Kubhalwe kahle ukuthi ukuthuthuka okuqhubekayo ekusebenzeni kwezemidlalo kungaqoqwa ukuze kwakhiwe iqembu eliwinayo.Imisebenzi yase-Oilfield nayo ihlukile futhi kubalulekile ukusebenzisa leli thuba ukuze kuqedwe izindleko zokungenelela ezingadingekile.Ngaphandle kwamanani entengo kawoyela, njengemboni sibhekene nezingcindezi zezomnotho nezenhlalo ukuze siphumelele ngangokunokwenzeka.
Esimeni samanje, ukukhipha umgqomo wokugcina kawoyela ezimpahleni ezikhona ngokuphinda kwethulwe futhi kumbiwe amagatsha emithonjeni ekhona kuyisu elihlakaniphile nelingabizi kakhulu - inqobo nje uma kungenziwa ngendlela engabizi kakhulu.I-coiled tubing drilling (CT) ubuchwepheshe obungasetshenziswa kancane obuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle ezindaweni eziningi uma kuqhathaniswa nokubhola okuvamile.Lesi sihloko sichaza ukuthi opharetha bangasebenzisa kanjani inzuzo esebenza kahle i-CTD enganikeza ukunciphisa izindleko.
ukungena ngempumelelo.Kuze kube manje, ubuchwepheshe bokubhola be-coiled tubing (CTD) buye bathola izindawo ezimbili eziphumelelayo kodwa ezihlukile e-Alaska naseMpumalanga Ephakathi, umkhiwane.1. ENyakatho Melika, lobu buchwepheshe abukasetshenziswa kabanzi.Okwaziwa nangokuthi ukubhola okungenama-drillless, kuchaza ukuthi ubuchwepheshe be-CTD bungasetshenziswa kanjani ukuze kukhishwe izinqolobane zokudlula ngemuva kwepayipi ngezindleko eziphansi;kwezinye izimo, isikhathi sokukhokha segatsha elisha singalinganiswa ngezinyanga.I-CTD ngeke isetshenziswe kuphela ezinhlelweni zezindleko eziphansi, kodwa inzuzo engokwemvelo ye-CT yokusebenza ngokungalinganiseli inganikeza ukuguquguquka kokusebenza okungakhuphula kakhulu izinga lempumelelo kumthombo ngamunye endaweni ephelile.
I-CTD isetshenziselwe ukumba okungenabhalansi ukuze kwandiswe ukukhiqizwa ezindaweni eziphelile zikawoyela negesi.Lolu hlelo lokusebenza lobuchwepheshe lusetshenziswe ngempumelelo kakhulu kumachibi anciphayo anciphayo eMpumalanga Ephakathi, lapho inani lezinsimbi ze-CTD liye lenyuka kancane kancane eminyakeni embalwa edlule.Uma i-CTD engalingani kahle isetshenziswa, ingabuye ifakwe ngemithombo emisha noma imithombo ekhona.Esinye isicelo esikhulu esiyimpumelelo seminyaka eminingi se-CTD siseNorth Slope yase-Alaska, lapho i-CTD inikeza indlela engabizi kakhulu yokuphinda kuthunyelwe imithombo emidala futhi kwandiswe ukukhiqizwa.Ubuchwepheshe kulolu hlelo lokusebenza kwandisa kakhulu inani lemiphongolo ye-margin etholakala kubakhiqizi baseNorth Slope.
Ukwenyuka kokusebenza kahle kuholela ezindlekweni eziphansi.I-CTD ingabiza kakhulu kunokumba okuvamile ngezizathu ezimbili.Okokuqala, sibona lokhu ezindlekweni eziphelele zomphongolo ngamunye, ukungena kabusha okuncane nge-CTD kunemithombo emisha yokugcwaliswa.Okwesibili, sikubona ekwehliseni ukuguquguquka kwezindleko ngenxa yokuguquguquka kweshubhu elihlanganisiwe.Nansi imisebenzi ehlukahlukene kanye nezinzuzo:
ukulandelana kwemisebenzi.Ukubhoboza ngaphandle kwerigi, i-CTD yayo yonke imisebenzi, noma inhlanganisela yemishini yokusebenza kanye namashubhu ahlanganisiwe kungenzeka.Isinqumo sendlela yokwakha iphrojekthi sincike ekutholakaleni kanye nezomnotho zabahlinzeki bezinsizakalo endaweni.Ngokuya ngesimo, ukusetshenziswa kwemishini yokusebenza, izinsimbi zocingo kanye namashubhu ahlanganisiwe kunganikeza izinzuzo eziningi ngokuya kwesikhathi nezindleko.Izinyathelo ezijwayelekile zifaka:
Izinyathelo 3, 4 kanye ne-5 zingenziwa kusetshenziswa iphakheji ye-CTD.Izigaba ezisele kufanele zenziwe ithimba lokulungisa kabusha.Ezimeni lapho ama-workover rigs ebiza kancane, ukuphuma kwe-casing kungenziwa ngaphambi kokuthi kufakwe iphakheji ye-CTD.Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi iphakheji ye-CTD ikhokhwa kuphela uma inani eliphezulu linikeziwe.
Isixazululo esingcono kakhulu eNyakatho Melika kuvamise ukwenza izinyathelo 1, 2 kanye no-3 emithonjeni eminingana enezinsimbi zokusebenza ngaphambi kokusebenzisa iphakheji ye-CTD.Ukusebenza kwe-CTD kungathatha izinsuku ezimbili kuya kwezine, kuye ngokwakheka okuqondiwe.Ngakho-ke, i-block overhaul ingalandela ukusebenza kwe-CTD, bese iphakheji ye-CTD kanye nephakheji yokulungisa kukhishwa ngokugcwele.
Ukuthuthukisa okokusebenza okusetshenzisiwe kanye nokulandelana kwemisebenzi kungaba nomthelela omkhulu ezindlekweni zizonke zokusebenza.Ukuthi ungathola kuphi ukonga izindleko kuncike endaweni yokusebenza.Endaweni ethile kunconywa umsebenzi wokumba onamayunithi asebenzayo, kwezinye izimo ukusetshenziswa kwamayunithi amashubhu ahlanganisiwe ukwenza wonke umsebenzi kungaba yisixazululo esingcono kakhulu.
Kwezinye izindawo, kuzobiza izindleko ukuba nezinhlelo ezimbili zokubuyisela uketshezi bese ufaka eyesibili lapho kumbiwa umthombo wokuqala.Iphakethe le-fluid elisuka emthonjeni wokuqala libe selidluliselwa emthonjeni wesibili, i.ngokubhoboza iphakethe.Lokhu kunciphisa isikhathi sokumba umthombo ngamunye futhi kunciphisa izindleko.Ukuguquguquka kwamapayipi aguquguqukayo kuvumela ukuhlela okuthuthukisiwe ukwandisa isikhathi sokuphumula nokunciphisa izindleko.
Amandla okulawula ingcindezi angenakuqhathaniswa.Amandla asobala kakhulu e-CTD ukulawula okunembile kwengcindezi ye-wellbore.Amayunithi amashubhu ahlanganisiwe aklanyelwe ukusebenza ngokungalinganiseli, futhi kokubili ukumba okungenabhalansi nokungalingani kungasebenzisa ukuklinywa kwe-BHP njengokujwayelekile.
Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, kungenzeka futhi ukuthi ushintshe ngokushesha kusuka ekusebenzeni kokumba uye ekusebenzeni kokucindezela okulawulwayo kuya ekusebenzeni okungalingani.Esikhathini esedlule, ama-CTD ayebhekwa njengomkhawulo kubude obungaseceleni obungabholwa.Njengamanje, imingcele inyuke kakhulu, njengoba kufakazelwa iphrojekthi yakamuva eNorth Slope yase-Alaska, engamamitha angaphezu kuka-7,000 ohlangothini oluphambanayo.Lokhu kungafezwa ngokusebenzisa iziqondiso ezijikelezayo ngokuqhubekayo, amakhoyili amakhulu obubanzi kanye namathuluzi okufinyelela amade ku-BHA.
Izisetshenziswa ezidingekayo zokupakishwa kwe-CTD.Impahla edingekayo yephakheji ye-CTD incike endaweni yokugcina amanzi kanye nokuthi ukukhethwa kokudonsela phansi kuyadingeka yini.Izinguquko zenzeka ikakhulukazi ohlangothini olubuyayo loketshezi.Uxhumano olulula lomjovo we-nitrogen lungafakwa kalula ngaphakathi kwepompo, lulungele ukushintshela ekubholeni okuyizigaba ezimbili uma kunesidingo, umkhiwane.3. Amaphampu e-nitrogen kulula ukuwahlanganisa ezindaweni eziningi e-United States.Uma kunesidingo sokushintshela ekusebenzeni kokumba okulinganiselayo, ubunjiniyela obucatshangelwe kakhudlwana buyadingeka ngemuva ukuze bunikeze ukuguquguquka kokusebenza nokunciphisa izindleko.
Ingxenye yokuqala ezansi nomfula we-blout preventer stack i-throttle manifold.Leli izinga layo yonke imisebenzi yokumba ye-CT esetshenziselwa ukulawula ukucindezela kwembobo engezansi.Idivayisi elandelayo iyisihlukanisi.Lapho usebenza ngokulingana ngokweqile, uma ukwehla kungabonwa kusengaphambili, khona-ke lokhu kungaba isihlukanisi segesi sokumba esilula, esingase sidlule uma isimo sokulawula umthombo singaxazululwa.Uma ukwehla kulindeleke, kungaba izihlukanisi zesigaba esi-3 noma ezi-4 zingakhiwa kusukela ekuqaleni, noma ukubhoboza kungamiswa futhi kufakwe isihlukanisi esigcwele.Isihlukanisi kufanele sixhunywe kuma-flare esignali atholakala ebangeni eliphephile.
Ngemuva kwesihlukanisi kuzoba namathangi asetshenziswa njengemigodi.Uma kungenzeka, lawa kungaba amathange aqhekeka phezulu avulekile noma amapulazi amathangi okukhiqiza.Ngenxa yenani elincane le-sludge uma uphinda ufaka i-CTD, asikho isidingo se-shaker.I-sludge izozinza kusihlukanisi noma kwelinye lamathangi okuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic.Uma isihlukanisi singasetshenziswa, faka ama-baffles ethangini ukuze usize ukuhlukanisa imisele ye-separator weir.Isinyathelo esilandelayo ukuvula i-centrifuge exhunywe esigabeni sokugcina ukuze kukhishwe okuqinile okusele ngaphambi kokuphinda kujikelezwe.Uma uthanda, ithangi lokuxuba lingafakwa ohlelweni lwethangi/lomgodi ukuze kuxutshwe uhlelo olulula lokumba lwamanzi aqinile, noma kwezinye izimo, kungase kuthengwe uketshezi lokumba oluxutshwe ngaphambili.Ngemuva komthombo wokuqala, kufanele kwenzeke ukuhambisa udaka oluxubile phakathi kwemithombo futhi usebenzise uhlelo lodaka ukuze ubambe imithombo eminingi, ngakho-ke ithangi lokuxuba lidinga ukufakwa kanye kuphela.
Izinyathelo zokuphepha zokumba uketshezi.Kunezinketho eziningi zokumba uketshezi olufanele i-CTD.Okubalulekile wukusebenzisa uketshezi olulula olungaqukethe izinhlayiya eziqinile.Ama-brines avinjelwe anama-polymers ajwayelekile ekusetshenzisweni kwengcindezi eyakhayo noma elawulwayo.Lolu ketshezi lokumba kufanele lubize kancane kakhulu kunoketshezi lokumba olusetshenziswa emishinini yokumba evamile.Lokhu akunciphisi kuphela izindleko zokusebenza, kodwa futhi kunciphisa noma yiziphi izindleko ezengeziwe ezihlobene nokulahlekelwa uma kwenzeka ukulahlekelwa.
Uma ubhoboza ngendlela engafanele, lokhu kungaba uketshezi lokumba olunezigaba ezimbili noma uketshezi lokumba olunesigaba esisodwa.Lokhu kuzonqunywa ngomfutho we-reservoir kanye nokwakhiwa komthombo.Uketshezi lwesigaba esisodwa olusetshenziselwa ukubhola okulinganiselayo ngokuvamile amanzi, amanzi, uwoyela noma udizili.Ngamunye wabo angancishiswa nakakhulu ngesisindo ngokujova i-nitrogen ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Ukubhola okulinganiselayo kungathuthukisa kakhulu ezomnotho zesistimu ngokunciphisa umonakalo/ukonakala kongqimba olungaphezulu.Ukubhoboza ngoketshezi lokumba lwesigaba esisodwa kuvame ukubonakala kubiza kancane ekuqaleni, kodwa opharetha bangakwazi ukuthuthukisa kakhulu umnotho wabo ngokunciphisa umonakalo ongaphezulu nokuqeda ukukhuthazwa okumba eqolo, okuzogcina kwenyuse ukukhiqizwa.
Amanothi nge-BHA.Lapho ukhetha i-bottom hole assembly (BHA) ye-CTD, kunezici ezimbili ezibalulekile okufanele zicatshangelwe.Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, izikhathi zokwakha nezokuthunyelwa zibaluleke kakhulu.Ngakho-ke, into yokuqala okufanele icatshangelwe ubude obuphelele be-BHA, umkhiwane.4. I-BHA kufanele ibe mfishane ngokwanele ukuthi ingashwibeka ngokugcwele phezu kwevalvu eyinhloko futhi isavikele i-ejector ku-valve.
Ukulandelana kokuthunyelwa ukubeka i-BHA emgodini, ukubeka i-injector kanye ne-lubricator phezu kwembobo, ukuhlanganisa i-BHA ekhanda lekhebula elingaphezulu, ukuhoxisa i-BHA kumshini wokugcoba, ukuhambisa i-injector kanye ne-lubricator emuva emgodini, futhi wakhe uxhumano.kwe BOP.Le ndlela isho ukuthi akukho ukuthunyelwa kwe-turret noma ukucindezela okudingekayo, okwenza ukuthunyelwa kusheshe futhi kuphephe.
Okwesibili okucatshangelwayo wuhlobo lokubunjwa olubholwayo.Ku-CTD, ukuqondiswa kobuso kwethuluzi lokumba eliqondisayo kunqunywa imodyuli eqondisayo, eyingxenye ye-BHA yokubhoboza.I-Orienteer kufanele ikwazi ukuzulazula ngokuqhubekayo, okungukuthi, ukushintshanisa ngokwewashi noma ngokuphambene newashi ngaphandle kokuma, ngaphandle uma kudingwa i-rig yokumba eqondisayo.Lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi ubhoboze imbobo eqonde ngokuphelele ngenkathi ukhulisa i-WOB kanye nokufinyelela eceleni.Ukwenyuka kwe-WOB kwenza kube lula ukubhola izinhlangothi ezinde noma ezifushane ku-ROP ephezulu.
Isibonelo saseNingizimu Texas.Ingaphezulu kuka-20,000 imithombo evundlile esembiwe emasimini e-Eagle Ford. Umdlalo ususebenze iminyaka engaphezu kweshumi, futhi inani lemithombo engaseceleni elizodinga i-P&A liyakhula. Umdlalo ususebenze iminyaka engaphezu kweshumi, futhi inani lemithombo engaseceleni elizodinga i-P&A liyakhula. I-Месторождение активно действует уже более десяти лет, kanye ne-количество малорентабельных скважин, требующих P&A, увеличивается. Inkambu isineminyaka engaphezu kweshumi isebenza futhi isibalo semithombo eseceleni edinga i-P&A siyakhula.该戏剧已经活跃了十多年，需要P&A 的边缘井数量正在增加。 I-P&A 的边缘井数量正在增加. I-Месторождение активно действует уже более десяти лет, kanye ne-количество краевых скважин, требующих P&A, увеличивается. Inkambu isisebenze iminyaka engaphezu kweshumi futhi isibalo semithombo engasemuva edinga i-P&A siyakhula.Yonke imithombo ehloselwe ukukhiqiza i-Eagle Ford Shale izodlula e-Austin Chalk, indawo yokugcina amanzi eyaziwayo ekhiqize amanani okuhweba ama-hydrocarbons iminyaka eminingi.Kufakwe ingqalasizinda ukusizakala nganoma yimiphi imiphongolo eyengeziwe engafakwa emakethe.
Ukubhola uchaki e-Austin kuhlobene kakhulu nokumosha.Ukwakheka kwe-Carboniferous kuphukile, futhi ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kungenzeka lapho uwela ama-fractures amakhulu.Udaka olusekelwe kuwoyela ngokuvamile lusetshenziselwa ukumba, ngakho izindleko zamabhakede alahlekile odaka olusekelwe kuwoyela zingaba ingxenye enkulu yezindleko zomthombo.Inkinga akuyona nje izindleko zokulahlekelwa uketshezi lokumba, kodwa futhi nezinguquko ezindlekweni zemithombo, okudingeka futhi kucatshangelwe lapho kulungiselelwa isabelomali sonyaka;ngokunciphisa ukuhlukahluka kwezindleko zokumba uketshezi, opharetha bangasebenzisa imali yabo ngokuphumelelayo.
Uketshezi lokubhoboza olungasetshenziswa luwuketshezi oluqinile olungenawo amanzi aqinile olungalawula ukucindezela kwemigodi ngokuklinywa.Isibonelo, isisombululo se-4% se-KCL se-brine esiqukethe i-xanthan gum njenge-tackifier kanye nesitashi sokulawula ukuhlunga sizofaneleka.Isisindo soketshezi singamakhilogremu angu-8.6-9.0 ngegaloni ngalinye futhi noma yikuphi ukucindezela okwengeziwe okudingekayo ukucindezela ngokweqile ukwakheka kuzosetshenziswa ku-valve yokuminyanisa.
Uma kwenzeka ukulahlekelwa, ukubhoboza kungase kuqhutshekwe, uma ukulahlekelwa kwamukeleka, ukuminyanisa kungase kuvulwe ukuze kusondele ukucindezela kwe-reservoir, noma ukuminyanisa kungase kuvalwe isikhathi esithile kuze kube yilapho ukulahlekelwa kulungiswa.Mayelana nokulawula ingcindezi, ukuguquguquka nokuguquguquka kweshubhu elihlanganisiwe kungcono kakhulu kunezinsimbi ezijwayelekile zokumba.
Elinye isu elingase futhi licatshangelwe lapho kubhobozwa ngamashubhu asongelekile ukushintshela ekubhobozeni okungenabhalansi ngokushesha nje lapho kunqanyulwa ukuphuka okuphezulu, okuxazulula inkinga yokuvuza nokugcina ukukhiqiza kokuphuka.Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma ama-fractures engahlangani, umthombo ungaqedwa ngokujwayelekile ngezindleko eziphansi.Kodwa-ke, uma ama-fractures ewela, ukwakheka kuvikelwe emonakalweni futhi ukukhiqizwa kungakhuliswa ngokubhoboza okungenabhalansi.Ngemishini efanele kanye nomklamo we-trajectory, ngaphezu kwamamitha angu-7,000 kungahanjwa e-Austin Chalka.
generalize.Lesi sihloko sichaza imiqondo nokucatshangelwa lapho uhlela imikhankaso yokumba kabusha ebiza kancane kusetshenziswa i-CT drilling.Isicelo ngasinye sizohluka kancane, futhi lesi sihloko sihlanganisa ukucatshangelwa okuyinhloko.Ubuchwepheshe be-CTD bukhulile, kodwa izinhlelo zokusebenza zibekelwe izindawo ezimbili eziqondile ezisekela ubuchwepheshe eminyakeni yayo yokuqala.Ubuchwepheshe be-CTD manje bungasetshenziswa ngaphandle kokuzibophezela kwezezimali komsebenzi wesikhathi eside.
ukubaluleka kwenani.Kunamakhulu ezinkulungwane zemithombo ekhiqizayo okuzogcina kudingeke ukuthi ivalwe, kodwa kusenemithamo yokuthengisa kawoyela negesi ngemuva kwepayipi.I-CTD ihlinzeka ngendlela yokuhlehlisa ukukhishwa kanye nokuvikela okugciniwe kokudlula ngokusetshenziswa kwemali okuncane.Izigubhu zingaphinde zilethwe emakethe ngesaziso esifushane kakhulu, okuvumela abaqhubi ukuthi basebenzise amanani entengo aphezulu emavikini kunezinyanga, futhi ngaphandle kwesidingo sezinkontileka zesikhathi eside.
Ukuthuthukiswa kokusebenza kahle kuzuzisa yonke imboni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi idijithali, ukuthuthukiswa kwemvelo noma ukuthuthukiswa kokusebenza.Amashubhu ahlanganisiwe adlale indima yawo ekunciphiseni izindleko ezingxenyeni ezithile zomhlaba, futhi manje njengoba imboni iyashintsha, ingaletha izinzuzo ezifanayo ngezinga elikhulu.