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Ukuhlolwa kwenziwa kushaneli engunxande evinjwe imigqa ephambanayo yezinduku ezine ezithambekele eziyisilinda. Ukucindezela endaweni yenduku emaphakathi nokwehla kokucindezela kuwo wonke umzila kukalwa ngokushintshashintsha i-engeli yokuthambekela kwenduku.Kwahlolwa ama-diameter amathathu enduku ehlukene. ama-s akhiqizwa ahlobanisa ingcindezi ezindaweni ezibucayi zesistimu nobukhulu besici benduku. Isimiso sokuzimela sitholakala sibambe izinombolo eziningi ze-Euler ezibonisa ingcindezi ezindaweni ezihlukene, okungukuthi uma ukucindezela kungenasici kusetshenziswa ukuqagela kwejubane lokungena elivamile endongeni, isethi izimele ngaphandle kwe-engeli yokucwilisa.Umphumela we-semi-empirical correlation ungasetshenziselwa Ukuklama ama-hydraulic afanayo.
Amadivayisi amaningi okushisa nokudlulisa ubukhulu ahlanganisa isethi yamamojula, amashaneli noma amaseli lapho uketshezi ludlula khona ezakhiweni zangaphakathi eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu njengezinduku, amabhafa, okokufaka, njll. Muva nje, kube nesithakazelo esivuselelwe sokuthola ukuqonda okungcono kwezinqubo ezixhumanisa ukusatshalaliswa kwengcindezi yangaphakathi kanye namandla angaphakathi ayinkimbinkimbi nokwehla kwengcindezi yemojuli. s, kanye nokwenyuka kwe-miniaturization yamadivayisi.Izifundo zokuhlola zakamuva zokusabalalisa kwangaphakathi nokulahlekelwa kwengcindezi zihlanganisa iziteshi ezihlanjululwe yizimbambo ezihlukahlukene ezimise okwe-1, amaseli we-electrochemical reactor 2, i-capillary constriction 3 kanye ne-lattice frame materials 4.
Izakhiwo zangaphakathi ezivame kakhulu ngokungangabazeki ziyi-cylindrical rods ngokusebenzisa amamojula amayunithi, angaba inqwaba noma ahlukanisiwe.Ezishintshisi zokushisa, lokhu kumiswa kujwayelekile ohlangothini lwegobolondo.Ukwehla kokucindezela kohlangothi lwegobolondo kuhlobene nomklamo wezishintshi zokushisa ezifana namajeneretha omusi, ama-condensers nama-evaporator.Ocwaningweni lwakamuva, u-Wang et al.I-5 ithole ukunamathiselwa kabusha nokugeleza kokugeleza okuhlangene ekucushweni kwe-tandem kwama-rods.U-Liu et al.6 ulinganise ukwehla kokucindezela eziteshini ezingunxande ngezinqwaba zeshubhu ezakhelwe ngaphakathi ezimise okuka-U ezinama-engeli ahlukile futhi zalinganisa imodeli yenombolo elingisa izinqwaba zenduku enemidiya enezimbobo.
Njengoba kulindelekile, kunezici eziningi zokucushwa ezithinta ukusebenza kwe-hydraulic ye-cylinder bank: uhlobo lokuhlelwa (isb, olunyakazayo noma olusemgqeni), ubukhulu obuhlobene (isb, ukuphakama, ububanzi, ubude), kanye ne-engeli yokuthambekela, phakathi kokunye.I-7 ihlongoze imodeli ye-porosity ephumelelayo isebenzisa ubude beyunithi yeyunithi njengepharamitha yokulawula, kusetshenziswa i-tandem kanye nezinhlu ezinyakazayo kanye nezinombolo ze-Reynolds phakathi kuka-103 no-104.I-Snarski8 ifunde ukuthi i-spectrum yamandla, kusukela kuma-accelerometers nama-hydrophone axhunywe kusilinda emhubheni wamanzi, ahluka ngokugeleza kwe-alclination.9 wafunda ukusabalalisa ingcindezi odongeni ezizungeze induku cylindrical in yaw airflow.Mityakov et al.10 bahlele inkambu yesivinini ngemva kwesilinda esizamulayo sisebenzisa i-stereo PIV.Alam et al.I-11 yenza ucwaningo olunzulu lwamasilinda e-tandem, egxile emiphumeleni yenombolo ye-Reynolds kanye nesilinganiso sejometri ekuchithekeni kwe-vortex.Bakwazi ukuhlonza izifunda ezinhlanu, okungukuthi ukukhiya, ukukhiya ngezikhathi ezithile, ukukhiya, ukukhiya kwe-subharmonic kanye ne-shear layer rettachment.
Ngokuvamile, ukusebenza kwe-hydraulic yeyunithi yeyunithi kulindeleke ukuthi kuncike ekucushweni kanye nejiyomethri yesakhiwo sangaphakathi, ngokuvamile kubalwa ngokuhlobana okunamandla kwezilinganiso ezithile zokuhlola. Emishinini eminingi eyakhiwe izingxenye zezikhathi ezithile, amaphethini okugeleza aphindaphindiwe kuseli ngalinye, futhi ngaleyo ndlela, ulwazi oluhlobene namaseli amele lungasetshenziswa ukuveza ingqikithi yokuziphatha kwe-hydraulic yesakhiwo, lapho kukhona amamodeli we-multiscale ye-multiscale. okusetshenzisiwe kungancishiswa kaningi.Isibonelo esijwayelekile i-equation yokukhishwa kwepuleti le-orifice 15.Endabeni ekhethekile yezinduku ezithambekile, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zihamba ngokuvalekile noma zivulekile, umbandela othakazelisayo ovame ukukhonjwa ezincwadini futhi osetshenziswa abaklami ubukhulu be-hydraulic obubusayo (isb., ukwehla kokucindezela, ukuphoqelela, ukugeleza kwe-vortex kuya ku-frequency eyodwa) kuya ku-contact eyodwa kuya kwesinye). kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi isimiso sokuzimela futhi sithatha ukuthi ukugeleza kwe-flow dynamics kuqhutshwa ngokuyinhloko ingxenye evamile yokungena nokuthi umphumela we-axial component eqondaniswe ne-cylinder axis awunaki.Nakuba kungekho ukuvumelana ezincwadini mayelana nohlu lokufaneleka lwalesi sici, ezimweni eziningi ngaphakathi kwezifundo ezitholakalayo zihlinzeka nge-espiricent esebenzayo yokuhlola okusebenzayo okusebenzayo. Umgomo ozimele uhlanganisa ukudlidliza okubangelwa i-vortex16 kanye nesigaba esisodwa kanye nesigaba esimaphakathi sokudonsa okungu-417.
Kulo msebenzi wamanje, imiphumela yocwaningo lokucindezela kwangaphakathi nokwehla kwengcindezi kushaneli onomugqa ophambanayo wezinduku ezine ezithambekele ze-cylindrical ziyethulwa.Linganisa izilinganiso zezinduku ezintathu ezinobubanzi obuhlukene, ukuguqula i-engeli yokuthambekela.Umgomo wonke uwukuphenya indlela yokusabalalisa ingcindezi endaweni yenduku ehlobene nokwehla kwengcindezi yonke esiteshini. um ukuhlola ubuqiniso besimiso sokuzimela.Ekugcineni, ukuhlobana kwe-semi-empirical engena-dimensionless kwenziwa okungase kusetshenziselwe ukuklama amadivaysi afanayo asebenza ngamanzi.
Ukusetha kokuhlola kuhlanganisa isigaba sokuhlola esingunxande esithole ukugeleza komoya okuhlinzekwe yi-axial fan.Isigaba sokuhlola siqukethe iyunithi ehlanganisa izinduku ezimbili ezimaphakathi ezihambisanayo kanye nezinduku ezimbili ezinesigamu ezishumekwe ezindongeni zesiteshi, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 1e, wonke ububanzi obufanayo.Izibalo 1a-e zibonisa ijiyomethri enemininingwane kanye nobukhulu benqubo yokusetha ye-3 yengxenye ngayinye.
ingxenye yokungena (ubude ngo-mm).Dala i-b usebenzisa i-Openscad 2021.01, i-openscad.org.Isigaba sokuhlola esiyinhloko (ubude ngo-mm).Idalwe nge-Openscad 2021.01, i-openscad.org c Ukubuka okuphambana kwesigaba sokuhlola esiyinhloko (ubude ngo-mm).Kudalwe kusetshenziswa i-Openscad 2021.1 021.01, ukubuka okuqhume kwesigaba sokuhlola se-openscad.org e.Idalwe nge-Openscad 2021.01, openscad.org.
Kwahlolwa amasethi amathathu ezinti ezinobubanzi obuhlukene.Ithebula 1 libala izici zejiyomethri zekesi ngalinye.Izinduku zifakwe ku-protractor ukuze i-engeli yazo uma ihlobene nesiqondiso sokugeleza ingahluka phakathi kuka-90° no-30° (Izibalo 1b kanye no-3).Zonke izinti zenziwe ngensimbi engagqwali futhi zigxiliswe ukuze zigcine igebe elilinganiselwe elingaphandle kwendawo yokuhlola. Igebe elihlobene lerodi elingaphandle kwendawo yokuhlola etholakala endaweni yokuhlola.
Izinga lokugeleza kwe-inlet yesigaba sokuhlola likalwa nge-venturi elinganisiwe, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Figure 2, futhi kuqashwe kusetshenziswa i-DP Cell Honeywell SCX. Izinga lokushisa eliwuketshezi ekuphumeni kwesigaba sokuhlola likalwa nge-thermometer ye-PT100 futhi lilawulwa ku-45 ± 1 ° C. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusatshalaliswa kwe-velocity ye-planer nokunciphisa izinga lokugeleza kwamanzi okuphoqeleka kwe-turbulence yesikrini se-turbulence ezintathu. Ibanga elilinganiselwa kumadiayamitha angu-4 we-hydraulic lisetshenziswe phakathi kwesikrini sokugcina nenduku, futhi ubude bendawo yokuphuma babuyi-11 hydraulic diameters.
Umdwebo weskimu weshubhu le-Venturi osetshenziselwa ukukala ijubane lokungena kokungena (ubude ngamamilimitha).Kudalwe nge-Openscad 2021.01, openscad.org.
Gada ingcindezi kobunye bobuso benduku emaphakathi ngokusebenzisa impompi yokucindezela engu-0.5 mm endizeni emaphakathi yesigaba sokuhlola.Ububanzi bompompi buhambisana ne-angular span engu-5°;ngakho-ke ukunemba kwe-angular cishe ku-2 °.Induku egadiwe ingashintshwa mayelana ne-axis yayo, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Figure 3.Umehluko phakathi kokucindezela kwendawo yenduku kanye nokucindezela emnyango wesigaba sokuhlola kukalwa ngochungechunge oluhlukile lwe-DP Cell Honeywell SCX.Lo mehluko wengcindezi ulinganiswa ngohlelo lwebha ngayinye, ukuhlukahluka kokugeleza \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\*\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\yo\\\\\\\\\\\ \\yo\\\\\\\\]) i-angle) (\\ i-azimu \ azimu).
izilungiselelo zokugeleza.Izindonga zeshaneli zikhonjiswe ngokumpunga.Ukugeleza kugeleza ukusuka kwesokunxele kuye kwesokudla futhi kuvinjwe induku.Qaphela ukuthi ukubuka okuthi “A” kuncike ku-axis yenduku.Izinduku zangaphandle zishumekwe kancane ezindongeni zesiteshi esisemaceleni.I-protractor isetshenziswa ukukala i-engeli yokuthambekela \(\alpha \).Idalwe nge-Openscad.12.0
Inhloso yokuhlolwa ukukala nokuhumusha ukwehla kokucindezela phakathi kwama-inlets wesiteshi kanye nokucindezela okungaphezulu kwenduku emaphakathi, \(\theta\) kanye \(\alpha\) kuma-azimuth namadiphu ahlukene.Ukuze ufingqe imiphumela, ukucindezela komehluko kuzovezwa ngendlela engenasici njengenombolo ka-Euler:
lapho \(\rho \) kuwukuminyana koketshezi, \({u}_{i}\) ijubane lokungena elimaphakathi, \({p}_{i}\) ukucindezela kwe-inlet, futhi \({p }_{ w}\) ingcindezi endaweni ethile odongeni lwenduku.Ijubane lokungena ligxilile phakathi kobubanzi obuthathu obuhlukene obunqunywe yi-valve engu-6 ehambisana nobubanzi obungu-0 ukusuka ku-m valvu. enombolweni ye-Reynolds yesiteshi, \(Re\equiv {u}_{i}H/\nu \) (lapho \(H\) ingubude besiteshi, futhi \(\nu \) iwukubona kwe-kinematic) phakathi kuka-40,000 no-67,000. Inombolo ye-rod Reynolds (\(Re\equiv \5) {0}kusukela ku-5/{0} {0}_{0}_ ukuqina kwesiyaluyalu okulinganiselwe ukuchezuka okujwayelekile okuhlobene kwamasiginali arekhodwe ku-venturi kungu-5% ngokwesilinganiso.
Umfanekiso wesi-4 ubonisa ukuhlobana kokuthi \({Eu}_{w}\) ne-azimuth engeli \(\theta \), ebekwe ipharamitha ngama-engeli amathathu wokucwilisa, \(\alpha \) = 30°, 50° kanye no-70° .Izilinganiso zihlukaniswa ngamagrafu amathathu ngokobubanzi benduku.Kungatholwa ukungaqiniseki kokugeleza okujwayelekile phakathi kokuhlolwa okujwayelekile, izinombolo ezizimele. θ ilandela inkambiso evamile yokucindezela odongeni eduze komjikelezo wesithiyo esiyindilinga. Kuma-engeli abheke ukugeleza, okungukuthi, θ ukusuka ku-0 kuye ku-90 °, ukucindezela kodonga lwenduku kuyehla, kufinyelele okungenani ku-90 °, okuhambisana negebe phakathi kwezinduku lapho isivinini sikhulu kakhulu ngenxa yemikhawulo yendawo yokugeleza. Kukhona ukucindezela okuvela ku-0 ° ngemuva kokuthola u-0 °, okuthi ngemuva kokuthola ingcindezi ku-0 ° kuya ku-0 ngemuva kokululama. umfaniswano ngenxa yokuhlukaniswa kwesendlalelo somngcele ongemuva wodonga lwenduku.Qaphela ukuthi akukho shintsho ku-angle yokucindezela okuncane, okubonisa ukuthi ukuphazamiseka okungenzeka okuvela ezingqimbeni ze-shear eziseduze, njengemiphumela ye-Coanda, okwesibili.
Ukuhluka kwenombolo ye-Euler yodonga oluzungeze induku yama-engeli ahlukene wokuthambekela namadiamitha wenduku.Kudalwe nge-Gnuplot 5.4, www.gnuplot.info.
Kokulandelayo, sihlaziya imiphumela ngokusekelwe emcabangweni wokuthi izinombolo ze-Euler zingalinganiswa kuphela ngamapharamitha ejiyomethri, okungukuthi izilinganiso zobude besici \(d/g\) kanye \(d/H\) (lapho \(H\) ingubude besiteshi) nokuthambekela \(\alpha \).Umthetho osebenzayo odumile wesithupha uthi ukwakheka kwe-fluid bylet ku-rod yephrojekthi ukuphoqelela iphrojekthi ngayinye ukuphoqelela iphrojekthi ngayinye. i-rod axis, \({u}_{n}={u}_{i}\mathrm {sin} \alpha \) .Lokhu ngezinye izikhathi kubizwa ngokuthi isimiso sokuzimela.Enye yezinjongo zokuhlaziya okulandelayo ukuhlola ukuthi lo mgomo uyasebenza yini esimweni sethu, lapho ukugeleza nezithiyo kuvalelwe khona eziteshini ezivaliwe.
Ake sicabangele ingcindezi elinganiswa ngaphambili kwendawo yenduku emaphakathi, okungukuthi θ = 0.Ngokwesibalo sika-Bernoulli, ingcindezi ekulesi simo\({p}_{o}\) iyanelisa:
lapho \({u}_{o}\) okuyisivinini soketshezi eduze kodonga lwenduku ku-θ = 0, futhi sithatha ukulahlekelwa okuncane okungahlehliseki.Qaphela ukuthi ukucindezela okuguquguqukayo kuzimele kuthemu lamandla e-kinetic. Uma \({u}_{o}\) ingenalutho (okungukuthi isimo esimile), izinombolo ze-Euler kufanele zihlanganiswe.Nokho kulowo mphumela \\{{{\\\\\\\\\\ \\)\({u})" kufanele ibonwe \ 0 (\) I-Eu}_{w}\) iseduze kodwa ayilingani ncamashi naleli nani, ikakhulukazi kuma-engeli amakhulu wokucwilisa.Lokhu kuphakamisa ukuthi isivinini esisendaweni yenduku asipheli ku-\(\theta =0\), okungase kucindezelwe ukuchezuka okuya phezulu kwemigqa yamanje edalwe ukutsheka kwenduku. Njengoba ukugeleza kuvinjelwe engxenyeni engenhla yokuhlola, le ngxenye yokuhlola kufanele ikhulise i-vexicity ephansi, i-recircuit ekhuphukayo idale i-vexicity ephansi. phansi kanye nokunciphisa isivinini phezulu.Kucatshangwa ukuthi ubukhulu bokuchezuka okungenhla kuwukuboniswa kwejubane lokungena ku-shaft (okungukuthi \({u}_{i}\mathrm{cos}\alpha \)), umphumela wenombolo ye-Euler ohambisanayo uthi:
Umfanekiso wesi-5 uqhathanisa izilinganiso.(3) Ubonisa ukuvumelana okuhle nedatha yokuhlola ehambisanayo.Isilinganiso sokuchezuka sasingu-25%, futhi izinga lokuzethemba lalingu-95%.Qaphela ukuthi isibalo.(3) Ngokuhambisana nomgomo wokuzimela. Ngokunjalo, Umfanekiso 6 ubonisa ukuthi inombolo ye-Euler ihambisana nengcindezi engemuva,{0} kanye nengxenye{0} yokuhlola engemuva,{0} kanye{0} nengxenye engemuva ye{0} gment, \({p}_{e}\), Futhi ilandela ithrendi ehambisanayo nethi \({\mathrm{sin}}}^{2}\alpha \) .Kuzo zombili izimo, nokho, i-coefficient incike kububanzi benduku, obunengqondo njengoba yokugcina inquma indawo evinjiwe.Lesi sici sifana nokwehla kokucindezela kwepuleti le-orifice, ingxenye ethile yengxenye yokuhlola ye-orifice, ingxenye encishisiwe ye-orifice plate. kudlalwa igebe phakathi kwama-rods.Kulokhu, ukucindezela kwehla kakhulu ekunyakaziseni futhi kancane kancane kuyalulama njengoba kunwebeka emuva.Uma kucatshangelwa umkhawulo njengokuvinjwa okuhambisana ne-eksisi yenduku, ukwehla kwengcindezi phakathi kwengaphambili nangemuva kwenduku kungabhalwa ngokuthi 18:
lapho i-\({c}_{d}\) iyi-coefficient yokuhudula echaza ukutholwa kwengcindezi ngokwengxenye phakathi kuka-θ = 90° no-θ = 180°, futhi \({A}_{m}\) kanye \ ({A}_{f}\) ubuncane besigaba esiphambene samahhala ngobude beyunithi perpendicular to the rod axis,{A_} {m} {m}{} ubudlelwano{_}{} {} {}} nobudlelwano{_} Kwesobunxele (g+d\kwesokudla)/g\).Izinombolo ze-Euler ezihambisanayo yilezi:
Inombolo ye-Wall Euler kokuthi \(\theta =0\) njengomsebenzi we-dip.Le jika ihambisana nesibalo.(3).Idalwe ne-Gnuplot 5.4, www.gnuplot.info.
Inombolo ye-Wall Euler iyashintsha, kokuthi \(\theta =18{0}^{o}\) (uphawu olugcwele) futhi uphume (uphawu olungenalutho) nge-dip.Lawa majika ahambisana nesimiso sokuzimela, okungukuthi \(Eu\propto {\mathrm{sin}}}^{2}\alpha \).Yakhiwe nge-Gnuplot.www.info.gnu.
Umfanekiso 7 ubonisa ukuncika kokuthi \({Eu}_{0-180}/{\mathrm{sin}}}^{2}\alpha \) kokuthi \(d/g\), okubonisa ukuvumelana Okuhle ngokwedlulele.(5).I-coefficient yokuhudula etholiwe ithi \({c}_{d}=1.28\pm 0.28\pm 0.02) iphinda ibonise ukwehla kokucindezela kwegrafu okungu-6%. i-let and out of the test section ilandela inkambiso efanayo, kodwa enama-coefficients ahlukene acabangela ukutholwa kwengcindezi esikhaleni esingemuva phakathi kwebha ne-outlet yesiteshi.I-coefficient yokudonsa ehambisanayo ngu-\({c}_{d}=1.00\pm 0.05\) enezinga lokuzethemba elingu-67%.
I-coefficient yokuhudula ihlobene \(d/g\) nokwehla kokucindezela phambili nangemuva kwenduku\(\kwesokunxele({Eu}_{0-180}\kwesokudla)\) kanye nokwehla kwenani lokucindezela phakathi kwendawo yokungena yesiteshi nokuphumayo.Indawo empunga iyibhande lokuzethemba elingu-67% lokuhlobana.Idalwe ne-Gnuplot, www.gnuplot 5.4.
Ingcindezi yobuncane \ ({p} _ {90} \) ku-_ 90 ° idinga ukuphathwa okukhethekile. Umphakathi wesiteshi) uhlobene nalezi zinto ezilandelayo:
Ukucindezela \({p}_{g}\) kungahlotshaniswa nokucindezela kwendawo yenduku ku-θ = 90 ° ngokuhlanganisa ukusabalalisa kwengcindezi phezu kwegebe elihlukanisa induku ephakathi phakathi kwe-midpoint nodonga (bheka Umfanekiso 8).Ibhalansi yamandla inika i-19:
lapho \(y\) iwukuxhumanisa okuvamile endaweni yenduku ukusuka endaweni emaphakathi yegebe phakathi kwezinduku ezimaphakathi, futhi \(K\) iwukugoba komugqa wamanje endaweni \(y\).Ngokuhlolwa kokuhlaziya kokucindezela endaweni yenduku, sicabanga ukuthi \({u}_{g}\) iyafana futhi \(K\left) ibhalwe ngomugqa wezinombolo (k\left) njengomugqa wezinombolo (y\amp; y\). Odongeni lwenduku, ukugoba kunqunywa ingxenye ye-ellipse yenduku ku-engeli \(\alpha \), okungukuthi \(K\left(g/2\right)=\left(2/d\right){\ mathrm{sin} }^{2}\alpha \) (bona Umfanekiso 8).Bese, ngokuphathelene ne-touth curvature =\umugqa womyalo. ijika ekuxhumaneni kwendawo yonke \(y\) inikezwa ngu:
Ifaka ukubuka okunqamula izingxenye, ngaphambili (kwesokunxele) nangaphezulu (phansi).Idalwe nge-Microsoft Word 2019,
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngokulondolozwa kwesisindo, isivinini esimaphakathi endizeni esincikene nokugeleza endaweni yokulinganisa \(\langle {u}_{g}\rangle \) sihlobene nesivinini sokungena:
lapho i-\({A}_{i}\) iyindawo egeleza enezigaba ezihlukene endaweni yokungena yesiteshi futhi \({A}_{g}\) iyindawo egeleza enqamula ingxenye endaweni yokulinganisa (bona u-Fig. 8) ngokulandelana ngokuthi:
Qaphela ukuthi \({u}_{g}\) ayilingani ne-\(\langle {u}_{g}\rangle \).Eqinisweni, Umfanekiso 9 ubonisa isilinganiso sesivinini \({u}_{g}/\langle {u}_{g}\rangle \), esibalwa nge-equation.(10)–(14), esihlelwa ngokuya ngokuthi iyiphi i-app ye-disc, ithrendi ekhonjwayo. kuhlanganiswe i-polynomial yesibili:
Isilinganiso sobukhulu\({u}_{g}\) nesilinganiso\(\ulango {u}_{g}\rangle \) sesivinini sesikhungo sesiteshi esiphambanayo\(.\) Amajika aqinile namadeshi ahambisana nezibalo.(5) kanye nobubanzi obuhlukahlukene bamakhoefifithi ahambisanayo\(\pm 25\%\4.plot.plot;www.plot.plot; plot;"
Umfanekiso 10 uqhathanisa \({Eu}_{90}\) nemiphumela yokuhlola yesibalo.(16).Isilinganiso sokuchezuka kwesihlobo sasingu-25%, futhi izinga lokuzethemba lalingu-95%.
Inombolo ye-Wall Euler kokuthi \(\theta ={90}^{o}\).Le jika ihambisana nesibalo.(16).Idalwe ne-Gnuplot 5.4, www.gnuplot.info.
Amandla anetha \({f}_{n}\) asebenza ku-rod emaphakathi perpendicular ku-eksisi yayo angabalwa ngokuhlanganisa ukucindezela endaweni yenduku kanje:
lapho i-coefficient yokuqala ingubude benduku ngaphakathi kwesiteshi, futhi ukuhlanganisa kwenziwa phakathi kuka-0 no-2π.
I-projection ethi \({f}_{n}\) ohlangothini lokugeleza kwamanzi kufanele ifane nokucindezela phakathi kwendawo yokungena nokuphuma kwesiteshi, ngaphandle uma ukungqubuzana kuhambisana nenduku futhi kuncane ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa okungaphelele kwesigaba sakamuva Ukugeleza komfutho akulingani.Ngakho-ke,
Umfanekiso we-11 ubonisa igrafu yezibalo.(20) ubonise ukuvumelana okuhle kuzo zonke izimo zokuhlola.Nokho, kukhona ukuchezuka kancane okungu-8% kwesokudla, okungabalulwa futhi kusetshenziswe njengesilinganiso sokungalingani komfutho phakathi kwendawo yokungena nesiteshi.
Ibhalansi yamandla wesiteshi.Umugqa uhambisana nesibalo.(20).I-Pearson corelation coefficient yayingu-0.97.Idalwe nge-Gnuplot 5.4, www.gnuplot.info.
Ukushintsha i-engeli yokuthambekela yenduku, ingcindezi odongeni olungaphezulu kwenduku kanye nokwehla kokucindezela esiteshini ngemigqa ephambanayo yezinduku ezine ezitshekile ze-cylindrical kwahlolwa.Kwahlolwa ama-diameter amathathu ahlukene enduku.Ebangeni lezinombolo ze-Reynolds elihloliwe, phakathi kuka-2500 no-6500, isilinganiso se-Euler. ngaphambili nangaphansi kwegebe elingemuva phakathi kwezinduku, lilulama engxenyeni engemuva ngenxa yokuhlukaniswa kongqimba lomngcele.
Idatha yokuhlola ihlaziywa kusetshenziswa ukucatshangelwa kokongiwa komfutho kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-semi-empirical ukuze kutholwe izinombolo ezingenasici ezingaguquki ezihlobanisa izinombolo ze-Euler nobukhulu besici bamashaneli nezinduku.Zonke izici zejiyomethri zokuvinjwa zimelelwa ngokugcwele isilinganiso esiphakathi kobubanzi benduku negebe phakathi kwezinduku (eceleni) kanye nobude besiteshi (okuqondile).
Isimiso sokuzimela sitholakala sibamba izinombolo eziningi ze-Euler ezibonisa ingcindezi ezindaweni ezihlukene, okungukuthi uma ingcindezi ingenasici kusetshenziswa ukuqagela kwejubane lokungena elivamile ukuya kurod, isethi izimele ku-engeli yokucwilisa.Ukwengeza, isici sihlobene nesisindo kanye nomfutho wokugeleza Izibalo zokongiwa kwemvelo ziyavumelana futhi zisekela isimiso esingenhla se-empirical.Ukucindezela kwe-rod surface kuphela egebeni eliphakathi kwezinduku kuchezuka kancane kulo mgomo.Ukuhlobana okungenakulinganiswa kwe-semi-empirical okungenayo i-Dimensionless semi-empirical kukhiqizwa okungase kusetshenziselwe ukuklama amadivaysi afanayo we-hydraulic. s20,21,22,23,24.
Umphumela onentshisekelo kakhulu usuka ekuhlaziyweni kokwehla kwengcindezi phakathi kokungena nokuphumayo kwesigaba sokuhlola.Ngaphakathi kokungaqiniseki kokuhlola, i-coefficient yokudonsa ewumphumela ilingana nobunye, okubonisa ukuba khona kwamapharamitha alandelayo angaguquki:
Qaphela usayizi \(\kwesokunxele(d/g+2\kwesokudla)d/g\) kwidenominayitha yezibalo.(23) ubukhulu kubakaki besibalo.(4), ngaphandle kwalokho ungabalwa ngesigaba esiphambene esincane nesikhululekile esincikene nenduku, \({A}_{m}}\) iphakamisa ukuthi{} izinamba ezindala kuya ezisele phakathi kobubanzi \(}) zisasele okuthi \(A) zisasele izinombolo ezithi \(A). yocwaningo lwamanje (40,000-67,000 yamashaneli kanye ne-2500-6500 yezinduku) .Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi uma kukhona umehluko wokushisa ngaphakathi kwesiteshi, kungase kuthinte ukuminyana koketshezi.Kulokhu, ukuguqulwa kwesihlobo kunombolo ye-Euler kungalinganiselwa ngokuphindaphinda i-coefficient yokwandisa ukushisa ngokuhluka okuphezulu okulindelekile.
U-Ruck, S., Köhler, S., Schlindwein, G., kanye no-Arbeiter, F. Izilinganiso zokudlulisa ukushisa nokwehla kwengcindezi esiteshini esiqiniswe yizimbambo ezinomumo ohlukile odongeni.uchwepheshe.Ukudlulisa Ukushisa 31, 334–354 (2017).
I-Wu, L., Arenas, L., Graves, J., kanye ne-Walsh, F. Ukulingiswa kweseli eligelezayo: ukubona ukugeleza, ukwehla kokucindezela, nokuthuthwa okukhulu ngama-electrode anezinhlangothi ezimbili kumashaneli angunxande.J.I-Electrochemistry.Socialist Party.167, 043505 (2020).
I-Liu, S., Dou, X., Zeng, Q. & Liu, J. Amapharamitha angukhiye womphumela we-Jamin kuma-capillary anezingxenye ezinqanyuliwe.J.I-Gasoline.science.Britain.196, 107635 (2021).