Ka0u not00e0mm0?Impela, kuyashisa, kodwa kuyawahlula amakhaza futhi wenza isikhathi sakho esiningi.Kwa-Engine Builder, ithimba lethu belimatasa livakashela imicimbi yomjaho, imibukiso, abakhiqizi bezinjini abavakashelayo nezitolo, kanye nomsebenzi wethu wokuqukethwe ojwayelekile.
Uma ingekho iphinikhodi yekhava yesikhathi noma ikesi lesikhathi, noma lapho imbobo yephinikhodi yendawo ingalingani kahle ephinikhodi.Thatha i-damper endala bese ufaka isihlabathi phakathi nendawo ukuze manje ikwazi ukushelela phezu kwekhala lekhala.Yisebenzise ukuze uvikele ikhava ngokuqinisa amabhawodi.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumakhi wenjini ochwepheshe, umakhenikha noma umkhiqizi, noma umthandi wezimoto othanda izinjini, izimoto zomjaho nezimoto ezisheshayo, i-Engine Builder inokuthile ngawe.Omagazini bethu abanyathelisayo banikeza imininingwane yobuchwepheshe kukho konke odinga ukukwazi mayelana nemboni yenjini nezimakethe zayo ezihlukahlukene, kuyilapho izinketho zethu zezincwadi zezindaba zikugcina unolwazi lwakamuva ngezindaba zakamuva nemikhiqizo, ulwazi lobuchwepheshe kanye nabangaphakathi embonini.Nokho, ungathola konke lokhu kuphela ngokubhalisela.Bhalisa manje ukuze uthole ukunyatheliswa kwanyanga zonke kanye/noma kwedijithali kwe-Engine Builders Magazine, kanye ne-Engine Builders Newsletter yethu yamasonto onke, i-Weekly Engine Newsletter noma i-Weekly Diesel Newsletter ngqo ebhokisini lakho lokungenayo.Uzokwembozwa amandla ehhashi ngokushesha!
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumakhi wenjini ochwepheshe, umakhenikha noma umkhiqizi, noma umthandi wezimoto othanda izinjini, izimoto zomjaho nezimoto ezisheshayo, i-Engine Builder inokuthile ngawe.Omagazini bethu abanyathelisayo banikeza imininingwane yobuchwepheshe kukho konke odinga ukukwazi mayelana nemboni yenjini nezimakethe zayo ezihlukahlukene, kuyilapho izinketho zethu zezincwadi zezindaba zikugcina unolwazi lwakamuva ngezindaba zakamuva nemikhiqizo, ulwazi lobuchwepheshe kanye nabangaphakathi embonini.Nokho, ungathola konke lokhu kuphela ngokubhalisela.Bhalisa manje ukuze uthole ukunyatheliswa kwanyanga zonke kanye/noma kwedijithali kwe-Engine Builders Magazine, kanye ne-Engine Builders Newsletter yethu yamasonto onke, i-Weekly Engine Newsletter noma i-Weekly Diesel Newsletter ngqo ebhokisini lakho lokungenayo.Uzokwembozwa amandla ehhashi ngokushesha!
Ngayo yonke inhlobo kawoyela emakethe yalo lonke uhlobo olungacatshangwa kanye nokucushwa kwezinjini, ungakuhlela kanjani konke lokhu bese ukhetha leyo enikeza umphumela oyifunayo?
Njengoba uchwepheshe wethu kawoyela oyisakhamuzi u-John Martin (owayengu-Lubrizol Scientist) akufingqa: Ngeminyaka yama-60s kanye nama-70s, uwoyela wawuyimpokophelo elula.Isimo sesinzima manje.
Amafutha emoto yabagibeli (PCMO) abe nezinguquko eziningi eminyakeni edlule.Kodwa-ke, umthelela omkhulu ekusebenzeni kwabakhiqizi bezinjini ukuncishiswa kuya ku-800 ppm kwesithasiselo esingagqoki esaziwa nge-ZDDP (zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate), ngenxa yomphumela waso olimazayo kuziguquli ze-catalytic.Ukwakhiwa kwamafutha kwangaphambilini kuqukethe kufika ku-1200-1500 ppm ZDDP.
Ukwakhiwa kwe-PCMO kwakamuva kuklanyelwe ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi kanye nokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kahle kukaphethiloli.Kwadingeka futhi bandise impilo yesiguquli se-catalytic, okungeyona inkinga yenjini yomjaho.Cishe ngo-1996, ama-OEM amaningi ethula izinjini ze-OHV ezinama-roller abalandeli ukuze kwehliswe isidingo samazinga aphezulu ezithasiselo zokulwa nokugqokwa.Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, izinjini ezisebenza kahle kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-90s zingasebenzisa uwoyela ofanayo nezinjini zesitoko ngaphandle kwemiphumela.Namuhla, uma usebenzisa uwoyela wasemgwaqweni (i-API egunyaziwe) ezinhlelweni zokusebenza eziningi zokusebenza okuphezulu, ngeke ukwazi ukuphatha umthwalo, ikakhulukazi uma ama-camshaft e-tappet aphansi ehluleka.
Ngenxa ye-ZDDP ephansi ku-PCMO, abanye abakhi bezinjini kanye nabathandi bokuzilibazisa bashintshele kudizili onokugxila okuphezulu kwezithasiselo.Nokho, ochwepheshe baxwayisa ngokuthi i-1,200 ppm (etholakala kuphethiloli kadizili) ingase ibe senqenqemeni yalokho okudingwa abakhiqizi bezinjini.Abagijimi abaningi abajwayelekile bangasebenzisa uphethiloli wedizili emishinini esebenza kancane.Kodwa uma ufuna ukukhipha wonke amandla, ukubheja kwakho okuhle ukusebenzisa amafutha aklanyelwe leyo njongo (yilapho amafutha omjaho aqala khona ukusebenza).
Ezinye izithasiselo zikaphethiloli zikadizili ezisiza ukugcina umule umile kungase kungafaneleki ezimotweni zomjaho futhi kungase kushiye amandla athile uma kuqhathaniswa namafutha omjaho.Ochwepheshe bamafutha omjaho bathi amafutha abo ahlinzeka ngokuvikeleka okungcono kokugqoka kunamafutha enziwe nge-API futhi asiza ukukhulisa amandla ngoba anciphisa ukumelana kwangaphakathi (ukungqubuzana).
Izinjini ze-Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) kanye ne-Turbocharged Direct Injection (TGDI) zenza abakhiqizi bathwale kanzima ukuthola izixazululo ze-low speed pre-ignition (LSPI).Ama-OEM asebenzisana nabakhiqizi bakawoyela (i-API ne-ILSAC) ukuthuthukisa izindinganiso ezintsha zokubhekana nale nkinga.Isigaba esisha se-API/ILSAC, esibizwa nge-GF-6, sizokwethulwa ngoMeyi kulo nyaka, kodwa kusekude phambili.Ukuhlolwa kwezinjini ezintsha ezintathu bekufanele kuthuthukiswe futhi zonke izivivinyo ezindala zibuyekezwe.Injini yokuhlola esetshenziselwa ukuhlola okudala ibuyekeziwe ukuze imele okwengeziwe okwenzekayo namuhla.
Sekukonke, kukhona ukuhlola okusha okuyisikhombisa okuqondise ku-GF-6.Kunezinye izindlela ezine zokuhlola kwamanje kwe-ASTM Series III, IV, V, kanye ne-VI.Ukuhlola okusha okuthathu kufaka phakathi ukuhlolwa okubuyekeziwe kwe-Sequence VI kwamafutha e-viscosity aphansi afanelekayo kanye nokuhlolwa kokugqoka kochungechunge lwe-Sequence IX kwe-LSPI ne-X.
Ngokusho kwe-API, izivivinyo eziningi ze-GF-5 sezifike esiphethweni.Kunezingxenye ezimbalwa eziyisipele zenjini endala.Ngakho-ke, i-API nayo idinga ukuhlolwa ngezinye izivivinyo ezintsha.Ukulandelana kwe-IIIH kuthathe indawo yokulandelana kwe-IIIG futhi kuwukuhlola kwe-oxidation nemvula.Lokhu kuhlolwa kubuyekeziwe ukuze kusetshenziswe injini ka-2012 FCA 3.6L port fuel injection (PFI).Ukuhlolwa kwe-IIIG kusebenzise injini ye-GM 3800 V6 eyanqanyulwa ngo-1996.
Ukuhlolwa kwe-VH kuthatha indawo ye-VG futhi kungenye yezivivinyo ezindala kakhulu kusetshenziswa iFord 4.6L V8 yango-1994 ngaphansi kweGF-5.Ukuhlolwa kokubuyisela okwamanje kusetshenziswa iFord 4.6L yangowezi-2013 ukuhlola amandla ayo okuvikela izingxenye zenjini kudaka nokuvanisha.I-Sequence IVB isivivinyo se-cam and wear enjinini yakwaToyota engu-1.6L 4-cylinder.Lokhu kuhlolwa kungenye indlela yokuhlolwa kwe-IVA yamanje.
Ukuhlola okusha kwe-LSPI kusetshenziswa injini ye-Ford 2.0L GDI EcoBoost, okuwukuhlolwa okusha kwe-timing chain wear.Ukuhlolwa kokugqokwa kweketango kunquma ukuthi ukushaywa umoya ngenxa yokuncibilika kukaphethiloli kanye nokungcoliswa kukawoyela kungaholela kanjani ekugugeni kweketango.Injini engu-2.0 litre Ford izophinde isetshenziselwe ukuhlola.
Ukuhlolwa komnotho we-Sequence VIE kusebenzisa injini ka-2012 GM 3.6L esikhundleni se-2008 2.6L Cadillac.Lokhu kuhlola kukala ukuthi ukonga uphethiloli kungathuthukiswa kanjani.Enye inguqulo yalokhu kuhlolwa (Ukulandelana kwe-VIF) ikala ukonga kukaphethiloli lapho usebenzisa uwoyela we-viscosity ophansi.
Ukwengeza ekudidekeni, i-API/ILSAC ihlukanise i-GF-6 ibe izici ezimbili: i-GF-6A ne-GF-6B.I-GF-6A iyahambisana nezimoto ezisebenzisa i-SN PLUS noma i-Resource Conserving SN.I-viscosity yamafutha anjalo yi-0W-20 kuphela.Izogxila ekususeni iketango nezingubo ze-LSPI, kanye nezinjini zakamuva ze-GDI ne-GTDI.
Injini yakamuva izohamba phambili, idinga i-0W-16 (okungukuthi iToyota neHonda yamanje).Ama-reenactors kuyodingeka aqaphelisise njengoba ukusebenzisa uwoyela ongafanele kungaholela ezinkingeni ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.Uphawu olusha lwe-API luzosetshenziselwa ukumisa i-GF-6B.Uphawu, olubukeka njengesihlangu kune-Starburst API yendabuko, luzoba ngaphambili kwebhodlela likawoyela.
Obunye bobunzima bokuthi uwoyela wemijaho uthengiswa kanjani namuhla ukuthi abakhiqizi bezinjini nabagijimi kufanele banqume ukuthi yiziphi izinkampani zikawoyela abazothembela kuzo ngoba azikho izincazelo ezifanayo.Lokhu kungase kungashintshi noma nini maduze njengoba uwoyela wemijaho uyimakethe yemakethe uma kuqhathaniswa nosayizi wemakethe yezimoto zabagibeli.Kudingeka ukuhlolwa kwelabhorethri ukuyichaza njengesigaba.Lokhu kukodwa akwenzeki ezinkampanini eziningi zikawoyela zohlanga.Uma besebenza ndawonye njenge-API/ILSAC mhlawumbe bangayenza?Uyacabanga.
Ochwepheshe baxwayisa ngokujaha uwoyela we-ppm ophakeme kakhulu njengokungathi uhlaza olungcwele, ngoba kusho okuningi kakhulu.Inani lezinto zokuhlanza ezisetshenzisiwe kanye nebhalansi yezithako ezingezona izingubo ngomunye umehluko omkhulu phakathi namafutha omjaho namafutha asemgwaqweni.Izihlanzi zihlanza injini kumadiphozithi ekhabhoni namadiphozithi, okubaluleke kakhulu ezinjinini zasemgwaqweni ezisebenza ngemijovo emifushane namazinga okushisa aphansi okusebenza.Kodwa izinjini zomjaho azidingi ukuhlanzeka okuningi ngoba ziqhuma kaningi.
Cishe u-85% kawoyela wenjini wenziwa ngenhlanganisela eyodwa noma inhlanganisela yamaqembu amahlanu amafutha ayisisekelo.Amafutha esisekelo seqembu I yiwona acwengisiswe kancane futhi asetshenziswa emafutheni ajwayelekile anesisindo esiqondile.Iqembu lesibili linokungcola okumbalwa futhi lihlanzeke kakhulu.Isetshenziswa emafutheni ajwayelekile e-multigrade.Amafutha esisekelo seqembu le-III ahlukaniswa njengawokwenziwa ngenxa yokuthi aphinde acwengisiswe.Amafutha esisekelo seqembu IV ayizinhlanganisela ze-PAO (polyalphaolefin), kuyilapho iqoqo V ngokuyisisekelo liyinoma yini engaweli emaqenjini amane okuqala.
Amafutha amaningi okugijima anamafutha esisekelo sokwenziwa noma ama-blends, kodwa amanye amafutha amaminerali asezingeni eliphakeme nawo asetshenziswa namuhla.Ukusebenzisa amafutha okwenziwa ngeke ngempela kuthuthukise ukusebenza, kodwa azwela kakhulu ekushiseni.Kodwa-ke, uwoyela wesisekelo sokwenziwa ashintshele kuwoyela we-viscosity aphansi ukuze anciphise ukulahleka kwamandla ezinambuzane, okuwusizo kakhulu emjahweni.
Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kwezithasiselo kanye nokwakheka sekukonke kubaluleke kakhulu kunezinhlobo zomuntu ngamunye zamafutha ayisisekelo.Awukwazi ukwahlulela ngokulinganayo uwoyela ngokusekelwe esithakweni esisodwa noma ezimbili.Izinto zokwenziwa zivumela injini ukuthi isebenze emazingeni okushisa aphezulu futhi yandise izikhawu zokushintsha uwoyela, kodwa uwoyela wamaminerali ungasetshenziswa futhi emjahweni.Amafutha esisekelo samaminerali abone impumelelo eyengeziwe eminyakeni embalwa edlule.Amafutha okwenziwa adlula amafutha amaminerali ezindaweni ezishisa kakhulu nezibandayo, kodwa akuzona njalo ukukhetha okungcono kakhulu.Amafutha amaminerali ngokuvamile iyona ndlela ethengekayo, ikakhulukazi uma uwakhipha njalo.
Njengabagibeli nabakhi bezinjini, sihlala sifuna izindlela zokwandisa amandla nama-revs.Kodwa-ke, amandla akhulayo kanye ne-rpm kwandisa nomthwalo wefilimu yokugcoba uwoyela okufanele uyibambe phakathi kwezingxenye zensimbi.Izinkampani zikawoyela wemijaho zakha izinto zokuthambisa ezingathwala imithwalo ephezulu kumafilimu kawoyela azacile kunangaphambili.Zenzelwe ukuphatha imithwalo ephakeme ngaphandle kokwenyuka kokugqoka, okuyinkinga enkulu.Asikhuthazi uhlobo olulodwa noma olunye lapha, kodwa amabhrendi asebenza kahle kakhulu anolwazi nokuhlola ukuze afakazele ukuthi enza lokho okufanele akwenze.
Izimboni zemijaho nezimoto zisekude ukusuka kuma-60s kanye nama-70s (abaningi abazibiza ngezinsuku zabo zenkazimulo).Njengoba yonke into kusukela kuzixubho zethu kuya kumafoni iba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, okungenani uwoyela wemoto awukafiki nohlelo lokusebenza okwamanje.EB