains encinci ye-grains kunye nobukhulu be-20. nm (Umfanekiso 7c).
Isakhiwo sendawo ye-Cu50Z30Ni20 ipowder egayiweyo kwi-36 h MA ixesha linokwakheka kwe-ultrafine nanograins efakwe kwi-amorphous matrix emihle, njengoko kuboniswe kwi-Fig. iguquguquka ukusuka kwi ~ 32 kwi-% (indawo enqabileyo) ukuya kwi- ~ 74 kwi-% (indawo ecebileyo), ebonisa ukubunjwa kweemveliso ezingafaniyo
Ngaphandle kwe-36 h-Cu50Zr30Ni20 i-powder nanoscale iimpawu zesakhiwo sendawo. (a) Umfanekiso oqaqambileyo wentsimi (BFI) kunye nohambelana (b) i-SADP ye-Cu50Zr30Ni20 powder efunyenwe emva kokugaya i-36 h MA ixesha.
Kufutshane nokuphela kwenkqubo ye-MA (50 h), Cu50(Zr50−xNix), X; I-10, i-20, i-30 kunye ne-40 kwi-.% i-powders ngokungaguquguqukiyo ine-labyrinthine amorphous phase morphology njengoko kuboniswe kwi-Fig. 9a-d.Kwi-SADP ehambelanayo yokwakheka ngalunye, akukho nto i-diffractions efana nenqaku okanye iipatheni ezibukhali ze-annular ezinokuthi zibonwe.Oku kubonisa ukuba akukho nto i-crystalline powder engasetyenziswanga kodwa i-powderrelated metal ikhoyo, Ii-SADPs ezibonisa iipatheni ze-halo diffusion nazo zisetyenziswe njengobungqina bokuphuhliswa kwezigaba ze-amorphous kwizinto zokugqibela zemveliso.
Ubume bendawo yemveliso yokugqibela yenkqubo yeMG Cu50 (Zr50−xNix).FE-HRTEM kunye neepateni ezihambelanayo ze-nanobeam diffraction (NBDP) ye (a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30Z kunye (d) efunyenwe emva kwe-MAh0 ye-5 Cu5Ni30 kunye (d) ne-1 Cu50Ni30Z0 ye-1 Cu50Ni30 ye-1 Cu50Zr.
Uzinzo lwe-thermal yeqondo lobushushu lokutshintsha kweglasi (Tg), ummandla wolwelo oluphantsi (ΔTx) kunye nobushushu becrystallization (Tx) njengomsebenzi womxholo we-Ni (x) wenkqubo ye-amorphous Cu50(Zr50−xNix) iphandwe kusetyenziswa ukuskena okungafaniyo kweKhalorimitha (DSC) yeepropati eziphantsi kwe-He gas flow of the DSC4000 traces. I-Cu50Zr30Ni20 kunye ne-Cu50Zr10Ni40 i-amorphous alloy powders efunyenwe emva kwe-MA ixesha le-50 h iboniswe kwi-Fig. °C kwi-DSC iboniswe kumfanekiso we-10d.
Uzinzo lwe-Thermal lwe-Cu50 (Zr50−xNix) MG powders olufunyenwe emva kwexesha le-MA le-50 h, njengoko lifakwe kwi-glass transition yeqondo lokushisa (Tg), i-crystallization yeqondo lokushisa (Tx), kunye nommandla wolwelo oluncinci (ΔTx) .Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) thermograms ye (a) Cu5050Zr30Zr3Zr,4000Zr4, Cu50Zr,4000Zr,400,4000Zr4, Cu50Zr. (c) I-Cu50Zr20Ni30 kunye (e) ne-Cu50Zr10Ni40 MG i-alloy powders emva kwexesha le-MA le-50 h.Ipateni ye-X-ray diffraction (XRD) yesampuli ye-Cu50Zr30Ni20 ifudunyezwe ukuya kwi-~700 °C kwi-DSC iboniswe kwi-(d).
Njengoko kubonisiwe kwi-Figure 10, i-DSC curves yazo zonke iingoma ezine-concentrations ezahlukeneyo ze-Ni (x) zibonisa iimeko ezimbini ezahlukeneyo, enye i-endothermic kunye ne-exothermic enye. Isampuli yeCu50Zr40Ni10 (umzobo 10a), ibekwe kwi-526 ° C kunye ne-612 ° C, tshintshela umxholo (x) ukuya kwi-20 kwi-.% ukuya kwicala lobushushu eliphantsi le-482 ° C kunye ne-563 ° C ngokunyuka komxholo we-Ni (x), ngokulandelanayo, njengoko kubonisiwe kwi-Figure 10b.Ngenxa yoko, ukuncipha kwe-Cuba Δ06 ukusuka kwi-Cu5 Δ06 °C (Fig. 10a) ukuya kwi-81 °C ye-Cu50Zr30Ni20 (Fig. 10b) .Kwi-alloy ye-MG Cu50Zr40Ni10, kwaphawulwa ukuba amaxabiso e-Tg, Tx kunye ne-ΔTx ehle ukuya kwinqanaba le-447 ° C, i-526 ° C s0b kunye ne-7. kukhokelela ekunciphiseni ukuzinza kwe-thermal ye-alloy ye-MG.Ngokwahlukileyo, ixabiso le-Tg (507 °C) ye-MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 i-alloy iphantsi kune-alloy ye-MG Cu50Zr40Ni10; nangona kunjalo, i-Tx yayo ibonisa ixabiso elilinganayo nelokuqala (612 ° C) .Ngoko ke, i-ΔTx ibonisa ixabiso eliphezulu (87 ° C), njengoko kuboniswe kwi-Fig. 10c.
Inkqubo ye-MG Cu50(Zr50−xNix), ithatha i-MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 ialloy njengomzekelo, i-crystallizes ngokusebenzisa i-peak exothermic ebukhali kwiinqanaba ze-crystal ze-fcc-ZrCu5, i-orthorhombic-Zr7Cu10 kunye ne-orthorhombic-ZrNi30 ye-orthorhombic-ZrNi30 i-crystal phase transised (I-fig. I-XRD yesampula ye-MG (Umfanekiso we-10d), eyayifudunyezwa kwi-700 ° C kwi-DSC.
Umzobo we-11 ubonisa iifoto ezithathiweyo ngexesha lenkqubo yokutshiza ebandayo eyenziwa kumsebenzi wangoku.Kolu phononongo, i-glass-like powder particles synthesized after MA ixesha le-50 h (ukuthatha i-Cu50Zr20Ni30 njengomzekelo) zisetyenziswe njengezinto ezilwa ne-antibacterial, kunye nepleyiti yensimbi engenasici (SUS304) yayifakwe kwi-cold spraying series kwi-teknoloji yokutshiza i-cold spraying iteknoloji yokutshiza. yeyona ndlela isebenzayo kuthotho lokutshiza thermal kwaye ingasetyenziselwa metal metastable ubushushu izinto ezinovakalelo ezifana amorphous kunye nanocrystalline powders, ezingaxhomekekanga kwinguqu yesigaba .Le yeyona nto iphambili ekukhetheni le ndlela.Inkqubo yokutshiza ebandayo iqhutywa ngokusebenzisa amasuntswana esantya esiphezulu aguqula amandla e-kinetic amasuntswana kwi-subtrain particle kunye ne-deposit deformation yeplastiki ngaphambili.
Iifoto zasendle zibonisa inkqubo yokutshiza ebandayo esetyenziselwa amalungiselelo amahlanu alandelelanayo e-MG coating/SUS 304 kwi-550 °C.
Amandla e-kinetic yeengqungquthela, kwaye ngoko ke ukukhawuleza kwengqungquthela nganye ekubunjweni kweengubo, kufuneka kuguqulwe kwezinye iindlela zamandla ngokusebenzisa iindlela ezifana ne-plastic deformation (i-particle yokuqala kunye ne-particle-particle interactions kwi-substrate kunye ne-particle interactions), i-voids Consolidation, i-particle-particle rotation, i-strain kwaye ekugqibeleni i-heatmore 39. amandla obunzima, umphumo kukungqubana kwe-elastic, oku kuthetha ukuba amaqhekeza avele abuyele emva kwempembelelo.Kuye kwachazwa ukuba i-90% yamandla empembelelo esetyenziswe kwi-particle / substrate material iguqulwa ibe ngubushushu bendawo 40 .Ngaphezu koko, xa uxinzelelo lwempembelelo lusetyenziswa, amazinga aphezulu eplastiki afunyenwe kwi-particle yoqhagamshelwano / i-substrate ixesha elifutshane kakhulu kwingingqi ye-41, ixesha elifutshane kakhulu kwi-41.
I-deformation yeplastiki ngokuqhelekileyo ithathwa njengenkqubo yokutshatyalaliswa kwamandla, okanye ngakumbi, umthombo wokushisa kwingingqi ye-interfacial.Nangona kunjalo, ukunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu kwingingqi ye-interfacial ngokuqhelekileyo akwanelanga ukuvelisa ukunyibilika kwe-interfacial okanye ukukhuthaza kakhulu ukudibanisa kwe-atomic.
I-BFI yeMG Cu50Zr20Ni30 i-alloy powder ingabonwa kwi-Fig. 12a, eyayifakwe kwi-substrate ye-SUS 304 (Imifanekiso ye-11, i-12b) ubukho besigaba esingaphandle, njengoko kuphakanyiswe yi-nanoparticles efakwe kwi-MG-coated powder matrix (Fig. 12a) .Umfanekiso we-12c ubonisa i-indexed nanobeam diffraction pattern (NBDP) ehambelana nommandla I (Figure 12a) .Njengoko kuboniswe kwi-Fig. 12c, i-NBDP ibonakalisa i-pattern ye-haex ebuthakathaka kunye ne-pattern ye-haex ebukhali kunye ne-pattern ye-haex ebukhali kunye ne-pattern ye-haex ebuthathaka ibonisa i-pattern ye-haex ebukhali kunye ne-pattern ye-haex ebukhali kunye ne-pattern ye-haex ebuthathaka. ehambelana ne-crystalline cubic enkulu ye-Zr2Ni metastable plus tetragonal CuO phase.Ukubunjwa kweCuO kunokuthi kufakwe kwi-oxidation yomgubo xa uhamba ukusuka kwi-nozzle ye-spray gun ukuya kwi-SUS 304 emoyeni ovulekileyo phantsi kwe-supersonic flow.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuchithwa kwe-spraying ye-spray ye-5 ye-powder ebandayo kwi-5 ye-spraying ye-5 ye-spray ye-glazi epholile °C kangangemizuzu engama-30.
(a) Umfanekiso we-FE-HRTEM we-MG powder efakwe kwi-(b) SUS 304 substrate (inset of figure).Isalathiso se-NBDP yesimboli sesetyhula eboniswe ku-(a) iboniswe ku-(c).
Ukuqinisekisa le ndlela enokuthi ikwazi ukubunjwa kwe-cubic Zr2Ni nanoparticles enkulu, uvavanyo oluzimeleyo lwenziwa.Kulolu vavanyo, iipowders zitshiswe kwi-spray gun kwi-550 ° C kwindlela ye-SUS 304 substrate; nangona kunjalo, ukucacisa umphumo we-annealing of powders, zaye zasuswa kwi-strip ye-SUS304 ngokukhawuleza (malunga nemizuzwana ye-60) .Enye isethi yovavanyo lwenziwa apho umgubo ususwe kwi-substrate malunga nemizuzwana ye-180 emva kokubekwa.
Amanani 13a,b abonisa imifanekiso yentsimi emnyama (DFI) efunyenwe ngokuskena i-electron microscopy (STEM) yezinto ezimbini ezitshiziweyo ezifakwe kwi-SUS 304 substrates ye-60 s kunye ne-180 s, ngokulandelelana.Umfanekiso ongumgubo ofakwe imizuzwana engama-60 awunayo inkcazo ye-morphological, ebonisa ukungabi nasici (Fig. Oku kwaqinisekiswa yi-13a jikelele ye-XR). I-powders yayiyi-amorphous, njengoko kubonakaliswe yi-diffraction maxima ebanzi ephambili kunye neyesibini eboniswe kuMzobo 14a. Oku kubonisa ukungabikho kwemvula ye-metastable / mesophase, apho i-powder igcina isakhiwo sayo sokuqala. iintolo ezikuSazobe 13b.