I-POWERGEN International Call for Content manje isivuliwe!Sifuna izikhulumi ezivela ezinsizakalweni nasezimbonini zokuphehla ugesi.Izihloko zifaka ukukhiqizwa kwamandla avamile navuselelekayo, ukuguqulwa kwedijithali kwezitshalo zikagesi, ukugcinwa kwamandla, ama-microgrid, ukuthuthukiswa kwezitshalo, amandla asendaweni, nokuningi.
Ababhali babuyekeze ukucaciswa kwephrojekthi yamandla amasha kaninginingi, lapho abaklami bezitshalo ngokuvamile bekhetha insimbi engagqwali engu-304 noma engu-316 ye-condenser kanye neshubhu yokushisisa ukushisa. Kwabaningi, igama elithi insimbi engagqwali lihlanganisa i-aura yokugqwala okungenakunqotshwa, kuyilapho empeleni, izinsimbi ezingenasici ngezinye izikhathi zingaboli kakhulu, futhi zingakwazi ukubola ngenxa yendawo entsha. amanzi okupholisa ukwakheka kwamanzi, okuhambisana nemibhoshongo yokupholisa esebenza emijikelezweni yokugxilisa ingqondo ephezulu, izindlela zokwehluleka kwensimbi engagqwali ezingaba khona ziyakhuliswa.Kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza, uchungechunge lwensimbi engagqwali engu-300 luzophila kuphela izinyanga, kwesinye isikhathi amaviki kuphela, ngaphambi kokuhluleka.Le ndatshana igxile okungenani ezindabeni okufanele zicatshangelwe lapho kukhethwa izinto zeshubhu le-condenser kusuka ekubukeni kweshubhu le-condenser kusuka ekubukeni kweshubhu le-condenser kusuka ekubukeni komshini wokushisa amanzi okudlala indima kokunye okubalulekile kokukhethwa kwephepha, okubandakanya ukumelana nokushisa kwephepha kanye neqhaza elidlalayo kokunye okubalulekile kokuphathwa kwamanzi, okudlala indima ekuphathweni kwephepha kanye neqhaza elibalulekile lokumelana nokushisa. amandla emishini, okuhlanganisa ukukhathala nokuguguleka komhlabathi.
Ukwengeza i-chromium engu-12% noma ngaphezulu ensimbi kubangela ukuthi ingxubevange yakhe ungqimba lwe-oxide oluqhubekayo oluvikela isisekelo sensimbi ngaphansi.Ngakho-ke igama elithi insimbi engagqwali.Uma zingekho ezinye izinto ezixutshwayo (ikakhulukazi i-nickel), i-carbon steel iyingxenye yeqembu le-ferrite, futhi iyunithi yeseli yayo inokwakheka kwe-cubic egxile emzimbeni (BCC).
Uma i-nickel yengezwa kungxube ye-alloy ekuhlanganiseni okungu-8% noma ngaphezulu, ngisho nasezingeni lokushisa elizungezile, iseli lizoba khona kusakhiwo se-cubic (FCC) esigxile kubuso esibizwa ngokuthi i-austenite.
Njengoba kuboniswe kuThebula 1, 300 uchungechunge lwezinsimbi ezingenasici nezinye izinsimbi ezingenasici zinokuqukethwe kwe-nickel okukhiqiza isakhiwo se-austenitic.
Izinsimbi ze-Austenitic zibonise ukuthi ziwusizo kakhulu ezinhlelweni eziningi zokusebenza, kufaka phakathi njengempahla ye-superheater ephezulu kanye namashubhu okushisa kabusha kuma-boilers wamandla.Uchungechunge lwe-300 ikakhulukazi luvame ukusetshenziswa njengento yamashubhu okushisa okushisa aphansi, okuhlanganisa ama-condensers angaphezulu kwesitimu.
Ubunzima obuyinhloko ngensimbi engagqwali, ikakhulukazi izinto ezidumile ze-304 kanye ne-316, ukuthi ungqimba lwe-oxide evikelayo luvame ukubhujiswa ngokungcola emanzini okupholisa kanye nemifantu kanye namadiphozithi okusiza ukugxilisa ukungcola.Ukwengeza, ngaphansi kwezimo zokuvala, amanzi amile angaholela ekukhuleni kwe-microbial, okukhiqizwa kwayo kwe-metabolic kungalimaza kakhulu izinsimbi.
Ukungcola kwamanzi okupholisa okuvamile, futhi okunye okunzima kakhulu ukususa ngokwezomnotho, i-chloride.Le ion ingabangela izinkinga eziningi kumajeneretha we-steam, kodwa kuma-condensers nama-exchanger okushisa asizayo, ubunzima obuyinhloko ukuthi ama-chloride ekugxilweni okwanele angangena futhi abhubhise ungqimba lwe-oxide evikelayo kunsimbi engagqwali, okubangela ukugqwala kwendawo, okungukuthi i-pitting corrosion, okungukuthi, ukugqwala kwendawo.
I-Pitting ingenye yezindlela ezicashile zokugqwala ngoba ingabangela ukungena kodonga kanye nokungasebenzi kahle kwemishini ngokulahleka kwensimbi okuncane.
Ukugxila kwe-chloride akudingeki kube phezulu kakhulu ukuze kubangele ukugqwala kwe-pitting ku-304 kanye ne-316 yensimbi engagqwali, futhi ezindaweni ezihlanzekile ezingenakho noma iyiphi idiphozithi noma imifantu, ukugxiliswa okuphezulu kwe-chloride okunconyiwe manje kubhekwa njengokulandelayo:
Izinto ezimbalwa zingakhiqiza kalula ukugxiliswa kwe-chloride okudlula lezi ziqondiso, kokubili ngokujwayelekile nasezindaweni zendawo. Sekuyivelakancane kakhulu ukuthi siqale sicabangele kanye ngokupholisa izitshalo ezintsha zamandla. Eziningi zakhiwe ngemibhoshongo yokupholisa, noma kwezinye izimo, izikhonkwane ezipholisa umoya (ACC). Kulabo abanemibhoshongo yokupholisa, ukugxiliswa kokungcola, ukugxiliswa kokungcola emanzini okuhlanganisa ikholomu ene-chloride engu-5. I-0 mg/l isebenza ngemijikelezo yokuhlushwa emihlanu, kanti okuqukethwe kwe-chloride emanzini ajikelezayo kungu-250 mg/l. Lokhu kukodwa kufanele kukhiphe ama-304 SS. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezitshalweni ezintsha nezikhona, kunesidingo esikhulayo sokushintsha amanzi ahlanzekile ukuze kufakwe kabusha isitshalo. Enye indlela evamile amanzi angcolile kamasipala.
Qaphela amazinga e-chloride anyukile (kanye nokunye ukungcola, okufana ne-nitrogen ne-phosphorus, engakhuphula kakhulu ukungcoliswa kwe-microbial ezinhlelweni zokupholisa). Empeleni wonke amanzi ampunga, noma yikuphi ukujikeleza kumbhoshongo wokupholisa kuzodlula umkhawulo we-chloride otuswe yi-316 SS.
Ingxoxo eyanduleleyo isekelwe emandleni okugqwala ezindawo ezivamile zensimbi.Ukuphuka nenhlabathi kuyishintsha kakhulu indaba, njengoba kokubili kunikeza izindawo lapho ukungcola kungagxila khona.Indawo evamile yokuqhekeka kwemishini kuma-condenser kanye nezishintshisi zokushisa ezifanayo zisezihlanganiseni zeshidi leshubhu ukuya kweshubhu.Izinsalela ezingaphakathi kweshubhu zingadala imifantu endaweni yenhlabathi, futhi isebenze njengesitebhisi senhlabathi. insimbi encane incike kungqimba lwe-oxide eqhubekayo ukuze ivikeleke, amadiphozithi angakha amasayithi angenawo umoya-mpilo aphendule indawo yensimbi esele ibe i-anode.
Le ngxoxo engenhla iveza izindaba abaklami bezitshalo ngokuvamile abangazicabangeli lapho becacisa izinto ezisetshenziswayo zeshubhu yokushisisa kanye ne-condenser yamaphrojekthi amasha. Umqondo omayelana ne-304 kanye ne-316 SS ngezinye izikhathi ubonakala sengathi "yilokho esihlale sikwenza" ngaphandle kokucabangela imiphumela yezenzo ezinjalo.Ezinye izinto ezisetshenziswayo ziyatholakala ukuze kusingathwe izimo zamanzi zokupholisa eziqinile manje ezibhekana nezitshalo eziningi.
Ngaphambi kokuxoxa ngezinye izinsimbi, elinye iphuzu kufanele lishiwo kafushane.Izimo eziningi, ama-316 SS noma ama-SS asebekenzelwa kahle ngokukhula kwama-micronser noma ama-colonies asezingeni eliphakemeyo. insimbi ye-tubular.
Le mishini, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-microbially induced corrosion (MIC), yaziwa ngokucekela phansi amapayipi ensimbi engagqwali nezinye izinsimbi phakathi namasonto. 019 e-Champaign, IL Yethulwa Emhlanganweni wama-39 we-Electric Utility Chemistry Symposium.)
Ezindaweni ezinokhahlo ezigqanyiswe ngenhla, kanye nezimo eziqinile ezifana namanzi anosawoti noma amanzi olwandle, ezinye izinsimbi zingasetshenziswa ukuvala ukungcola.Amaqembu amathathu engxubevange abe yimpumelelo, i-titanium emsulwa kwezohwebo, 6% molybdenum austenitic stainless steel kanye ne-superferritic stainless steel. ukwakheka kwekristalu evalekile kanye nemodulus enwebekayo ephansi kakhulu kuyenza ibe lula ekulimaleni komshini.Le ngxubevange ifaneleka kangcono ukufakwa okusha okunezakhiwo eziqinile zokusekela amashubhu.Enye indlela enhle kakhulu i-super ferritic stainless steel Sea-Cure®.Ukwakheka kwale nto kuboniswe ngezansi.
Insimbi ine-chromium ephezulu kodwa iphansi nge-nickel, ngakho iyinsimbi engagqwali ye-ferritic kune-austenitic stainless steel.Ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwayo okuphansi kwe-nickel, ibiza kancane kakhulu kunamanye ama-alloys.Amandla aphezulu we-Sea-Cure kanye ne-elastic modulus kuvumela izindonga ezincanyana kunezinye izinto, okuholela ekudluliseni ukushisa okuthuthukisiwe.
Izici ezithuthukisiwe zalezi zinsimbi ziboniswa eshadini elithi “Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number”, okuthi, njengoba igama libonisa, inqubo yokuhlola esetshenziselwa ukunquma ukumelana kwezinsimbi ezihlukahlukene ekugqwaleni komgodi.
Omunye wemibuzo evame kakhulu uthi “Isiphi isilinganiso esiphezulu se-chloride izinga elithile lensimbi engagqwali elingabekezelela?”Izimpendulo ziyahlukahluka kakhulu.Izici zifaka i-pH, izinga lokushisa, ubukhona kanye nohlobo lokuphuka, kanye namandla ezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezisebenzayo.Ithuluzi lengeziwe eksisini elungile yoMfanekiso 5 ukuze lisize ngalesi sinqumo.Lisekelwe ku-pH engathathi hlangothi, engu-35°C amanzi agelezayo avame ukutholakala kuzinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi ze-BOP kanye ne-condensation (ukuvimbela ukwakheka kwediphozithi kanye nokwakheka kwekhemikhali okunqunyiwe kungase kukhethwe ukwakheka kwekhemikhali ethile). nge-slash efanelekile.Izinga eliphezulu le-chloride elinconyiwe lingabe selinqunywa ngokudweba umugqa ovundlile eksisini engakwesokudla.Ngokujwayelekile, uma ingxubevange izocatshangelwa ukufakwa kwamanzi anosawoti noma amanzi olwandle, idinga ukuba ne-CCT engaphezu kuka-25 degrees Celsius njengoba kukalwa ngokuhlolwa kwe-G 48.
Kuyacaca ukuthi ama-super ferritic alloys amelwe i-Sea-Cure® ngokuvamile afaneleka ngisho nasekufakweni kwamanzi olwandle.Kunenye inzuzo kulezi zinto okumelwe igcizelelwe.Izinkinga zokugqwala kwe-manganese zibonwe iminyaka engu-304 no-316 SS iminyaka eminingi, kuhlanganise nasezitshalweni eziseduze nomfula i-Ohio.Muva nje, izishintshisi zokushisa ezitshalweni eziseduze nomfula iManganese e-Missouri iphinde yahlaselwa inkinga ye-Manganese kanye ne-Missouri. izinhlelo.Indlela yokugqwala ikhonjwe njenge-manganese dioxide (MnO2) esabela nge-oxidizing biocide ukuze ikhiqize i-hydrochloric acid ngaphansi kwediphozithi.I-HCl iyona ehlasela ngempela izinsimbi.[WH Dickinson and RW Pick, "Manganese-Dependent Corrosion in the Electric Power Industry";eyethulwa eNgqungqutheleni Yonyaka Ka-2002 ye-NACE Yokugqwala, e-Denver, CO.] Izinsimbi ze-Ferritic zimelana nale nqubo yokugqwala.
Ukukhetha izinto zebanga eliphezulu ze-condenser kanye namashubhu okushintsha ukushisa akukayithathi indawo yokulawula okufanelekile kwekhemistri yokwelashwa kwamanzi.Njengoba umbhali u-Buecker ebeke esihlokweni sangaphambilini sobunjiniyela bamandla, uhlelo lokwelapha ngamakhemikhali oluklanywe kahle futhi olusetshenziswa luyadingeka ukuze kuncishiswe amandla okukala, ukugqwala, kanye nokungcolisa.Ikhemikhali ye-polymer iyavela njengenye indlela enamandla yokulawula i-concorosion/chemistry ye-fosfate lling microbial contamination has been and will continue to be a critical issue.Ngenkathi i-oxidative chemistry ene-chlorine, i-bleach, noma izinhlanganisela ezifanayo iyisisekelo sokulawula amagciwane, ukwelashwa okungeziwe kungathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwezinhlelo zokwelapha.Esinye isibonelo esinjalo ukuqiniswa kwamakhemikhali, esiza ukwandisa izinga lokukhululwa nokusebenza kahle kwe-chlorine-based oxidizing oxidizing into yokuphakelayo kwamanzi okulimazayo ngaphandle kwe-introducing bioxicides eyingozi. s kungase kube usizo kakhulu ekulawuleni ukuthuthukiswa kwe-microbial.Umphumela wukuthi kunezindlela eziningi zokuthuthukisa ukusimama nokuthembeka kwezishintshi zokushisa zesitshalo samandla, kodwa zonke izinhlelo zihlukile, ngakho ukuhlela ngokucophelela nokuxhumana nochwepheshe bemboni kubalulekile ekukhetheni izinto zokwakha kanye nezinqubo zamakhemikhali.Okuningi kwalesi sihloko kubhalwe ngombono wokwelashwa kwamanzi, asibandakanyi ezinqumweni ezibonakalayo, kodwa siyacelwa ukuthi sisize ukusingatha izinqumo ezisekelwe emshinini uma umuntu ethatha izinqumo ezisekelwe ekugcineni kufanele kube yisinqumo somuntu. inombolo yezinto ezishiwo kuhlelo lokusebenza ngalunye.
Mayelana Nombhali: U-Brad Buecker uyi-Senior Technical Publicist e-ChemTreat.Uneminyaka engu-36 yokuhlangenwe nakho noma ehlangene nemboni yamandla, ingxenye enkulu yayo kumakhemikhali okukhiqiza umusi, ukwelashwa kwamanzi, ukulawula izinga lomoya kanye nase-City Water, Light & Power (Springfield, IL) kanye neKansas City Power & Light Company itholakala eLa Cygne Station, eKansas. I-BS in Chemistry yase-Iowa State University enomsebenzi owengeziwe wezifundo ku-Fluid Mechanics, Energy and Materials Equilibrium, kanye ne-Advanced Inorganic Chemistry.
U-Dan Janikowski uyi-Technical Manager e-Plymouth Tube.Iminyaka engu-35, ube nesandla ekuthuthukisweni kwezinsimbi, ukukhiqizwa nokuhlolwa kwemikhiqizo ye-tubular ehlanganisa ama-alloys ethusi, insimbi engagqwali, ama-nickel alloys, i-titanium ne-carbon steel.Njengoba esebe ne-Plymouth Metro kusukela ngo-2005, u-Janikowski ubambe izikhundla ezihlukahlukene eziphezulu ze-2010 Technical.