Kuyahlaziya kwaye kuyamangalisa ukuba iigalari zikaJames Payne kunye noJoan Sherwell bakhetha ukumela amagcisa amathathu aseNew York kwiidolophu zabo eziMakhulu zoBugcisa obucacisiweyo.
La manene aya kuba lolona khetho lucacileyo, nangona omnye kwaba bathathu, uBasquiat, wayeyinzalelwane yaseNew York.
Abadlali abathathu abangabonakaliyo baseNew York - uLee Krasner, uElaine de Kooning kunye noHelen Frankenthaler.
Igalelo laba bafazi kulo mbutho belilikhulu kakhulu, kodwa uKrasner kunye no-de Kooning bachithe uninzi lwemisebenzi yabo emthunzini wabayeni babo abadumileyo, abaxeli abangabonakaliyo uJackson Pollock kunye noWillem de Kooning.
INew York Abstract Expressionism yabhukuqa iParis njengeziko lehlabathi lobugcisa kwaye yaba yeyona ntshukumo yamadoda.UKrasner, uFrankenthaler kunye no-Elaine de Kooning bahlala beva umsebenzi wabo ubizwa ngokuba "ngowasetyhini", "umculo wengoma" okanye "ubuqili", okuthetha ukuba bangaphantsi noko.
U-Hans Hofmann yinkcuba-ntetho engabonakaliyo eqhuba istudiyo sikaKrasner kwi-8th Street, apho wafunda khona emva kokufunda kwi-Cooper Union, i-Art Students League kunye ne-National Academy of Design kwaye wasebenzela i-WPA Federal Art Project.Ngesinye isihlandlo wancoma omnye wemizobo yakhe, esithi, “Intle kangangokuba akunakukholelwa ukuba yenziwe ngumfazi.”
UPenn kunye noShowell bacacisa ukuba iKrasner ephumayo, esele isekwe kwilizwe lobugcisa laseNew York, yabelana ngonxibelelwano olubalulekileyo kunye noPollock emsebenzini wabo, oboniswe ecaleni kwaleyo kaPicasso, uMatisse noGeorges Braque.Kungekudala emva koko, wathandana noPollock.Kumboniso obalulekileyo we-1942 wemizobo yaseFransi neyaseMelika kwi-Macmillan Gallery.
Batshata bafudukela eLong Island, kodwa abazange baphumelele bagxile kuKibosh ekuseleni kwabo nakwimisebenzi yangaphandle.Wacela ishedi emhlabeni kwindawo yakhe yokusebenzela, kwaye wayenza ngegumbi lokulala.
Ngoxa i-Pollock idume ngokutshiza i-canvases enkulu elele phantsi kwi-barn, u-Krasner wenza uluhlu lwemifanekiso emincinci etafileni, ngamanye amaxesha usebenzisa ipeyinti ngqo kwi-tube.
UKrasner uthelekisa oonobumba noonobumba besiHebhere, awazifundayo esengumntwana kodwa ngoku akakwazi ukufunda nokubhala.Kwimeko nayiphi na into, ngokutsho kwakhe, unomdla ekudaleni ulwimi lomntu ongokomfanekiso olungenayo intsingiselo ethile.
Emva kokuba uPollock ebhubhile kwingozi yokuqhuba enxilile-inkosikazi yakhe yasinda-uKrasner wathi istudiyo sebhari yeyakhe.
Eli linyathelo lenguquko.Akuzange kube nje ukuba umsebenzi wakhe ube mkhulu, kodwa uphinde waphenjelelwa ziintshukumo zomzimba opheleleyo kwinkqubo yokuyila.
Kwiminyaka elishumi kamva, waba nomboniso wakhe wokuqala eyedwa eNew York, kwaye ngo-1984, kwiinyanga ezintandathu ngaphambi kokuba asweleke, i-MoMA yambambela iretrospective.
Kudliwano-ndlebe olunomdla kakhulu kunye ne-Inside New York's Art World ngo-1978, uKrasner wakhumbula ukuba kwiintsuku zangaphambili, isini sakhe sasingachaphazeli indlela umsebenzi wakhe owawubonwa ngayo.
Ndaya kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo namagcisa abhinqileyo kuphela, onke amabhinqa.Kwaye ke ndandikwi-Cooper Union, isikolo sobugcisa samantombazana, onke amagcisa abhinqileyo, kwaye nangona kamva ndandikwi-WPA, uyazi, akuqhelekanga ukuba ngumfazi kwaye ube ligcisa.Konke oku kwaqala ukwenzeka emva kwexesha, ngakumbi xa iindawo zisuka kumbindi weParis zisiya eNew York, ndicinga ukuba eli xesha libizwa ngokuba yi-abstract expressionism, kwaye ngoku sineegalari, amaxabiso, imali, ingqalelo.Kude kube ngoko, kwakuthe cwaka.Kulapho ndaqala khona ukuqonda ukuba ndingumfazi, kwaye ndine "situation".
U-Elaine de Kooning wayengumzobi wemifanekiso engabonakaliyo, umgxeki wezobugcisa, umlweli wezopolitiko, utitshala, kunye "neyona peyinti ikhawulezayo edolophini", kodwa ezi mpumelelo zihlala zingaphantsi kwezo zikaNksk. Willem de Kooning, isibini sakhe "i-Abstract Expressionism".isiqingatha sesibini.
Inkcazo yesixeko esikhulu sobugcisa ibonisa ukuba amashumi amabini eminyaka yokuhlukana kwakhe noWilliam-baxolelana xa wayeneminyaka engamashumi amahlanu-yayilixesha lokukhula kwakhe kunye nobugcisa.Ukufumana inkuthazo evela kwiinkunzi zenkomo awayezibonile ngexesha lokuhamba kwakhe, wajika amehlo akhe omfazi onamandla kumadoda kwaye wanikwa ukuba apeyinte umfanekiso osemthethweni kaMongameli uKennedy:
Yonke imizobo yobomi bakhe kwafuneka yenziwe ngokukhawuleza, ukubamba iimpawu kunye nezimbo zomzimba, isiqingatha njengenkqayi, nangokombono wam, kuba akazange ahlale phantsi.Endaweni yokuba akhangeleke ekhathazekile, wahlala njengembaleki okanye umfundi wasekholejini, etsiba-tsiba esitulweni sakhe.Ekuqaleni, le ngcamango yolutsha yaphazamisa, kuba akazange ahlale phantsi.
NjengoKrasner kunye no-Elaine de Kooning, uHelen Frankenthaler wayeyinxalenye yesibini segolide se-abstract expressionists, kodwa wayengadalelwanga ukudlala ifilidi yesibini kumyeni wakhe, uRobert Motherwell.
Ngokuqinisekileyo oku kungenxa yophuhliso lwakhe lobuvulindlela lobuchule “bokupeyinta”, apho athi agalele ipeyinti yeoli exutywe ngeturpentine ngokuthe ngqo kwiseyile engalungiswanga elele tyaba.
Ukundwendwela istudiyo sikaFrankenthaler, apho babona khona iintaba zakhe ezibonisa iintaba kunye nolwandle ngaphezulu, abapeyinti abangabonakaliyo uKenneth Nolan noMaurice Lewis nabo basebenzisa obu buchule, kunye nombono wakhe wombala obanzi, osicaba, owathi kamva waziwa ngokuba ngumzobo we-gamut.
NjengoPollock, uFrankenthaler ubonakaliswe kwiphephancwadi LIFE, nangona u-Art She Says ebonisa, ayizizo zonke iiprofayili zomculi we-LIFE ezifanayo:
Ingxoxo phakathi kwezi zimbini zosulelo ibonakala ilibali lamandla obudoda azimisele ngokwentlalo kunye nokuzilawula kwabasetyhini.Ngelixa iPollock's dominant posture iyinxalenye ephambili yomsebenzi wakhe wobugcisa, ingxaki ayikokuba umile, uhleli.Endaweni yoko, kungenxa yePollock apho sinokujonga kwicala elisondeleyo lendlela yakhe ebuhlungu kunye nentsha.Ngokwahlukileyo, iiPaki zeFrankenthaler zomeleza umbono wethu wamagcisa angamabhinqa njengayilwe ngononophelo, imifanekiso echotshiweyo egqibelele njengobugcisa abayenzayo.Nangona iziqwenga zibonakala zingabonakali kwaye zi-visceral, i-stroke nganye ithathwa njengokumela umzuzu obala, ongenasiphako wokukhanya okubonakalayo.
Kukho imixholo emithathu endingathandiyo ukuyixoxa: imitshato yam yangaphambili, amagcisa kunye neembono zam ngabantu banamhlanje.
Kwabo bafuna ukufunda ngakumbi ngala magcisa mathathu, uPenn noSchuwell banikezela ngezi ngcebiso zilandelayo zencwadi:
Abasetyhini beSitrato seThoba: uLee Krasner, uElaine de Kooning, uGrace Hartigan, uJoan Mitchell, kunye noHelen Frankenthaler: Amagcisa amahlanu kunye neNtshukumo eyatshintsha ubuGcisa bexesha likaMary Gabriel.
Amagcisa amathathu abhinqileyo: uAmy von Lintel, uBonnie Roos kunye nabanye bandise i-Abstract Expressionism kwi-American West.
Abasetyhini abaVulindlela be-Bauhaus Art Movement: Ukufunyanwa kukaGertrud Arndt, uMarianne Brandt, u-Anna Albers kunye nabanye abaqambi abalityelweyo.
Ukhenketho olukhawulezayo lwemizuzu emithandathu lobugcisa bexesha langoku: uhamba njani ukusuka eManet's 1862 Isidlo sasemini kwiGrass ukuya kuJackson Pollock's 1950s ukupeyinta idriphu.
Ingqumbo yamaNazi eVulgar ngokuchasene nobugcisa obungabonakaliyo kunye "noMboniso woBugcisa obuDibekileyo" we1937.
- U-Ayun Holliday yi-primatologist ekhokelayo kwimagazini yase-East Village Inky kwaye kutshanje ungumbhali we-Creative Kodwa engadumanga: I-Manifesto encinci yePotato.Mlandele @AyunHalliday.
Sifuna ukuthembela kubafundi bethu abathembekileyo, hayi kwiintengiso eziguqukayo.Ukuxhasa injongo yemfundo yeNkcubeko eVulekileyo, cinga ngokwenza umnikelo.Samkela iPayPal, iVenmo (@openculture), iPatreon kunye neCrypto!Fumana zonke iinketho apha.Siyabulela!
Ukubandakanywa okulahlekileyo u-Alma W. Thomas ngumfazi omnyama we-Abstract Expressionist owayengumfazi wokuqala omnyama ukujoyina "isikolo" semibono (iWashington School of Color) kunye neyokuqala eWhitby.Umfazi omnyama onomboniso we-solo e-Ni, igcisa lokuqala elibhinqileyo elimsebenzi walo omnyama wathengwa yi-White House - ehlekisayo kwaye ebuhlungu, eqhelekileyo kakhulu ukuba kaninzi kangakanani amagcisa amnyama alibalekile.Umsebenzi wakhe ngoku ugqibezela iretrospective kwiimyuziyam zedolophu ezi-4, kwaye ifilimu emfutshane engobomi bakhe nomsebenzi ibonisiwe kwiminyhadala engaphezu kwama-38 kulo nyaka uphelileyo.https://missalmathomas.com https://columbusmuseum.com/alma-w-thomas/about-alma-w-thomas.html
Fumana ezona zixhobo zibalaseleyo zenkcubeko nezemfundo kwiwebhu, ethunyelwa nge-imeyile yonke imihla.Asikhe sithumele i-spam.Zikhuphe kubhaliso nangaliphi na ixesha.
INkcubeko eVulekileyo ikhangela kwiwebhu eyona mithombo yeendaba yezemfundo. Sifumana iikhosi zasimahla kunye neencwadi zeaudio ozifunayo, izifundo zolwimi kunye neevidiyo ezifundisayo ozifunayo, kunye nokhanyiselo oluninzi phakathi. Sifumana iikhosi zasimahla kunye neencwadi zeaudio ozifunayo, izifundo zolwimi kunye neevidiyo ezifundisayo ozifunayo, kunye nokhanyiselo oluninzi phakathi.Sifumana iikhosi zasimahla kunye neencwadi ezimanyelwayo ozifunayo, izifundo zolwimi kunye neevidiyo ezifundisayo ozifunayo, kunye nezinto ezininzi zokufunda.Sifumana izifundo zasimahla kunye neencwadi ezimanyelwayo ozifunayo, izifundo zolwimi kunye neevidiyo ozifunayo, kunye neetoni zenkuthazo phakathi.