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I-Biofilms iyingxenye ebalulekileyo ekuphuhlisweni kwezifo ezingapheliyo, ngakumbi xa izixhobo zonyango zibandakanyeka.Le ngxaki ibeka umngeni omkhulu kuluntu lwezonyango, njengoko i-antibiotics esemgangathweni inokuphelisa kuphela i-biofilms ukuya kwinqanaba elincinci.Ukuthintela ukubunjwa kwe-biofilm kuye kwakhokelela ekuphuhlisweni kweendlela ezahlukeneyo zokugquma kunye nezinto ezintsha.Ezi ndlela zijolise ekugqumeni imiphezulu ngendlela evimbela i-Metals, i-colyric ye-glass, i-metalyl ephumayo kunye ne-colypanium evela kwi-metalyl, i-colypanium, i-metallic, i-metallic, i-colypanium, kunye ne-colyp Ngaxeshanye, ukusetyenziswa kobuchwephesha besitshizi esibandayo kuye kwanda njengoko kuyindlela efanelekileyo yokusetyenzwa kwezinto ezinobushushu.Inxalenye yenjongo yolu phononongo yayikukuphuhlisa inoveli ifilimu ye-antibacterial yeglasi yesinyithi eyenziwe nge-ternary Cu-Zr-Ni isebenzisa ubuchule bokubumba oomatshini. amaqhinga agqunywe ngeglasi yesinyithi akwazile ukunciphisa kakhulu ukwenziwa kwe-biofilm ubuncinane nge-1 log xa kuthelekiswa nentsimbi engenasici.
Kuyo yonke imbali yoluntu, naluphi na uluntu lukwazile ukuyila kunye nokukhuthaza ukuqaliswa kwemathiriyeli yenoveli ehlangabezana neemfuno zayo ezithile, nto leyo ekhokelele kuphuculo lokusebenza kunye nokubekwa kuqoqosho lwehlabathi jikelele1. Ihlala ibalelwa kubuchule bomntu bokuphuhlisa imathiriyeli kunye nezixhobo zokuyila kunye noyilo lokwenziwa kwemathiriyeli kunye nophawu ukuze kuzuzwe inzuzo kwezempilo, imfundo, ishishini, uqoqosho, inkcubeko kunye nezinye iinkalo ezilinganisiweyo ukusuka kwelinye ilizwe okanye ummandla wePro.2 Kangangeminyaka engama-60, izazinzulu zezixhobo ziye zanikela ixesha lazo elininzi ekugxininiseni kwinkxalabo enye enkulu: ukusukelwa kwenoveli kunye nemathiriyeli ephambili.
Ukongezwa kwezinto ezixutywayo, ukuguqulwa kwe-microstructure yezinto eziphathekayo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-thermal, mechanical okanye thermo-mechanical processing techniques kuye kwaphumela ekuphuculeni okuphawulekayo kwi-mechanical, chemical and physical properties of different materials.Ngaphezu koko, i-compounds engabonakaliyo iye yahlanganiswa ngempumelelo kule ngongoma. noparticles, nanotubes, quantum dots, zero-dimensional, zero-dimensional, metallic glasses amorphous, and high-entropy alloys yimizekelo nje yezinto eziphucukileyo ezingeniswa kwihlabathi ukusukela phakathi kwenkulungwane yokugqibela i-librium, udidi olutsha olupheleleyo lwe-alloys ene-metastable, eyaziwa ngokuba ziiglasi zentsimbi, lufunyenwe.
Umsebenzi wakhe eCaltech ngo-1960 weza nenguqu kwingqikelelo yealloyi zesinyithi xa wayedibanisa iglasi yeAu-25 e. izifundo zobuvulindlela kwi-synthesis ye-MG alloys, phantse zonke iiglasi zetsimbi ziye zaveliswa ngokupheleleyo ngokusebenzisa enye yezi ndlela zilandelayo;(i) ukuqina okukhawulezileyo kokunyibilika okanye umphunga, (ii) ukuphazamiseka kweatom kwiletisi, (iii) ukuguquguquka komgangatho oqinileyo phakathi kweelementi zentsimbi esulungekileyo, kunye (iv) notshintsho lwemo eqinileyo yezigaba zemetastable.
Ii-MG zihlukaniswa ngokungabikho kocwangco lweathom olude olunxulunyaniswa neekristale, oluluphawu oluchazayo lwekristale. Kwihlabathi lanamhlanje, kuye kwenziwa inkqubela phambili enkulu kwinkalo yeglasi yentsimbi. Zizinto ezinoveli ezinezinto ezinomdla ezinomdla kungekuphela nje kwifiziksi yelizwe eliqinileyo, kodwa nakwisinyithi, ikhemistri yomphezulu, itekhnoloji, umboniso webhayoloji yohlobo olutsha olunika umdla kunye nezinye izinto ezinomdla. izicelo zobuchwepheshe kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo.Baneempawu ezibalulekileyo;(i) i-ductility ephezulu yomatshini kunye namandla esivuno, (ii) ukufikeleleka okuphezulu kwemagneti, (iii) ukunyanzeliswa okuphantsi, (iv) ukuxhathisa okungaqhelekanga kwe-corrosion, (v) ukuzimela kweqondo lokushisa I-conductivity ye-6,7.
I-Mechanical alloying (MA)1,8 bubuchule obutsha, okokuqala baziswa ngo-19839 nguProf. CC Kock kunye noogxa babo.Balungisa i-amorphous Ni60Nb40 powders ngokusila umxube wezinto ezicocekileyo kumaqondo obushushu akufutshane kakhulu kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi.Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-reaction ye-MA iqhutyelwa phakathi kokudibanisa i-diffusive ye-reactant material powders kwi-reactor, ngokuqhelekileyo yenziwe ngensimbi engenasici kwi-ball mill 10 (umzobo 1a, b) .Ukususela ngoko, le ndlela yokuphendula i-slid-state isetyenziselwe ukulungisa inoveli ye-amorphous / metallic glass alloy powders. 2,13,14,15 , 16.Ngokukodwa, le ndlela isetyenziselwe ukulungiselela iinkqubo ezingenakulinganiswa ezifana ne-Cu-Ta17, kunye neendawo eziphezulu zokunyibilika kwe-alloys ezifana ne-Al-transition metal systems (TM; Zr, Hf, Nb kunye ne-Ta) 18,19 kunye ne-Fe-W20, engenakufunyanwa ngokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ze-nascanomore ze-industrial ye-industrial ye-industrial ye-industrial ye-industrial ye-industrial, i-MAF ininzi yokulungiselela i-industrial ye-industrial. i-le nanocrystalline kunye ne-nanocomposite powder particles of metal oxides, carbides, nitrides, hydrides, carbon nanotubes, nanodiamonds, Kanye nokuzinza okubanzi ngendlela ephezulu-phantsi kwe-1 kunye nezigaba ze-metastable.
I-Schematic ebonisa indlela yokwenza i-Cu50 (Zr50−xNix) ye-metallic glass (MG) coating/SUS 304 kolu phononongo. (a) Ukulungiswa komgubo we-MG wealloy kunye noxinaniso lwe-Ni ezahlukeneyo x (x; 10, 20, 30 kunye ne-40 at.%) kusetyenziswa ibhola yamandla aphantsi kwisixhobo sokugaya kunye nesixhobo sokugaya i-blinder kunye nesixhobo sokusila. itywinwe kwibhokisi yeglavu ezaliswe nguHeatmosphere.(c) Imodeli ecacileyo yesitya sokusila ebonisa ukushukuma kwebhola ngexesha lokusila.Imveliso yokugqibela yomgubo efunyenwe emva kweeyure ezingama-50 yayisetyenziselwa ukugquma i-SUS 304 substrate kusetyenziswa indlela yokutshiza ebandayo (d).
Xa kuziwa kumphezulu wezinto ezininzi (i-substrates), ubunjineli bomphezulu bubandakanya ukuyila kunye nokuguqulwa kwemiphezulu (i-substrates) ukubonelela ngeempawu ezithile zomzimba, iikhemikhali kunye nezobugcisa ezingaqukwanga kwimpahla yobuninzi bokuqala. al, mechanical or chemicals techniques.Njengenkqubo eyaziwayo, i-coating ichazwa ngokulula njengendawo enye okanye ezininzi zezinto eziphathekayo ezifakwe ngokufihlakeleyo kumphezulu wento eninzi (i-substrate) eyenziwe kwenye into.Ngoko ke, ii-coatings zisetyenziswa ngokuyinxenye ukuphumeza ezinye izinto ezifunwayo zobugcisa okanye zokuhombisa, kunye nokukhusela imathiriyeli kwintsebenziswano elindelekileyo yeekhemikhali kunye neyomzimba kunye nokusingqongileyo23.
Ukuze ufake iileyile ezifanelekileyo zokukhusela umphezulu kunye nobukhulu obuvela kwi-micrometers ezimbalwa (ngaphantsi kwe-10-20 micrometers) ukuya kwi-micrometers engaphezu kwe-30 okanye iimilimitha ezimbalwa, iindlela ezininzi kunye nobuchule bunokusetyenziswa. Ngokubanzi, iinkqubo zokugquma zinokwahlulwa zibe ziindidi ezimbini: (i) iindlela zokugquma okumanzi, kubandakanywa i-electroplating, i-electroless plating, kunye neendlela zokucoca, kunye ne-galvanizing coating, kunye ne-surface coating, kunye ne-hot-bracing coating, kunye ne-surface coating, kunye ne-hot-bracing, kunye ne-surface coating, kunye ne-hot-bracing, kunye ne-hot-bracing, kunye ne-surface coating. , ukufakwa komphunga womzimba (PVD), ukubekwa komphunga kwikhemikhali (CVD), ubuchule bokutshiza be-thermal kunye neendlela zokutshiza ezibandayo zakutshanje 24 (Fig. 1d).
Iifilimu ze-Biofilm zichazwa njengeendawo ezincinci ze-microbial ezinamathele ngokungenakuguquleka kwiindawo kwaye zijikelezwe yi-polymers extracellular (EPS) ezizivelisayo.Ukwakheka kwe-biofilm ekhulile ngokugqithiseleyo kunokukhokelela ekulahlekelweni okukhulu kumacandelo amaninzi amashishini, kubandakanywa neshishini lokutya, iinkqubo zamanzi, kunye neendawo zokunakekelwa kwempilo.Kubantu, xa i-biofilms ifom, ngaphezu kwe-80% ye-microbicluding infections kunye ne-Enterococcia ye-microbicocci (i-microbicocciases) kunye neemeko ze-Enterococcia kunye ne-Enterophylophysical infections Ubunzima bokunyanga.Ngaphezu koko, i-biofilms evuthiweyo iye yaxelwa ukuba i-1000-fold-fold-anti-antibiotiki unyango xa kuthelekiswa neeseli zebhaktheriya zeplankonic, ezibhekwa njengomngeni omkhulu wonyango.Izixhobo zokugubungela umphezulu we-Antimicrobial ezivela kwizinto eziqhelekileyo ze-organic compounds zisetyenzisiwe ngokwembali.Nangona izinto ezinjalo zihlala ziqulethe izinto ezinobuthi ezinobuthi ezinokubakho, i-25 inokuthi iphephe ukutshabalalisa izinto ezinobuthi, i-25 inokuthi iphephe ukutshabalalisa i-2y .
Ukuxhathisa okuxhaphakileyo kwebhaktheriya kunyango lwe-antibiotics ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwe-biofilm kuye kwakhokelela kwisidingo sokuphuhlisa i-antimicrobial membrane-coated surface enokuthi isetyenziswe ngokukhuselekileyo27.Uphuhliso lwendawo echasene nekhemikhali echasene nokunamathela apho iiseli zebhaktheriya zithintelwe ukubopha kunye nokwakha i-biofilms ngenxa yokubambelela yindlela yokuqala kule nkqubo ivumela ukuba i-antimicrobial technology ibe yi-antimicrobial technology apho zihanjiswa khona iteknoloji ye-antimicrobial. Okufunekayo, kwixabiso eligxininiswe kakhulu nelilungelelanisiweyo.Oku kuphunyezwa ngokuphuhlisa izinto zokugquma ezizodwa ezifana negraphene/germanium28, idayimani emnyama29 kunye ne-ZnO-doped diamond-like carbon coatings30 ezixhathisayo kwiibhaktheriya, iteknoloji eyenza i-Toxity kunye nophuhliso lokumelana ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwe-biofilm iyancitshiswa kakhulu. Ukutshatyalaliswa kuya kuthandwa kakhulu.Nangona zonke iinkqubo ezintathu zikwazi ukuvelisa imiphumo ye-antimicrobial kwi-coated surfaces, nganye inesethi yayo yokunciphisa ekufuneka iqwalaselwe xa kuphuhliswa izicwangciso zokusetyenziswa.
Iimveliso ezikhoyo ngoku kwimarike zithintelwa lixesha elaneleyo lokuhlalutya kunye nokuvavanya iingubo zokukhusela kwizinto eziphilayo ezisebenzayo.nangona kunjalo, oku kube ngumqobo kwimpumelelo yeemveliso ezikhoyo ngoku kwimarike.Ii-compounds ezithathwe kwisilivere zisetyenziswa kuninzi lwezonyango ezilwa ne-antimicrobial ngoku ezifumanekayo kubathengi.Ezi mveliso ziphuhliswa ukukhusela abasebenzisi kwimiphumo enokuba yingozi ye-microorganisms.Isiphumo sokulibaziseka kwe-antimicrobial kunye ne-toxicity ehambelanayo yeekhompawundi zesilivere kwandisa uxinzelelo kubaphandi be-antimicrobial ekuphuhliseni i-antimicrobial6 esebenzayo emhlabeni jikelele, i-antimicrobial ye-3. isabonakala ingumsebenzi onzima.Oku kungenxa yeengozi ezinxulumene nazo zombini impilo kunye nokhuseleko.Ukufumanisa i-agent ye-antimicrobial engenabungozi kangako ebantwini kunye nokufumanisa indlela yokuyifaka kwi-substrates yokugquma kunye ne-shelf yobomi obude obufunwa kakhulu38.I-antimicrobial yamva nje kunye ne-anti-biofilm izinto ezisebenzayo zinokuthi zikhutshwe kwi-bakteria esebenzayo okanye zikhutshwe ngokuthe ngqo kwi-bakteria esebenzayo. ukuvimbela ukunamathela kwebhaktheriya yokuqala (kubandakanywa nokuchasana nokubunjwa kweprotein layer phezu komhlaba) okanye ngokubulala ibhaktheriya ngokuphazamisa udonga lweseli.
Ngokusisiseko, ukugquma komhlaba yinkqubo yokubeka enye ingqimba phezu kwendawo yokuphucula iimpawu ezinxulumene nomhlaba.Injongo yokugubungela umphezulu kukulungelelanisa i-microstructure kunye / okanye ukubunjwa kommandla osondeleyo wommandla wecandelo39.Ubuchule bokugquma ubuso bunokwahlulwa kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo, ezishwankathelweyo kwi-Fig.2a.I-2a. Ukwaleka.
(a) Iseti ebonisa iindlela ezingundoqo zokwenza umphezulu osetyenziswayo kumphezulu, kunye (b) nezinto ezilungileyo ezikhethiweyo kunye nobubi bobuchule bokutshiza okubandayo.
Itekhnoloji yokutshiza ebandayo yabelana ngezinto ezininzi ezifanayo kunye neendlela eziqhelekileyo zokutshiza ezishushu. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ezinye iimpawu eziphambili ezenza inkqubo yokutshiza ebandayo kunye nezixhobo zokutshiza ezibandayo ngokukodwa. Itekhnoloji yokutshiza ebandayo isekwisiqalo sayo, kodwa inekamva eliqaqambileyo Ukufakela kwi-substrate.Ngokucacileyo, le nkqubo yokugquma yemveli ayifanelekanga kwizinto ezinobushushu obuphantsi kakhulu njenge-nanocrystals, i-nanoparticles, i-amorphous kunye ne-metallic glasses40, 41, 42.Ngaphezu koko, izinto zokugquma kwe-thermal zihlala zibonisa amanqanaba aphezulu e-porosity kunye ne-oxides.I-teknoloji yokutshiza ebandayo ineenzuzo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo (i-teknoloji yokutshiza ebandayo) i-teknoloji yokutshiza ebandayo ineenzuzo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo, i-teknoloji yokutshiza i-interlext, i-teknoloji yokutshiza i-interlext, i-teknoloji yokutshiza epholileyo ineenzuzo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo kwi-subflexi. kwi-substrate coating choices, (iii) ukungabikho kwenguqu yesigaba kunye nokukhula okuziinkozo, (iv) amandla aphezulu ebhondi1,39 (Fig.2b) Ukongeza, izinto zokugquma ezibandayo zinokumelana nokugqwala okukhulu, amandla aphezulu kunye nobunzima, umbane ophezulu kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu41. Ngokuchasene neenzuzo zenkqubo yokutshiza ebandayo, kusekho ukungonakali ekusebenziseni le ndlela, njengoko kuboniswe kuMzobo 2b.Xa uphahla i-powders ecocekileyo ye-ceramic efana ne-Al2O3, i-TiO2, i-spray ye-ceramic, i-ZrO2, enye indlela yokutshiza ngesandla, i-ZrO2, indlela ye-ceramic esetyenziswayo, njl njl. I-tal composite powders ingasetyenziswa njengezinto ezikrwada zokugquma.Kuyafana nakwezinye iindlela zokutshiza ezishushu.Imigangatho entsonkothileyo kunye nemiphezulu yemibhobho engaphakathi kusenzima ukuyitshiza.
Ngenxa yokuba umsebenzi wangoku ujolise ekusebenziseni i-metallic glassy powders njengezinto zokugquma ekrwada, kucacile ukuba ukutshiza okuqhelekileyo kwe-thermal akunakusetyenziselwa le njongo.Oku kungenxa yokuba i-metallic glassy powders ikhazimla kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu1.
Uninzi lwezixhobo ezisetyenziswa kumashishini ezonyango kunye nokutya zenziwe nge-alloys ye-austenitic stainless steel stainless (SUS316 kunye ne-SUS304) kunye nomxholo we-chromium phakathi kwe-12 kunye ne-20 wt% yokuveliswa kwezixhobo zotyando.Kuyamkelwa ngokubanzi ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwesinyithi se-chromium njenge-alloying element kwi-alloying element kwi-alloying element kwi-standard steel resistance alloys alloys alloys. naphezu kokumelana nokunyuka kwe-corrosion, ayibonisi iimpawu ezibalulekileyo ze-antimicrobial38,39.Oku kuchasene nokumelana nokunyuka kwe-corrosion.Emva koko, ukuphuhliswa kosulelo kunye nokuvuvukala kunokuqikelelwa kwangaphambili, okubangelwa kakhulu kukunamathela kwebhaktheriya kunye nekholoni kumphezulu we-stainless steel biomaterials.Ubunzima obubalulekileyo bunokuthi buvele ngenxa yobunzima obubalulekileyo bempilo, ukuguqulwa kwebhaktheriya kunye nokuhamba kwebhaktheriya ehambelana nokuhamba kwebhaktheriya, kunye nokuhamba kwebhaktheriya ehambelana nokuhamba kunye nokuhamba kwebhaktheriya. inokuba neziphumo ezininzi ezinokuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungangqalanga impilo yabantu.
Esi sifundo sisigaba sokuqala seprojekthi exhaswa ngemali yi-Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Science (KFAS), Contract No. 2010-550401, ukuphanda ukuba nokwenzeka kokuvelisa i-metallic glassy Cu-Zr-Ni ternary powders usebenzisa iteknoloji ye-MA (Itheyibhile 1 ) yokuveliswa kwefilimu ye-antibacterial / SUS304 isiqalo sesigaba sesibini sokukhusela kwiprojekthi ye-304, i-2. Iimpawu ze-electrochemical corrosion kunye ne-mechanical properties of the system in details.Uvavanyo oluneenkcukacha lwe-microbiological luya kwenziwa kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zebhaktheriya.
Kweli phepha, isiphumo somxholo we-Zr we-alloying element kwisakhono sokwenza iglasi (GFA) kuxoxiwe ngaso ngokusekwe kwi-morphological and structured features.Ukongezelela, iipropathi zokulwa ne-antibacterial ze-metallic glass glass powder coating/SUS304 composite nazo zaxoxwa. .Njengemizekelo emeleyo, i-Cu50Zr30Ni20 kunye ne-Cu50Zr20Ni30 i-alloys yeglasi yentsimbi isetyenzisiwe kolu phononongo.
Kweli candelo, utshintsho lwe-morphological ye-elemental Cu, i-Zr kunye ne-Ni powders kwi-low-energy ye-ball milling iboniswa.Njengoko imizekelo ebonisayo, iinkqubo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo ezibandakanya i-Cu50Zr20Ni30 kunye ne-Cu50Zr40Ni10 ziya kusetyenziswa njengemizekelo emeleyo.Inkqubo ye-MA inokwahlulwa ibe ngamanqanaba amathathu ahlukeneyo, njengoko kuboniswe yinqanaba le-metallographic eveliswa ngexesha le-metallographic ye-powder eveliswayo.
Iimpawu ze-Metallographic ze-alloy mechanical alloy (MA) powders ezifunyenwe emva kwezigaba ezahlukeneyo zexesha lokusila ibhola.I-Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) imifanekiso ye-MA kunye ne-Cu50Zr40Ni10 yomgubo efunyenwe emva kwexesha eliphantsi lebhola lokusila le-3, i-12 kunye ne-50 h iboniswe kwi-(a), (c) ye-Cupo30 ye-MAZ kunye (c) kunye nemifanekiso ye-Cupo30 ye-MZ2 efanayo Inkqubo ye-Cu50Zr40Ni10 ethathwe emva kwexesha iboniswe ku-(b), (d) kunye no-(f).
Ngexesha lokugaya ibhola, amandla e-kinetic asebenzayo anokudluliselwa kwi-powder yensimbi ichaphazeleka ngokudityaniswa kweeparamitha, njengoko kubonisiwe kwi-Fig. 1a.Oku kubandakanya ukungqubana phakathi kweebhola kunye ne-powders, ukuchetywa kwe-compressive ye-powder enamathele phakathi okanye phakathi kwemidiya yokugaya, impembelelo yeebhola eziwayo, i-shear kunye nokugqoka ngenxa yepowder drag phakathi kwebhola ehambayo yokugaya i-milling kwi-Fall. I-Zr, kunye ne-Ni powders zikhubazeke kakhulu ngenxa ye-welding ebandayo kwisigaba sokuqala se-MA (3 h), okubangele amasuntswana omgubo amakhulu (> 1 mm ububanzi) .La maqhekeza amakhulu adibeneyo abonakaliswe ngokuqulunqwa kweengqimba ezingqindilili ze-alloying elements (Cu, Zr, Ni), njengoko kubonisiwe kwi-Fig. 3a, b.Ukwandisa i-1tic yenqanaba lokunyuka kwe-MAh kwisiphumo sokwandisa ixesha le-mah ukuya kwinqanaba le-1. ll yokusila, okubangele ukubola komgubo odibeneyo ube ngumgubo ocolekileyo (ngaphantsi kwe-200 µm), njengoko kubonisiwe kwi-Fig. 3c, d. Kweli nqanaba, amandla okucheba asetyenzisiweyo akhokelela ekwakhiweni komhlaba omtsha wesinyithi kunye ne-Cu, i-Zr, i-Ni hint layers, njengoko kubonisiwe kumfanekiso we-3c, d.
Kwincopho yenkqubo ye-MA (emva kwe-50 h), i-metallography ene-flaky yayibonakala ngokukhawuleza (Umfanekiso 3e, f), kodwa ubuso obukhazimlisiwe bomgubo wabonisa isibuko se-metalography. Oku kuthetha ukuba inkqubo ye-MA igqityiwe kwaye nokudalwa kwesigaba esisodwa sokusabela kwenzekile.Ukwakheka kwe-elemental yemimandla efakwe kwi-Fig. M) kudityaniswe ne-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) (IV).
KwiThebhile 2, ugxininiso lwe-elemental of alloying elements luboniswa njengepesenti yobunzima bubonke bommandla ngamnye okhethiweyo kuMzobo 3e,f.Xa uthelekisa ezi ziphumo neziqalo zokuqamba amagama eCu50Zr20Ni30 kunye neCu50Zr40Ni10 edweliswe kwiTheyibhile 1, kunokubonwa ukuba ukwakheka kwezi mveliso zimbini zokugqibela zinexabiso elithe kratya kwimveliso enye. kwimimandla edweliswe kwi-Fig.3e,f ayithethi ukuwohloka okukhulu okanye ukuguquguquka okukhulu ekubunjweni kwesampulu nganye ukusuka kummandla omnye ukuya kwenye.Oku kubonakaliswa yinto yokuba akukho tshintsho ekubunjweni ukusuka kwelinye ukuya kwelinye.Oku kubonisa ukuveliswa kwe-powder alloy homogeneous, njengoko kuboniswe kwiThebhile 2.
I-FE-SEM micrographs yemveliso yokugqibela ye-Cu50(Zr50−xNix) yomgubo ifunyenwe emva kwamaxesha angama-50 MA, njengoko kubonisiwe kumfanekiso 4a–d, apho i-x iyi-10, 20, 30 kunye ne-40 kwi-.%, ngokulandelelanayo. amasuntswana anobubanzi ukusuka kwi-73 ukuya kwi-126 nm, njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 4.
Iimpawu ze-morphological ze-Cu50 (Zr50−xNix) powders ezifunyenwe emva kwexesha le-MA le-50 h.Kwi-Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30, iinkqubo zeCu50Zr10Ni40, imifanekiso ye-FE-SEM yomgubo ofunyenwe emva kwe-50), (ngokulandelelana) (ngokulandelelana) kwe-MA.
Ngaphambi kokulayisha i-powders kwi-feeder yokutshiza ebandayo, baqala be-sonicated kwibakala lokuhlalutya i-ethanol yemizuzu ye-15 kwaye yomiswa kwi-150 ° C kwiiyure ze-2. Eli nyathelo kufuneka lithatyathwe ukulwa ngempumelelo ne-agglomeration edla ngokubangela iingxaki ezininzi ezibalulekileyo kuyo yonke inkqubo yokugquma. i-micrographs kunye nemifanekiso ehambelanayo ye-EDS ye-Cu, i-Zr kunye ne-Ni ye-alloying elements ye-Cu50Zr30Ni20 i-alloy efunyenwe emva kwe-50 h ye-M ixesha, ngokulandelanayo.Kumele kuqatshelwe ukuba i-alloy powders eveliswa emva kwesi sinyathelo i-homogeneous njengoko ingabonakali nakuphi na ukuguquguquka kokuqulunqwa ngaphaya kwe-sub-nanogure level, njengoko kubonisiwe.
I-Morphology kunye nokusabalalisa kwe-elemental yendawo ye-MG Cu50Zr30Ni20 powder efunyenwe emva kwamaxesha e-50 MA nge-FE-SEM / i-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) .(a) I-SEM kunye ne-X-ray ye-EDS mapping ye (b) Cu-Kα, (c) Zr-Lα kunye (d) nemifanekiso ye-Ni-Kα.
Iipateni ze-XRD ze-Cu50Zr40Ni10, i-Cu50Zr30Ni20, i-Cu50Zr20Ni30 kunye ne-Cu50Zr20Ni30 powders ezifunyenwe emva kwexesha le-MA le-50 h ziboniswa kwi-Fig. 6a-d, ngokulandelelana. 6.
Iipateni ze-XRD ze (a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30 kunye (d) Cu50Zr20Ni30 powders emva kwexesha le-MA le-50 h. Zonke iisampuli ngaphandle kokukhetha zibonise iphethini ye-halo diffusion, ethetha ukubunjwa kwesigaba se-amorphous.
I-field emission ye-high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (FE-HRTEM) yayisetyenziselwa ukujonga utshintsho lwesakhiwo kunye nokuqonda isakhiwo sendawo yomgubo obangelwa ukugaya ibhola ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo e-MA.FE-HRTEM imifanekiso yeempuphu ezifunyenwe emva kokuqala (6 h) kunye nezigaba eziphakathi (18 h) zokugaya i-Cu50Zr00g 40C3020C iboniswe kwi-powder ye-Cu50ZrNi0020c iboniswe kwi-Fish 40Ni020C. Ngokuhambelana nomfanekiso wentsimi oqaqambileyo (BFI) womgubo oveliswe emva kwe-MA 6 h, i-powder iqulunqwe ngeenkozo ezinkulu kunye nemida echazwe kakuhle yezinto ze-fcc-Cu, i-hcp-Zr kunye ne-fcc-Ni, kwaye akukho mqondiso wokuba isigaba sokuphendula senziwe, njengoko kubonisiwe kwi-Fig. 7a.I-a. ipateni ye-cusp diffraction (umzobo 7b), ebonisa ubukho beekristale ezinkulu kunye nokungabikho kwesigaba esisebenzayo.
Ukubonakaliswa kwesakhiwo sendawo ye-MA powder efunyenwe emva kwezigaba zokuqala (i-6 h) kunye neziphakathi (18 h). (a) Ukukhutshwa kwentsimi yesisombululo esiphezulu sokuhanjiswa kwe-electron microscopy (FE-HRTEM), kunye (b) neendawo ezikhethiweyo zepateni ye-diffraction (SADP) ye-Cu50Zr30Ni20 powder emva konyango lwe-MA lwe-6 h.The40 umfanekiso we-MATEMr08 we-FE-80 ye-FE-80 ye-FE-50 ye-FE-HTEMr0 ye-CUHR10 ye-FE-50 ye-FE-HTEMr08 iboniswe ku-(c).
Njengoko kubonisiwe kwi-Fig. 7c, ukwandisa ubude be-MA ukuya kwi-18 h kubangele iziphene ezinzima ze-lattice ezidityaniswe ne-plastic deformation.Ngeli xesha eliphakathi kwenkqubo ye-MA, i-powder ibonisa iziphene ezahlukahlukeneyo, kubandakanywa iziphene ze-stacking, i-lattice defects, kunye ne-point defects (Umfanekiso 7) .Ezi ziphene zibangela ukuba zibe zincinci ze-grainins kunye ne-grains boundaries ye-2. 7c).
Isakhiwo sendawo ye-Cu50Z30Ni20 ipowder egayiweyo ye-36 h MA ixesha linokwakheka kwe-ultrafine nanograins efakwe kwi-amorphous matrix emihle, njengoko kubonisiwe kwi-Fig. I-2 kwi-% (indawo enqabileyo) ukuya kwi- ~ 74 kwi-% (indawo ecebileyo), ebonisa ukubunjwa kweemveliso ezingafaniyo.Ngaphezu koko, i-SADPs ehambelanayo ye powders efunyenwe emva kokugaya kweli nqanaba ibonisa i-halo-diffusing primary and secondary rings of the amorphous phase, overlapping with sharp points associated with those raw alloying elements, njengoko kubonisiwe kwi-Fig 8b.
Ngaphandle kwe-36 h-Cu50Zr30Ni20 i-powder nanoscale iimpawu zesakhiwo sendawo. (a) Umfanekiso oqaqambileyo wentsimi (BFI) kunye nohambelana (b) i-SADP ye-Cu50Zr30Ni20 powder efunyenwe emva kokugaya i-36 h MA ixesha.
Kufutshane nokuphela kwenkqubo ye-MA (50 h), Cu50(Zr50−xNix), X;I-10, i-20, i-30 kunye ne-40 kwi-.% i-powders ngokungaguquguqukiyo ine-labyrinthine amorphous phase morphology njengoko kubonisiwe kwi-Fig. 9a-d.Kwi-SADP ehambelanayo yokwakheka ngalunye, akukho nto i-diffractions efana nenqaku okanye iipateni ezibukhali ze-annular ezinokuthi zibonwe.Oku kubonisa ukuba akukho nto ingabonakaliyo ye-crystally powder ebonisa i-coomorphous ye-powder ebonisa i-coomorphous ye-SADP ekhoyo, kodwa i-coomorphous ye-crystalline powder ebonisa i-SADP. iipateni ze-ffusion nazo zisetyenziswe njengobungqina bokuphuhliswa kwezigaba ze-amorphous kwimathiriyeli yokugqibela yemveliso.
Ubume bendawo yemveliso yokugqibela yenkqubo yeMG Cu50 (Zr50−xNix).FE-HRTEM kunye neepateni ezihambelanayo ze-nanobeam diffraction (NBDP) ye (a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30Z kunye (d) efunyenwe emva kwe-MAh0 ye-5 Cu5Ni30 kunye (d) ne-1 Cu50Ni30Z0 ye-1 Cu50Ni30 ye-1 Cu50Zr.
Uzinzo lwe-thermal yeqondo lobushushu lotshintsho lweglasi (Tg), ummandla wolwelo oluncinane (ΔTx) kunye nobushushu becrystallization (Tx) njengomsebenzi we-Ni content (x) ye-amorphous Cu50(Zr50−xNix) inkqubo iphandwe kusetyenziswa ukuskena okungafaniyo kweKhaloriyethi (DSC) yeepropati eziphantsi kwe-He gas flow. I-Cu50Zr10Ni40 i-amorphous alloy powders efunyenwe emva kwexesha le-MA le-50 h iboniswe kwi-Fig.
Uzinzo lwe-Thermal lwe-Cu50 (Zr50−xNix) MG powders olufunyenwe emva kwexesha le-MA le-50 h, njengoko lifakwe kwi-glass transition yeqondo lokushisa (Tg), i-crystallization yeqondo lokushisa (Tx), kunye nommandla we-subcooled liquid (ΔTx) .I-differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) thermograms ye (a) Cu050Zr500000000 Cu50Zr50,4 Cu50Zr5000Zr50,4 Cu50Zr5000Zr50. I-Zr20Ni30 kunye (e) ne-Cu50Zr10Ni40 MG i-alloy powders emva kwexesha le-MA le-50 h.Ipatheni ye-X-ray diffraction (XRD) yesampula ye-Cu50Zr30Ni20 ifudunyezwe kwi- ~ 700 °C kwi-DSC iboniswe kwi-(d).
Njengoko kubonisiwe kwi-Figure 10, i-DSC curves yazo zonke ii-compositions ezine-concentrations ezahlukeneyo ze-Ni (x) zibonisa iimeko ezimbini ezahlukeneyo, enye i-endothermic kunye nenye i-exothermic.Isiganeko sokuqala se-endothermic sihambelana ne-Tg, ngelixa okwesibini sihambelana ne-Tx. Ummandla we-horizontal span okhoyo phakathi kwe-Tg kunye ne-Tx ibizwa ngokuba yi-subcooled ye-subcooled kunye ne-exothermic. Isampulu ye-40Ni10 (umzobo 10a), ibekwe kwi-526 ° C kunye ne-612 ° C, tshintshela umxholo (x) ukuya kwi-20 kwi-.% ukuya kwicala lobushushu eliphantsi le-482 ° C kunye ne-563 ° C ngokunyuka komxholo we-Ni (x), ngokulandelelana , njengoko kubonisiwe kwi-Figure 10b. Ngenxa yoko, i-Cu50DZ4 ye-Cu501 Tx4 i-Cu501 iyancipha i-Cu501DZr ) ukuya kwi-81 °C ye-Cu50Zr30Ni20 (umzobo 10b). Kwi-alloy ye-MG Cu50Zr40Ni10, kwaphawulwa ukuba amaxabiso e-Tg, Tx kunye ne-ΔTx ehle ukuya kwinqanaba le-447 ° C, i-526 ° C kunye ne-79 ° C (umfanekiso we-10 ukwehla kokunyuka kwe-MG). Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ixabiso leTg (507 °C) le-MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 ialloy lingaphantsi kunelo le-MG Cu50Zr40Ni10 alloy;nangona kunjalo, i-Tx yayo ibonisa ixabiso elilinganayo nelokuqala (612 ° C) .Ngoko ke, i-ΔTx ibonisa ixabiso eliphezulu (87 ° C), njengoko kuboniswe kwi-Fig. 10c.
Inkqubo ye-MG Cu50(Zr50−xNix), ithatha i-MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 ialloy njengomzekelo, ikhazimlisa ngencopho ebukhali ye-exothermic kwizigaba zekristale ze-fcc-ZrCu5, i-orthorhombic-Zr7Cu10 kunye ne-orthorhombic-ZrNi30 i-orthorhombic-ZrNicD ye-crystal phase ye-XMR ye-crystal transmix ye-XMR ye-fig. isampuli (Fig. 10d), eyayifudunyezwa ukuya 700 °C kwi DSC.
Umzobo we-11 ubonisa iifoto ezithathiweyo ngexesha lenkqubo yokutshiza ebandayo eyenziwa kumsebenzi wangoku.Kolu phononongo, i-glass yentsimbi efana ne-powder particles synthesized after MA ixesha le-50 h (ukuthatha i-Cu50Zr20Ni30 njengomzekelo) isetyenziswe njengezinto ezilwa ne-antibacterial ekrwada, kunye nepleyiti yensimbi engenasici (SUS304) yayifakwe kwi-cold spraying iteknoloji yokutshiza iteknoloji yokutshiza iteknoloji ebandayo. indlela kuthotho yokutshiza thermal kwaye ingasetyenziselwa metal metastable ubushushu izinto ezinovakalelo ezifana amorphous kunye nanocrystalline powders, ezingaxhomekekanga kwinguqu yesigaba .Le yeyona nto iphambili ekukhetheni le ndlela.Inkqubo yokutshiza ebandayo iqhutywa ngokusebenzisa amasuntswana esantya esiphezulu aguqula amandla e-kinetic amasuntswana kwi-deformation yeplastiki, kunye ne-substrate ye-substrate echaphazelekayo ngaphambili kunye nefuthe le-substrate.
Iifoto zasendle zibonisa inkqubo yokutshiza ebandayo esetyenziselwa amalungiselelo amahlanu alandelelanayo e-MG coating/SUS 304 kwi-550 °C.
Amandla e-kinetic yeengqungquthela, kwaye ngoko ke ukukhawuleza kwengqungquthela nganye ekubunjweni kweengubo, kufuneka kuguqulwe kwezinye iifom zamandla ngokusebenzisa iindlela ezifana ne-plastic deformation (i-particle yokuqala kunye ne-particle-particle interactions kwi-substrate kunye ne-particle interactions), i-voids Consolidation, i-particle-particle rotation, i-strain kwaye ekugqibeleni i-heatmore i-39. kukungqubana kwe-elastic, oku kuthetha ukuba iinqununu ziphinde zibuyele emva kwempembelelo.Kuye kwachazwa ukuba i-90% yempembelelo yamandla esetyenziswe kwi-particle / substrate material iguqulwa ibe yindawo yokushisa yendawo 40
I-deformation yeplastiki ngokuqhelekileyo ithathwa njengenkqubo yokutshatyalaliswa kwamandla, okanye ngakumbi, umthombo wokushisa kwingingqi ye-interfacial.Nangona kunjalo, ukunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu kwingingqi ye-interfacial ngokuqhelekileyo akwanelanga ukuvelisa ukunyibilika kwe-interfacial okanye ukukhuthaza kakhulu ukudibanisa kwe-atomic.
I-BFI yeMG Cu50Zr20Ni30 i-alloy powder ingabonwa kwi-Fig. 12a, eyayifakwe kwi-substrate ye-SUS 304 (Imifanekiso ye-11, i-12b) isigaba se-ous, njengoko kuphakanyiswe yi-nanoparticles efakwe kwi-MG-coated powder matrix (Fig. 12a) .Umfanekiso we-12c ubonisa i-indexed nanobeam diffraction pattern (NBDP) ehambelana nommandla I (Umfanekiso 12a) .Njengoko kuboniswe kwi-Fig. 12c, i-NBDP ibonisa i-pattern ye-coromorphic ebukhali kunye ne-halomorphic i-halomorphic structure ebuthathaka kunye ne-crystal i-halomorphic i-halomorphic structure. I-Zr2Ni metastable plus tetragonal CuO phase.Ukubunjwa kweCuO kunokunxulunyaniswa ne-oxidation yomgubo xa uhamba ukusuka kwi-nozzle ye-spray gun ukuya kwi-SUS 304 emoyeni ovulekileyo phantsi kokuhamba kwe-supersonic.Kwelinye icala, ukuchithwa kwe-metallic glassy powders kuphumelele ukubunjwa kwe-spray5 ye-50 ye-cubic yonyango enkulu kwi-50 C.
(a) Umfanekiso we-FE-HRTEM we-MG powder efakwe kwi-(b) SUS 304 substrate (inset of figure).Isalathiso se-NBDP yesimboli sesetyhula eboniswe ku-(a) iboniswe ku-(c).
Ukuqinisekisa le ndlela enokuthi ikwazi ukubunjwa kwe-cubic Zr2Ni nanoparticles enkulu, uvavanyo oluzimeleyo lwenziwa.Kulolu vavanyo, iipowders zitshiswe kwi-spray gun kwi-550 ° C kwindlela ye-SUS 304 substrate;nangona kunjalo, ukucacisa umphumo we-annealing of powders, zaye zasuswa kwi-strip ye-SUS304 ngokukhawuleza (malunga nemizuzwana ye-60) .Enye isethi yovavanyo lwenziwa apho umgubo ususwe kwi-substrate malunga nemizuzwana ye-180 emva kokubekwa.
Amanani 13a,b abonisa imifanekiso yentsimi emnyama (DFI) efunyenwe ngokuskena ukuhanjiswa kwe-electron microscopy (STEM) yezinto ezimbini ezitshiziweyo ezifakwe kwi-SUS 304 substrates ye-60 s kunye ne-180 s, ngokulandelelana.Umfanekiso ongumgubo ofakwe imizuzwana engama-60 awunayo inkcazo ye-morphological, ebonisa ukungabi nasici (Fig. Le nto yayiyi-amorphous ye-XR ebonisa kwakhona ukuba yi-13a yesakhiwo somgubo). , njengoko kuboniswe ngumlinganiselo obanzi weprayimari kunye nesekondari ye-diffraction maxima eboniswe kuMzobo 14a.Oku kubonisa ukungabikho kwemvula ye-metastable / mesophase, apho i-powder igcina isakhiwo sayo sokuqala se-amorphous.Ngokwahlukileyo, i-powder efafazwe kwiqondo lokushisa elifanayo (550 ° C), kodwa ishiywe kwi-substrate ye-180 s, ibonise i-grain e-narrow, i-preservation ye-narrow, ibonise i-narrow-3. .