Xa uyila inkqubo yombhobho woxinzelelo, injineli echongiweyo iya kuhlala ichaza ukuba umbhobho wenkqubo kufuneka uhambelane nenye okanye iindawo ezininzi ze-ASME B31 IKhowudi yoMbhobho woxinzelelo.Iinjineli zilandela njani ngokufanelekileyo iimfuno zekhowudi xa ziyila iinkqubo zombhobho?
Okokuqala, injineli kufuneka inqume ukuba yeyiphi inkcazo yoyilo kufuneka ikhethwe.Kwiinkqubo zemibhobho yoxinzelelo, oku akuphelelanga kwi-ASME B31.Ezinye iikhowudi ezikhutshwe yi-ASME, ANSI, NFPA, okanye enye imibutho elawulayo inokulawulwa ngendawo yeprojekthi, isicelo, njl.Kwi-ASME B31, okwangoku kukho amacandelo ahlukeneyo asixhenxe asebenzayo.
I-ASME B31.1 Imibhobho yoMbane: Eli candelo libandakanya imibhobho kwizikhululo zamandla, kwimizi-mveliso nakwiziko, iisistim zokufudumeza i-geothermal, kunye neenkqubo zokufudumeza kumbindi kunye nesithili kunye neenkqubo zokupholisa. Oku kubandakanya imibhobho yebhoyila yangaphandle nengeyo-boiler yangaphandle esetyenziselwa ukufakela iibhoilers zecandelo le-ASME. Eli candelo alisebenzi kwizixhobo ezigutyungelwe yi-ASME Boiler kunye ne-Pressure Vessel Code, ezinye iindlela zokupholisa3 eziphantsi koxinzelelo kunye nekhowudi ye-3 yokupholisa ephantsi. ASME B31.1.Imvelaphi ye-ASME B31.1 ingalandwa emva kwiminyaka yoo-1920, kunye nohlelo lokuqala olusemthethweni olwapapashwa ngo-1935.Qaphela ukuba uhlelo lokuqala, kuquka nezihlomelo, lwalungaphantsi kwamaphepha angama-30, kwaye uhlelo lwangoku lungaphezu kwamaphepha angama-300 ubude.
ASME B31.3 Inkqubo yemibhobho: Eli candelo libandakanya imibhobho kwiindawo zokucokisa;iikhemikhali, amayeza, amalaphu, iphepha, isemiconductor, kunye nezityalo cryogenic;kunye nezityalo zokucwangcisa ezinxulumeneyo kunye neeterminals.Eli candelo lifana kakhulu ne-ASME B31.1, ngakumbi xa kubalwa ubuncinci bodonga lobunzima bombhobho othe tye.Eli candelo ekuqaleni laliyinxalenye ye-B31.1 kwaye yaqala ukukhutshwa ngokwahlukileyo kwi-1959.
I-ASME B31.4 IiNkqubo zoThutho lwemibhobho yolwelo kunye noLudaka: Eli candelo liquka imibhobho ehambisa ikakhulu iimveliso zolwelo phakathi kwezityalo kunye neetheminali, nangaphakathi kweetheminali, ukumpompa, ukulungelelanisa, kunye nezikhululo zokulinganisa iimitha.
ASME B31.5 Imibhobho yoMbhobho weFriji kunye noThutho loBubushushu: Eli candelo libandakanya imibhobho yezikhenkcezisi kunye nezinto zokupholisa zesibini.
I-ASME B31.8 UThutho lwerhasi kunye neeNkqubo zeMibhobho yoSasazo: Oku kubandakanya imibhobho yokuthutha ubukhulu becala iimveliso zegesi phakathi kwemithombo kunye neetheminali, kubandakanywa iicompressors, i-conditioning kunye nezikhululo zokulinganisa iimitha;kunye nemibhobho yokuqokelela igesi. Eli candelo ekuqaleni laliyinxalenye ye-B31.1 kwaye lakhululwa okokuqala ngokwahlukeneyo ngo-1955.
I-ASME B31.9 Iinkonzo zoKwakha iMibhobho: Eli candelo libandakanya imibhobho edla ngokufunyanwa kwimizi-mveliso, kumaziko, zorhwebo, nakwizakhiwo zikawonke-wonke;kunye neendawo zokuhlala zeeyunithi ezininzi ezingadingi ubungakanani, uxinzelelo, kunye nomgangatho wokushisa ogutyungelwe kwi-ASME B31.1.Eli candelo lifana ne-ASME B31.1 kunye ne-B31.3, kodwa lingaphantsi kwe-conservative (ingakumbi xa ubala ubukhulu obuncinane bodonga) kwaye iqulethe iinkcukacha ezincinci.Kukhawulelwe kuxinzelelo oluphantsi, izicelo zokushisa eziphantsi njengoko kubonisiwe kwi-ASME B31.1009 yokuqala eyapapashwa kumhlathi 291009.
I-ASME B31.12 Imibhobho yeHydrojeni kunye nemibhobho yeHydrojeni: Eli candelo libandakanya imibhobho kwinkonzo yerhasi kunye neyolwelo lwehydrogen, kunye nemibhobho yenkonzo yehydrogen enegesi. Eli candelo lapapashwa okokuqala ngo-2008.
Yeyiphi ikhowudi yoyilo ekufuneka isetyenziswe ekugqibeleni ixhomekeke kumnini.Intshayelelo ye-ASME B31 ithi, "Luxanduva lomnini ukukhetha icandelo lekhowudi elisondele kakhulu kumxokelelwane ocetywayo wofakelo lombhobho."Kwezinye iimeko, "amacandelo amaninzi ekhowudi anokusebenza kumacandelo ahlukeneyo ofakelo."
Ushicilelo luka-2012 lwe-ASME B31.1 luza kusebenza njengesalathiso esiphambili kwiingxoxo ezilandelayo.Injongo yeli nqaku kukukhokela injineli echongiweyo ngamanye amanyathelo aphambili ekuyileni inkqubo yemibhobho yoxinzelelo ye-ASME B31 ehambelanayo.Ukulandela izikhokelo ze-ASME B31.1 ibonelela ngokumelwa kakuhle kwenkqubo yoyilo jikelele.Iindlela zoyilo ezifanayo ze-ASME3 zisetyenziswa. I-31 isetyenziswe kwizicelo ezincinci, ngokukodwa kwiinkqubo ezithile okanye izicelo, kwaye aziyi kuxoxwa ngokuqhubekayo.Nangona amanyathelo abalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokuyila iya kucaciswa apha, le ngxoxo ayiphelelanga kwaye ikhowudi epheleleyo kufuneka ihlale ibhekiselwa ngexesha loyilo lwenkqubo.Zonke iireferensi zombhalo zibhekisela kwi-ASME B31.1 ngaphandle kokuba kuchazwe ngenye indlela.
Emva kokukhetha ikhowudi echanekileyo, umyili wenkqubo kufuneka aphinde ahlolisise nayiphi na imfuneko yoyilo lwenkqubo ethile.Umhlathi we-122 (Icandelo 6) ubonelela ngeemfuno zoyilo ezinxulumene neenkqubo eziqhelekileyo ezifumaneka kwizicelo zemibhobho yombane, ezifana ne-steam, i-feedwater, i-blowdown kunye ne-blowdown, i-instrumentation piping, kunye neenkqubo zokunciphisa uxinzelelo.I-ASME B31.3 iqulethe imihlathi efanayo kwi-ASME B31.1 kunye nenkqubo yoxinzelelo olungaphantsi kwe-2. iimfuno zobushushu, ngokunjalo nemida eyahlukeneyo yolawulo echazwe phakathi kwebhoyila umzimba, kwibhoyila imibhobho yangaphandle, kunye nemibhobho yangaphandle engeyiyo eyebhoyi eqhagamshelwe kwi-ASME yeCandelo I lemibhobho yebhoyila.inkcazelo.Umfanekiso 2 ubonisa le mida kwibhoyila igubu.
Umyili wenkqubo kufuneka amisele uxinzelelo kunye nobushushu apho inkqubo iya kusebenza kunye neemeko zenkqubo kufuneka ziyilwe ukuhlangabezana nazo.
Ngokomhlathi we-101.2, uxinzelelo loyilo lwangaphakathi aluyi kuba ngaphantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu oluqhubekayo olusebenzayo (MSOP) ngaphakathi kwenkqubo yokubhobhoza, kubandakanywa nomphumo wentloko ye-static.Imibhobho ephantsi koxinzelelo lwangaphandle iya kuyilwa ubuninzi bokwahlukana koxinzelelo olulindelekileyo phantsi kweemeko zokusebenza, ukuvala okanye ukuvavanya. Ukongezelela, iimpembelelo zokusingqongileyo kufuneka ziqwalaselwe.Ngokutsho komhlathi we-101.4 ukupholisa umbhobho kwi-pipe yokunciphisa uxinzelelo kwi-pipe ephantsi koxinzelelo kwi-pipe ye-fluid ephantsi koxinzelelo kwi-pipe ye-fluid ephantsi koxinzelelo kwi-pipe ye-fluid. iya kuyilwa ukumelana noxinzelelo lwangaphandle okanye amanyathelo aya kuthathwa ukuphula i-vacuum.Kwiimeko apho ukwanda kwamanzi kunokunyusa uxinzelelo, iinkqubo zemibhobho kufuneka ziyilwe ukumelana noxinzelelo olwandisiweyo okanye amanyathelo kufuneka athathwe ukukhulula uxinzelelo olugqithisileyo.
Ukuqala kwiCandelo le-101.3.2, ubushushu besinyithi boyilo lwemibhobho buya kumela iimeko ezilindelekileyo eziphezulu ezilindelekileyo.Ukuze kube lula, kucingelwa ngokubanzi ukuba ubushushu bentsimbi bulingana nobushushu bolwelo.Ukuba uyanqweneleka, ubushushu obuqhelekileyo besinyithi bunokusetyenziswa lo gama nje ubushushu bodonga lwangaphandle busaziwa.Ingqalelo engakumbi kufuneka ihlawulwe kulwelo olutsalwa kwiimeko zobushushu bobushushu okanye kuqinisekiswe ukuba zithathwa kwisixhobo sokutshintshana kobushushu.
Rhoqo, abaqulunqi bongeza umda wokhuseleko kuxinzelelo oluphezulu lokusebenza kunye / okanye ubushushu.Ubungakanani bomda buxhomekeke kwisicelo.Kukwabalulekile ukuqwalasela imiqobo yezinto xa kumiselwa ubushushu boyilo.Ukucacisa amaqondo obushushu oyilo aphezulu (omkhulu kuno 750 F) anokufuna ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zealloyi kuneyentsimbi yekhabhoni esemgangathweni.Amaxabiso oxinzelelo kwiMathiriyeli eSinyanzelo inokubonelelwa kuphela ngoxinzelelo lwekhabhoni kwisixhobo ngasinye. amaxabiso ukuya kuthi ga kwi-800 F. Ukuvezwa kwexesha elide kwentsimbi yekhabhoni kumaqondo obushushu angaphezu kwe-800 F kunokubangela ukuba umbhobho ube yi-carbonize, uwenze ube brittle kwaye uthambekele ekungaphumelelini.Ukuba usebenza ngaphezulu kwe-800 F, ukonakala okukhawulezileyo kwe-creep ehambelana nentsimbi ye-carbon kufuneka kuqwalaselwe.Jonga umhlathi 124 ngengxoxo epheleleyo yemida yobushushu bezinto eziphathekayo.
Ngamanye amaxesha iinjineli zingaphinda zicacise uxinzelelo lovavanyo lwenkqubo nganye.Umhlathi we-137 unika isikhokelo malunga novavanyo loxinzelelo.Ngokuqhelekileyo, uvavanyo lwe-hydrostatic luya kuchazwa ngamaxesha e-1.5 yoxinzelelo loyilo;nangona kunjalo, i-hoop kunye noxinzelelo lwe-longitudinal kwimibhobho ayiyi kudlula i-90% yamandla esivuno sezinto eziphathekayo kumhlathi we-102.3.3 (B) ngexesha lovavanyo loxinzelelo.Kwezinye iinkqubo zemibhobho yangaphandle ye-non-boiler yangaphandle, ukuvavanywa kokuvuza kwinkonzo kunokuba yindlela esebenzayo yokukhangela ukuvuza ngenxa yobunzima bokuhlukanisa iindawo zenkqubo ngexesha lovavanyo olulula okanye ukuvuza ngokulula kwenkqubo.Kuyavunywa, oku kwamkelekile.
Emva kokuba iimeko zoyilo zisekiwe, umbhobho unokuchazwa.Into yokuqala yokugqiba ukuba yiyiphi into ekufuneka isetyenziswe.Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngaphambili, izinto ezahlukeneyo zinemida yokushisa eyahlukileyo.Umhlathi we-105 ubonelela ngezithintelo ezongezelelweyo kwizinto ezahlukeneyo zombhobho.Ukukhethwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo kuxhomekeke kulwelo lwenkqubo, njengama-alloys e-nickel kwizicelo zemibhobho yekhemikhali eyonakalisayo, isinyithi esingenasici ukuhambisa umoya wesixhobo esicocekileyo, okanye i-carbon greccenter kunye ne-carbon grecter kunye ne-carbon grecter enombhobho ophezulu. umhlwa.I-Flow Accelerated Corrosion (FAC) yinto yokhukuliseko/yomhlwa ebonise ukuba ibangela ukucolwa kodonga oluqatha kunye nokusilela kombhobho kwezinye zezona nkqubo zibalulekileyo zemibhobho.Ukungaphumeleli ukuqwalasela ngokufanelekileyo ukucutha amacandelo emibhobho kunokuba neziphumo ezibi kakhulu, njengango-2007 xa umbhobho wokutshisa ngamandla kwisikhululo sombane se-ICPN kunye ne-KCPNLari ubulala abasebenzi ababini.
I-Equation 7 kunye ne-Equation 9 kumhlathi we-104.1.1 ichaza ubuncinci obufunekayo bodonga kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu lwangaphakathi loyilo lwangaphakathi, ngokulandelanayo, kumbhobho othe ngqo phantsi koxinzelelo lwangaphakathi.Izinto eziguquguqukayo kule milinganiselo zibandakanya uxinzelelo oluphezulu oluvumelekileyo (ukusuka kwiSihlomelo esiSinyanzeliso A), ububanzi obungaphandle bombhobho, into ebonakalayo (njengoko kuboniswe kwiThebhile 104) kunye nobukhulu obuthile, njengoko kuchazwe kwiThebhile 104. ukucacisa izinto ezifanelekileyo zombhobho, i-diameter ye-nominal, kunye nobukhulu bodonga lunokuba yinkqubo ephindaphindiweyo enokuthi ibandakanye isantya samanzi, ukuhla koxinzelelo, kunye neendleko zokubhobhoza kunye nokupompa.
Isibonelelo esongezelelweyo sokutyeba sisenokongezwa ukuhlawula ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo ezibandakanya i-FAC. Izibonelelo zingafuneka ngenxa yokususwa kwemisonto, iindawo zokubeka, njl. njl. izinto ezifunekayo ukwenza amakhonkco omatshini. Ngokomhlathi we-102.4.2, isibonelelo esincinci siya kulingana nobunzulu bomsonto kunye nokunyamezelana komatshini. Isibonelelo sinokufuneka ukunika amandla ongezelelweyo, ukonakaliswa kwe-sagpse okanye ukuphazamisa ukugqithiswa kwe-super okanye ukugqithiswa kombhobho ukuthintela, ukutshatyalaliswa kwebhobho okanye ukutshatyalaliswa kwe-super-immu. kuxoxwe kumhlathi 102.4.4. Izibonelelo zingongezwa kwakhona kwi-akhawunti ye-welded joints (umhlathi 102.4.3) kunye neengqiniba (umhlathi 102.4.5) 02.4.1.
Ukhetho lweSihlomelo IV sibonelela ngesikhokelo malunga nokulawulwa kwe-corrosion.Ii-protective coatings, ukukhuselwa kwe-cathodic, kunye nokuhlukaniswa kombane (ezifana ne-insulating flanges) zizo zonke iindlela zokuthintela ukubola kwangaphandle kwemibhobho engcwatywe okanye ephantsi kwamanzi.I-Corrosion inhibitors okanye i-liners ingasetyenziselwa ukuthintela ukubola kwangaphakathi.Ukunyamekelwa kufuneka kwakhona kuthatyathwe ukusebenzisa i-hydrostatic yovavanyo olufanelekileyo, ukuvavanya ngokupheleleyo, ukuvavanya i-hydrostatic kunye nokuvavanya amanzi afanelekileyo.
Ubuncinci bodonga lombhobho obunzima okanye ishedyuli efunekayo kwizibalo zangaphambili isenokungaguquguquki kwidayamitha yombhobho kwaye inokufuna iinkcukacha zeeshedyuli ezahlukeneyo zeedayamitha ezahlukeneyo. Ishedyuli efanelekileyo kunye namaxabiso obunzima bodonga achazwe kwi-ASME B36.10 Umbhobho wentsimbi odityanisiweyo kunye neSeamless Forged Forged.
Xa ukhankanya imathiriyeli yombhobho kunye nokwenza izibalo ezixoxwe ngaphambili, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba amaxabiso aphezulu avumelekileyo oxinzelelo asetyenziswa kwizibalo ahambelana nezinto ezichaziweyo. Umzekelo, ukuba i-A312 304L umbhobho wensimbi engenasici utyunjwe ngokungachanekanga njenge-A312 304 umbhobho wensimbi engenastainless, ubukhulu bodonga obunikiweyo bunokungonelanga ngenxa yokunganeliseki komgangatho wezinto ezimbini ezivumelekileyo. umbhobho uya kuchazwa ngokufanelekileyo.Ngokomzekelo, ukuba ixabiso eliphezulu elivumelekileyo loxinzelelo lombhobho ongenamthungo lisetyenziselwa ukubala, umbhobho ongenamthungo kufuneka ucaciswe.Kungenjalo, umenzi/umfakeli unokubonelela ngombhobho odityanisiweyo womthungo, onokuthi ubangele ukutyeba kodonga olungonelanga ngenxa yokuthotywa kwamaxabiso aphezulu avumelekileyo oxinzelelo.
Ngokomzekelo, cinga ukuba iqondo lokushisa loyilo lombhobho li-300 F kunye noxinzelelo loyilo yi-1,200 psig.2 "kunye ne-3" .I-Carbon steel (i-A53 Grade B engenamthungo) ucingo luya kusetyenziswa.Misela isicwangciso sokubhobhoza esifanelekileyo ukucacisa ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ze-ASME B31.1 Equation 9.
Okulandelayo, misela awona maxabiso aphezulu avumelekileyo oxinzelelo lwe-A53 yeBanga B kumaqondo obushushu oyilo angasentla ukusuka kwiThebhile A-1. Qaphela ukuba ixabiso lombhobho ongenamthungo lisetyenziswa kuba umbhobho ongenamthungo uchaziwe:
Isibonelelo sokutyeba kufuneka kwakhona kongezwe.Kwesi sicelo, isibonelelo se-1/16 intshi.
I-intshi ezi-3. Umbhobho uya kucaciswa kuqala. Ukuthatha iShedyuli ye-40 yombhobho kunye ne-12.5% ​​yokunyamezela kokugaya, ubale uxinzelelo oluphezulu:
Ishedyuli ye-40 yombhobho iyanelisa kwii-intshi ezi-3.tube kwiimeko zoyilo ezichazwe ngasentla.Okulandelayo, khangela i-intshi ezi-2.Umbhobho usebenzisa iingcamango ezifanayo:
I-intshi ezi-2.Phantsi kwemiqathango yoyilo echazwe ngasentla, ukubhobhoza kuya kufuna ubukhulu bodonga olungqingqwa kuneShedyuli 40.Zama ii-intshi ezi-2.Shedyuli imibhobho engama-80:
Ngelixa ubukhulu bodonga lombhobho buhlala buyinto ethintelayo kuyilo loxinzelelo, kusabalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba izixhobo, iikhomponenti kunye noqhagamshelo olusetyenzisiweyo lufanelekile kwiimeko zoyilo ezichaziweyo.
Njengomgaqo jikelele, ngokuhambelana nemihlathi ye-104.2, 104.7.1, 106 kunye ne-107, zonke iivalvu, izixhobo kunye namanye amacandelo aqulethe uxinzelelo awenziwe kwimigangatho edweliswe kwiThebhile 126.1 iya kuthathwa ifanelekile ukusetyenziswa phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo zokusebenza okanye ngaphantsi kwaloo migangatho yoxinzelelo-ubushushu bomgangatho ochaziweyo ukuba abavelisi bomda ongqongqo banokuthi babeke imilinganiselo engqongqo kwimigangatho ye-U. ukutenxa kwimisebenzi yesiqhelo kunezo zichazwe kwi-ASME B31.1, imida engqongqo iya kusebenza.
Kwiindlela zokudityaniswa kwemibhobho, ii-tee, ezinqamlezayo, ezinqamlezileyo, ii-welded joints zesebe, njl., ezenziwe ngokwemigangatho edweliswe kwiThebhile 126.1 ziyacetyiswa. Kwezinye iimeko, ukudityaniswa kwemibhobho kunokufuna ukudityaniswa kwesebe elikhethekileyo.Umhlathi 104.3.1 ubonelela ngeemfuno ezongezelelweyo zokudityaniswa kwesebe ukuqinisekisa ukuba kukho izinto ezaneleyo zombhobho ukumelana noxinzelelo.
Ukwenza lula uyilo, umyili unokukhetha ukuseta iimeko zoyilo eziphezulu ukuhlangabezana nomlinganiselo we-flange wodidi oluthile loxinzelelo (umzekelo, udidi lwe-ASME 150, 300, njl.) njengoko kuchazwe yiklasi yoxinzelelo lobushushu kwizinto ezithile ezichazwe kwi-ASME B16. uyilo lwamacandelo.
Inxalenye ebalulekileyo yoyilo lwemibhobho iqinisekisa ukuba ukunyaniseka kwesakhiwo senkqubo yokubhobhoza kugcinwa emva kokuba imiphumo yoxinzelelo, ubushushu kunye nemikhosi yangaphandle isetyenzisiwe.Intembeko yesakhiwo seSystem isoloko ihoywa kwinkqubo yokuyila kwaye, ukuba ingenziwanga kakuhle, ingaba enye yeendawo ezibiza kakhulu zoyilo.Ingqibelelo yesakhiwo ixutyushwa ngokuyinhloko kwiindawo ezimbini kunye nomgca we-1 kunye nomhlathi1 Isiqendu 1, Umhlathi1: kunye nokuba bhetyebhetye.
Umhlathi 104.8 udwelisa iifomyula zekhowudi ezisisiseko ezisetyenziselwa ukugqiba ukuba ngaba inkqubo yokubhobhoza idlula ikhowudi yoxinzelelo. Umthwalo owenziweyo osetyenzisiweyo awuyi kusebenza kweminye imithwalo engalindelekanga ngexesha elifanayo, ngoko ke umthwalo ochaphazelekayo uya kuba ngumthwalo ohlukeneyo ngexesha lokuhlalutya.Imithwalo yokufuduswa yimiphumo yokukhula kwe-thermal, ukuchithwa kwezixhobo ngexesha lokusebenza, okanye nawuphi na omnye umthwalo wokufuduka.
Umhlathi 119 uxoxa ngendlela yokusingatha ukwanda kombhobho kunye nokuguquguquka kwiinkqubo zemibhobho kunye nendlela yokumisela imithwalo yokusabela.Ukuguquguquka kweenkqubo zemibhobho kudla ngokubaluleke kakhulu kuqhagamshelwano lwezixhobo, njengoko uninzi lwezixhobo zokudibanisa zinokumelana nomlinganiselo omncinci wamandla kunye nomzuzu osetyenziswayo kwindawo yokudibanisa.
Ukulungiselela ukuguquguquka kwenkqubo yombhobho kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo ixhaswa ngokufanelekileyo, yinto efanelekileyo yokuxhasa imibhobho yensimbi ngokuhambelana neThebhile 121.5.Ukuba umyili uzama ukuhlangabezana nomgangatho wokuxhasa isithuba somgangatho wale tafile, ufeza izinto ezintathu: kunciphisa ukuphambuka kobunzima bokuzimela, ukunciphisa imithwalo eqhubekayo, kunye nokwandisa indawo yomthwalo okhoyo kwi-Table 121. ngokuqhelekileyo kubangela ukuba ngaphantsi kwe-1 / 8 intshi yokufuduka kobunzima bokuzimela okanye i-sag.phakathi kweenkxaso ityhubhu.Ukunciphisa ukuphambuka kobunzima bokuzimela kunceda ukunciphisa ithuba lokuxinana kwimibhobho ephethe i-steam okanye i-gas.Ukulandela iingcebiso zesithuba kwiThebhile 121.5 kwakhona kuvumela umyili ukuba anciphise uxinzelelo oluzinzileyo kwimibhobho ukuba ibe malunga ne-50% yoxinzelelo oluqhubekayo, ikhowudi ye-121. ngenxa yokuba imithwalo yokufuduka ihambelana ngokungafaniyo nemithwalo eqhubekayo.Ngoko ke, ngokunciphisa umthwalo ogciniweyo, ukunyamezela ukunyanzeliswa koxinzelelo kunokunyuswa.Izithuba ezicetyiswayo zokuxhasa imibhobho kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 3.
Ukunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithwalo yokusabela kwenkqubo yombhobho iqwalaselwa ngokufanelekileyo kwaye ikhowudi yoxinzelelo iyahlangatyezwa, indlela eqhelekileyo kukwenza uhlalutyo loxinzelelo lwemibhobho encediswa yikhompyuter yenkqubo. Kukho iipakethe ezahlukeneyo zesoftware yohlalutyo loxinzelelo lwepayipi ekhoyo, njengeBentley AutoPIPE, Intergraph Caesar II, iPiping Solutions Tri-Flex, okanye enye yezinye iipakethe ezikhoyo ngokurhweba. ukuqinisekiswa okulula kunye nokukwazi ukwenza utshintsho oluyimfuneko ekucwangcisweni.Umfanekiso we-4 ubonisa umzekelo womzekelo kunye nokuhlalutya icandelo lombhobho.
Xa beyila inkqubo entsha, abaqulunqi benkqubo bachaza ngokuqhelekileyo ukuba yonke imibhobho kunye namacandelo kufuneka yenziwe, idityaniswe, idityaniswe, njl.njl njengoko kufunwa yiyiphi ikhowudi esetyenzisiweyo.Nangona kunjalo, kwezinye iiretrofits okanye ezinye izicelo, kunokuba luncedo kwinjineli ekhethiweyo ukuba inike isikhokelo kwiindlela ezithile zokuvelisa, njengoko kuchazwe kwiSahluko V.
Ingxaki eqhelekileyo edibana nayo kwizicelo ze-retrofit yi-weld preheat (umhlathi we-131) kunye nonyango lokushisa emva kwe-weld (umhlathi 132) .Phakathi kwezinye izibonelelo, ezi zonyango zokushisa zisetyenziselwa ukukhulula uxinzelelo, ukuthintela ukuqhekeka, kunye nokwandisa amandla e-weld. IsiHlomelo A esinyanzelekileyo sinenombolo ye-P eyabelweyo, umhlathi we-131 ubonelela ngeqondo lobushushu elincinci apho isiseko sesinyithi kufuneka sifudunyezwe ngaphambi kokuba i-welding yenzeke.Kuba i-PWHT, iThebhile 132 ibonelela ngoluhlu lweqondo lokushisa lokubamba kunye nobude bexesha lokubamba indawo ye-weld.Amazinga okufudumeza kunye nokupholisa, iindlela zokulinganisa ubushushu, iindlela zokufudumeza, kunye nezinye izikhokelo kufuneka zilandelwe ngokungqongqo kwikhowudi yekhowudi. kwenzeka ngenxa yokusilela ukunyanga ngokufanelekileyo ubushushu.
Enye indawo enokuthi ixhalabele kwiinkqubo zombhobho oxinizelelweyo kukugoba kwemibhobho.Imibhobho yokugoba inokubangela ukucolwa kodonga, kubangele ukutyeba okungonelanga kodonga.Ngokutsho komhlathi 102.4.5, ikhowudi ivumela ukugoba logama nje ubuncinci bodonga buyanelisa ifomyula efanayo esetyenziselwa ukubala ubungakanani bodonga obuncinane kumbhobho othe tye. Ngokuqhelekileyo, isibonelelo sodonga esicetyiswayo siyadityaniswa. ukugoba i-radii.Ukugoba kunokufuna ukugoba kwangaphambili kunye/okanye ukugoba unyango lobushushu emva kokugoba.Umhlathi we-129 ubonelela ngesikhokelo sokwenziwa kweengqiniba.
Kwiinkqubo ezininzi zemibhobho yoxinzelelo, kuyimfuneko ukufakela i-valve yokukhusela okanye i-valve yokunceda ukukhusela ukunyanzeliswa kwenkqubo.Kwezi zicelo, iSihlomelo II esikhethiweyo: IMithetho yoYilo lokuFakela iValve yoKhuseleko luyinto exabiseke kakhulu kodwa ngamanye amaxesha incinci eyaziwayo.
Ngokuhambelana nomhlathi we-II-1.2, iivalvu zokhuseleko zibonakaliswe ngokuvuleka ngokupheleleyo kwesenzo segesi okanye i-steam, ngelixa iivalvu zokhuseleko zivulekile malunga noxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-static kwaye zisetyenziselwa inkonzo yolwelo.
Iiyunithi zevalve yokhuseleko zibonakaliswe ukuba ngaba zivulekile okanye zivaliwe iinkqubo zokukhupha. Kwi-exhaust evulekileyo, i-elbow ekuphumeni kwevalve yokhuseleko iya kudla ngokuphuma kwi-exhaust pipe ukuya kwi-atmosphere.Ngokuqhelekileyo, oku kuya kubangela uxinzelelo olungaphantsi emva. umbhobho kufuneka ube mkhulu ngokwaneleyo ukukhusela i-blowback.Kwizicelo ezivaliweyo ze-vent, uxinzelelo luyakha kwi-valve ye-valve ngenxa yokunyanzeliswa komoya kumgca we-vent, okunokubangela ukuba amaza oxinzelelo asasazeke.Kumhlathi we-II-2.2.2, kucetyiswa ukuba uxinzelelo loyilo lomgca wokukhupha oluvaliweyo lube ubuncinane amaxesha amabini ngaphezu koxinzelelo olusebenzayo lwelizwe.
Ufakelo lwevalve yokhuseleko lunokuthi luxhomekeke kwimikhosi eyahlukeneyo njengoko ishwankathelwe kumhlathi we-II-2. Le mikhosi ibandakanya iziphumo zokwandisa ubushushu, ukusebenzisana kweevalve ezininzi zokukhupha umoya ngaxeshanye, i-seismic kunye / okanye imiphumo ye-vibration, kunye nemiphumo yoxinzelelo ngexesha leziganeko zokunciphisa uxinzelelo. I-valve.I-equations inikwe kumhlathi we-II-2.2 wokumisela uxinzelelo kunye nesantya kwi-elbow yokukhupha, i-inlet yokukhupha umbhobho, kunye nokukhupha umbhobho wokukhupha kwiinkqubo ezivulekileyo nezivaliweyo.
Ingxaki yomzekelo wesicelo sokukhutshwa okuvulekileyo inikwe kumhlathi we-II-7.Ezinye iindlela zikhona ekubaleni iimpawu zokuhamba kwiinkqubo zokukhupha i-valve yokunceda, kwaye umfundi uyalunyukiswa ukuba aqinisekise ukuba indlela esetyenzisiweyo ikhuselekile ngokwaneleyo.Enye indlela enjalo ichazwa ngu-GS Liao kwi "Power Plant Safety and Pressure Relief Valve Exhaust Group Engineering" ka-Oktobha 9, epapashwe ngu-Okthobha we-Electric Exhaust Group, Uhlalutyo lwe-ASME5.
I-valve yokunceda kufuneka ibekwe kumgama omncinci wombhobho othe ngqo kude nakuphi na ukugoba.Lo mgama omncinci uxhomekeke kwinkonzo kunye nejometri yenkqubo njengoko kuchazwe kumhlathi we-II-5.2.1.Ufakelo oluneevalvu ezininzi zokunceda, isithuba esicetyiswayo sokudityaniswa kwesebe le-valve kuxhomekeke kwi-radii yesebe kunye nemibhobho yenkonzo, njengoko kubonisiwe kwiNqaku (10) (c) ye-Table D-10 (c) yeThebhule D-15 i-inkxaso ye-piping ifumaneka kwisiqendu 1. ukukhutshwa kwevalve kwimibhobho esebenzayo kunezakhiwo ezikufutshane ukuze kuncitshiswe ifuthe lokwandiswa kwe-thermal kunye ne-seismic interactions. Isishwankathelo sezi kunye nezinye iingqalelo zoyilo kuyilo lweeassembly zevalve yokhuseleko zinokufumaneka kumhlathi II-5.
Ngokucacileyo, akunakwenzeka ukugubungela zonke iimfuno zoyilo ze-ASME B31 ngaphakathi kwendawo yesi sihloko.Kodwa nayiphi na injineli ekhethiweyo echaphazelekayo ekuyilweni kwenkqubo yombhobho woxinzelelo kufuneka ubuncinane iqhelane nale khowudi yokuyila.Ngethemba, ngolwazi olungentla, abafundi baya kufumana i-ASME B31 isibonelelo esibaluleke ngakumbi kwaye sifikeleleke.
U-Monte K. Engelkemier yinkokeli yeprojekthi kwi-Stanley Consultants.U-Engelkemier ilungu le-Iowa Engineering Society, i-NSPE, kunye ne-ASME, kwaye ukhonza kwi-B31.1 yeKomiti yeKhowudi yoMbane weMibhobho yoMbane kunye ne-Subcommittee.Uneminyaka engaphezu kwe-12 yamava okusebenza kwimibhobho yoyilo lwenkqubo, ukuyila, ukunyanzeliswa kovavanyo kunye nohlalutyo lwe-Wilkey Constress kwi-Metchangs ye-Metchants. Iminyaka eyi-6 yamava obuchule bokuyila iinkqubo zemibhobho kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziluncedo, zikamasipala, iziko kunye nabathengi bemizi-mveliso kwaye ulilungu le-ASME kunye ne-Iowa Engineering Society.
Ngaba unawo amava kunye nobuchule kwizihloko ezigutyungelwe kulo mxholo?Kufuneka ucinge ngokufaka igalelo kwiqela lethu labahleli beCFE Media kwaye ufumane ukuqondwa kwakho kunye nenkampani yakho ekufaneleyo.Cofa apha ukuqalisa inkqubo.