Iiprothokholi zovavanyo ezahlukeneyo (i-Brinell, i-Rockwell, i-Vickers) zineenkqubo ezithe ngqo kwiprojekthi ephantsi kovavanyo.Uvavanyo lwe-Rockwell T lufanelekile ukuhlola iityhubhu zodonga olukhanyayo ngokusika ityhubhu ngobude kunye nokuvavanya udonga ukusuka kwidayamitha yangaphakathi kunobubanzi obungaphandle.
Ukuodola iityhubhu kufana nokuya kumthengisi weemoto kwaye u-odole imoto okanye ilori.Namhlanje, iindlela ezininzi ezikhoyo zivumela abathengi ukuba balungise isithuthi ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo - imibala yangaphakathi kunye nengaphandle, iipakethi ze-trim zangaphakathi, iinketho zesitayile zangaphandle, ukhetho lwe-powertrain, kunye nenkqubo yomsindo ephantse ikhuphisane nenkqubo yokuzonwabisa yasekhaya.Unikwe zonke ezi ndlela zokhetho kunye nemigangatho yemoto, unganeliseki.
Imibhobho yentsimbi injalo nje.Inamawaka eenketho okanye inkcazo.Ukongeza kwimilinganiselo, inkcazo idwelisa imichiza kunye neempawu ezininzi zoomatshini ezifana namandla asezantsi esivuno (MYS), amandla okuqina okugqibela (UTS), kunye nobude obuncinci ngaphambi kokungaphumeleli.Noko ke, abaninzi kushishino-iinjineli, iiarhente zokuthenga, kunye nabavelisi-sebenzisa iishorthands ezamkelekileyo kwishishini ezifuna ukuba sisebenzise umbhobho oqinileyo omnye kuphela.
Zama uku-odola imoto ngophawu olulodwa ("Ndifuna imoto ene-automatic transmission") kwaye awuyi kufika kude nomthengisi.Kufuneka agcwalise ifomu yoku-odola ngeendlela ezininzi.Umbhobho unjalo-ukuze ufumane umbhobho ochanekileyo wesicelo, umenzi wombhobho ufuna ulwazi oluninzi kunobunzima nje.
Ubunzima buba njani indawo eyaziwayo yezinye iipropati zoomatshini?Mhlawumbi kuqalwe ngomvelisi wombhobho.Kuba uvavanyo lobulukhuni lukhawuleza, lulula, kwaye lufuna izixhobo ezingabizi kakhulu, abathengisi betyhubhu basoloko besebenzisa uvavanyo lobulukhuni ukuthelekisa iityhubhu ezimbini.Ukwenza uvavanyo lobulukhuni, konke abakufunayo bubude obugudileyo bombhobho kunye nendawo yokuvavanya.
Ubulukhuni betyhubhu buhambelana kakuhle ne-UTS, kwaye njengomthetho wesithupha, iipesenti okanye uluhlu lwepesenti luluncedo ekuqikeleleni i-MYS, ngoko kulula ukubona ukuba uvavanyo lobunzima lunokuba ngummeli ofanelekileyo kwezinye iipropati.
Kwakhona, ezinye iimvavanyo zintsokothile.Ngelixa uvavanyo lobulukhuni luthatha umzuzu omnye okanye njalo kumatshini omnye, i-MYS, i-UTS kunye novavanyo lokwandiswa kwe-elongation ifuna ukulungiswa kwesampulu kunye notyalo-mali olubalulekileyo kwizixhobo ezinkulu zaselabhoratri.Njengoko uthelekiso, kuthatha imizuzwana kumqhubi we-tube yokusila ukwenza uvavanyo lobulukhuni kunye neeyure zengcali yesinyithi echwephesha ukwenza uvavanyo olunzima akunzima ukwenza uvavanyo.
Oku akuthethi ukuba abavelisi bemibhobho yobunjineli abasebenzisi uvavanyo lobunzima.Kukhuselekile ukutsho ukuba abantu abaninzi benza njalo, kodwa ngenxa yokuba benza uhlolo lokuphindaphinda kunye nokuphindaphinda kwe-gage kuzo zonke izixhobo zabo zokuvavanya, bayazi kakuhle imida yovavanyo.Ininzi yokusetyenziswa kokuhlola ubulukhuni betyhubhu njengenxalenye yenkqubo yokuvelisa, kodwa abayisebenzisi ukulinganisa.
Kutheni kufuneka wazi malunga ne-MYS, i-UTS kunye nobuncinci bobude? Babonisa indlela ityhubhu eya kuziphatha ngayo kwindibano.
I-MYS inamandla amancinci abangela ukuguqulwa kwesigxina sezinto eziphathekayo.Ukuba uzama ukugoba ucingo oluthe tye (njenge-hanger yengubo) kancinane kwaye ukhulule uxinzelelo, enye yezinto ezimbini iya kwenzeka: iya kuphinda ibuyele kwimeko yayo yangaphambili (ichanekileyo) okanye iya kuhlala igobile.Ukuba isathe tye, awukadluli i-MYS.Ukuba isagqithisekile, uye wagqithisa.
Ngoku, sebenzisa i-pliers ukuze ubambe iziphelo zombini zocingo.Ukuba unako ukukrazula ucingo lube ngamaqhekeza amabini, ungaphezulu kwe-UTS.Ubeka i-tension eninzi kuyo kwaye uneengcingo ezimbini zokubonisa umgudu wakho ongaphezu komntu.Ukuba ubude bokuqala bocingo buyi-intshi ezi-5, kwaye ubude obubini emva kokungaphumeleli bongeza ukuya kwi-intshi ezi-6, ucingo lwe-20 ubude lulinganiswe nge-intshi ye-2. inqaku lokungaphumeleli, kodwa nantoni na - ingcamango yokutsala ucingo ibonisa i-UTS.
Iisampuli ze-steel photomicrograph kufuneka zinqunywe, ziphuculwe, kwaye zifakwe kwisisombululo esincinci se-acidic (ngokuqhelekileyo i-nitric acid kunye ne-alcohol (i-nitroethanol)) ukwenza iinkozo zibonakale.100x ukukhulisa ngokuqhelekileyo kusetyenziselwa ukuhlola iinkozo zetsimbi kunye nokumisela ubungakanani bengqolowa.
Ubunzima luvavanyo lwendlela izinto ezisabela ngayo kwimpembelelo.Khawufane ucinge ukubeka iqhekeza elifutshane lombhobho kwi-vise enemihlathi edibeneyo kwaye uguqule i-vise ukuba ivale.Ngaphezu kokunciphisa ityhubhu, imihlathi ye-vise iphinda ishiye i-indentations ebusweni bombhobho.
Yiloo ndlela uvavanyo lobulukhuni lusebenza ngayo, kodwa alukho rhabaxa.Olu vavanyo lunobungakanani bempembelelo elawulwayo kunye noxinzelelo olulawulwayo.Le mikhosi iphazamisa umphezulu, idala i-indentation okanye i-indentation.Ubukhulu okanye ubunzulu bokulinganisa bumisela ubulukhuni besinyithi.
Ukuvavanya intsimbi, iimvavanyo zobunzima obuqhelekileyo yiBrinell, Vickers, kunye neRockwell.Nganye inesikali sayo, kwaye ezinye zineendlela ezininzi zovavanyo, ezifana neRockwell A, B, kunye neC. Kwimibhobho yentsimbi, i-ASTM Specification A513 ibhekisela kuvavanyo lweRockwell B (efinyeziweyo njenge-HRB okanye i-RB) . umthwalo we-100 kgf. Isiphumo esiqhelekileyo sentsimbi eqhelekileyo ethambileyo yi-HRB 60.
Izazinzulu zeMathiriyeli ziyazi ukuba ukuqina kuhambelana ngokuhambelana ne-UTS.Ngoko ke, ubunzima obunikiweyo bunokuqikelela i-UTS.Ngokunjalo, abavelisi betyhubhu bayazi ukuba i-MYS kunye ne-UTS zihlobene.Ngombhobho odityanisiweyo, i-MYS ngokuqhelekileyo i-70% ukuya kwi-85% ye-UTS.Ixabiso elichanekileyo lixhomekeke kwinkqubo yokwenza ityhubhu. ) kunye neMYS ye80%, okanye 48,000 PSI.
Ukuchazwa kombhobho oqhelekileyo kwimveliso jikelele kubunzima obukhulu.Ukongezwa kobukhulu, injineli yayijongene nokucacisa umbhobho we-welded resistance electric welded (ERW) ngaphakathi kwendawo yokusebenza kakuhle, enokuthi ibangele ubunzima obukhulu obunokwenzeka ukuba i-HRB 60 ifumene indlela yayo kwi-component drawing.Esi sigqibo sodwa sikhokelela kuluhlu lweepropati zokugqibela zomatshini, kubandakanywa nobunzima ngokwawo.
Okokuqala, ukuqina kwe-HRB 60 akusixeleli kakhulu.Ukufundwa kwe-HRB 60 linani elingenamlinganiselo.Izinto ezivavanyiweyo nge-HRB 59 zithambile kunezinto ezivavanywayo nge-HRB 60, kwaye i-HRB 61 inzima kune-HRB 60, kodwa kangakanani? indawo (kulinganiswa kumgama ngokubhekiselele kwixesha), okanye i-UTS (kulinganiswa ngeepounds nge-intshi nganye yesikwere).Ukufunda i-HRB 60 akusixeleli nantoni na ethile.Le yipropati yezinto eziphathekayo, kodwa kungekhona ipropati ebonakalayo.Okwesibini, uvavanyo lobunzima alufanelekanga ukuphindaphinda okanye ukuveliswa kwakhona.Ukuvavanya iindawo ezimbini kwi-specimen yovavanyo, i-Common imiphumo yokuvavanya ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwimiba enzima yokuvavanya, nangona i-test ye-test ivaliwe. luhlobo lovavanyo.Emva kokuba isikhundla silinganisiwe, asinakulinganiswa okwesibini ukuqinisekisa iziphumo.Uvavanyo lokuphinda luphindwe akunakwenzeka.
Oku akuthethi ukuba uvavanyo lobunzima alunangxaki.Enyanisweni, inika isikhokelo esilungileyo se-UTS yezinto, kwaye luvavanyo olukhawulezayo nolulula ukwenza.Nangona kunjalo, wonke umntu obandakanyekayo ekucaciseni, ekuthengeni nasekuveliseni imibhobho yokuvelisa kufuneka aqonde imida yayo njengeparamitha yovavanyo.
Ngenxa yokuba umbhobho "oqhelekileyo" awuchazwanga kakuhle, xa kuyimfuneko, abavelisi bemibhobho bahlala beyinciphisa ukuya kwiintlobo ezimbini zentsimbi ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kunye neentlobo zemibhobho echazwe kwi-ASTM A513: 1008 kunye ne-1010. Nasemva kokuphelisa zonke ezinye iintlobo zetyhubhu, okunokwenzeka ngokweempawu zomatshini zezi ntlobo zetyhubhu zimbini zivulekile.
Ngokomzekelo, ityhubhu ichazwa njengento ethambileyo ukuba i-MYS iphantsi kwaye i-elongation iphezulu, oku kuthetha ukuba yenza ngcono kwi-tensile, ukuphambuka kunye nokuseta kunetyhubhu echazwe njengenzima, ene-MYS ephezulu kunye ne-elongation ephantsi.
Ukwandiswa ngokwako yenye into enempembelelo ebalulekileyo kwizicelo zemibhobho ebalulekileyo.izinto ezinobude obuphantsi zinobunkunkqele kwaye ngoko ke ziqhelene ngakumbi nentlekele yokudinwa-uhlobo lokungaphumeleli.Nangona kunjalo, ukunyusa akuhambisani ngokuthe ngqo ne-UTS, eyona propati yomatshini enxulumene ngqo nobulukhuni.
Kutheni iipropathi zoomatshini zemibhobho zahluka kakhulu?Okokuqala, ukubunjwa kweekhemikhali kuyahluka.Intsimbi sisicombululo esiqinileyo sentsimbi kunye nekhabhoni kunye nezinye ialloys ezibalulekileyo.Ukuze kube lula, siya kujongana neepesenti zecarbon kuphela apha.Iathom zeCarbon zithatha indawo yeathom yentsimbi, zenza ubume bekristale yentsimbi.ASTM 1008 yinqanaba le-0 elinexabiso elikhethekileyo le-1% yexabiso eliphambili le-0 eliquka i-carbon grade ye-0 kakhulu. ivelisa iipropati ezizodwa xa umxholo wekhabhoni kwintsimbi i-ultra-low.ASTM 1010 icacisa umxholo wekhabhoni phakathi kwe-0.08% kunye ne-0.13%.
Okwesibini, umbhobho wensimbi unokwenziwa okanye uqulunqwe kwaye emva koko uqhutywe kwiinkqubo ezisixhenxe ezahlukeneyo zokuvelisa.I-ASTM A513 enxulumene nokuveliswa kombhobho we-ERW idwelisa iindidi ezisixhenxe:
Ukuba ukubunjwa kweekhemikhali zentsimbi kunye namanyathelo okuvelisa ityhubhu akunampembelelo kubulukhuni bentsimbi, yintoni na?Ukuphendula lo mbuzo kuthetha ukugubungela iinkcukacha.Lo mbuzo ubuza imibuzo emibini engakumbi: Ziziphi iinkcukacha, kwaye zisondele kangakanani?
Iinkcukacha malunga neenkozo ezenza intsimbi yimpendulo yokuqala.Xa intsimbi yenziwe kwindawo yokusila yentsimbi esisiseko, ayipholi ibe yibhloko enkulu enophawu olunye.Njengoko intsimbi iphola, iimolekyuli zentsimbi zilungelelanisa ngokuphindaphinda iipatheni (iikristale), zifana nendlela amahlwantsi ekhephu.Emva kokuba kwenziwe iikristale, ziyadityaniswa zibe ngamaqela abizwa ngokuba ziinkozo, ipleyiti ikhula njengeenkozo okanye iimolekyuli zokugqibela zikhula. Konke oku kwenzeka kwinqanaba le-microscopic kuba i-avareji yobungakanani bentsimbi bumalunga ne-64 µ okanye i-0.0025 i-intshi ububanzi. Ngelixa ukhozo ngalunye lufana nolulandelayo, azifani. Ziyahluka kancinci ngobukhulu, i-orientation kunye nomxholo wekhabhoni. Ujongano phakathi kweenkozo kuthiwa ngumda weenkozo.
Kude kangakanani ukuba ujonge ukubona iinkozo ezibonakalayo? Ukwandiswa kwe-100x, okanye i-100x umbono womntu, kwanele.Nangona kunjalo, ukujonga nje insimbi engaphendulwanga ngamaxesha angama-100 amandla ayibonakalisi kakhulu.Isampuli ilungiselelwe ngokupolisha isampuli kunye nokufaka umphezulu nge-asidi (ngokuqhelekileyo i-nitric acid kunye ne-alcohol) ebizwa ngokuba yi-nitchant.
Ziziinkozo kunye ne-lattice yazo yangaphakathi emisela amandla empembelelo, i-MYS, i-UTS kunye ne-elongation intsimbi inokumelana ngaphambi kokungaphumeleli.
Amanyathelo okwenza isinyithi, njengokutshisa kunye nokubanda kwe-strip, faka uxinzelelo kwisakhiwo sengqolowa;ukuba batshintsha ngokusisigxina imilo, oku kuthetha ukuba uxinzelelo luphazamisa ingqolowa.Amanye amanyathelo okucubungula, njengokubhinqisa intsimbi kwiikhoyili, ukuyikhulula, kunye nokuguqula iinkozo zentsimbi ngokusebenzisa i-tube mill (ukwenza kunye nobukhulu betyhubhu) .Umzobo obandayo wetyhubhu kwi-mandrel nawo ubeka uxinzelelo kwizinto eziphathekayo, njengoko kwenza amanyathelo okuvelisa njengesiphelo sokubumba kunye nokugoba.
La manyathelo angasentla acima i-ductility yentsimbi, oku kukwazi ukumelana noxinzelelo (ukutsalwa-evulekileyo) uxinzelelo.Intsimbi iba brittle, nto leyo ethetha ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba iqhekezeke ukuba uqhubeka usebenza kuyo.Elongation yenye icandelo le-ductility (compressibility yenye) .Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba ukusilela kaninzi kwenzeka ngexesha loxinzelelo lwe-tensile, hayi ngenxa yoxinzelelo oluphezulu lwentsimbi. iifom ngokulula phantsi koxinzelelo loxinzelelo - yi-ductile - eyinzuzo.
Ikhonkrithi inamandla aphezulu oxinzelelo kodwa i-ductility ephantsi xa kuthelekiswa nekhonkrithi.Ezi zakhiwo zichasene nezo zentsimbi.Kungoko ikhonkrithi esetyenziselwa iindlela, izakhiwo kunye neendlela zokuhamba zihlala zifakelwa i-rebar.Isiphumo yimveliso enegunya lezinto ezimbini: phantsi koxinzelelo, intsimbi yomelele, kwaye iphantsi koxinzelelo, ikhonkrithi.
Ngexesha lokusebenza kubanda, njengoko i-ductility yensimbi iyancipha, ubunzima bayo buyanda.Ngamanye amazwi, kuya kuba nzima.Ngokuxhomekeka kwimeko, oku kunokuba luncedo;nangona kunjalo, inokuba yinto engathandekiyo kuba ukuqina bulingana ne-brittleness.Oko kukuthi, njengoko intsimbi iba nzima, iyancipha i-elastic;ngoko ke, kunokwenzeka ukuba ingaphumeleli.
Ngamanye amazwi, inyathelo ngalinye lenkqubo lidla enye ye-ductility yombhobho.Iba nzima njengoko inxalenye isebenza, kwaye ukuba inzima kakhulu ayinamsebenzi.Ubunzima bubunzima, kwaye i-tube brittle inokuthi ingaphumeleli xa isetyenziswa.
Ngaba umenzi unazo naziphi na iinketho kulo mzekelo?Ngokufutshane, ewe.Olo khetho luyi-annealing, kwaye nangona ingengomlingo kangako, isondele kumlingo njengoko ungafumana.
Ngokwemiqathango ye-layman, i-annealing isusa zonke iziphumo zoxinzelelo lomzimba kwi-metal.Le nkqubo ifudumeza isinyithi kwi-stress-relief okanye ukushisa kwe-recrystallization, ngaloo ndlela isusa ukuchithwa.
Ukupholisa i-anealing kunye nokulawulwayo kukukhuthaza ukukhula kwengqolowa.Oku kunenzuzo ukuba injongo kukunciphisa ukunyanzeliswa kwezinto, kodwa ukukhula okungalawulwayo okuziinkozo kunokuthambisa isinyithi kakhulu, kusenze ukuba singasebenziseki ekusetyenzisweni kwayo okujoliswe kuyo.Ukumisa inkqubo yokuqhawula enye into esondeleyo-yomlingo.Ukucima kwiqondo lokushisa elifanelekileyo kunye ne-arhente yokucima i-ejenti echanekileyo ukufumana inkqubo yokubuyisela ngokukhawuleza ukuya kwipropathi ekhawulezayo kuzisa inkqubo yokubuyisela ngokukhawuleza.
Ngaba kufuneka silahle iinkcukacha zobulukhuni? No. Iimpawu zobunzima zixabisekile ngokuyintloko njengendawo yesalathiso xa uchaza imibhobho yentsimbi.Umlinganiselo oluncedo, ubulukhuni ngomnye weempawu eziliqela ekufuneka zicaciswe xa uodola izinto ze-tubular kwaye zitshekishwe xa zifunyenwe (kwaye kufuneka zirekhodwe ngenqanawa nganye).
Nangona kunjalo, akulona uvavanyo oluyinyani lokufaneleka (ukwamkela okanye ukugatya) izinto eziphathekayo.Ukongezwa kobunzima, abavelisi kufuneka ngamaxesha athile bavavanye ukuthunyelwa ukuze banqume ezinye iimpawu ezifanelekileyo, ezifana ne-MYS, i-UTS, okanye i-elongation encinci, kuxhomekeke kwisicelo sombhobho.
Wynn H. Kearns is responsible for regional sales for Indiana Tube Corp., 2100 Lexington Road, Evansville, IN 47720, 812-424-9028, wkearns@indianatube.com, www.indianatube.com.
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