Njengoba izingcindezi zemakethe ziphoqa abakhiqizi bamashubhu ukuthola izindlela zokwandisa umkhiqizo kuyilapho benamathela ezindinganisweni zekhwalithi eziqinile, ukukhetha indlela yokuhlola engcono kakhulu kanye nesistimu yokusekela kubaluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili.Nakuba abakhiqizi abaningi bamashubhu bathembele ekuhlolweni kokugcina, ezimweni eziningi abakhiqizi basebenzisa ukuhlola okuthuthukisiwe enqubweni yokukhiqiza ukuze bathole izinto ezingalungile noma izinqubo kusenesikhathi.Lokhu akugcini nje kunciphisa izingcezu ezilahliwe, kodwa futhi kunciphisa izindleko zesandla ezihambisana nenzuzo ephezulu. ukwengeza uhlelo lokuhlola olungabhubhisi (i-NDT) efekthri kwenza umqondo omuhle wezomnotho.
Izici eziningi—uhlobo lwezinto ezibonakalayo, ububanzi, ukujiya kodonga, isivinini senqubo nendlela yokushisela noma ukwakha ithubhu—zinquma ukuhlolwa okungcono kakhulu.Lezi zici nazo zithonya ukukhethwa kwezici endleleni yokuhlola esetshenzisiwe.
I-Eddy Current Testing (ET) isetshenziswa ezinhlelweni eziningi zamapayipi.Lokhu ukuhlolwa kwezindleko eziphansi futhi kungasetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zamapayipi odongeni azacile, ngokuvamile afika ku-0.250 intshi odongeni obukhulu.Ifanele izinto kazibuthe nezingezona kazibuthe.
Izinzwa noma amakhoyili okuhlola awela ezigabeni ezimbili eziyisisekelo: ukugoqa kanye ne-tangential.Amakhoyili azungezayo ahlola yonke ingxenye ephambanayo yeshubhu, kuyilapho amakhoyili e-tangential ahlola indawo eshiselwe kuphela.
Amakhoyili asongayo abona amaphutha kuwo wonke umugqa ongenayo, hhayi nje indawo yokushisela, futhi avame ukusebenza kangcono uma uhlola osayizi abancane kuno-intshi angu-2 ububanzi. Ayakwazi futhi ukubekezelela ukukhukhuleka kwe-pad. Ububi obukhulu ukuthi ukudlula umugqa ongenayo emshinini kudinga izinyathelo ezengeziwe kanye nokunakekelwa okwengeziwe ukuze uyidlulise emshinini wokuhlola, ishubhu lehluleke ukuyibamba. ukuvula, kulimaze ikhoyili yokuhlola.
Amakhoyili e-Tangent ahlola ingxenye encane yesiyingi seshubhu.Ezinhlelo zokusebenza ezinobubanzi obukhulu, ukusebenzisa amakhoyili aqinile kunokuba amakhoyili agoqe ngokuvamile kunikeza isilinganiso esingcono sesignali-kuya-nomsindo (isilinganiso samandla esignali yokuhlola ehlobene nesiginali emile ngemuva).Amakhoyili a-tangent nawo awadingi imicu futhi kulula ukuwalawula ngaphandle kwepayipi elifanele ukuthi lisetshenziswe kuphela. osayizi abancane uma indawo yokushisela ilawulwa kahle.
Noma yiluphi uhlobo lwekhoyili lungahlola ukuthi aziqhubeki yini ngezikhathi ezithile. Ukuhlolwa kokukhubazeka, okwaziwa nangokuthi ukuhlola okuyize noma ukungafani, ngokuqhubekayo kuqhathanisa i-weld nengxenye eseduze yensimbi eyisisekelo futhi kuzwela ezinguqukweni ezincane ezibangelwa ukungaqhubeki. Kulungele ukuthola izici ezimfushane njengamaphinikhodi noma ama-jump weld, indlela eyinhloko esetshenziswa ezigayweni eziningi zokugaywa.
Ukuhlolwa kwesibili, indlela ephelele, kutholwe amaphutha e-verbose.Leli fomu elilula le-ET lidinga u-opharetha ukuthi alinganisele nge-elekthronikhi uhlelo ezintweni ezinhle.Ngaphezu kokuthola izinguquko ezijwayelekile, eziqhubekayo, liphinde lithole izinguquko ekugqimeni kwezindonga.
Ukusebenzisa lezi zindlela ezimbili ze-ET akudingekile ukuba kube nzima kakhulu. Uma insimbi ifakwe, ingasetshenziswa kanyekanye ngekhoyili yokuhlola eyodwa.
Okokugcina, indawo engokoqobo yomhloli ibalulekile.Izimpawu ezifana nezinga lokushisa elizungezile kanye nokudlidliza komshini (okudluliswa eshubhuni) kungaphazamisa ukubekwa.Ukubeka ikhoyili yokuhlola eduze nebhokisi le-solder kunikeza u-opharetha ulwazi olusheshayo mayelana nenqubo yokudayiswa.Kodwa-ke, izinzwa ezimelana nezinga lokushisa noma ukupholisa okwengeziwe kungase kudingeke.Ukubeka ikhoyili yokuhlola eduze komshini wokugaya kungakwazi ukubona usayizi wekhoyili;kodwa-ke, kunethuba elikhulu lokuhlehlisa amanga ngoba le ndawo isondeza inzwa kusistimu yokusika, lapho kungenzeka khona ukuthi ithole Ukudlidliza ngesikhathi sokusaha noma ukugunda.
Ukuhlolwa kwe-Ultrasonic (UT) kusebenzisa ama-pulses wamandla kagesi futhi kuguqule abe amandla omsindo ayimvamisa ephezulu.Lawa maza omsindo adluliselwa kumpahla evivinywayo ngokusebenzisa imidiya efana namanzi noma isigayo sokupholisa.Umsindo uqondise;ukuma kwenzwa kunquma ukuthi isistimu ifuna ukukhubazeka noma ukukala ukujiya kodonga.Isethi yama-transducer ingakha uhlaka lwendawo yokushisela.Indlela ye-UT ayinqunyelwe ukujiya kodonga lweshubhu.
Ukuze usebenzise inqubo ye-UT njengethuluzi lokulinganisa, u-opharetha udinga ukuqondisa i-transducer ukuze ihambisane neshubhu.Amaza omsindo angena ku-OD eshubhuni, agxume asuke ku-ID, futhi abuyele ku-transducer.Isistimu ikala isikhathi sendiza - isikhathi esisithathayo ukuze igagasi lomsindo lihambe lisuka ku-OD liye ku-ID - futhi liguqula isikhathi sibe ugqinsi, ukujiya kokulinganisa okunodonga lwe-miccura. 0.001 amayintshi.
Ukubona ukonakala kwezinto, u-opharetha ubeka i-transducer nge-engeli etshekile.Amaza omsindo angena esuka ku-OD, aya ku-ID, abuyele ku-OD, futhi ahambe ngodonga ngaleyo ndlela.Ukungaqhubeki kokushisela kubangela ukuba igagasi lomsindo libonakale;ithatha indlela efanayo ibuyela kunzwa, eyibuyisela emuva kumandla kagesi futhi idale isibonisi esibonakalayo esibonisa indawo yesici.Isiginali iphinda idlule esangweni elinesici, okungenzeka ukuthi icuphe i-alamu ukuze yazise opharetha noma icuphe isistimu kapende ephawula indawo yesici.
Amasistimu e-UT angasebenzisa i-transducer eyodwa (noma ama-transducers amaningi ekristalu eyodwa) noma ama-transducer ahlelwa ngezigaba.
I-UTs yendabuko isebenzisa i-transducers eyodwa ye-crystal eyodwa noma ngaphezulu.Inani lezinzwa lincike ubude obulindelekile besici, isivinini somugqa nezinye izidingo zokuhlola.
Ama-UT ahlukahlukene asebenzisa ama-transducer ama-elementi amaningi emzimbeni.Isistimu yokulawula ilawula amaza omsindo nge-elekthronikhi ngaphandle kokubeka kabusha izakhi ze-transducer ukuze iskene indawo yokushisela.Isistimu ingenza imisebenzi eyahlukene, njengokubona amaphutha, ukukala ukujiya kodonga, nokuqapha izinguquko ekuhlanzeni kwendawo yokushisela. i-lding drift ngoba amalungu afanayo angamboza indawo enkulu kunezinzwa zendawo ezigxilile.
Indlela yesithathu ye-NDT, Ukuvuza kweMagnetic (MFL), isetshenziselwa ukuhlola ububanzi obukhulu, amapayipi awugqinsi anezindonga eziwugqinsi, ebanga kazibuthe.Ilungele ukusetshenziswa kukawoyela negesi.
Ama-MFL asebenzisa inkambu kazibuthe eqinile ye-DC edlula kushubhu noma odongeni lweshubhu.Amandla kazibuthe asondela ekugcwalisweni okugcwele, noma iphuzu lapho noma yikuphi ukwanda kwamandla kazibuthe kungaholeli ekwenyukeni okuphawulekayo kokuminyana kazibuthe.Lapho imigqa yakazibuthe ihlangabezana nenkinga kokubalulekile, ukuhlanekezelwa okuwumphumela kokuguquguquka kukazibuthe kungayibangela ukuba iphume noma ibhamule phezulu.
I-probe elula enenxeba elidlula endaweni kazibuthe ingakwazi ukubona amabhamuza anjalo.Njengoba kunjalo kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza zokungenisa kazibuthe, isistimu idinga ukunyakaza okuhlobene phakathi kwento ehlolwayo kanye ne-probe.Lokhu kunyakaza kufinyelelwa ngokuzungezisa uzibuthe kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwe-probe eduze kwesiyingi seshubhu noma ipayipi.Ukwandisa isivinini sokucubungula, lokhu kusetha kusebenzisa i-probe eyengeziwe noma iphindaphinda eyodwa futhi.
Iyunithi ye-MFL ejikelezayo ingathola amaphutha e-longitudinal noma aguquguqukayo.Umehluko usekuhambeni kwezakhiwo zikazibuthe kanye nomklamo we-probe.Kuzo zombili izimo, isihlungi sesiginali siphatha inqubo yokuthola amaphutha nokuhlukanisa phakathi kwezindawo ze-ID ne-OD.
I-MFL ifana ne-ET futhi okubili kuyaphelelisana.ET ifanele imikhiqizo enobukhulu bodonga obungaphansi kwamayintshi angu-0.250, kuyilapho i-MFL isetshenziselwa imikhiqizo enobukhulu bodonga obukhulu kunalokhu.
Enye inzuzo ye-MFL ngaphezu kwe-UT ikhono layo lokubona ukukhubazeka okuncane kune-ideal.Isibonelo, i-MFL ikwazi ukubona kalula ukukhubazeka kwe-helical.Amaphutha ezikhombisi-ndlela ezinjalo ezitshekile zingatholwa yi-UT, kodwa zidinga izilungiselelo ezithile ze-engeli elindelekile.
Unentshisekelo yolwazi olwengeziwe ngalesi sihloko?Inhlangano Yabakhiqizi Nabakhiqizi (i-FMA) inokuningi.Ababhali u-Phil Meinczinger noWilliam Hoffmann bazonikeza usuku olugcwele lolwazi nesiqondiso mayelana nezimiso, izinketho zemishini, ukusethwa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwalezi zinqubo.Umhlangano ububanjwe ngoNovemba 10 endlunkulu ye-FMA e-Elgin, e-Illinois ukuze ubhalisele ukwaziswa okwengeziwe.
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