Inothi Lomhleli: Ngonyaka.Ubunjiniyela Bezimayini buhlanganisa Ukubuyekezwa Kwezimbiwa Zezimboni.Kunabantu abambalwa abaye bachitha isikhathi esiningi bethuthukisa impahla yalolu daba, kuyilapho benza umsebenzi wabo. Sibonga Abahleli Bokubuyekezwa Konyaka Kwezimbiwa Zezimboni, uSihlalo kanye nePhini likaSihlalo weKomidi Lezobuchwepheshe le-Industrial Minerals and Aggregates Division, kanye nababhali bephrofayili yomuntu ngamunye.
U-Rajesh Raitani uyilungu le-SME le-Cytec Industries Inc. futhi ungusihlalo weKomidi Lezobuchwepheshe le-Industrial Minerals and Aggregates Division.
Usizo lwabo lwenza lwaba nokwenzeka lolu daba lwangoJulayi lwe-Industrial Minerals. Egameni labafundi bami, abahleli bayababonga.
Izinkampani ezine - i-HC Spinks Clay Co., Inc., i-Imerys.Old Hickory Clay Co. kanye ne-Unimin Corp. - Ubumba lwebhola lemayini ezifundazweni ezine ngo-2013.Ngokwedatha yokuqala, ukukhiqizwa kuyithani lemethrikhi elingu-1 (amathani amafushane ayizigidi ezingu-1.1) ngenani elilinganiselwa ku-$47 million.Ukukhiqizwa kukhuphuke ngo-7 million 20 kuya kuma-carats angu-1 ama-carats angu-20 Izigidi ezingu-45.1.Tennessee ungumkhiqizi ohamba phambili, ohlanganisa u-64% wokukhiqiza ekhaya, kulandelwa i-Texas.Mississippi neKentucky.Cishe u-67% wengqikithi yokukhiqizwa kobumba ibhola ukuntanta komoya, u-22% uwubumba olumahhadla noma ochotshoziwe, kanti u-11% uwudaka lwamanzi.
Ngo-2013, abakhiqizi bobumba basekhaya bathengisa ubumba kulezi zimakethe ezilandelayo: ama-ceramic floor kanye nama-wall tiles (44%);ezithunyelwa ngaphandle (21%);impahla yenhlanzeko (18%);i-ceramics ehlukahlukene (9%);ngokusetshenziswa kokugcina ngo-2012 Imodi kanye nemakethe yamanje, izigcwalisi, izandisi nezibophezelo kanye nokusetshenziswa okungacacisiwe (4% ngayinye).Ezinye izimakethe zenza ngaphansi kuka-1% wobumba olusele lwebhola oludayisiwe noma olusetshenzisiwe.Ukuthengiswa okubikwe kokwakhiwa kwe-fiberglass noma izinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi zokugcwalisa, zokugcwalisa kanye ne-binder cishe zizokwenziwa ngokuyinhloko i-clay clay embiwa ama-ball noma abakhiqizi abathengiwe.
Ngokwenhlolovo yokuqala yabakhiqizi bobumba basekhaya, inani lentengo eliphakathi lobumba lwebhola lasekhaya lalilinganiselwa ku-US$47/t ($43/t) ngo-2013, uma liqhathaniswa ne-US$46/t ($42/t) ngo-2012. kuya ku-$62/t ($56/st) kanye ne-$314/t ($285/st) ngo-2013) ngo-2012, ngokulandelana.Intengo yeyunithi yokuthunyelwa kwempahla eningi ngobuningi ikhuphuke ngo-2013, futhi ukuthunyelwa kwe-low-tonnage, ukuthengiswa kwenani eliphezulu kuphindeke kabili ngo-2013 uma kuqhathaniswa nokwehla kwenani eliphansi le-2012, umphumela we-2012 we-double. ukuthunyelwa ngo-2013 kubalele ukwenyuka kwevelu yokungenisa.
Ngokusho kwe-US Census Bureau, amathani angu-4,681 (amathani angu-516) obumba bebhola angenisiwe ngo-2013, inani lamaRandi angu-174,000, uma kuqhathaniswa namathani angu-436 (amathani angu-481) abiza u-$ 137,000 ngo-2012.Inqwaba yobumba bebhola yathengwa e-United Kingdom.I-US Census Bureau ibike ukuthi ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ngo-2013 kwakungama-carats angu-52.2 (amathani amafushane angu-57,500) abiza u-$ 6.6 wezigidi, uma kuqhathaniswa nama-carats angu-74 (amathani angu-81.600) ngo-2012, Abiza ngezigidi ezingu-4.58 zamaRandi. I-US ball clay exports.Abakhiqizi base-US ngokuvamile babika ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe okuphindwe kabili kuya kokuthathu kune-US Census Bureau.Ngokwezibalo zohwebo ezivela kwamanye amazwe ezishicilelwe uMnyango Wezomnotho wase-Mexico, ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kobumba lwebhola obunomthamo omkhulu othunyelwe lisuka e-United States liya e-Mexico lingahlukaniswa njenge-kaolin.
Umbono wemboni yobumba bebhola ukukhula kokuthengisa njengoba umnotho wase-US uqhubeka nokusimama kusukela ekuwohlokeni komnotho.Ngo-2013, ukwakhiwa kwezentengiselwano kanye nemisebenzi yokwakha izindawo zokuhlala kwakubalulekile ekuthengisweni kobumba ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwabo ekwenzeni amathayela e-ceramic kanye nezinto zokuhlanzeka. I-US Census Bureau ibike ukuthi iyunithi yezindlu ezizimele engu-923,000 iqala ngo-2018, i-2012 iqala ukwanda ngo-2012, i-08 iqala ngo-2012. inani lezakhiwo zokuhlala nezingezona ezokuhlala eziqedwe ngo-2013 lenyuke ngamaphesenti angu-5 laya ku-$898 ezigidigidi lisuka ku-$857 billion ngo-2012. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkinga zokuvalwa kwezindlu ziyaxazululwa ezingxenyeni eziningi ze-United States, kunciphisa inani lezindlu ezingenamuntu emakethe.Naphezu kwalokhu kuthuthukiswa, ukuqala kwezindlu kusengaphansi kwamazinga angaphambi kokwehla komnotho.
Ukuthengiswa kwasekhaya kobumba lwebhola kuphinde kuthintwa ukungeniswa kwamanye amazwe kwemikhiqizo esekwe ngobumba njengama-tiles ne-sanitary ware. Ngo-2013, inani lama-tile angenisiwe lehla lisuka ku-$62.1 million ngo-5.86 square metres (63.1 million square feet) ngo-2012 laya ku-5.58 millions square metres (60.1 millions kuya ku-Square millions angu-60.1 ikhodi yethule 6907.10.00, 6908.10.10, 6908.10.20, 6908.10.50 Ngohlelo lokwehla lwevolumu, iShayina (22%);i-Mexico (21%);I-Italy neTurkey (10% ngayinye);Brazil (7%);I-Colombia, i-Peru ne-Spain (i-5% ngayinye).Ukungeniswa kwempahla ye-sanitary kukhuphuke kusuka ezigidini ezingu-25.2 ngo-2012 kuya ezigidini ezingu-29.7 ngo-2013.I-China ibe nezigidi ezingu-14.7 (49%) ze-US sanitaryware ezithengwayo ngo-2013, kanti i-Mexico 11.6 million (39%) ikhiqiza i-ceramic tiles yase-Mexico futhi ikhokha kancane i-ceramic tiles yase-Mexico. abakhiqizi bobumba kunalabo abavela e-China, njengoba abakhiqizi base-US bengabahlinzeki abakhulu bobumba bebhola embonini yaseMexico yobumba.
Cishe yonke i-bauxite esetshenziswa e-United States ithengwa kwamanye amazwe.I-Alabama, Arkansas, ne-Georgia ikhiqiza amanani amancane e-bauxite kanye nobumba be-bauxite ukuze kusetshenziswe okungezona ezensimbi.
I-Metallurgical grade bauxite (eyomile eqinile) ifinyelele amathani angu-9.8 metric (amathani ajwayelekile ayizigidi ezingu-10.1) ngo-2013, ukwehla ngo-5% kusukela ekuthengeni kwamanye amazwe ngo-2012. I-Jamaica (48%).I-Guinea (26%) ne-Brazil (25%) yayingabahlinzeki abahamba phambili e-US ngo-10 kuya ku-2014, ngo-2014, ngo-2014, ngo-2013. ) I-bauxite ye-refractory grade calcined yangeniswa kwamanye amazwe, okukhuphuke ngo-58% unyaka nonyaka.
Ukungeniswa kwamanye amazwe kwe-bauxite calcined grade refractory kwenyukile uma kuqhathaniswa no-2012, okuholele ekugcwalisweni kwezimpahla njengoba ukuthunyelwa kwemikhiqizo ye-refractory esekelwe ku-bauxite kwehla uma kuqhathaniswa no-2012. Ukukhiqizwa kwensimbi yasekhaya, okuwukusetshenziswa okukhulu kwemikhiqizo ye-bauxite-based refractory, yehle cishe ngo-2% ngo-20201 nokukhiqizwa kwe-492% yaseShayina (4) ye-US refractory-grade calcined bauxite imported.
Ukungeniswa kwamanye amazwe kwe-bauxite ye-calcined grade non-refractory kufinyelele ku-455 carats (amathani amafushane angu-501,500) ngo-2013, ukukhuphuka okungama-40% ngaphezu kwezinto ezithengwayo zango-2012. Ukukhula kubangelwe ukwanda kokusetshenziswa kwe-bauxite kusimende, imboni kawoyela njenge-proppant ye-hydraulic steel fracturing (28%) yase-Australia (28%) kanye nomkhiqizi we-hydraulic steel (28%) kanye ne-Australia (28%). imithombo eyinhloko.
Ngo-2013, i-United States yathumela ngaphandle i-9-carat (9,900 st) i-bauxite yezinga eliphikisayo, okuwukukhula okungama-40% ngaphezu kokuthunyelwa ngaphandle kuka-2012, kanti i-Canada (72%) kanye ne-Mexico (7%) kwakuyizindawo eziphambili okuyiwa kuzo. 0 amathani amafishane) ngo-2012. Ukuthunyelwa kwe-bauxite eyomile eqinile sekuphelele cishe kumathani ayi-4,000 (amathani amafushane angu-4,400), ukwehla ngo-59% kusukela ekuthunyelweni kwamanye amazwe ngo-2012, kanti i-Canada (82%) iyindawo ehamba phambili.
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-alumina yasekhaya kulinganiselwa ku-4.1 metric tons (4.6 million wamathani amafushane) ngo-2013, kwehle ngo-7% kusukela ngo-2012. Ukwehla kube ngenxa yokukhiqiza okuphansi e-Ormet Corp.'s 540 t/y (595,000 st) Burnside, Los Angeles refinery. s GmbH futhi yaqala kabusha maphakathi no-December.
Isamba sokungenisa kwe-alumina ngo-2013 bekungamathani angu-2.05 metric (amathani ajwayelekile ayizigidi ezingu-2.26), ukwanda ngo-8% ngaphezu kokungeniswa kwe-alumina ka-2012. I-Australia (37%), iSuriname (35%) kanye neBrazil (12%) kwakuyimithombo eyinhloko.Isamba sokuthunyelwa kwe-alumina ngo-2013 sasingu-2.25 wamathani ama-metric angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-20 kuya ku-2. , iCanada (35%), i-Egypt (17%) kanye ne-Iceland (13%) yizindawo ezihamba phambili.
Isamba sokusetshenziswa kwe-bauxite yasekhaya (ngesisekelo esomile esingahluziwe) ngo-2013 sasilinganiselwa ku-9.8 mt (amathani avamile ayizigidi ezingu-10.1), ngo-2% ngaphezu kwangowezi-2012. Kulokhu, cishe amathani angu-8.8 metric (amathani avamile ayizigidi ezingu-9.1) asetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza i-alumina.6% ngaphansi kunangonyaka odlule. kanye nasembonini kawoyela, ukukhiqizwa kwensimbi nokwelashwa kwamanzi.
Ingqikithi yokusetshenziswa kwe-alumina yasekhaya embonini ye-aluminium ngo-2013 yayingamathani angu-3.89 metric (amathani avamile ayizigidi ezingu-4.29), ukwehla ngo-6% kusukela ngo-2012.Ngo-2013, ezinye izimboni e-United States zidle cishe amakhilogremu angu-490 (amathani angu-540,000 ajwayelekile) we-alumina ancipha ukusuka ku-21%, ne-alumina engu-21%, enye i-alumina engu-21, ne-20. usimende, izitsha zobumba namakhemikhali.
Amanani e-bauxite engenisiwe futhi ethunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ayahluka ngomthombo, indawo kanye nebanga.Izintengo zamayunithi e-bauxite yezinga le-refractory engenisiwe evela emithonjeni emikhulu ngo-2013 ibingu-$813/t ($737/st) isuka e-Brazil (phezulu ngo-5%) kanye no-$480/t ($435/st) isuka e-China $40 (phansi kancane) isuka e-China $40 (phansi kancane)
Amanani entengo ye-bauxite e-calcined ye-non-refractory grade angeniswe esuka emithonjeni emikhulu asukela ku-$56/t ($51/st) e-Australia (ehle ngo-20%) ukuya ku-$65/t ($59/st) e-Greece (phezulu ngo-12%) ngo-2013. ye-alumina engenisiwe ngo-2013 yayiyi-$ 396 / t ($ 359 / st), i-3% ephansi kune-2012 2012. Isilinganiso sentengo ye-alumina ethunyelwe e-US yehle ngo-11% kuya ku-$ 400 ngo-2013 uma kuqhathaniswa nezintengo ze-2012 / t ($ 363 / st).
Amanani e-aluminium aqhubekile ngo-2013 kwaze kwaba yikota yokuqala ka-2014. Amanani aphansi e-aluminium kanye nezindleko zikagesi eziphakeme zibalwe njengezizathu zokuvalwa kwesincibilikisi se-aluminium sokuqala sasekhaya ngo-2013 kanye nokumenyezelwa kokuvalwa kwesinye isincibilikisi se-aluminium sokuqala kwikota yokuqala ka-2014. Amandla Amasha1301 ekupheleni kwe-42012301 yokuqala ye-aluminium yokuqala kanye no-42301 abancibilikisayo nabaphakeli bamandla bafinyelela izivumelwano zokuphakelwa kukagesi. Nokho, abanikazi bezinye izincibilikisi ezimbili bazama ukuxoxisana ngezivumelwano zikagesi ukuze behlise amanani kagesi.
Nakuba izintengo ze-aluminium zizinzile engxenyeni yokuqala ka-2014, ukufunwa kwe-alumina kuzoncika ezivumelwaneni ezintsha zokuphakelwa kukagesi nabanye abancibilikisayo.Nakuba amanani entengo yegesi yemvelo yase-US eqhubekile nokukhuphuka onyakeni odlule, amanani aphansi kakhulu kulindeleke ukuthi aqhubeke nokuhlinzeka ngezinzuzo zezindleko kubacwengisisi be-alumina basekhaya ngo-2014.
Ukungeniswa kwamanye amazwe kwe-bauxite ye-refractory-grade calcined kulindeleke ukuthi kuncike ekukhiqizweni kwensimbi, kodwa ukufaka insimbi esikhundleni se-aluminium abakhiqizi bezimoto abafuna ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kukaphethiloli kungenzeka kunciphise isidingo sensimbi kanye nemikhiqizo ye-refractory yokwenza insimbi. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-non-refractory grade calcined bauxite kulindeleke ukuthi kukhule ngo-2014 njengoba imboni ye-petroleum kanye ne-hydrring hydring
Ku-2013, imboni ye-bentonite yahlala ingashintshiwe kusukela ku-2012.Ingqikithi yokukhiqiza yase-US nokuthengiswa kwakungamathani we-4.95 metric (amakholomu ayizigidi ezingu-5.4), uma kuqhathaniswa ne-4.98 metric tons (amakholomu ayizigidi ezingu-5.5) ngo-2012.Ukukhiqizwa kwe-bentonite enwetshiwe kuphethwe yi-Wyoming, kulandelwa yi-Utah ne-Oregon.1B. , ukubuyiselwa okuvela e-US kanye nokuwohloka komnotho emhlabeni (2007-2009) kubonakale kuphelele kakhulu.Nokho, ukukhiqizwa kwezindlu kanye nokusetshenziswa kokwakhiwa kwe-bentonite okuhlobene ekugcineni sekuqala ukululama.ENyakatho Melika (US naseCanada), i-sodium bentonite evuvukele ibusa i-calcium bentonite engavuvukalanga, ibalwa ngaphezu kuka-97% wemakethe iyonke ye-bentonited, eCalifornia, e-Arizona, e-Arizona, e-Arizona, e-Arizona ukusetshenziswa kwe-bentonite engakhuli yizibophezelo zesihlabathi se-Foundry, ukwelashwa kwamanzi kanye nokuhlunga.
Emhlabeni wonke, umkhiqizi oyinhloko we-sodium activated bentonite yiGreece.China, Egypt and India.AMCOL (owayekade eyi-American Colloid Co.) usengumkhiqizi ohamba phambili we-sodium bentonite onesabelo semakethe esingaba ngu-40%, kuyilapho i-BPM Minerals LLC (inkampani engaphansi kwe-Halliburton) inesabelo semakethe sase-US esingaba ngu-30%. 2013.I-Wyo-Ben Inc. yavula imayini entsha eduze kwase-Thermopolis, e-Wyoming.Izimali ezigciniwe zediphozithi kulindeleke ukuthi zihlale okungenani iminyaka eyi-10 kuya kwengama-20.Izindleko zempahla eluhlaza zahlala zizinzile, kuyilapho amazinga okulayisha amaloli ayengashintshile ngo-2013.
I-bentonite yebanga lokumba i-bentonite kawoyela negesi yokumba kanye nokubuyiselwa kwaba ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kwe-bentonite eyandisiwe ngo-2013, ikhiqiza amathani angaba ngu-1.15 metric (1.26 million amathani amafushane).
Imakethe emunca imfucuza yezilwane ezifuywayo iyimakethe yesibili ngobukhulu ye-bentonite enwetshiwe eyimbudumbudu. Yize inqwaba yezilwane ezifuywayo yafinyelela kumathani angu-1.24 metric (1.36 million metric tons) ngo-2005, iye yaguquguquka phakathi kwamathani angu-1.05 kanye no-1.08 metric (amamethrikhi angu-1.15 kanye nezigidi ezingu-1.1) ngemakethe yamamitha angu-1.1 namathani angu-1.1. (1.15 million metric tons) ngo-2013 mt).
I-iron ore pellets ye-bentonite eyandisiwe yayiyimakethe yesithathu ngobukhulu, ikhula ibe ngama-kilotons angu-550 (amathani amafushane angu-606.000) ngo-2013 njengoba isidingo sensimbi sanda ekukhiqizeni izimoto zase-US kanye nemishini esindayo.
Kusukela ngo-2011, isilinganiso senani le-bentonite elinwetshiwe elisetshenziswa njenge-binder esihlabathini se-foundry yensimbi nezinye izinsimbi lidlula ama-carat angu-500 (amathani amafushane angu-550,000).Ukusungulwa kwemikhiqizo emisha akuzange kube nomthelela omkhulu kulezi zimakethe ezine ze-bentonite ezinkulu ezine-granular neziyimpuphu.
Imakethe ye-bentonite yezicelo zobunjiniyela bomphakathi, ehlukaniswe ngokwehlukana kusukela ku-2005, yayingama-carat angu-175 (amathani amafushane angu-192,000), okubonisa ukuthi imakethe yaqala ukululama kusukela ekuwohlokeni komnotho ka-2008.Imakethe ye-bentonite yokuvimbela amanzi nokufaka uphawu iqhubekile nokukhula nemboni yezokwakha kulandela ukwehla komnotho wase-US, yafinyelela kuma-12500 ama-carats amancane (imakethe encane ye-12510). ama-ed bentonites okunamathelayo, okuphakelayo kwezilwane, okokugcwalisa kanye nokugcwalisa, nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ngokuvamile azikalulami kusukela ekuwohlokeni komnotho ngo-2008.
Ingxenye encane yemakethe ye-bentonite ikhethekile ekucacisweni kwesiphuzo newayini kanye nemikhiqizo ye-organoclay.I-AMCOL, i-Southern Clay Products, i-Sud Chemie ne-Elementis Specialties Inc. iphishekela imakethe ye-bentonite nanocomposite.I-Elementis inwebise isitshalo saso se-hectorite e-Newbury Springs, e-Calif., phezu kwenkathi yeminyaka eminingi yamandla futhi isenza sibe nezindleko eziphansi zeminyaka eminingi noma i-eyementi. imikhiqizo ye-ganoclay efana ne-Bentone 910, i-Bentone 920 ne-Bentone 990 yoketshezi lokumba olususelwa kuwoyela.
Kusukela ekuwohlokeni komnotho emhlabeni wonke ngo-2008, izinga lokushintshisana kwedola laseMelika liye lasiza ekukhukhuleni ukuthunyelwa kwe-bentonite kwamanye amazwe.Ngo-2013, abakhiqizi be-bentonite basekhaya babika ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwama-carats angu-950 (amathani amafushane ayizigidi ezingu-1.05) we-bentonite yokumba udaka, izibophezelo zesihlabathi se-foundry nezinye izimakethe ezixubile.Inani elincane le-Greece20 lalithengwe1 lisuka e-Canada1 lase-Canada.
I-Bismuth iyisici esindayo esihlobene ngamakhemikhali ne-antimony.Iwumkhiqizo wokukhipha umthofu ne-tungsten, futhi ngokwezinga elincane ithusi nethini.I-Antimony iyisici samakhemikhali esilula.Iwumkhiqizo wokukhishwa kwezinsimbi ezifana nomthofu, isiliva negolide.Ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kwe-bismuth ne-antimony kufana nenhlanganisela.
Inhlanganisela ye-Bismuth ne-antimony kanye nokusetshenziswa okuhlobene okungezona okwensimbi kuhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa okuningi kwalezi zakhi zamakhemikhali.Akuvamile ukusetshenziswa njengensimbi noma ingxubevange.
Iqembu elikhulu kunawo wonke lokusetshenziswa kokuphela kwe-bismuth yiqembu lamakhemikhali, elihlanganisa imithi efana ne-Pepto Bismol (bismuth subsalicylate), izimonyo zamehlo ezinomphumela we-pearlescent (i-bismuth oxychloride), ama-catalysts, nokunye ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali njengopende (Bismuth Vanadate Yellow).
Iqembu elilandelayo elibaluleke kakhulu lokusetshenziswa kokuphela kwe-bismuth yiqembu lesengezo se-metallurgical, ukwakheka kwalo kuvimbela ukwakheka kwe-graphite ensimbi encibilikisiwe ye-carbon supersaturated, ikhuthaza umshini wamahhala wensimbi, ithusi ne-aluminium, futhi ikhuthaza ukumbozwa okufanayo ekuqhumeni. ukusabela noma izakhiwo.Insimbi idinga kuphela i-0.1% ye-bismuth noma i-selenium ukuze ikwazi ukusebenza kahle.Uma kuqhathaniswa nala maqembu okusebenzisa ekugcineni, iqembu le-bismuth alloy libala inani elincane kuphela le-bismuth futhi lisetshenziswa kuma-fusible alloys, amanye ama-alloys aphansi ancibilika, kanye nezinhlamvu.
Ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kwe-antimony kufana ne-flame retardant, ikakhulukazi ekwelapheni amapulasitiki, ama-adhesives kanye nezindwangu.I-Antimony oxide inendima ekhethekile njenge-gas-phase free radical quencher kuma-flame retardants, ezintweni ezihlukahlukene ezinkulu ze-halogenated ezisetshenziswa njengama-flame retardants.
Esinye isigaba semikhiqizo engeyona eyensimbi sisetshenziswa kakhulu kumbala we-pigment nengilazi (kuhlanganise ne-ceramics).I-Antimony oxide ezingilazini eziningi nasezintweni zobumba zisebenza njenge-opacifier, kodwa i-antimony ezingilazini ezikhethekile ingazicacisa.Iqembu le-antimony lead kanye ne-alloy liqukethe ngokuyinhloko umthofu we-antimony osetshenziswa ezimotweni ezinamandla kaphethiloli.
Ukuphinda kusetshenziswe kabusha kuyahluka kusuka kokucishe kungenzeki (i-bismuth emithini yesisu nezimonyo ngenxa yokuthi ihlakazeke ngokuphelele) kuye ebunzimeni obunciphile, njenge-antimony kuma-flame retardants, izithasiselo ze-metallurgical kanye ne-bismuth ekugayeleni, i-antimony engilazini i-Bismuth ku-Additives kanye nama-Catalysts.Indlela elula, elula neshibhe kunazo zonke yokuphinda usebenzise i-bismuth kuma-alloys angasetshenziswa kanye namanye ama-alloy kanye ne-antimoni kumapuleti okuhola e-antimony ebhethri.
Ukuthengwa kwensimbi ye-bismuth yase-US kwahlala kungashintshile ngo-2012 nango-2013 kumathani angu-1,699 (1,872 amathani amafushane) kanye namathani angu-1,708 (amathani amafushane angu-1,882). I-Antimony oxide, elandwa kakhulu ngevolumu, yayingama-carat angu-20.7 (22,800tal, 2002. 0 tons) ngo-2013, ukwanda kancane.Izinyanga ezimbili zika-2014 idatha iphakamisa ukuthi le phethini iyaqhubeka.I-United States Geological Survey (USGS) ayisashicileli inhlolovo yayo yekota ye-bismuth.
Isamba sangonyaka ka-2011 (esishicilelwe kamuva) sokusetshenziswa kokuphela konyaka sokusetshenziswa kwe-bismuth e-United States sasingamathani angu-222 (amathani angu-245) eqembu le-metallurgical additive kanye namathani angu-54 (amathani angu-59) ama-alloys e-bismuth.Ibhalansi ikakhulukazi eyamakhemikhali, 6681 (736 st).
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-antimony okusobala kwe-USGS e-United States bekungamakharati angama-21.7 (amathani amafushane angama-23,900) ngo-2012 kanye namakharati angama-24 (amathani amafushane angama-26,500) ngo-2013.
Ngokungabi bikho kwedatha eminingi, imiphumela yango-2013 ye-bismuth yashintsha kancane.Ku-antimony, ukuhlola idatha elinganiselwe, ukusetshenziswa ngo-2013 kufanele kube cishe ngo-10% ngaphezu kwango-2012.Ngo-2014, i-bismuth ibonakala izohlala ingashintshile futhi i-antimony izokwehla kancane.
Amaminerali amane enza amaphesenti angu-90 e-borate esetshenziswa izimboni emhlabeni wonke—i-sodium borate, i-calcium tin ne-potassium;i-calcium borate, i-calcium stearate;kanye ne-calcium sodium borate, i-colemanite.I-Borax iyikristalu emhlophe eyaziwa ngamakhemikhali ngokuthi i-sodium tetraborate decahydrate, etholakala ngokwemvelo ku-mineral tin.I-Boric acid iyi-colorless, crystalline solid ethengiswa nge-technical, state prescription kanye namamaki ekhwalithi akhethekile ngefomu le-granular noma lempuphu, ngokuvamile njenge-anhydrous boric acid.Amadiphozithi eBorate ahlotshaniswa ne-volcanic ye-volcanic eseduze kakhulu ne-volcanic yase-US kanye ne-volcanic enkulu kunazo zonke yase-US i-ron.CA, i-Alpine Belt yaseNingizimu Asia, i-Andean Belt yaseNingizimu Melika.Ikhwalithi yesisetshenziswa noma indawo egciniwe ivamise ukukalwa ngokokuqukethwe kwayo okulinganayo kwe-boron trioxide (B,0,).
2013 ukukhiqizwa kwe-US kwezimbiwa ze-boron nezinhlanganisela kukhuphuke kancane kusukela ngo-2012;isamba siyagcinwa ukuze kugwenywe ukudalulwa kwedatha yobunikazi benkampani.Izinkampani ezimbili eNingizimu ye-California zikhiqiza amaminerali e-boron, ngokuyinhloko i-sodium borate.I-Rio Tinto Borax, inkampani ephethwe ngokuphelele ye-Rio Tinto Minerals yase-UK yase-UK pic, ikhipha i-core rock ne-tin-calcium ngokusebenzisa izindlela zokumba umgodi ovulekile lapho isebenza kumikhiqizo ye-sodium boraseric noma e-California. eyami futhi ithunyelwe ngesitimela noma ngeloli kumakhasimende aseNyakatho Melika noma ithengiswe emazweni ngamazwe nge-Port of Los Angeles.I-Specialty borates, efana nezolimo, izinto ezilondoloza izinkuni kanye nemikhiqizo evimbela ilangabi, ikhiqizwa e-Wilmington, CA, e-Borax.plant.Searles Valley Minerals, Inc. (SVM) ikhiqiza i-borax ne-boric acid kusuka ku-potassium ne-sodium ye-borarles brines e-California indawo yayo ye-Tsarles SV e-California T. Izitshalo ze-na kanye ne-Westend, lawa ma-brines acwengwa abe yi-anhydrous, i-decahydrate kanye ne-borax pentahydrate.
Amaminerali kanye namakhemikhali e-Boron asetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko enyakatho emaphakathi nasempumalanga ye-United States.Izilinganiso zokusabalalisa ezilinganiselwe ze-boron compounds ezidliwe e-United States ngo-2013 kwakuyingilazi kanye ne-ceramics, i-80%;izinsipho, okokuhlanza, nama-bleach, 4%;ezolimo, 4%;koqweqwe lwawo kanye nama-glaze, 3% nokunye ukusetshenziswa, 9%.I-Boron isetshenziswa engilazini njengesengezo sokunciphisa ukunwetshwa kokushisa;thuthukisa amandla, ukumelana namakhemikhali, nokuqina;futhi inikeze ukumelana nokudlidliza, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu, kanye nokushaqeka kwe-thermal.I-Insulation kanye ne-textile fiberglass ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kakhulu okukodwa kwe-borates emhlabeni jikelele.
I-Boron iyi-micronutrient esetshenziswa kakhulu kwezolimo, ikakhulukazi ukukhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwembewu.Umanyolo we-Boron utholakala ikakhulukazi ku-borax ne-monetite, engalethwa ngokufuthwa noma ngamanzi okunisela ngenxa yokuncibilika kwawo okuphezulu kwamanzi.
Ukuthunyelwa kwe-sodium borate yase-US bekuyi-650 kt (716,000 st) ngo-2013, ukukhuphuka kancane kusuka ku-646 kt (712,000 st) ngo-2012. Ukuthunyelwa kwe-boric acid ngaphandle kwahlala kungashintshile ku-190 kt (209,000 st). 10/t ($740/st) ngo-2013.Umamukeli oyinhloko wokuthunyelwa kwe-boric acid ngo-2013 kwaba yiNingizimu Korea, ibalwa ngamaphesenti angu-20.Ukungenisa kwe-Boric acid ngo-2013 kwakungamakhilothoni angu-53 (amathani angu-59,000), cishe ngo-4% ngaphansi kunango-2012.Mayelana nenani le-asidi elingu-3 le-3 le-asidi e-Turkey livela ku-201 yeyunithi ye-asidi evela e-Turkey. ngo-2013 yayingu-$687/t ($623/st), isuka ku-$782/1 ($709/st) ngo-2012.
I-Turkey ne-United States bahola umhlaba wonke ekukhiqizweni kwe-borate ngo-2013.Ngaphandle kokukhiqizwa kwe-US, isisindo se-borate esiphelele silinganiselwa ku-4.9 metric tons (amathani amafushane ayizigidi ezingu-5.4) ngo-2013, ukwanda ngamaphesenti angu-11 kusukela ngo-2012.
I-Argentina ingumkhiqizi omkhulu we-boron ore eNingizimu Melika.Ukwanda kwakamuva kokukhiqizwa kwe-borate e-Argentina, ikakhulukazi i-boric acid, kubangelwa kakhulu ukwanda kwesidingo se-borates evela ezimbonini ze-ceramic nezengilazi e-Asia naseNyakatho Melika.