Izinzuzo zingatholwa ngokuthola ukuqonda ngesendlalelo esisodwa sesakhiwo sokusanhlamvu esilawula ukuziphatha kwemishini kwensimbi engagqwali.Getty Images
Ukukhethwa kwensimbi engagqwali kanye nengxubevange ye-aluminium ngokuvamile kugxile emandleni, ukudumba, ukunwebeka, kanye nokuqina.Lezi zakhiwo zibonisa indlela amabhlogo okwakha ensimbi asabela ngayo emithwalweni esetshenzisiwe.Ziyinkomba ephumelelayo yokulawula izingqinamba zempahla eluhlaza;okungukuthi, izogoba kangakanani ngaphambi kokuphuka.Impahla eluhlaza kufanele ikwazi ukumelana nenqubo yokubumba ngaphandle kokuphuka.
Ukuhlola ukuqineka okulimazayo nobulukhuni kuyindlela ethembekile, engabizi kakhulu yokunquma izakhiwo zemishini.Kodwa-ke, lokhu kuhlolwa akuhlali kunokwethenjelwa uma ugqinsi lwempahla eluhlaza sekuqala ukukhawulela usayizi wesampula yokuhlola.Ukuhlolwa kwe-tensile kwemikhiqizo yensimbi eyisicaba kusesewusizo, kodwa izinzuzo zingatholwa ngokubheka ngokujulile ungqimba olulodwa lwesakhiwo sokusanhlamvu esilawula ukuziphatha kwayo komshini.
Izinsimbi zenziwe ngochungechunge lwamakristalu amancane abizwa ngokuthi ama-grains.Asatshalaliswa ngokungahleliwe kuyo yonke insimbi.Ama-athomu ezakhi ze-alloying, njenge-iron, i-chromium, i-nickel, i-manganese, i-silicon, i-carbon, i-nitrogen, i-phosphorus nesibabule kuma-austenitic stainless steels, ayingxenye yohlamvu olulodwa lwensimbi. ama-electron.
Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali engxubevange kunquma ilungiselelo elikhethwa yi-thermodynamically lama-athomu ezinhlamvini, okwaziwa ngokuthi isakhiwo sekristalu.Izingxenye ezifanayo zensimbi eziqukethe isakhiwo sekristalu esiphindaphindayo zakha uhlamvu olulodwa noma ngaphezulu olubizwa ngokuthi izigaba.Izakhiwo zomshini zengxubevange ziwumsebenzi wesakhiwo sekristalu ku-alloy.Okufanayo kuya ngosayizi kanye nokuhlelwa kwesigaba ngasinye sezinhlamvu.
Abantu abaningi bajwayelene nezigaba zamanzi.Lapho amanzi awuketshezi eba yiqhwa, aba yiqhwa eliqinile.Nokho, uma kuziwa ezinsimbi, akukho isigaba esisodwa esiqinile.Imindeni ethile ye-alloy ibizwa ngezigaba zayo.Phakathi kwezinsimbi ezingenasici, ama-alloys e-austenitic 300 series primarily of austenite when annealed. tensite ku-410 kanye nama-alloys ensimbi engama-420.
Okufanayo kuya kuma-titanium alloys.Igama leqembu ngalinye le-alloy libonisa isigaba sazo esivelele ekamelweni lokushisa - i-alpha, i-beta noma ingxube yakho kokubili.Kukhona ama-alpha, eduze-alpha, alpha-beta, beta kanye nama-alloys aseduze-beta.
Lapho insimbi ewuketshezi iqina, izinhlayiya eziqinile zesigaba esikhethwa yi-thermodynamically zizokhuphuka lapho ukucindezela, izinga lokushisa kanye nokwakheka kwamakhemikhali kuvumela.Lokhu kuvame ukwenzeka ezindaweni ezihlanganayo, njengamakristalu eqhwa ebusweni bechibi elifudumele ngosuku olubandayo.Lapho okusanhlamvu ku-nucleate, isakhiwo sekristalu sikhula ohlangothini olulodwa kuze kube yilapho kutholwa enye. ukubeka inqwaba yamakhyubhu e-Rubik anosayizi abahlukene ebhokisini.Ikhiyubhu ngayinye inohlelo lwegridi yesikwele, kodwa zonke zizohlelwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene ezingahleliwe.Ucezu lwensimbi oluqiniswe ngokugcwele luqukethe uchungechunge lwezinhlamvu ezibonakala ngokungahleliwe.
Noma nini lapho okusanhlamvu kwakhiwa, kungenzeka kube khona amaphutha emigqa.Lezi ziphambeko zishoda izingxenye zesakhiwo sekristalu esibizwa ngokuthi ama-dislocations.Lokhu kugudluzwa kanye nokunyakaza kwakho okulandelayo kulo lonke okusanhlamvu nakweqa imingcele yokusanhlamvu kuyisisekelo ku-ductility yensimbi.
Ingxenye ephambanayo yomsebenzi iyakhwezwa, iyagaywa, ipholishelwe futhi igxishwe ukuze kubukeke ukwakheka okusanhlamvu.Uma iyunifomu futhi ilingana, izakhiwo ezincane ezibonwa kusibonakhulu zibukeka kancane njenge-jigsaw puzzle. Eqinisweni, izinhlamvu zinezinhlangothi ezintathu, futhi ingxenye ephambene yohlamvu ngalunye izohluka kuye ngokuthi i-cross-section of workpiece ikuphi.
Lapho isakhiwo sekristalu sigcwele wonke ama-athomu aso, ayikho indawo yokunyakaza ngaphandle kokwelula kwezibopho ze-athomu.
Uma ususa uhhafu womugqa wama-athomu, udala ithuba lokuthi omunye umugqa wama-athomu ashelele kuleso simo, uhambise kahle ukususwa.Lapho amandla asetshenziswa kucezu lokusebenza, ukunyakaza okuhlanganisiwe kokuhlakazeka ku-microstructure kuyenza ikwazi ukugoba, ukwelula noma ukuminyanisa ngaphandle kokuphuka noma ukuphuka.
Lapho amandla esebenza ku-alloy yensimbi, uhlelo lukhulisa amandla.Uma amandla anele engeziwe ukuze kubangele ukuguqulwa kwepulasitiki, i-lattice deforms kanye nefomu elisha lokuxoshwa.Kubonakala kunengqondo ukuthi lokhu kufanele kwandise i-ductility, njengoba ikhulula isikhala esiningi futhi ngaleyo ndlela idale amandla okunyakaza okungaphezulu kokuxoshwa.Nokho, lapho ukukhishwa kushayisana, bangakwazi ukulungisa omunye nomunye.
Njengoba isibalo kanye nokugxila kokuhlukaniswa kwanda, ukuhlukaniswa okukhulayo kuhlanganiswe ndawonye, ​​​​kunciphise i-ductility.Ekugcineni ukuhlukana okuningi kubonakala sengathi ukwakheka okubandayo akusenakwenzeka.Njengoba ukukhishwa kwephinikhodi okukhona akusakwazi ukunyakaza, izibopho ze-athomu ku-lattice zinwebeka kuze kube yilapho ziphuka noma ziphuka.Yingakho ama-alloys ensimbi esebenza kanzima ukuze aphule inani le-plastic deformation.
Okusanhlamvu kuphinde kube nendima ebalulekile ekubambiseni.Ukukhipha into eqinile kusetha kabusha i-microstructure futhi ngaleyo ndlela kubuyisela ukudumba.Phakathi nenqubo yokudonsa, izinhlamvu ziguqulwa ngezinyathelo ezintathu:
Cabanga ngomuntu ehamba emotweni yesitimela egcwele abantu abaningi. Izixuku zingampintsha kuphela ngokushiya izikhala phakathi kwemigqa, njengokugudluka ethangeni. Njengoba beqhubeka, abantu ababesemva kwabo bavala isikhala ababesishiyile, kuyilapho bedala indawo entsha ngaphambili. Uma sebefike komunye umkhawulo wekalishi, ukuhlelwa kwabagibeli kuyashintsha. izimoto zesitimela, ukuphina wonke umuntu endaweni.Lapho kuvela ama-dislocations, kuba nzima kakhulu ukuthi zihambe ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Kubalulekile ukuqonda izinga elincane le-deformation elidingekayo ukuze kuqalise kabusha i-recrystallization.Nokho, uma insimbi ingenawo amandla okuguqula okwanele ngaphambi kokushiswa, i-recrystallization ngeke yenzeke futhi okusanhlamvu kuzoqhubeka nokukhula ngaphezu kobukhulu bawo bokuqala.
Izakhiwo zemishini zingacutshungulwa ngokulawula ukukhula okusanhlamvu.Umngcele wokusanhlamvu uwudonga lokuhlakazeka.Zithiya ukunyakaza.
Uma ukukhula okusanhlamvu kukhawulelwe, kuzokhiqizwa inani eliphezulu lezinhlamvu ezincane.Lezi zinhlamvu ezincane zibhekwa njengezicolekileyo ngokwesakhiwo sokusanhlamvu.Imingcele eminingi yokusanhlamvu isho ukunyakaza okuncane kokugudluka namandla aphezulu.
Uma ukukhula okusanhlamvu kungavinjelwe, isakhiwo sokusanhlamvu siba sikhulu, okusanhlamvu kukhulu, imingcele incane, futhi amandla aphansi.
Usayizi wokusanhlamvu uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi inombolo engenamayunithi, endaweni ethile phakathi kuka-5 no-15. Lesi isilinganiso esihlobene futhi sihlobene nesilinganiso sobubanzi bokusanhlamvu.Uma inombolo iphezulu, imbudumbudu iyancipha.
I-ASTM E112 ichaza izindlela zokulinganisa nokuhlola usayizi wokusanhlamvu.Kuhilela ukubala inani lokusanhlamvu endaweni ethile.Lokhu kuvame ukwenziwa ngokusika ingxenye enqamulayo yezinto ezingavuthiwe, ukuyigaya nokuyipholisha, bese uyinamathisela nge-asidi ukuze uveze izinhlayiya.Ukubala kwenziwa ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu, futhi ukukhuliswa kuvumela izinga lokusanhlamvu elilinganiselwe lezinombolo ze-ASTM. Kungase kube usizo ukukhawulela ukuhluka kosayizi wokusanhlamvu kumaphoyinti amabili noma amathathu ukuze uqinisekise ukusebenza okungaguquguquki kulo lonke ucezu lokusebenza.
Endabeni yokuqina komsebenzi, amandla kanye ne-ductility inobudlelwane obuphambene.Ubudlelwane phakathi kobukhulu bokusanhlamvu be-ASTM namandla buvame ukuba buhle futhi buqine, ngokuvamile ukuphakama kuhlobene ngokuphambene nosayizi wokusanhlamvu we-ASTM.Nokho, ukukhula okusanhlamvu okudlulele kungabangela izinto "ezifile ezithambile" ukuthi zingabe zisasebenza kanzima ngokuphumelelayo.
Usayizi wokusanhlamvu uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi inombolo engenamayunithi, endaweni ethile phakathi kuka-5 no-15.Lesi isilinganiso esihlobene futhi sihlobene nesilinganiso sobubanzi bokusanhlamvu.Lapho liphakeme inani losayizi wokusanhlamvu we-ASTM, okusanhlamvu okuningi endaweni yeyunithi.
Usayizi wokusanhlamvu wento ehlanganisiwe uyahlukahluka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinga lokushisa kanye nezinga lokupholisa.Ukukhipha ngokuvamile kwenziwa phakathi kwezinga lokushisa elikhazimulayo kanye nendawo yokuncibilika yengxubevange.Ibanga lokushisa elinconywayo lokunamathisela le-austenitic stainless steel alloy 301 liphakathi kuka-1,900 kanye no-2,050 degrees Fahrenheit.Lizoqala ukuncibilika ku-2hrenheit elihlanzekile, liqale ngokungafani ne-2,50 lizoqala ukuncibilika ngokulingana ngokulinganayo, ngokungafani ne-Fahrenheit engu-2,50 ngokulinganayo. i-tanium kufanele ifakwe ku-1,292 degrees Fahrenheit futhi incibilike cishe ku-3,000 degrees Fahrenheit.
Ngesikhathi sokukhipha, izinqubo zokuthola kabusha ne-recrystallization ziyaqhudelana kuze kube yilapho okusanhlamvu okwenziwe kabusha kudla zonke izinhlamvu ezikhubazekile.Izinga lokubuyisela kabusha liyahlukahluka nezinga lokushisa.Uma ukuhlanganiswa kabusha sekuqediwe, ukukhula okusanhlamvu kuthatha izintambo.Ucezu lokusebenza lwensimbi engagqwali engu-301 olufakwe ku-1,900°F ngehora elilodwa luzoba nesakhiwo esihle kakhulu kunesiqeshana sesikhathi esifanayo0 ° F0 endaweni yokusebenza efanayo.
Uma okokusebenza kungabanjwanga ebangeni le-anneal elifanele isikhathi eside ngokwanele, isakhiwo esiwumphumela singase sibe inhlanganisela yezinhlamvu ezindala nezintsha.Uma izici ezifanayo zifiswa kuyo yonke insimbi, inqubo yokukhishwa kwensimbi kufanele ihlose ukuzuza ukwakheka okufanayo okusanhlamvu okulinganayo.Iyunifomu isho ukuthi zonke izinhlamvu zicishe zilingane, futhi ukulingana kusho ukuthi cishe zinomumo ofanayo.
Ukuze uthole i-microstructure efanayo ne-equiaxed, i-workpiece ngayinye kufanele ibekwe esilinganisweni esifanayo sokushisa ngesikhathi esifanayo futhi kufanele iphole ngezinga elifanayo. Lokhu akulula ngaso sonke isikhathi noma kungenzeka nge-batch annealing, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuthi okungenani ulinde kuze kube yilapho yonke i-workpiece igcwele izinga lokushisa elifanele ngaphambi kokubala isikhathi sokucwiliswa. Izikhathi zokucwilisa ezinde kanye nesakhiwo se-coverer ephakeme sizophumela ukwakheka okusanhlamvu kwe-viceer.
Uma usayizi wokusanhlamvu namandla ahlobene, futhi amandla aziwa, kungani kubalwa okusanhlamvu, akunjalo?Zonke izivivinyo ezilimazayo zinokuhlukahluka.Ukuhlolwa kwe-tensile, ikakhulukazi lapho kunogqinsi oluphansi, kuncike kakhulu ekulungiselelweni kwesampula.Imiphumela yamandla aqinile engamele izinto ezibonakalayo zangempela ingase yehluleke ngaphambi kwesikhathi.
Uma izakhiwo zingafani kulo lonke ucezu lomsebenzi, ukuthatha isampula yokuhlola eqinile noma isampula kolunye unqenqema kungase kungayitsheli yonke indaba.Ukulungiselela isampula nokuhlola kungase kudle isikhathi.Zingaki izivivinyo ezingenzeka ngensimbi ethile, futhi zingaki izinkomba ezingenzeka?Ukuhlola isakhiwo sokusanhlamvu kuwumshwalense owengeziwe ngokumelene nezimanga.
I-Anisotropic, isotropic.I-Anisotropy ibhekisela ekuqondeni kwezakhiwo zemishini.Ngaphezu kwamandla, i-anisotropy ingaqondwa kangcono ngokuhlola isakhiwo sokusanhlamvu.
Isakhiwo sokusanhlamvu esiyiyunifomu kanye ne-equiaxed kufanele sibe yi-isotropic, okusho ukuthi sinezimfanelo ezifanayo kuzo zonke izinhlangothi.I-Isotropy ibaluleke kakhulu ezinqubweni zokudweba ezijulile lapho ukugxila kubaluleke kakhulu.Lapho okungenalutho kudonselwa esibunjeni, into e-anisotropic ngeke igeleze ngokufanayo, okungaholela esimeni esibizwa ngokuthi i-earring.Icici lenzeka lapho ingxenye engenhla ye-cupgeneous structure ikwazi ukuveza i-simogeneity ye-cupshouette e-cuminhouette. umsebenzi futhi usize ukuhlonza imbangela eyinhloko.
I-annealing efanele ibalulekile ukuze kuzuzwe isotropy, kodwa kubalulekile futhi ukuqonda izinga lokuguquguquka ngaphambi kokuba annealing.Njengoba impahla ibola ngokwepulasitiki, izinhlamvu ziqala ukonakala.Endabeni yokugoqa okubandayo, ukuguqula ukushuba kube ubude, okusanhlamvu kuzonwebeka lapho kuginqika khona. ingase igcinwe ngisho nangemva kokuba i-annealing.Lokhu kuphumela ku-anisotropy.Ezintweni ezidonsa ngokujulile, ngezinye izikhathi kudingekile ukuba ukhawule inani lokuguqulwa ngaphambi kokukhishwa kokugcina ukuze ugweme ukuguga.
Ikhasi lewolintshi.Ukucosha akukona ukuphela kwesici sokudweba okujulile okuhlobene ne-die.Ikhasi lewolintshi senzeka lapho kukhishwa izinto zokusetshenziswa ezinezinhlayiya ezimahhadla.Uhlamvu ngalunye luzishintsha luzimele futhi njengomsebenzi wokuma kwalo njengekristalu.Umehluko wokuwohloka phakathi kwezinhlamvu eziseduze uphumela ekubukekeni kokwakheka okufana nekhasi lewolintshi.Ukwakheka kwesakhiwo esiyimbudumbudu senkomishi eveziwe.
Njengamaphikseli esikrinini se-TV, ngesakhiwo esinohlamvu olucolekile, umehluko phakathi kohlamvu ngalunye ngeke ubonakale kancane, ukhuphule ukulungiswa. Ukucacisa izakhiwo zomshini kukodwa kungase nganele ukuze kuqinisekiswe usayizi wokusanhlamvu okwanele ukuvimbela umphumela wekhasi elolintshi. Uma ushintsho kusayizi wesiqephu sokusebenza singaphansi kokuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-10 ubukhulu bohlamvu, izici zezinhlamvu ngazinye zizohambisa ukwakheka kohlamvu ngalunye futhi usayizi wohlamvu ngamunye awubonisi ukwakheka kohlamvu ngalunye ngokulinganayo. kungabonakala kumphumela wekhasi lewolintshi ezindongeni zezinkomishi ezidwetshiwe.
Kusayizi wokusanhlamvu we-ASTM ongu-8, isilinganiso sobubanzi bokusanhlamvu singu-885 µin. Lokhu kusho ukuthi noma yikuphi ukuncishiswa kogqinsi okungamayintshi angu-0.00885 noma ngaphansi kungathinteka yilo mthelela we-microforming.
Nakuba izinhlamvu ezimahhadla zingadala izinkinga ezijulile zokudweba, ngezinye izikhathi ziyatuswa ukuze zinyatheliswe. Ukugxiviza kuyinqubo yokuguquguquka lapho okungenalutho kucindezelwa khona ukuze kudluliselwe indawo efiselekayo yendawo engaphezulu, njengengxenye yesine yokwakheka kobuso bukaGeorge Washington. Ngokungafani nomdwebo wezintambo, ukugxiviza ngokuvamile akubandakanyi ukugeleza kwempahla eyinqwaba, kodwa kudinga amandla amaningi, okungase kugxumeke indawo engenalutho.
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ukunciphisa ukucindezeleka kokugeleza kwamanzi ngokusebenzisa isakhiwo sokusanhlamvu okuqinile kungasiza ekunciphiseni amandla adingekayo ukuze kugcwaliswe isikhunta esifanele.Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi esimweni sokunyathelisa kwamahhala, lapho ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlamvu ezingaphezulu kungageleza ngokukhululekile kunokuba kuqoqwe emingceleni yokusanhlamvu.
Amathrendi okuxoxwe ngawo lapha awokujwayelekile okungenzeka angasebenzi ezigabeni ezithile.Nokho, agqamisa izinzuzo zokulinganisa nokumisa usayizi wezinhlayiya zempahla eluhlaza lapho uklama izingxenye ezintsha ukuze ugweme izingibe ezivamile futhi uthuthukise imingcele yokubumba.
Abakhiqizi bemishini yokugxiviza izitembu zensimbi enembayo kanye nokusebenza okujulile kwensimbi ukuze benze izingxenye zabo bazosebenza kahle nama-metallurgists kuma-re-rollers afaneleke ngokobuchwepheshe angabasiza bathuthukise izinto zokusebenza kuze kufike ezingeni lokusanhlamvu.Lapho ochwepheshe bensimbi nobunjiniyela ezinhlangothini zombili zobudlelwano behlanganiswa eqenjini elilodwa, kungaba nomthelela oguqulayo futhi kukhiqize imiphumela emihle kakhulu.
I-STAMPING Journal ukuphela kwejenali yemboni ezinikele ekunikezeni izidingo zemakethe yokugxiviza ngensimbi.Kusukela ngo-1989, ukushicilelwa bekulokhu kuhlanganisa ubuchwepheshe obusezingeni eliphezulu, izitayela zemboni, izinqubo ezihamba phambili kanye nezindaba zokusiza ochwepheshe bokugxiviza baqhube ibhizinisi labo ngempumelelo.
Manje ngokufinyelela okugcwele kuhlelo lwedijithali lwe-FABRICATOR, ukufinyelela okulula kuzinsiza ezibalulekile zemboni.
Uhlelo lwedijithali lwe-The Tube & Pipe Journal manje selufinyeleleka ngokugcwele, lunikeza ukufinyelela okulula kuzinsiza ezibalulekile zemboni.
Jabulela ukufinyelela okugcwele kuhlelo lwedijithali lwe-STAMPING Journal, oluhlinzeka ngentuthuko yakamuva yezobuchwepheshe, imikhuba emihle kanye nezindaba zemboni zemakethe yokugxiviza izitembu zensimbi.
Manje ngokufinyelela okugcwele kuhlelo lwedijithali lwe-The Fabricator en Español, ukufinyelela okulula kuzinsiza ezibalulekile zomkhakha.