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Uhlalutyo lomkhondo lweesampulu zolwelo lunoluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo kwisayensi yobomi kunye nokubeka iliso kokusingqongileyo.Kulo msebenzi, siye saqulunqa i-compact kunye ne-photometer engabizi kakhulu esekelwe kwi-metal waveguide capillaries (MCCs) ukwenzela ukuzimisela kwe-ultrasensitive of absorption.Indlela ye-optical inokwandiswa kakhulu, kwaye ide kakhulu kunobude bomzimba be-MWC, kuba ukukhanya okusasazwe ngamacangci agudileyo emacaleni esinyithi kunokuqulathwa ngaphakathi kwe-capillary kungakhathaliseki ukuba i-angle yesiganeko.Ugxininiso oluphantsi njenge-5.12 nM lunokufezekiswa kusetyenziswa ii-reagents eziqhelekileyo ze-chromogenic ngenxa ye-amplification entsha engekho-linear kunye nokutshintshwa kwesampuli ngokukhawuleza kunye nokufunyanwa kwe-glucose.
I-Photometry isetyenziselwa ngokubanzi uhlalutyo lomkhondo lweesampulu zolwelo ngenxa yobuninzi bee-reagents ze-chromogenic ezikhoyo kunye nezixhobo ze-semiconductor optoelectronic1,2,3,4,5.Xa kuthelekiswa ne-cuvette-based absorbance determination determination, liquid waveguide (LWC) capillaries reflect (TIR) ​​ngokugcina ukukhanya kweprobe ngaphakathi kwe-capillary1,2,3,4,5.Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle kokuphucula ngakumbi, umzila we-optical usondele kuphela kubude bomzimba we-LWC3.6, kunye nokwandisa ubude be-LWC ngaphaya kwe-1.0 m kuya kubandezeleka ngenxa yokunciphisa ukukhanya okunamandla kunye nomngcipheko omkhulu weebhubhu, njl.
Kukho okwangoku iindidi ezimbini eziphambili ze-LWC, ezizezi, i-Teflon AF capillaries (ene-refractive index ye-~1.3 kuphela, engaphantsi kuneyamanzi) kunye ne-silica capillaries eqatywe ngeTeflon AF okanye iifilimu zetsimbi1,3,4.Ukufezekisa i-TIR kwi-interface phakathi kwezinto ze-dielectric, izixhobo ezine-low refractive index kunye ne-high incience angle angles zifunekayo3,6,10.Ngokubhekiselele kwi-Teflon AF capillaries, iTeflon AF iyaphefumla ngenxa yesakhiwo sayo se-porous3,11 kwaye inokufunxa ixabiso elincinci lezinto kwiisampuli zamanzi.Kwiicapillaries zequartz ezigqunywe ngaphandle ngeTeflon AF okanye isinyithi, isalathisi se-quartz (1.45) siphezulu kuneesampuli ezininzi zolwelo (umz. 1.33 yamanzi)3,6,12,13.Kwii-capillaries ezifakwe kwifilimu yensimbi ngaphakathi, iipropati zokuthutha ziye zafundwa14,15,16,17,18, kodwa inkqubo yokugqoka iyinkimbinkimbi, ubuso befilimu yensimbi inesakhiwo esinqabileyo kunye ne-porous4,19.
Ukongeza, ii-LWCs zorhwebo (i-AF Teflon Coated Capillaries kunye ne-AF Teflon Coated Silica Capillaries, iWorld Precision Instruments, Inc.) zinezinye izinto ezingeloncedo, ezinje: kwiimpazamo..Umthamo omkhulu ofileyo we-TIR3, 10, (2) i-T-connector (ukudibanisa i-capillaries, iifibers, kunye ne-inlet / outlet tubes) inokubamba ama-bubbles emoyeni10.
Kwangaxeshanye, ukumiselwa kwamanqanaba eglucose kubaluleke kakhulu ekuxilongeni isifo seswekile, i-cirrhosis yesibindi kunye nesifo sengqondo20.kunye neendlela ezininzi zokubona ezifana ne-photometry (kubandakanya i-spectrophotometry 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 kunye ne-colorimetry kwiphepha lama-26, 27, 28), i-galvanometry 29, 30, 31, i-fluorometry 32, 33, 34, 35, i-optical surface 6 polarianceI-37, i-Fabry-Perot cavity 38, i-electrochemistry 39 kunye ne-capillary electrophoresis 40,41 njalo njalo.Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lwezi ndlela zifuna izixhobo ezibiza kakhulu, kwaye ukufumanisa i-glucose kwiindawo ezininzi ze-nanomolar zihlala zingumngeni (umzekelo, kwimilinganiselo ye-photometric21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, i-concentration ephantsi ye-glucose).umda wawuyi-30 nM kuphela xa iPrussian blue nanoparticles yayisetyenziswa njenge-peroxidase mimics).Uhlalutyo lwe-Nanomolar glucose luhlala lufuneka kwizifundo zeselula ezikwinqanaba le-molekyuli ezifana nokuthintela ukukhula komhlaza wesibeleko somntu42 kunye nokuziphatha kwe-CO2 yokulungiswa kweProchlorococcus elwandle.
Kweli nqaku, i-compact, i-photometer engabizi kakhulu esekelwe kwi-metal waveguide capillary (MWC), i-SUS316L i-capillary yensimbi engenasici kunye ne-electropolished surface yangaphakathi, yaphuhliswa ukuzimisela kwe-ultrasensitive absorption.Ekubeni ukukhanya kunokuvaleleka ngaphakathi kwee-capillaries zetsimbi kungakhathaliseki i-angle yesiganeko, indlela ye-optical inokongezwa kakhulu ngokusasazwa kokukhanya kwiindawo ezigudileyo kunye nentsimbi egudileyo, kwaye ide kakhulu kunobude bomzimba be-MWC.Ukongeza, i-T-connector elula yenzelwe uxhulumaniso lwe-optical kunye ne-fluid inlet / outlet ukunciphisa umthamo ofileyo kwaye ugweme ukufakwa kwe-bubble.Kwi-photometer ye-MWC ye-7 cm, umda wokubhaqa uphuculwe malunga namaxesha angama-3000 xa kuthelekiswa ne-spectrophotometer yorhwebo kunye ne-1 cm ye-cuvette ngenxa yophuculo olutsha lwendlela ye-optical non-linear kunye nokutshintsha isampulu ekhawulezayo, kunye noxinzelelo lokubona iswekile nayo inokufezekiswa.kuphela i-5.12 nM usebenzisa ii-reagents ze-chromogenic eziqhelekileyo.
Njengoko kubonisiwe kwi-Figure 1, i-photometer esekelwe kwi-MWC iqulethe i-7 cm ubude be-MWC kunye ne-EP grade electropolished surface yangaphakathi, i-505 nm ye-LED ene-lens, i-photodetector yokuzuza ukuguqulwa, kunye neembini zokudibanisa i-optical kunye ne-liquid input.Phuma.Ivalve yeendlela ezintathu eziqhagamshelwe kwi-tube ye-Pike inlet isetyenziselwa ukutshintsha isampuli engenayo.I-tube ye-Peek ihambelana kakuhle ne-quartz plate kunye ne-MWC, ngoko ke umthamo ofileyo kwi-T-connector ugcinwa ubuncinci, ukuthintela ngokufanelekileyo ama-bubbles emoyeni ukuba abanjwe.Ukongeza, umqadi odibeneyo unokungeniswa ngokulula nangokufanelekileyo kwi-MWC nge-T-piece quartz plate.
I-beam kunye nesampuli yolwelo zingeniswa kwi-MCC nge-T-piece, kwaye i-beam edlula kwi-MCC ifunyenwe yi-photodetector.Izisombululo ezingenayo zeesampulu ezinebala okanye ezingenanto zaye zaziswa ngokuhlukileyo kwi-ICC ngevalve eneendlela ezintathu.Ngokomthetho weBeer, ukuxinana kwe-optical yesampuli enemibala ingabalwa kwi-equation.1.10
apho i-Vcolor kunye ne-Vblank ziyimpawu eziphumayo ze-photodetector xa umbala kunye neesampuli ezingenanto zingeniswa kwi-MCC, ngokulandelanayo, kwaye i-Vdark iyimpawu yangasemva ye-photodetector xa i-LED icinyiwe.Utshintsho kwisignali yemveliso ΔV = Vcolor–Vblank inokulinganiswa ngokutshintsha iisampuli.Ngokweequation.Njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 1, ukuba i-ΔV incinci kakhulu kune-Vblank–Vdark, xa usebenzisa iskimu sokutshintsha isampulu, utshintsho oluncinci kwi-Vblank (umz. i-drift) lunokuba nempembelelo encinci kwixabiso le-AMWC.
Ukuthelekisa ukusebenza kwe-MWC-based photometer kunye ne-cuvette-based spectrophotometer, isisombululo se-inki ebomvu sisetyenziswe njengesampuli yombala ngenxa yokuzinza kombala obalaseleyo kunye ne-concentration-absorbance linearity, i-DI H2O njengesampuli engenanto..Njengoko kubonisiwe kwiThebhile 1, uthotho lwezisombululo ze-inki ebomvu zalungiswa nge-serial dilution method usebenzisa i-DI H2O njenge-solvent.Ugxininiso olunxulumeneyo lwesampulu 1 (S1), ipeyinti ebomvu yokuqala engaxutywanga, yamiselwa njenge-1.0.Kwikhiwane.Umzobo we-2 ubonisa iifoto ze-optical ze-11 iisampuli ze-inki ebomvu (i-S4 ukuya kwi-S14) kunye nokugxininiswa okuhambelanayo (kudweliswe kwiThebhile 1) ukusuka kwi-8.0 × 10-3 (ngasekhohlo) ukuya kwi-8.2 × 10-10 (ekunene).
Iziphumo zokulinganisa kwisampulu ye-6 ziboniswe kwiMifanekiso.3(a).Amanqaku okutshintsha phakathi kweesampuli ezingcolileyo kunye nezingenanto ziphawulwe kumfanekiso ngeentolo ezimbini "↔".Ingabonwa ukuba amandla ombane ophumayo anyuka ngokukhawuleza xa utshintshela kwiisampuli zombala ukuya kwiisampulu ezingenanto kwaye ngokuphambanayo.I-Vcolor, i-Vblank kunye ne-ΔV ehambelanayo inokufumaneka njengoko kubonisiwe kumzobo.
(a) Iziphumo zomlinganiselo wesampulu 6, (b) isampuli 9, (c) isampuli 13, kunye (d) nesampulu ye-14 usebenzisa i-photometer esekelwe kwi-MWC.
Iziphumo zokulinganisa iisampuli ze-9, i-13, kunye ne-14 ziboniswe kwiMifanekiso.3(b)-(d), ngokulandelelanayo.Njengoko kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 3 (d), umlinganiselo we-ΔV ngu-5 nV kuphela, ophantse ube ngama-3 amaxesha exabiso lengxolo (2 nV).I-ΔV encinci kunzima ukwahlula kwingxolo.Ngaloo ndlela, umda wokufumanisa ufikelele kwi-concentration ye-8.2 × 10-10 (isampuli 14).Ngoncedo lwee-equations.1. I-AMWC absorbance ingabalwa kwi-Vcolor elinganisiweyo, i-Vblank kunye ne-Vdark values.Kwi-photodetector enenzuzo ye-104 Vdark yi -0.68 μV.Iziphumo zokulinganisa kuzo zonke iisampulu zishwankathelwa kwiThebhile 1 kwaye inokufumaneka kwizinto ezongezelelweyo.Njengoko kubonisiwe kwiThebhile 1, i-absorbence efunyenwe kwiindawo eziphezulu ze-saturates, ngoko ke ukufunxa ngaphezu kwe-3.7 akunakulinganiswa ngeespectrometers ezisekelwe kwi-MWC.
Ukuthelekisa, isampuli ye-inki ebomvu nayo yalinganiswa kunye ne-spectrophotometer kunye ne-Acuvette absorbance elinganisiweyo iboniswe kuMzobo 4. Amaxabiso e-Acuvette kwi-505 nm (njengoko kuboniswe kwiThebhile 1) afunyenwe ngokubhekiselele kwi-curves yeesampuli ze-10, i-11, okanye i-12 (njengoko kuboniswe kwi-inset).kuMfanekiso 4) njengesiseko.Njengoko kubonisiwe, umda wokufumanisa ufikelele kwi-concentration ye-2.56 x 10-6 (isampulu ye-9) ngenxa yokuba i-curves ye-absorption yeesampuli ze-10, i-11 kunye ne-12 yayingabonakali komnye nomnye.Ngaloo ndlela, xa usebenzisa i-photometer esekelwe kwi-MWC, umda wokufumanisa uphuculwe yinto ye-3125 xa kuthelekiswa ne-cuvette-based spectrophotometer.
Ukuxhomekeka kokufunxa-ugxininiso kuboniswe kwi-Fig.5.Kwimilinganiselo ye-cuvette, i-absorbence ihambelana nokugxininiswa kwe-inki kwindlela yobude be-1 cm.Ngelixa, kwimilinganiselo esekwe kwi-MWC, ukonyuka okungenamda kokufunxa kuye kwabonwa kwiindawo ezisezantsi.Ngokomthetho weBeer, i-absorption ilingana nobude bendlela ye-optical, ngoko ke ukufumana i-absorption i-AEF (echazwe njenge-AEF = i-AMWC / i-Acuvette kwi-concentration ye-inki efanayo) ngumlinganiselo we-MWC kubude bendlela ye-optical ye-cuvette.Njengoko kubonisiwe kwi-Figure 5, kwiindawo eziphezulu, i-AEF engaguqukiyo ijikeleze i-7.0, enengqiqo ukususela ekubeni ubude be-MWC buphindwe ka-7 ubude be-cuvette ye-1 cm. Nangona kunjalo, kwiindawo eziphantsi (i-concentration ehambelanayo <1.28 × 10-5), i-AEF inyuka ngokunciphisa ukugxila kwaye iya kufikelela kwixabiso le-803 kwi-concentration ehambelanayo ye-8.2 × 10-10 ngokukhupha i-curve ye-cuvette-based measurement. Nangona kunjalo, kwiindawo eziphantsi (i-concentration ehambelanayo <1.28 × 10-5), i-AEF inyuka ngokunciphisa ukugxila kwaye iya kufikelela kwixabiso le-803 kwi-concentration ehambelanayo ye-8.2 × 10-10 ngokukhupha i-curve ye-cuvette-based measurement. Однако при низких концентрациях (относительная концентрация <1,28 × 10–5) AEF увеличивается с уменьшением концентражия относительной концентрации 8,2 × 10–10 при экстраполяции кривой измерения на основе кюветы. Nangona kunjalo, kwiindawo eziphantsi (i-concentration ye-relative <1.28 × 10-5), i-AEF iyanda ngokunciphisa i-concentration kwaye inokufikelela kwixabiso le-803 kwi-concentration ye-8.2 × 10-10 xa ikhutshwe kwi-curve yokulinganisa i-cuvette.然而，在低浓度（相关浓度<1.28 × 10-5）下，AEF测量曲线，在相关浓度為8.2 × 10-10 时将达到803 的值.然而 , 在 低 浓度 （相关 浓度 <1.28 × 10-5） , , AEF 随着 的 降低 而 , 并且 岚且 ​​通迎 并测量 曲线 , 在浓度 為8.2 × 10-10 时 达到达到 达到达到803 值. Однако при низких концентрациях (релевантные концентрации ) АЭП увеличивается с уменьшением концентрации ния на основе кюветы она достигает значения относительной концентрации 8,2 × 10–10 803 . Nangona kunjalo, kwiindawo eziphantsi (ugxininiso olufanelekileyo <1.28 × 10-5) i-AED iyanda ngokunciphisa ukugxininiswa, kwaye xa ikhutshwe kwi-curve yokulinganisa i-cuvette-based based curve, ifikelela kwixabiso le-concentration ye-8.2 × 10-10 803.Oku kubangela umzila optical ohambelanayo we-803 cm (AEF × 1 cm), ede kakhulu kunobude bomzimba we-MWC, kwaye ide ngakumbi kune-LWC ende yorhwebo ekhoyo (500 cm ukusuka kwi-World Precision Instruments, Inc.).I-Doko Engineering LLC inobude obuyi-200 cm).Oku kunyuka okungahambelaniyo kokufunxa kwi-LWC akuzange kuxelwe ngaphambili.
Kwikhiwane.I-6(a)-(c) ibonisa umfanekiso obonakalayo, umfanekiso we-microscope, kunye nomfanekiso weprofayili obonakalayo womgangatho ongaphakathi wecandelo le-MWC, ngokulandelelanayo.Njengoko kubonisiwe kwifig.6(a), umphezulu wangaphakathi ugudile kwaye uyakhazimla, unokubonakalisa ukukhanya okubonakalayo, kwaye ubonakalisa kakhulu.Njengoko kubonisiwe kwifig.6(b), ngenxa yokukhubazeka kunye nobume bekristali besinyithi, iimesa ezincinci kunye nezitenxo zivela kumphezulu ogudileyo. Ngokujonga indawo encinci (<5 μm × 5 μm), uburhabaxa bendawo eninzi bungaphantsi kwe-1.2 nm (umzobo 6 (c)). Ngokujonga indawo encinci (<5 μm × 5 μm), uburhabaxa bendawo eninzi bungaphantsi kwe-1.2 nm (umzobo 6 (c)). Ввиду малой площади (<5 мкм×5 мкм) шероховатость большей части поверхности составляет менее 1,2 нм (рис. 6(в)). Ngenxa yendawo encinci (<5 µm×5 µm), uburhabaxa bobuninzi bomphezulu bungaphantsi kwe-1.2 nm (Fig. 6(c)).考虑到小面积（<5 μm×5 μm），大多数表面的粗糙度小于1.2 nm（图6（c）).考虑到小面积（<5 μm×5 μm），大多数表面的粗糙度小于1.2 nm（图6（c）). Учитывая небольшую площадь (<5 мкм × 5 мкм), шероховатость большинства поверхностей составляет менее 1,2 нм (рис. 6(в)). Ukuqwalasela indawo encinci (<5 µm × 5 µm), uburhabaxa beendawo ezininzi bungaphantsi kwe-1.2 nm (Fig. 6(c)).
(a) Umfanekiso obonakalayo, (b) umfanekiso wemicroscope, kunye (c) nomfanekiso obonakalayo womphezulu wangaphakathi we-MWC cut.
Njengoko kubonisiwe kwifig.I-7 (a), indlela ye-optical ye-LOP kwi-capillary inqunywe yi-angle yesiganeko θ (LOP = LC / sinθ, apho i-LC ubude bomzimba we-capillary).Kwi-Teflon AF capillaries ezaliswe yi-DI H2O, i-angle ye-icidence kufuneka ibe nkulu kune-angle ebalulekileyo ye-77.8 °, ngoko i-LOP ingaphantsi kwe-1.02 × LC ngaphandle kokuphucula okunye3.6.Nangona, kunye ne-MWC, ukuvalelwa kokukhanya ngaphakathi kwe-capillary kuxhomekeke kwisalathisi se-refractive okanye i-angle ye-indence, ngoko ke njengoko i-angle ye-icidence iyancipha, indlela yokukhanya ingaba yinde kakhulu kunobude be-capillary (LOP » LC).Njengoko kubonisiwe kwifig.7(b), umphezulu wentsimbi egudileyo unokubangela ukusasazwa kokukhanya, okunokwandisa kakhulu indlela yokubona.
Ngoko ke, kukho iindlela ezimbini zokukhanya ze-MWC: ukukhanya okuthe ngqo ngaphandle kokubonakalisa (LOP = LC) kunye nokukhanya kwe-sawtooth kunye nezibonakaliso ezininzi phakathi kweendonga zecala (LOP »LC).Ngokomthetho weBeer, ubukhulu bokukhanya okuhanjiswa ngokuthe ngqo kunye ne-zigzag kunokubonakaliswa njenge-PS× exp (-α × LC) kunye ne-PZ× exp (-α× LOP) ngokulandelanayo, apho i-α eqhubekayo yi-coefficient yokufunxa, exhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kwi-inkinki yoxinaniso.
Kwi-inki yoxinaniso oluphezulu (umzekelo, ukugxininiswa okuhambelanayo> 1.28 × 10-5), ukukhanya kwe-zigzag kuyancipha kakhulu kwaye ukuqina kwayo kuphantsi kakhulu kunokukhanya okuthe tye, ngenxa ye-coefficient yokufunxa enkulu kunye ne-optical-path yayo ende kakhulu. Kwi-inki yoxinaniso oluphezulu (umzekelo, ugxininiso oluhambelanayo > 1.28 × 10-5), ukukhanya kwe-zigzag kuyancipha kakhulu kwaye ukuqina kwayo kusezantsi kakhulu kunokukhanya okuthe ngqo, ngenxa ye-coefficient yokufunxa enkulu kunye nendlela yayo ende yokubona. Для чернил с высокой концентрацией (например, относительная концентрация >1,28 × 10-5) зигзагообразный свет силььеное е, чем у прямого света, из-за большого коэффициента поглощения и гораздо более длинного оптического излучения. Kwi-inki yoxinaniso oluphezulu (umzekelo, ukugxininiswa kobudlelwane> 1.28 × 10-5), ukukhanya kwe-zigzag kuyancipha kakhulu kwaye ukuqina kwayo kuphantsi kakhulu kunokukhanya okuthe ngqo ngenxa ye-coefficient yokufunxa enkulu kunye nokukhutshwa kwamehlo okude kakhulu.umkhondo.对于高浓度墨水（例如，相关浓度>1.28×10-5).数大，光学旴间更长.高浓度 墨水 （例如 , 浓度浓度> 1.28 × 10-5） , z 字水是 吸收 系数 大 光学 时间 更。。 长 长 长 长 长 长Для чернил с высокой концентрацией (например, релевантные концентрации >1,28×10-5) ниже, чем у прямого света из-за большого коэффициента поглощения и более длительного оптического времени. Kwii-inki zokuxininisa eziphezulu (umzekelo, ugxininiso olufanelekileyo> 1.28 × 10-5), ukukhanya kwe-zigzag kuyancipha kakhulu kwaye ukuqina kwayo kuphantsi kakhulu kunokukhanya okuthe ngqo ngenxa ye-coefficient yokufunxa enkulu kunye nexesha elide le-optical.indlela encinci.Ngaloo ndlela, ukukhanya okuthe ngqo kulawule ukuzimisela kwe-absorbence (LOP = LC) kwaye i-AEF igcinwe rhoqo kwi ~ 7.0. Ngokwahlukileyo, xa i-absorption-coefficient iyancipha ngokunciphisa inkinki yokuxininisa (umzekelo, i-concentration ehambelanayo <1.28 × 10-5), ubukhulu be-zigzag-light bukhula ngokukhawuleza kunokukhanya okuthe ngqo kwaye emva koko ukukhanya kwe-zigzag kuqala ukudlala indima ebalulekileyo. Ngokwahlukileyo, xa i-absorption-coefficient iyancipha ngokunciphisa inkinki yokuxininisa (umzekelo, i-concentration ehambelanayo <1.28 × 10-5), ubukhulu be-zigzag-light bukhula ngokukhawuleza kunokukhanya okuthe ngqo kwaye emva koko ukukhanya kwe-zigzag kuqala ukudlala indima ebalulekileyo. Напротив, когда коэффициент поглощения уменьшается с уменьшением концентрации чернил (например, относительная концентра2-85×5×5), <br> загообразного света увеличивается быстрее, чем у прямого света, и затем начинает играть зигзагообразный свет. Ngokuchasene noko, xa i-coefficient yokufunxa iyancipha ngokunciphisa inkinki yokuxininisa (umzekelo, i-concentration ye-1.28 × 10-5), ukuqina kokukhanya kwe-zigzag kwandisa ngokukhawuleza kunokukhanya okuthe ngqo, kwaye ukukhanya kwe-zigzag kuqala ukudlala.indima ebaluleke ngakumbi.相反，当吸收系数随着墨水浓度的降低而降低时（例如，相关浓度<1.28×10-10-5嗉光，增加得更快，然后Z字形光开始发挥作用一个更重要的角色。相反 , 当 吸收 系数 随着 墨水 的 降低 而 降低 时 例如 例如 , 相关 浓度 1 × 1.字形光 的 强度 比 增加 得更 , 然后 z 字形光 发挥 作用 一个 重要 重要 重要 洴洛 更更更多色. И наоборот, когда коэффициент поглощения уменьшается, уменьшением концентрации чернил (например, соответствующая концентраций), соответствующая концентразен1× 8 Ngokwahlukileyo, xa i-coefficient yokufunxa iyancipha ngokunciphisa inkinki yokuxininisa (umzekelo, i-concentration ehambelanayo <1.28 × 10-5), ukuqina kokukhanya kwe-zigzag kwandisa ngokukhawuleza kunokukhanya okuthe ngqo, kwaye ukukhanya kwe-zigzag kuqala ukudlala indima ebalulekileyo.umlinganiswa.Ngoko ke, ngenxa yendlela ye-sawtooth optical (LOP »LC), i-AEF inokunyuswa ngaphezulu kwe-7.0.Iimpawu ezichanekileyo zokuhambisa ukukhanya kwe-MWC zinokufumaneka kusetyenziswa ithiyori yemowudi yamaza.
Ukongeza ekuphuculeni umendo we-optical, ukutshintshwa kwesampulu ekhawulezayo kukwanegalelo kwimida yokufumanisa i-ultra-low.Ngenxa yomthamo omncinci we-MCC (0.16 ml), ixesha elifunekayo ukutshintsha kunye nokutshintsha izisombululo kwi-MCC ingaba ngaphantsi kwemizuzwana ye-20.Njengoko kuboniswe kwi-Figure 5, ixabiso elincinci elibonakalayo le-AMWC (2.5 × 10-4) ngamaxesha angama-4 ngaphantsi kwe-Acuvette (1.0 × 10-3).Ukutshintsha ngokukhawuleza kwesisombululo esijikelezayo kwi-capillary kunciphisa umphumo wengxolo yenkqubo (umz. i-drift) ekuchanekeni kokwahlukana kwe-absorption xa kuthelekiswa nesisombululo sokugcinwa kwi-cuvette.Umzekelo, njengoko kubonisiwe kwifig.3(b)-(d), ΔV iyakwazi ukwahlula ngokulula kwisiginali ye-drift ngenxa yokutshintsha isampulu ekhawulezayo kwi-capillary volume encinci.
Njengoko kubonisiwe kwiThebhile 2, uluhlu lwezisombululo ze-glucose kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zalungiswa kusetyenziswa i-DI H2O njenge-solvent.Iisampulu ezingcolileyo okanye ezingenanto zilungiswe ngokuxuba isisombululo se-glucose okanye amanzi ahlanjululweyo kunye nezisombululo ze-chromogenic ze-glucose oxidase (GOD) kunye ne-peroxidase (POD) 37 kwi-volume ratio ye-3: 1, ngokulandelanayo.Kwikhiwane.I-8 ibonisa iifoto ze-optical zeesampuli ezinqabileyo ezilithoba (i-S2-S10) kunye noxinzelelo lwe-glucose ukusuka kwi-2.0 mM (ngasekhohlo) ukuya kwi-5.12 nM (ekunene).Ububomvu buyancipha ngokuncipha koxinzelelo lweglucose.
Iziphumo zemilinganiselo yeesampulu ze-4, 9, kunye ne-10 kunye ne-photometer esekelwe kwi-MWC iboniswe kwiMifanekiso.9(a)-(c), ngokulandelelanayo.Njengoko kubonisiwe kwifig.9(c), umlinganiselo ΔV uzinza kancinci kwaye ngokucothayo wonyuka ngexesha lomlinganiso njengoko umbala we-reagent ye-GOD-POD ngokwayo (nangona ngaphandle kokufaka i-glucose) itshintsha kancinci ekukhanyeni.Ngaloo ndlela, imilinganiselo ye-ΔV elandelelanayo ayinakuphinda iphindwe kwiisampuli nge-concentration ye-glucose engaphantsi kwe-5.12 nM (isampuli ye-10), kuba xa i-ΔV incinci ngokwaneleyo, ukungazinzi kwe-reagent ye-GOD-POD akusayi kuhoywa.Ngoko ke, umda wokufunyanwa kwesisombululo se-glucose yi-5.12 nM, nangona ixabiso elihambelanayo le-ΔV (0.52 µV) likhulu kakhulu kunexabiso lengxolo (0.03 µV), ebonisa ukuba i-ΔV encinci ingabonwa.Lo mda wokubhaqa unokuphuculwa ngakumbi ngokusebenzisa ii-reagents ze-chromogenic ezizinzileyo.
(a) Iziphumo zokulinganisa isampula 4, (b) isampuli 9, kunye (c) nesampula ye-10 usebenzisa i-photometer esekelwe kwi-MWC.
I-AMWC absorbance ingabalwa ngokusebenzisa i-Vcolor elinganisiweyo, i-Vblank kunye ne-Vdark values.Kwi-photodetector enenzuzo ye-105 Vdark yi -0.068 μV.Imilinganiselo yazo zonke iisampuli inokusetwa kwimathiriyeli eyongezelelweyo.Ukuthelekisa, iisampulu zeglucose ziye zalinganiswa nge-spectrophotometer kwaye ukufunxwa okulinganiselwe kwe-Acuvette kufikelele kumda wokubhaqa we-0.64 µM (isampulu yesi-7) njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso we-10.
Ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-absorption kunye nogxininiso lubonakaliswe kuMzobo we-11. Nge-photometer esekelwe kwi-MWC, ukuphuculwa kwe-125 ngokuphindwe kabini kumda wokufumanisa kuye kwaphunyezwa xa kuthelekiswa ne-cuvette-based spectrophotometer.Olu phuculo lungaphantsi kunovavanyo lwe-inki ebomvu ngenxa yozinzo olubi lwe-reagent ye-GOD-POD.Ukunyuka okungenamda kwi-absorption kwiindawo eziphantsi kuye kwabonwa.
I-photometer esekwe kwi-MWC iphuhliselwe ukuchongwa kwe-ultra-sensitive yeesampuli zolwelo.Indlela ye-optical inokwandiswa kakhulu, kwaye ide kakhulu kunobude bomzimba be-MWC, kuba ukukhanya okusasazwe ngamacangci agudileyo emacaleni esinyithi kunokuqulathwa ngaphakathi kwe-capillary kungakhathaliseki ukuba i-angle yesiganeko.Ugxininiso oluphantsi njenge-5.12 nM lunokufezekiswa kusetyenziswa ii-reagents ze-GOD-POD eziqhelekileyo ngokubonga kwi-amplification entsha engahambelaniyo kunye nokutshintshwa kwesampulu ekhawulezayo kunye nokufunyanwa kwe-glucose.Le photometer icwecwe kwaye ingabizi iya kusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwisayensi yobomi kunye nokubeka iliso kokusingqongileyo kuhlalutyo lomkhondo.
Njengoko kuboniswe kwi-Figure 1, i-photometer esekelwe kwi-MWC iqulethe i-MWC eyi-7 cm ubude (ububanzi bangaphakathi be-1.7 mm, ububanzi obungaphandle be-3.18 mm, i-EP class electropolished surface yangaphakathi, i-SUS316L i-capillary yensimbi engenasici), i-505 nm wavelength LED (Thorlabs M505Flabs (Thorlabs M505F6be) kunye ne-digrii ye-spreadnses (i-Thorlabs M505F6be) kunye ne-P. DB450C) kunye nezixhumi ezimbini ze-T zonxibelelwano lwe-optical kunye nolwelo ngaphakathi / ngaphandle.I-T-connector yenziwe ngokudibanisa ipleyiti ye-quartz ebonakalayo kwi-tube ye-PMMA apho i-MWC kunye ne-Peek tubes (i-0.72 mm ID, i-1.6 mm OD, i-Vici Valco Corp.) ifakwe ngokuqinileyo kwaye idibene.Ivalve yeendlela ezintathu eziqhagamshelwe kwi-tube ye-Pike inlet isetyenziselwa ukutshintsha isampuli engenayo.I-photodetector inokuguqula amandla optical afunyenweyo P kwi-voltage ye-amplified voltage N× V (apho i-V / P = 1.0 V / W kwi-1550 nm, ukufumana i-N kunokulungiswa ngesandla kwi-103-107).Kubufutshane, iV isetyenziswa endaweni ye-N×V njengophawu lwemveliso.
Xa kuthelekiswa, i-spectrophotometer yorhwebo (i-Agilent Technologies Cary 300 series ene-R928 High Efficiency Photomultiplier) ene-cuvette cell eyi-1.0 cm nayo yasetyenziswa ukulinganisa ukufunxwa kweesampuli zolwelo.
Umphezulu wangaphakathi wokusikwa kwe-MWC uhlolwe kusetyenziswa iprofayili yomphezulu optical surface (ZYGO New View 5022) kunye nesisombululo esithe nkqo nesisecaleni se-0.1 nm kunye ne-0.11 µm, ngokulandelanayo.
Zonke iikhemikhali (ibakala lokuhlalutya, akukho ukuhlanjululwa okungaphezulu) zithengiwe kwi-Sichuan Chuangke Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Iikiti zokuvavanya i-Glucose ziquka i-glucose oxidase (uTHIXO), i-peroxidase (i-POD), i-4-aminoantipyrine kunye ne-phenol, njl.
Njengoko kubonisiwe kwiThebhile 2, uluhlu lwezisombululo ze-glucose kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zalungiswa kusetyenziswa i-DI H2O njenge-diluent usebenzisa indlela yokuhlanjululwa kwe-serial (jonga i-Supplementary Materials ngeenkcukacha).Lungiselela iisampulu ezingcolileyo okanye ezingenanto ngokuxuba isisombululo se-glucose okanye amanzi adibeneyo kunye nesisombululo se-chromogenic kwi-fixed volume ratio ye-3: 1, ngokulandelanayo.Zonke iisampuli zigcinwe kwi-37 ° C zikhuselwe ekukhanyeni imizuzu eyi-10 ngaphambi kokulinganisa.Kwindlela ye-GOD-POD, iisampulu ezinemibala zijika zibe bomvu kunye nobuninzi be-absorption kwi-505 nm, kwaye i-absorption iphantse ilingane ne-concentration ye-glucose.
Njengoko kubonisiwe kwiThebhile 1, uluhlu lwezisombululo ze-inki ebomvu (Inciniba Ink Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China) zalungiswa nge-serial dilution method usebenzisa i-DI H2O njenge-solvent.
Indlela yokucaphula eli nqaku: Bai, M. et al.I-photometer ye-compact esekelwe kwi-capillaries ye-metal waveguide: ukumiselwa kwe-nanomolar concentrations ye-glucose.inzululwazi.5, 10476. doi: 10.1038/srep10476 (2015).
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Li, QP, Zhang, J. -Z., Millero, FJ & Hansell, DA Ukuzimisela kombala oqhubekayo wokulandelela i-ammonium emanzini olwandle kunye nomzila omde wolwelo lwe-waveguide capillary cell. Li, QP, Zhang, J.-Z., Millero, FJ & Hansell, DA Ukuzimisela kombala oqhubekayo wokulandelela i-ammonium emanzini olwandle kunye ne-long-path liquid waveguide capillary cell.Lee, KP, Zhang, J.-Z., Millero, FJ kunye neHansel, DA Ukumiselwa kombala oqhubekayo wemilinganiselo ye-ammonium emanzini olwandle usebenzisa i-capillary cell kunye ne-waveguide yamanzi. Li, QP, Zhang, J. -Z., Millero, FJ & Hansell, DA 用长程液体波导毛细管连续比色测定海水中的痕量铵。 Li, QP, Zhang, J.-Z., Millero, FJ & Hansell, DA.U-Lee, u-KP, u-Zhang, u-J.-Z., i-Millero, i-FJ kunye ne-Hansel, i-DA Ukumiselwa kombala oqhubekayo wokulandela izixa ze-ammonium kumanzi olwandle kusetyenziswa ii-capillaries ze-waveguide waveguide.IKhemistri ngoMatshi.96, 73–85 (2005).
I-Páscoa, i-RNMJ, i-Tóth, i-IV & ne-Rangel, i-AOSS Uphononongo malunga nosetyenziso lwamva nje lweseli ye-capillary ye-waveguide elulwelo kwiindlela zokuhlalutya ezisekelwe ekuphuhliseni ukunyusa ubuntununtunu beendlela zokubona i-spectroscopic. I-Páscoa, i-RNMJ, i-Tóth, i-IV & ne-Rangel, i-AOSS Uphononongo malunga nosetyenziso lwamva nje lweseli ye-capillary ye-waveguide elulwelo kwiindlela zokuhlalutya ezisekelwe ekuphuhliseni ukunyusa ubuntununtunu beendlela zokubona i-spectroscopic.I-Pascoa, i-RNMJ, i-Toth, i-IV kunye ne-Rangel, i-AOSS Uphononongo lwezicelo zamva nje zeseli ye-capillary waveguide elulwelo kwiindlela zokuhlalutya ukuhamba ukuphucula uvakalelo lweendlela zokufumanisa i-spectroscopic. I-Páscoa, RNMJ, Tóth, IV & Rangel, AOSS的灵敏度. Páscoa, rnmj, tóth, IV & rangel, aoss 回顾 液体 毛细管 单元 在 基于 的 分析 技术 中 的 最术 中 的 最术 最术 中 的 最新 。灵敏度 灵敏度 灵敏度 灵敏度 灵敏度 灵敏度 灵敏度灺敏度敏度 灵敏度 灵敏度 灵敏度 灵敏度 灵敏度 灵敏度灵敏序 灵敏度灵敏度 灵敏度 灵敏度 灵敏度I-Pascoa, i-RNMJ, i-Toth, i-IV kunye ne-Rangel, i-AOSS Uphononongo lwezicelo zamva nje ze-liquid waveguide capillary cells kwiindlela zokuhlalutya ezisekelwe kwi-flow-based ukunyusa uvakalelo lweendlela zokufumanisa i-spectroscopic.umva.Itshim.Umthetho 739, 1-13 (2012).
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