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Indawo yokunakekelwa kwezempilo engcolisiwe idlala indima ebalulekile ekusabalaleni kwezinto eziphilayo ezingazweli emithini eminingi (MDR) kanye ne-C. difficile.Inhloso yalolu cwaningo kwakuwukuhlola umthelela we-ozone okhiqizwa i-dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma reactor esenzweni se-Enterococcus faecalis (VRE) engamelana ne-vancomycin, i-Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRE) engamelana ne-carbapenem, i-carbapenem-resistant Antibacterial effects of different materials i-Pressudo.I-Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA), i-Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) engamelana ne-carbapenem (CRAB) kanye nezinhlamvu ze-Clostridium difficile.Izinto ezihlukahlukene ezingcoliswe i-VRE, CRE, CRPA, CRAB kanye ne-C. difficile spores zaphathwa nge-ozone ekugxilweni okuhlukahlukene kanye nezikhathi zokuchayeka.I-Atomic Force microscopy (AFM) ibonise ukuguqulwa kwendawo yamagciwane ngemva kokwelashwa kwe-ozone.Lapho umthamo we-500 ppm ozone usetshenziswa ku-VRE kanye ne-CRAB imizuzu engu-15, ukuncipha cishe kwe-2 noma ngaphezulu log10 kwabonwa ensimbi engagqwali, indwangu kanye nokhuni, futhi ukwehla kwe-1-2 log10 kwabonwa engilazini nasepulasitiki.Izinhlamvu ze-C. difficile zitholakale zikwazi ukumelana ne-ozone ngaphezu kwazo zonke ezinye izinto eziphilayo ezihloliwe.Ku-AFM, ngemva kokwelashwa nge-ozone, amangqamuzana ebhaktheriya avuvukala futhi akhubazekile.I-ozone ekhiqizwe i-DBD Plasma Reactor iyithuluzi elilula nelibalulekile lokuqeda ukungcola kwezinhlamvu ze-MDRO kanye ne-C. difficile, ezaziwa njengezifo ezivamile zezifo ezihambisana nokunakekelwa kwezempilo.
Ukuvela kwezinto eziphilayo ezingazweli emithini eminingi (MDR) kubangelwa ukusetshenziswa kabi kwama-antibiotics kubantu nasezilwaneni futhi kuhlonzwe yiNhlangano Yezempilo Yomhlaba (i-WHO) njengengozi enkulu empilweni yomphakathi1.Ikakhulukazi, izikhungo zezempilo ziya ngokuya zibhekana nokuvela nokusabalala kwama-MRO.Ama-MRO amakhulu yi-Staphylococcus aureus engazweli yi-methicillin kanye ne-enterococcus (VRE) engamelana ne-vancomycin, i-extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing enterobacteria (ESBL), i-Pseudomonas aeruginosa engazweli emithini eminingi, i-Acinetobacter evikela imishanguzo eminingi, i-AcinetobacterCresistance encibilikayo, ne-batterumanbacter encibilikayo.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukutheleleka kwe-Clostridium difficile kuyimbangela ehamba phambili yohudo oluhlobene nokunakekelwa kwezempilo, okubeka umthwalo omkhulu ohlelweni lokunakekelwa kwezempilo.I-MDRO ne-C. difficile zisakazwa ngezandla zabasebenzi bezokunakekelwa kwempilo, indawo engcolisiwe, noma ngokuqondile ukusuka kumuntu kuye komunye.Ucwaningo lwakamuva lubonise ukuthi izindawo ezingcolile ezilungiselelweni zokunakekelwa kwezempilo zidlala indima ebalulekile ekudlulisweni kwe-MDRO ne-C. difficile lapho abasebenzi bezempilo (HCWs) behlangana nezindawo ezingcolile noma lapho iziguli zithintana ngokuqondile nezindawo ezingcolile 3,4.izindawo ezingcolile ezilungiselelweni zokunakekelwa kwezempilo zinciphisa izehlakalo ze-MLRO kanye ne-C. difficile infection noma colonization5,6,7.Uma kubhekwa ukukhathazeka komhlaba wonke mayelana nokwenyuka kokumelana nama-antimicrobial, kuyacaca ukuthi ucwaningo olwengeziwe luyadingeka ezindleleni nezinqubo zokukhipha ukungcola ezindaweni zokunakekelwa kwempilo.Muva nje, izindlela zokuhlanza okungezona zokuthintwa kwetheminali, ikakhulukazi imishini ye-ultraviolet (UV) noma izinhlelo ze-hydrogen peroxide, ziye zaqashelwa njengezindlela ezithembisayo zokuqeda ukungcola.Kodwa-ke, le mishini ye-UV noma ye-hydrogen peroxide ethengiswayo ayibizi nje kuphela, isibulala-magciwane se-UV sisebenza kahle endaweni esobala kuphela, kuyilapho ukubulala amagciwane e-hydrogen peroxide kuplasma kudinga isikhathi eside uma kuqhathaniswa sokuqeda ukungcola ngaphambi komjikelezo olandelayo wokubulala amagciwane5.
I-ozone inezinto ezaziwayo zokunqanda ukugqwala futhi ingakhiqizwa ngokungabizi8.Kuyaziwa futhi ukuthi inobuthi empilweni yomuntu, kodwa ingabola ngokushesha ibe umoya-mpilo 8. Ama-Dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) ama-plasma reactors angamajeneretha e-ozone ajwayelekile kakhulu9.Imishini ye-DBD ikuvumela ukuthi udale i-plasma enezinga lokushisa eliphansi emoyeni futhi ukhiqize i-ozone.Kuze kube manje, ukusetshenziswa okungokoqobo kwe-ozone bekukhawulelwe ikakhulukazi ekubulaleni amagciwane emanzini okubhukuda, amanzi okuphuza kanye ne-sewage10.Ucwaningo oluningana lubike ukusetshenziswa kwalo ezilungiselelweni zokunakekelwa kwezempilo8,11.
Kulolu cwaningo, sisebenzise i-compact DBD plasma generator ozone ukuze sibonise ukusebenza kahle kwayo ekuhlanzeni i-MDRO ne-C. difficile, ngisho nalezo ezigonyelwe ezintweni ezihlukahlukene ezivame ukusetshenziswa kuzilungiselelo zezokwelapha.Ngaphezu kwalokho, inqubo yokwenza inzalo ye-ozone iye yacaciswa kusetshenziswa izithombe ze-atomic force microscopy (AFM) zamaseli aphethwe yi-ozone.
Izinkinga zitholwe ezindaweni ezizimele zomtholampilo ze-VRE (SCH 479 kanye ne-SCH 637), i-Klebsiella pneumoniae engamelana ne-carbapenem (CRE; SCH CRE-14 ne-DKA-1), i-carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA; 54 kanye ne-83) ne-carbapenem-resistant bacteria.amagciwane Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA; 54 kanye 83).I-Acinetobacter baumannii engazweli (CRAB; F2487 kanye ne-SCH-511).I-C. difficile itholwe ku-National Pathogen Culture Collection (NCCP 11840) ye-Korea Agency for Disease Control and Prevention.Yahlukaniswa nesiguli eSouth Korea ngo-2019 futhi kwatholakala ukuthi ingeye-ST15 isebenzisa ukuthayipha okulandelanayo kwe-multilocus.I-Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) Umhluzi (BD, Sparks, MD, USA) ofakwe nge-VRE, CRE, CRPA kanye ne-CRAB wawuxutshwe kahle futhi wafakwa ku-37 ° C. amahora angu-24.
U-C. difficile wahlukunyezwa nge-anaerobically ku-blood agar amahora angu-48.Amakholoni amaningana abe esenezelwa ku-5 ml womhluzi wenhliziyo yobuchopho futhi afakwa ngaphansi kwezimo ze-anaerobic amahora angu-48.Ngemuva kwalokho, isiko lanyakaziswa, i-5 ml ye-ethanol engu-95% yengezwa, yanyakaziswa futhi futhi ishiywe ekamelweni lokushisa imizuzu engu-30.Ngemuva kwe-centrifugation ku-3000 g imizuzu engu-20, lahla i-supernatant futhi umise i-pellet equkethe ama-spores kanye nama-bacteria abulawe ku-0.3 ml wamanzi.Amaseli asebenzayo abalwa ngokuhlwanyelwa kwe-spiral cell ye-bacterial cell suspension kumapuleti e-agar egazi ngemuva kokuhlanjululwa okufanele.I-Gram staining iqinisekise ukuthi u-85% kuya ku-90% wezakhiwo zebhaktheriya kwakuyizinhlamvu.
Ucwaningo olulandelayo lwenziwa ukuze kuphenywe imiphumela ye-ozone njengesibulala-magciwane ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene ezingcoliswe yizinhlamvu ze-MDRO kanye ne-C. difficile, ezaziwa ngokubangela izifo ezihambisana nokunakekelwa kwezempilo.Lungiselela amasampula ensimbi engagqwali, indwangu (ukotini), ingilazi, ipulasitiki (i-acrylic), nokhuni (uphayini) olukala isentimitha ngesentimitha elilodwa.Khipha amagciwane amakhuphoni ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa.Wonke amasampuli ahlanzwa nge-autoclaving ngaphambi kokutheleleka ngamagciwane.
Kulolu cwaningo, amangqamuzana ebhaktheriya asatshalaliswa ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene ze-substrate kanye nasemapuletini e-agar.Amaphaneli abe esekhishwa inzalo ngokuwachaya ku-ozone isikhathi esithile nasendaweni ethile yokugxila ekamelweni elivaliwe.Emkhiwaneni.1 isithombe semishini yokuvala inzalo ye-ozone.Iziphenduli ze-plasma ze-DBD zakhiwe ngokunamathisela ama-electrode ensimbi engenasici anembobo futhi avele obala ngaphambili nangemuva kwamapuleti angu-1 mm awugqinsi we-alumina (i-dielectric).Kuma-electrode anembobo, indawo yokuvula kanye nembobo yayiyi-3 mm no-0.33 mm, ngokulandelana.I-electrode ngayinye inomumo oyindilinga nobubanzi obungama-43 mm.Ukunikezwa kwamandla kagesi aphezulu (i-GBS Elektronik GmbH Minipuls 2.2) kwasetshenziswa ukuze kufakwe i-voltage ye-sinusoidal ecishe ibe ngu-8 kV ukuphakama ukuze ifinyelele imvamisa engu-12.5 kHz kuma-electrode anezimbobo ukuze kukhiqizwe i-plasma emaphethelweni ama-electrode.electrode perforated.Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buyindlela yokuvala inzalo yegesi, ukuvala inzalo kwenziwa ekamelweni elihlukaniswe ngevolumu libe ngamakamelo aphezulu naphansi, aqukethe amasampula angcoliswe amagciwane kanye namajeneretha e-plasma, ngokulandelana.Ikhompathimenti ephezulu inamachweba ama-valve amabili okukhipha nokukhipha i-ozone eyinsalela.Ngaphambi kokusebenzisa ekuhlolweni, ukuguqulwa kwesikhathi sokugxilwa kwe-ozone ekamelweni ngemva kokuvula ukufakwa kwe-plasma kukalwa ngokuhambisana ne-spectrum yokumuncwa komugqa we-spectral ongu-253.65 nm wesibani se-mercury.
(a) Uhlelo lokusethwa kokuhlolwa kokuvala inzalo kwamagciwane ezintweni ezihlukahlukene kusetshenziswa i-ozone ekhiqizwe ku-DBD plasma reactor, kanye (b) nokugxilwa kwe-ozone nesikhathi sokukhiqizwa kwe-plasma egumbini lokuvala inzalo.Umfanekiso wenziwe kusetshenziswa inguqulo ye-OriginPro 9.0 (isofthiwe ye-OriginPro, Northampton, MA, USA; https://www.originlab.com).
Okokuqala, ngokuvala inzalo amangqamuzana ebhaktheriya abekwe kumapuleti e-agar ane-ozone, kuyilapho kushintsha ukugxilwa kwe-ozone nesikhathi sokwelashwa, ukugxilwa kwe-ozone okufanelekile kanye nesikhathi sokwelashwa sokukhipha ukungcola kwe-MDRO ne-C. difficile kwanqunywa.Phakathi nenqubo yokuvala inzalo, ikamelo liqale lihlanzwe ngomoya ozungezile bese ligcwaliswa nge-ozone ngokuvula iyunithi ye-plasma.Ngemva kokuba amasampula eselashwe nge-ozone isikhathi esinqunyiwe, ipompo ye-diaphragm isetshenziselwa ukususa i-ozone esele.Izilinganiso zisebenzise isampula yesiko eliphelele lamahora angama-24 (~ 108 CFU/ml).Amasampula okumiswa kwamaseli ebhaktheriya (20 μl) aqale ahlanjululwa ngokuphindaphindiwe izikhathi eziyishumi ngosawoti oyinyumba, ngemva kwalokho lawa masampula asatshalaliswa kumapuleti e-agar abulawa inzalo nge-ozone ekamelweni.Ngemva kwalokho, amasampula aphindaphindiwe, ahlanganisa amasampula adaluliwe futhi angavezwanga ku-ozone, afukanyelwa ku-37°C amahora angu-24 futhi abalwa amakholoni ukuze ahlole ukusebenza kahle kokuvala inzalo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokwezimo zokuvala inzalo ezichazwe ocwaningweni olungenhla, umphumela wokukhipha inzalo walobu buchwepheshe ku-MDRO no-C. difficile wahlolwa kusetshenziswa amakhuphoni ezinto ezihlukahlukene (insimbi engagqwali, indwangu, ingilazi, ipulasitiki namakhuphoni okhuni) ngokuvamile asetshenziswa ezikhungweni zezokwelapha.Amasiko aphelele amahora angama-24 (~108 cfu/ml) asetshenzisiwe.Amasampula okumiswa kwamaseli e-bacterial (20 μl) ahlanjululwa ngokuphindaphindiwe izikhathi eziyishumi ngosawoti oyinyumba, bese amakhuphoni acwiliswa kulawa ma-broths ahlanjululwe ukuhlola ukungcola.Amasampula akhishwe ngemva kokucwiliswa emhluzweni we-dilution afakwa ezitsheni ze-Petri eziyinyumba futhi omisiwe ekamelweni lokushisa amahora angu-24.Beka isivalo se-petri dish kusampula bese usibeka ngokucophelela ekamelweni lokuhlola.Susa isivalo esitsheni se-Petri bese uveza isampula ku-500 ppm ozone imizuzu engu-15.Amasampula okulawula afakwe kukhabhinethi yokuphepha yebhayoloji futhi awavezwanga ku-ozone.Ngokushesha ngemva kokuchayeka ku-ozone, amasampula kanye namasampuli angenawo imisebe (okungukuthi izilawuli) axutshwa nosawoti oyinyumba kusetshenziswa i-vortex mixer ukuze kuhlukaniswe amagciwane endaweni engaphezulu.Ukumiswa okuncishisiwe kuhlanjululwe izikhathi ezingu-10 ngosawoti oyinyumba, okwathi ngemva kwalokho inani lamagciwane ahlanjululwe lanqunywa kumapuleti e-agar egazi (amagciwane e-aerobic) noma amapuleti e-agar egazi anaerobic e-Brucella (ye-Clostridium difficile) futhi afakwa ku-37°C amahora angu-24.noma ngaphansi kwezimo ze-anaerobic amahora angu-48 ku-37 ° C ngokuphindwe kabili ukuze kunqunywe ukugxila kokuqala kwe-inoculum.Umehluko ezibalweni zebhaktheriya phakathi kwezilawuli ezingadalulwanga namasampuli adaluliwe ubalwe ukunikeza ukuncipha kwelogi ezibalweni zebhaktheriya (okungukuthi, ukusebenza kahle kokuvala inzalo) ngaphansi kwezimo zokuhlola.
Amaseli ebhayoloji kumele anganyakazi epuleti lesithombe le-AFM;ngakho-ke, idiski ye-mica eyisicaba futhi ecishe ifane enesilinganiso sokuqina esincanyana kunosayizi weseli isetshenziswa njenge-substrate.Ububanzi nobukhulu bamadiski babungu-20 mm no-0.21 mm, ngokulandelana.Ukuze ugxilise ngokuqinile amaseli ngaphezulu, ingaphezulu le-mica limbozwe nge-poly-L-lysine (200 µl), iyenze ishajwe kahle futhi ulwelwesi lweseli lushajwe kabi.Ngemuva kokumboza nge-poly-L-lysine, ama-mica disks ahlanjululwa izikhathi ezingu-3 nge-1 ml yamanzi e-deionized (DI) kanye nomoya omisiwe ubusuku bonke.Khona-ke, amangqamuzana ebhaktheriya asetshenziswa ebusweni be-mica obumbozwe nge-poly-L-lysine ngokufaka isisombululo se-bacterial dilute, esishiywe imizuzu engu-30, bese i-mica surface igezwa nge-1 ml yamanzi e-deionized.
Ingxenye yamasampuli yaphathwa nge-ozone futhi i-morphology yangaphezulu yamapuleti e-mica alayishwe nge-VRE, CRAB kanye ne-C. difficile spores yabonwa ngeso lengqondo kusetshenziswa i-AFM (XE-7, izinhlelo zepaki).Imodi yokusebenza ye-AFM isethelwe kumodi yokuthepha, okuyindlela evamile yokuthwebula amaseli ebhayoloji.Ezivivinyweni, i-microcantilever edizayinelwe imodi yokungathinteki (OMCL-AC160TS, OLYMPUS Microscopy) isetshenzisiwe.Izithombe ze-AFM zirekhodwe ngokusekelwe esilinganisweni sokuskena se-probe esingu-0.5 Hz okuholela ekulungisweni kwesithombe kwamaphikseli angu-2048 × 2048.
Ukuze sinqume izimo lapho amareactor e-plasma e-DBD asebenza ngaphansi kwawo ekubulaleni inzalo, senze uchungechunge lokuhlola sisebenzisa kokubili i-MDRO (i-VRE, i-CRE, i-CRPA, ne-CRAB) kanye ne-C. difficile ukuze kuhluke ukugxilwa kwe-ozone nesikhathi sokuchayeka.Emkhiwaneni.I-1b ibonisa ijika lesikhathi sokuhlushwa kwe-ozone esimweni ngasinye sokuhlola ngemva kokuvula idivayisi ye-plasma.Ukuhlushwa kukhuphuke nge-logarithmically, kwafinyelela ku-300 no-500 ppm ngemva kwemizuzu engu-1.5 nengu-2.5, ngokulandelana.Ukuhlolwa kokuqala nge-VRE kubonise ukuthi ubuncane obudingekayo ukuze kukhishwe amagciwane ngempumelelo yi-300 ppm ozone imizuzu eyi-10.Ngakho-ke, ekuhloleni okulandelayo, i-MDRO ne-C. difficile zivezwe ku-ozone ezindaweni ezimbili ezihlukene (300 kanye ne-500 ppm) nangezikhathi zokuchayeka ezimbili ezihlukene (imizuzu eyi-10 neyi-15).Ukusebenza kahle kokubulala inzalo kumthamo we-ozone ngamunye kanye nokusetha isikhathi sokuchayeka kubalwe futhi kwaboniswa kuThebula 1. Ukuchayeka ku-300 noma 500 ppm ozone imizuzu engu-10–15 kubangele ukuncipha okuphelele kwe-VRE kokungu-2 noma ngaphezulu kwe-log10.Leli zinga eliphakeme lokubulala amagciwane nge-CRE lafinyelelwa ngemizuzu engu-15 yokuchayeka ku-300 noma 500 ppm ozone. Ukwehliswa okuphezulu kwe-CRPA (> 7 log10) kwafinyelelwa ngokuchayeka ku-500 ppm we-ozone imizuzu engu-15. Ukwehliswa okuphezulu kwe-CRPA (> 7 log10) kwafinyelelwa ngokuchayeka ku-500 ppm we-ozone imizuzu engu-15. Высокое снижение CRPA (> 7 log10) было достигнуто при воздействии 500 частей на миллион озона в течение 15 минут. Ukwehliswa okuphezulu kwe-CRPA (> 7 log10) kwafinyelelwa ngokuchayeka ku-500 ppm ozone imizuzu eyi-15.暴露于500 ppm 的臭氧15 分钟后，可大幅降低CRPA (> 7 log10).暴露于500 ppm 的臭氧15 分钟后，可大幅降低CRPA (> 7 log10). Существенное снижение CRPA (> 7 log10) после 15-минутного воздействия озона с концентрацией 500 ppm. Ukwehliswa okukhulu kwe-CRPA (> 7 log10) ngemva kwemizuzu engu-15 yokuchayeka ku-500 ppm ozone.Ukubulawa okungenangqondo kwamagciwane e-CRAB ku-300 ppm ozone; nokho, ku-500 ppm ozone, kube nokuncishiswa > kwe-1.5 log10. nokho, ku-500 ppm ozone, kube nokuncishiswa > kwe-1.5 log10. однако при концентрации озона 500 частей на миллион наблюдалось снижение > 1,5 log10. nokho, ekugxilweni kwe-ozone engu-500 ppm, ukwehla okungu->1.5 log10 kwabonwa.然而，在500 ppm 臭氧下，减少了> 1.5 log10.然而，在500 ppm 臭氧下，减少了> 1.5 log10. Однако при концентрации озона 500 частей на миллион наблюдалось снижение >1,5 log10. Kodwa-ke, ekugxilweni kwe-ozone engu-500 ppm, ukwehla kwe->1.5 log10 kwabonwa. Ukuveza izinhlamvu ze-C. difficile ku-300 noma 500 ppm i-ozone kuphumele ekuncipheni > kokungu-2.5 log10. Ukuveza izinhlamvu ze-C. difficile ku-300 noma 500 ppm i-ozone kuphumele ekuncipheni > kokungu-2.5 log10. Воздействие на споры C. difficile озона с концентрацией 300 noma 500 частей на миллион приводило к снижению > 2,5 log10. Ukuchayeka kwezinhlamvu ze-C. difficile ku-300 noma 500 ppm ozone kubangele > ekwehleni okungu->2.5 log10.将艰难梭菌孢子暴露于300 或500 ppm的臭氧中导致> 2.5 log10 减少。 300 或500 ppm 的臭氧中导致> 2.5 log10 减少。 Воздействие на споры C. difficile озона с концентрацией 300 noma 500 частей на миллион приводило к снижению >2,5 log10. Ukuchayeka kwezinhlamvu ze-C. difficile ku-300 noma 500 ppm ozone kubangele > ekwehleni okungu->2.5 log10.
Ngokusekelwe ekuhlolweni okungenhla, imfuneko eyanele yatholakala ukuze yenze amagciwane angasebenzi kumthamo we-500 ppm ozone imizuzu engu-15.Izinhlamvu ze-VRE, CRAB kanye ne-C. difficile zihlolelwe umphumela obulala amagciwane we-ozone ezintweni ezihlukahlukene ezihlanganisa insimbi engagqwali, indwangu, ingilazi, ipulasitiki kanye nokhuni oluvame ukusetshenziswa ezibhedlela.Ukusebenza kahle kokuvala inzalo kukhonjisiwe kuThebula 2. Izinto eziphilayo zihlolwe kabili.Ku-VRE ne-CRAB, i-ozone ibingasebenzi kahle engilazini nasezindaweni zepulasitiki, nakuba ukuncishiswa kwe-log10 cishe kwesici esingu-2 noma ngaphezulu kwabonwa endaweni yensimbi engagqwali, indwangu nezinkuni.Izinhlamvu ze-C. difficile zitholakale zikwazi ukumelana nokwelashwa kwe-ozone ngaphezu kwazo zonke ezinye izinto eziphilayo ezihloliwe.Ukuze ufunde ngezibalo umphumela we-ozone emphumeleni wokubulala wezinto ezihlukene ngokumelene ne-VRE, i-CRAB, ne-C. difficile, ukuhlolwa kwe-t kwasetshenziswa ukuqhathanisa umehluko phakathi kwenani le-CFU nge-millilitha ngayinye ekulawuleni kanye namaqembu okuhlola ezintweni ezahlukene (Fig. 2).izinhlobonhlobo zibonise umehluko obalulekile ngokwezibalo, kodwa umehluko obaluleke kakhulu wabonwa ezinhlamvu ze-VRE ne-CRAB kunezinhlamvu ze-C. difficile.
I-Scatterplot yemiphumela ye-ozone ekubulaweni kwebhaktheriya kwezinto ezihlukahlukene (a) i-VRE, (b) i-CRAB, kanye (c) ne-C. difficile.
Ukuthwebula kwe-AFM kwenziwa ezinhlakeni ze-VRE, i-CRAB, ne-C. difficile ezilashwe nge-ozone futhi ezingaphathwanga ukuze kufundwe kabanzi ngenqubo yokuvala inzalo yegesi ye-ozone.Emkhiwaneni.I-3a, c kanye ne-e ibonisa izithombe ze-AFM zezinhlamvu ze-VRE, i-CRAB ne-C. difficile ezingalashiwe, ngokulandelana.Njengoba kubonakala ezithombeni ze-3D, amaseli abushelelezi futhi aphelele.Izibalo 3b, d kanye no-f zibonisa i-VRE, CRAB kanye ne-C. difficile spores ngemva kokwelashwa kwe-ozone.Abagcinanga nje ngokuncipha ngosayizi wawo wonke amaseli ahloliwe, kodwa ubuso bawo bube bubi ngokuphawulekayo ngemva kokuchayeka ku-ozone.
Izithombe ze-AFM ze-VRE, i-MRAB kanye ne-C. difficile spores (a, c, e) ne-(b, d, f) ephathwe nge-500 ppm ozone imizuzu engu-15.Izithombe zadwetshwa kusetshenziswa i-Park Systems XEI version 5.1.6 (XEI Software, Suwon, Korea; https://www.parksystems.com/102-products/park-xe-bio).
Ucwaningo lwethu lubonisa ukuthi i-ozone ekhiqizwa imishini ye-plasma ye-DBD ibonisa ikhono lokuqeda ukungcola ngokuphumelelayo ezinhlamvu ze-MDRO ne-C. difficile, ezaziwa njengezimbangela ezinkulu zezifo ezihambisana nokunakekelwa kwezempilo.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ocwaningweni lwethu, uma kubhekwa ukuthi ukungcoliswa kwemvelo nge-MDRO kanye nezinhlamvu ze-C. difficile kungaba umthombo wezifo ezihambisana nokunakekelwa kwezempilo, umphumela wokubulala amagciwane we-ozone utholakale uphumelela ezintweni ezisetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko ezindaweni zasesibhedlela.Ukuhlolwa kokukhipha ukungcola kwenziwa kusetshenziswa okokusebenza kwe-plasma ye-DBD ngemva kokungcoliswa kokwenziwa kwezinto ezifana nensimbi engagqwali, indwangu, ingilazi, ipulasitiki nokhuni olunezinhlamvu ze-MDRO ne-C. difficile.Ngenxa yalokho, nakuba umphumela wokukhipha ukungcola uhluka kuye ngezinto ezibonakalayo, ikhono lokuqeda ukungcola kwe-ozone liyamangalisa.
Izinto ezithintwa njalo emakamelweni asesibhedlela zidinga ukukhishwa kwamagciwane okujwayelekile, okusezingeni eliphansi.Indlela evamile yokuqeda ukungcola izinto ezinjalo iwukuhlanza ngesandla ngesibulala-magciwane esiwuketshezi njengenhlanganisela ye-quaternary ammonium 13. Ngisho nokunamathela ngokuqinile ezincomo zokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-magciwane, i-MPO inzima ukuyisusa ngokuhlanzwa kwemvelo kwendabuko (ngokuvamile ukuhlanza ngesandla)14.Ngakho-ke, ubuchwepheshe obusha buyadingeka, njengezindlela zokungewona othintana naye.Ngenxa yalokho, kuye kwaba nesithakazelo ezintweni ezibulala amagciwane, okuhlanganisa i-hydrogen peroxide ne-ozone10.Ubuhle bama-gaseous disinfectants ukuthi angakwazi ukufinyelela ezindaweni nezinto ezingakwazi ukufinyelela kuzo izindlela zendabuko zezandla.I-hydrogen peroxide isanda kuqala ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni zezokwelapha, nokho i-hydrogen peroxide ngokwayo inobuthi futhi kufanele isingathwe ngokuvumelana nezinqubo zokuphatha eziqinile.Ukuvalwa kwe-plasma nge-hydrogen peroxide kudinga isikhathi eside sokuhlanza ngaphambi komjikelezo olandelayo wokuvala inzalo.Ngokuphambene, i-ozone isebenza njenge-ejenti elwa namagciwane ene-spectrum ebanzi, esebenza kahle ngokumelene namagciwane namagciwane amelana nezinye izibulala-magciwane8,11,15.Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-ozone ingakhiqizwa ngokushibhile emoyeni osemkhathini futhi ayidingi amakhemikhali engeziwe anobuthi angashiya indawo eyingozi endaweni ezungezile, njengoba igcina ihlehle ibe umoya-mpilo.Kodwa-ke, isizathu sokuthi kungani i-ozone ingasetshenziswa kabanzi njengesibulala-magciwane yilesi elandelayo.I-ozone inobuthi empilweni yomuntu, ngakho-ke ukugxila kwayo akudluli ku-0.07 ppm ngokwesilinganiso isikhathi esingaphezu kwamahora angu-816, ngakho-ke ama-ozone sterilizers athuthukisiwe futhi afakwa emakethe, ikakhulukazi ukuhlanza amagesi akhipha umoya.Kungenzeka futhi ukuhogela igesi futhi ukhiqize iphunga elibi ngemva kokungcoliswa5,8.I-ozone ayizange isetshenziswe ngenkuthalo ezikhungweni zezokwelapha.Kodwa-ke, i-ozone ingasetshenziswa ngokuphepha emakamelweni okubulala inzalo kanye nezinqubo ezifanele zokungenisa umoya, futhi ukususwa kwayo kungasheshiswa kakhulu ngokusebenzisa isiguquli se-catalytic.Kulolu cwaningo, sibonisa ukuthi izibulala-magciwane ze-plasma ozone zingasetshenziselwa ukubulala amagciwane kuzilungiselelo zokunakekelwa kwempilo.Senze idivayisi enekhono eliphezulu lokuvala inzalo, ukusebenza kalula kanye nesevisi esheshayo yeziguli ezilaliswe esibhedlela.Ngaphezu kwalokho, sithuthukise iyunithi yokuvala inzalo elula esebenzisa umoya ozungezile ngaphandle kwezindleko ezengeziwe.Kuze kube manje, alukho ulwazi olwanele mayelana nezidingo ezincane ze-ozone ukuze i-MDRO ingasebenzi.Izinto ezisetshenziswa ocwaningweni lwethu kulula ukuzimisa futhi zinesikhathi esifushane futhi kulindeleke ukuthi zibe wusizo ekuvaleni inzalo kwemishini njalo.
Indlela yokusebenza kwe-bactericidal ye-ozone ayicacile ngokuphelele.Ucwaningo oluningana lubonise ukuthi i-ozone ilimaza ulwelwesi lwamangqamuzana ebhaktheriya, okuholela ekuvuzeni kwe-intracellular futhi ekugcineni i-cell lysis17,18.I-ozone ingaphazamisa umsebenzi we-enzymatic weselula ngokusabela namaqembu e-thiol futhi ingashintsha izisekelo ze-purine ne-pyrimidine kuma-nucleic acid.Lolu cwaningo lwabona ngeso lengqondo i-morphology ye-VRE, CRAB, kanye ne-C. difficile spores ngaphambi nangemva kokwelashwa kwe-ozone futhi bathola ukuthi azinciphi nje ngosayizi, kodwa futhi zaba mahle kakhulu ebusweni, okubonisa ukulimala noma ukugqwala kolwelwesi olungaphandle.kanye nezinto zangaphakathi ngenxa yegesi ye-ozone inekhono eliqinile le-oxidizing.Lo monakalo ungaholela ekusebenzeni kweseli, kuye ngobunzima bezinguquko zamaselula.
Izinhlamvu ze-C. difficile kunzima ukuzikhipha emakamelweni asesibhedlela.Izinhlamvu zihlala ezindaweni lapho zichitha khona i-10,20.Ngaphezu kwalokho, kulolu cwaningo, nakuba ukuncishiswa okuphezulu kwe-logarithmic 10 kwenani lamagciwane kumapuleti e-agar ku-500 ppm ozone imizuzu engu-15 kwakuyi-2.73, umphumela we-bactericidal we-ozone ezintweni ezihlukahlukene eziqukethe i-C spores .difficile incishisiwe.Ngakho-ke, amasu ahlukahlukene angacatshangelwa ukunciphisa ukutheleleka kwe-C. difficile ezindaweni zokunakekelwa kwezempilo.Ukuze kusetshenziswe emakamelweni ahlukene e-C. difficile kuphela, kungase futhi kube usizo ukulungisa isikhathi sokuchayeka kanye namandla okwelashwa kwe-ozone.Ukwengeza, kufanele sikhumbule ukuthi indlela ye-ozone decontamination ayikwazi ngokuphelele ukufaka esikhundleni sokuhlanza okuvamile okwenziwa ngesandla ngama-disinfectants kanye namasu e-antimicrobial, futhi ingasebenza kahle kakhulu ekulawuleni i-C. difficile 5.Kulolu cwaningo, ukusebenza kahle kwe-ozone njengesibulala-magciwane kwahlukahluka ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene ze-MPO.Ukusebenza kahle kungase kuncike ezicini eziningana ezifana nesiteji sokukhula, udonga lwamaseli, nokusebenza kahle kwezindlela zokulungisa21,22.Isizathu somphumela ohlukile wokubulala amagciwane we-ozone ebusweni bento ngayinye kungase kube ngenxa yokwakheka kwe-biofilm.Ucwaningo lwangaphambilini lubonise ukuthi i-E. faecium ne-E. faecium yandisa ukumelana nemvelo uma ikhona njenge-biofilms23, 24, 25. Nokho, lolu cwaningo lubonisa ukuthi i-ozone inomphumela obalulekile wokubulala amagciwane kuzinhlamvu ze-MDRO ne-C. difficile.
Umkhawulo wokutadisha kwethu ukuthi sihlole umphumela wokugcinwa kwe-ozone ngemva kokulungiswa.Lokhu kungaholela ekulinganisweni ngokweqile kwenani lamaseli ebhaktheriya asebenzayo.
Nakuba lolu cwaningo lwenziwe ukuze kuhlolwe ukusebenza kwe-ozone njengesibulala-magciwane endaweni yesibhedlela, kunzima ukukhiqiza imiphumela yethu kuzo zonke izilungiselelo zesibhedlela.Ngakho-ke, ucwaningo olwengeziwe luyadingeka ukuze kuphenywe ukusebenza nokuhambisana kwalesi sibulala-magciwane se-ozone ye-DBD endaweni yesibhedlela sangempela.
I-ozone ekhiqizwe ama-plasma e-DBD angaba i-ejenti elula nebalulekile yokuqeda ukungcola ye-MDRO kanye ne-C. difficile.Ngakho-ke, ukwelashwa kwe-ozone kungabhekwa njengenye indlela ephumelelayo yokubulala amagciwane endaweni yesibhedlela.
Amasethi edatha asetshenzisiwe kanye/noma ahlaziywa ocwaningweni lwamanje ayatholakala kubabhali abafanele uma kunesicelo esifanele.
Isu lomhlaba wonke le-WHO lokuqukatha ukumelana nama-antimicrobial.https://www.who.int/drugresistance/WHO_Global_Strategy.htm/en/ Iyatholakala.
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